1146:
1839:
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1831:
130:
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35:
941:
244:
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1554:
This change shall have no effect on the existing international treaties, conventions, and obligations, which will retain their value and effectiveness. Similarly, it shall have no effect on individual contracts and covenants, which shall remain effective.
1581:
Our present
Council of Ministers shall immediately formulate a new constitution, a new order for the succession to the throne, and new regulations for governmental organisation, and shall submit them to us that we may issue our orders concerning them.
1460:
In 1932, 17 prominent leading political, ministerial, consultative and administrative figures held multiple meetings at the house of
Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Fadl, the chief aide to the Viceroy of Hejaz in al-Salama neighborhood of
1588:
The president of our
Council of Ministers may add to the members of the Council of Ministers any individual or individuals of wisdom when formulating the above-mentioned regulations, to benefit by their counsels and knowledge.
1877:
2248:
Fighting between Kuwait's forces and
Wahhabi supporters of Ibn Sa'ud broke out in May 1920, and the former were soundly defeated. Within a few weeks, the citizens of Kuwait constructed a new wall to protect Kuwait
688:
that guaranteed 20 years of peace between the two neighboring states. The war was the last battle for the unification of Saudi Arabia and the borders of the country remained mostly unchanged up until the
2769:"صحيفة الشرق الأوسط | في الساعة التاسعة من صباح يوم الخميس 23 سبتمبر 1932م ومن قصر الحميدية أعلن الأمير فيصل بن عبد العزيز نائب الملك في الحجاز عن ميلاد المملكة العربية السعودية رسمياً"
1832:"صحيفة الشرق الأوسط | في الساعة التاسعة من صباح يوم الخميس 23 سبتمبر 1932م ومن قصر الحميدية أعلن الأمير فيصل بن عبد العزيز نائب الملك في الحجاز عن ميلاد المملكة العربية السعودية رسمياً"
2590:
459:
2716:
1524:
have petitioned us, and in compliance with public opinion in our country and because of our desire to unite the sections of this
Arabian Kingdom, we have decreed the following:
609:
584:
1595:
We have chosen the day of
Thursday, falling on the 21st of Jumada al-Ula and corresponding to the first day of Libra, for the announcement of the unification of the
2423:
1269:
abandoned their posts and the Ikhwan took out their rage on the residents of the city, massacring some 400-1000 civilians. Hussein abdicated his throne to his son,
1145:
572:
1429:. The Ikhwan were outmatched in terms of technological advancement Ibn Saud's troops had and suffered a decisive defeat in the battle. They again clashed in
452:
506:
1914:
1632:
533:
398:
445:
2304:
Am 2. November 1921 erlosch der letzte
Widerstand der Schammar-Stämme. (On November 2, 1921, the last resistance of the Shammar tribes died out.)
782:
736:
2208:
2170:
2382:
1575:
or their
Dependencies, shall retain their present status temporarily until new forms take their place on the basis of the new constitution.
1679:
and deputy foreign minister and
Abdullah al-Fadl, assistant to the Viceroy of Hejaz. Following the declaration, a ceremony was held in the
2522:
2018:
1068:, who was almost powerless in repelling those incursions. The British then stationed troops and began maintaining a small air force near
1011:, however, the British intervention established a ceasefire between the two and averted the immediate collapse of the Hashemite kingdom.
486:
2110:
Toth, Anthony B. (2005). "Tribes and
Tribulations: Bedouin Losses in the Saudi and Iraqi Struggles over Kuwait's Frontiers, 1921-1943".
1952:
550:
1711:
Ministries of education: their functions and organization, United States of America with the cooperation of sixty-nine governments
1561:
The rest of the regulations, instructions, and decrees proceeding and ensuing from us shall remain effective after this change.
2666:
1485:
1425:
and Kuwaitis. The relationship between Ibn Saud and Ikhwan nosedived by December 1928 and by March 1929, they faced-off in the
1120:
2012:
1871:
1861:
1169:
391:
268:
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after he was denied assistance from the British, citing a non-intervention policy in religious disputes. After taking over
1116:
577:
538:
2407:
714:
2695:
2637:
1810:
2056:
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was the first country to establish full diplomatic ties with Ibn Saud's government following his proclamation in 1926.
1370:
that recognized his independence and in exchange he agreed to stop his forces from attacking and harassing neighboring
748:
2623:
2584:
2473:
2417:
2340:
2285:
2202:
2164:
2083:
1946:
2073:
2446:
384:
223:
1938:
Ibn Sa'ud's Warriors of Islam: The Ikhwan of Najd and Their Role in the Creation of the Sa'udi Kingdom, 1910-1930
2808:
1902:
1430:
1321:
1317:
1290:
1286:
1270:
1242:
1165:
992:
960:
710:
642:
348:
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after a British military intervention on the latter's side that resulted in a huge defeat to the Saudis.
861:
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706:
685:
645:
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599:
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26:
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and massacring villages that came under their sway. The raids posed a serious threat to the throne of
1644:
1531:
1521:
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alongside his Western allies. Ibn Saud began demanding negotiations to consider the borders between
1231:
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in 1915 that somewhat attempted to define the emirate's boundaries. The aim of the treaty was make
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under a single unitary traditionalist Islamic polity. 23 September is commemorated annually by the
318:
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1309:
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101:
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333:
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39:
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2002:
34:
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2192:
2154:
2048:
1753:
976:
810:
298:
2277:
Durch Wüste und Steppe: Entdeckerlexikon arabische Halbinsel : Biographien und Berichte
1936:
243:
1676:
1539:
1371:
1362:
in January 1926. He administered the two parts of his realm as separate units. The British
1213:
1065:
589:
133:
129:
8:
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1680:
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1022:
926:
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83:
2135:
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979:. He subsequently declared himself as the "King of the Arabs", a move which infuriated
428:
293:
273:
263:
258:
253:
1742:"Decree No. 2716 for establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: September 18, 1932"
940:
2619:
2580:
2469:
2413:
2403:
2336:
2281:
2198:
2160:
2139:
2079:
2052:
2041:
2008:
1942:
1867:
1438:
1426:
1402:
1235:
1173:
1140:
1000:
906:
798:
772:
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669:
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338:
313:
2658:
2119:
1741:
984:
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323:
176:
435:), a national holiday established in 2007 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary.
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1030:
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957:
914:
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The declaration marked the establishment of the fifth and final iteration of the
303:
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1410:
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victory in 1902 paved the way for the emergence of a new puritanical irregular
814:
760:
752:
278:
2264:. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. PhD Thesis: pp. 217–218. May 1985.
2123:
1520:, and in accordance with the telegrams with which our various subjects in the
1441:
surrendered to the British in Kuwait in 1930. Duwaish was later extradited to
437:
2792:
2613:
2493:
2228:
1414:
1262:
902:
890:
724:
614:
2687:
1802:
1607:
1478:
1375:
638:
212:
137:
1714:. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education.
1465:
to sign an official document of 'proposed system' before submitting it to
1209:
793:
in an attempt to avenge his father's exile. Within months, he was able to
2156:
The Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and the Economics of the New World Order
1988:
Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert
1177:
1015:
964:
953:
649:
2443:
2131:
1688:
1672:
1004:
188:
119:
1037:
demonstrated intentions of building a commercial city in the south of
1614:
on this day the seventeenth of the month of Jumada Ula, the year 1351
1386:
1088:
918:
838:
religious militia mostly composed of nomadic tribesmen, known as the
835:
1115:
was signed in December 1922 that established two neutral zones, one
2461:
1671:
regarding the announcement of the proclamation. He was followed by
1668:
1652:
1619:
1503:
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1382:
1367:
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1333:
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respectively and the chiefs of the city decided to surrender it to
1306:
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1221:
1201:
1149:
1046:
996:
980:
922:
883:
854:
831:
821:
778:
681:
416:
204:
180:
111:
43:
2043:
The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East
1421:
in January 1928 were met with fierce retaliation from the British
1748:. HeinOnline world constitutions illustrated. Saudi Arabia. 1950.
1329:
857:
283:
1548:
This change will take effect from the date of its announcement.
2615:
The Ikhwan Movement of Najd: Its Rise, Development, and Decline
1611:
1442:
1313:
1298:
1294:
1274:
1226:
1197:
1128:
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losing two-thirds of its land. The convention intended to halt
1092:
1081:
1077:
1057:
1019:
1008:
945:
850:
839:
813:
and elsewhere in northern Arabia in the territories of the pro-
802:
677:
673:
661:
999:
instead which led to the first clashes between the two in the
1863:
The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East
1664:
1635:(Darah), at almost 9:00 am Mecca Time on September 23, 1932,
1600:
1568:
1517:
1450:
1355:
1325:
1302:
1278:
1246:
1069:
1003:
between 1918 and 1919. The war resulted in the defeat of the
930:
665:
653:
196:
93:
2688:"National Day... The golden annals that were never scripted"
2319:. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 63.
1803:"National Day... The golden annals that were never scripted"
1076:
intercepted the incursions and posed a huge obstacle to the
637:
In 1934, nearly two years after the country's proclamation,
2744:"وثيقة إعلان توحيد المملكة باسم "المملكة العربية السعودية""
1660:
1572:
1492:
1462:
1258:
1250:
786:
657:
2465:
List of Foreign Office Records: Various classes, 1914–1938
2229:
Reeva S. Simon; Philip Mattar; Richard W. Bulliet (1996).
1257:
commenced his campaign against Hejaz by advancing towards
1131:
raids and incursions into Kuwaiti and Iraqi territories.
1687:
and his aides before 101 rounds of artillery fires were
1339:
1253:
which sparked row between the two. In late August 1924,
971:, thereby seceding from the latter and establishing the
2579:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–83.
2548:
Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: the Imperial Oasis
871:
1445:
where he was imprisoned and died alongside his cohort
1152:
inspecting the weapons that he had plundered from the
46:
behalf and would later himself become the king in 1964
680:
jurisdiction and a Treaty of Taif was signed between
1449:
in early 1930s. By 1930, Ibn Saud had also captured
1072:
in order to safeguard its protectorate. The British
925:
agree to not to attack the British protectorates of
809:
were still bastioned in their ancestral homeland of
789:
where he began targeting tribes associated with the
166:
2038:
1633:
King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives
2152:
2040:
1381:However, some Ikhwan leaders defied the orders of
168:Īʿlān Taūḥīd Al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabīyah as-Suʿūdīyah
42:in 1942, who announced the unification in 1932 on
2618:(PhD thesis). University of Michigan. p. v.
2232:Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East - Volume 1
1985:
1774:"المملكة العربية السعودية... قصة "إعلان التوحيد""
1532:Kingdom of Hejaz and of Nejd and its Dependencies
1437:, when the last remnants of the troops alongside
2790:
2190:
1651:by reciting the Royal Decree No. 2716 issued by
1230:of Nejd and its dependencies, thus renaming the
1134:
1099:to resolve the territorial disputes between the
766:
1897:
1172:and the rampant waning of Ottoman influence in
797:in January 1902 and subsequently establish the
743:from where he was granted asylum by the ruling
739:, alongside his family, fled to the deserts of
664:. The war ended with swift Saudi victory where
648:with each other over the territorial claims of
467:
421:thirty-years of political and military campaign
2332:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security
2262:British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930
2611:
2540:
1200:engaged for the last time in late 1921, when
723:occurred in 1891 following the defeat of the
453:
392:
203:read out the Royal Decree No. 2716 issued by
2576:A Military History of the Modern Middle East
2462:Great Britain. Public Record Office (1970).
2328:
2000:
1567:Forms of our present government, whether in
1188:support to ward-off external threats to the
2510:Al Kahtani, Mohammad Zaid (December 2004).
2367:
2071:
2065:
1522:Kingdom of Hejaz, Nejd and its Dependencies
183:on September 23, 1932 (corresponding to 21
20:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2509:
2468:. Kraus Reprint Corporation. p. 223.
2455:
2412:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46.
2402:
1041:, which was now close to the territory of
460:
446:
399:
385:
33:
2559:Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. (1994).
2273:
2112:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1312:the last stronghold of the Hashemites in
2553:
2490:The Communist Movement in the Arab World
2335:. Cornell University Press. p. 47.
2032:
2007:. Oxford University Press. p. 115.
1497:
1493:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1932 – present)
1389:realm into the British protectorates of
1144:
939:
696:
207:on September 18, 1932, that renamed the
128:
2503:
2254:
2072:Mikaberidze, Alexander (31 July 2011).
1293:and the remnants of his forces fled to
1285:without struggle in December 1924 when
909:before renaming of the latter into the
2791:
2572:
2566:
2512:"The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz"
2396:
2355:
2322:
2294:from the original on January 17, 2023
2159:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 2–3.
2146:
1966:
1934:
1859:
1707:
1340:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932)
1245:denied entry to pilgrims entering to
781:, the son of the exiled emir of Nejd
441:
415:as well as the formal culmination of
2593:from the original on 17 January 2023
2528:from the original on 12 October 2017
2109:
2103:
2047:. Cornell University Press. p.
1538:; and henceforth our title shall be
1473:Converting the name of the country (
1413:, which marked the beginning of the
1007:and the capture of al-Khurma by the
872:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921)
551:Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)
157:إعلان توحيد المملكة العربية السعودية
56:إعلان توحيد المملكة العربية السعودية
2222:
2184:
1540:King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1469:. The submitted petition included:
1453:and major combat operations in the
843:
785:, embarked on a raiding spree into
715:List of wars involving Saudi Arabia
487:First Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)
156:
13:
2004:The Hijaz: The First Islamic State
1928:
995:rejected the demands and insulted
14:
2820:
2280:(in German). Trafo. p. 193.
1484:Enacting a Law of Governance and
16:Official founding of Saudi Arabia
2377:The Hijaz-Najd War (1924 – 1925)
1667:after receiving directives from
1631:As per the data released by the
1534:shall be changed to that of the
1506:issued a royal decree that read:
975:besides joining the side of the
368:
242:
2761:
2750:from the original on 2022-11-27
2736:
2725:from the original on 2022-11-27
2709:
2698:from the original on 2022-11-22
2680:
2669:from the original on 2022-11-27
2651:
2640:from the original on 2022-11-27
2605:
2561:Saudi Arabia: the coming storm
2482:
2437:
2426:from the original on 2023-01-17
2385:from the original on 2015-11-19
2309:
2267:
2239:from the original on 2020-04-14
2211:from the original on 2023-01-17
2173:from the original on 2023-01-17
2092:from the original on 2023-01-17
2021:from the original on 2023-01-17
1994:
1979:
1955:from the original on 2023-01-17
1917:from the original on 2018-11-28
1880:from the original on 2022-11-23
1842:from the original on 2023-01-17
1813:from the original on 2022-11-22
1784:from the original on 2022-11-22
1659:had arrived a day earlier from
1023:engaged with the Kuwaiti forces
901:. He subsequently incorporated
860:army and supported much of his
737:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud
2197:. Bloomsbury. pp. 54–55.
1891:
1866:. Cambridge University Press.
1853:
1824:
1795:
1766:
1734:
1718:
1708:Heath, Kathryn Gladys (1962).
1701:
1626:
1516:Having placed our reliance on
1354:declared himself the ruler of
1204:forces managed to capture the
1049:abandoned his desire to annex
1014:In 1920, following the end of
711:Modern history of Saudi Arabia
171:) was officially announced by
1:
2721:. Europa Publications. 1948.
1935:Habib, John S. (1978-01-01).
1694:
1135:Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926)
767:Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913)
2659:"توحيد البلاد ومسيرة العطاء"
2573:McNabb, James Brian (2017).
2039:Kiren Aziz Chaudhry (1997).
1730:. Europa Publications. 1948.
1385:and proceeded to expand the
820:and frequently engaged with
7:
2315:Madawi Al Rasheed. (2002).
2153:Mary Ann Tétreault (1995).
1216:, bringing the rule of the
1087:The British then appointed
1056:On the northern front, the
801:. Although out of power in
707:Unification of Saudi Arabia
472:Unification of Saudi Arabia
269:Umayyad and Abbasid periods
173:Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz
167:
149:Unification of Saudi Arabia
27:Unification of Saudi Arabia
10:
2825:
1986:John C. Wilkinson (1993).
1860:Podeh, Elie (2011-06-30).
1447:Sultan bin Bajad al-Otaybi
1343:
1138:
875:
770:
700:
359:Declaration of unification
2409:A History of Saudi Arabia
2317:A History of Saudi Arabia
2191:Michael S. Casey (2007).
2124:10.1080/13530190500281424
1645:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
1475:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
1405:. In November 1927, they
1360:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
1346:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
1277:further advanced towards
853:formed a crucial part of
481:
344:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
209:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
107:
98:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
89:
79:
61:
55:
51:
32:
24:
1746:Constitutions of Nations
1433:in August and lastly in
1401:. It was primary led by
1232:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
1224:declared himself as the
1214:second Saudi–Rashidi War
1101:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
1043:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
911:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
878:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
818:Emirate of Jabal Shammar
319:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
309:Emirate of Jabal Shammar
2274:Pfullmann, Uwe (2001).
1655:on September 18, 1932.
1653:King Abdulaziz ibn Saud
1649:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1647:and its annexes to the
1597:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1536:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1510:Royal Decree, No. 2716
1504:King Abdulaziz ibn Saud
1502:On September 18, 1932,
1479:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1164:Following the death of
1156:after Surrender of the
1117:between Iraq and Kuwait
1080:up until 1924 when the
763:allowed him to settle.
719:The debellation of the
703:History of Saudi Arabia
375:Saudi Arabia portal
349:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
329:Idrisid Emirate of Asir
213:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
211:and its annexes as the
181:King Abdulaziz ibn Saud
102:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2612:John S. Habib (1970).
2375:"Fattouh Al-Khatrash.
1758:: CS1 maint: others (
1624:
1417:. They further raided
1220:to a permanent close.
1161:
1062:plundering Transjordan
949:
913:. Ibn Saud signed the
862:expansionist campaigns
334:Sheikdom of Upper Asir
141:
67:; 92 years ago
2809:September 1932 events
2329:Nadav Safran (1988).
2260:Noel Joseph Guckian.
2194:The History of Kuwait
2001:Malik Dahlan (2018).
1941:. Brill. p. 13.
1513:September 18th, 1932
1508:
1498:Royal Decree No. 2716
1372:British protectorates
1148:
943:
701:Further information:
697:Historical background
620:Official proclamation
132:
2799:1932 in Saudi Arabia
2381:. 17 November 2015.
1643:the renaming of the
1358:and established the
1273:and in the meantime
1176:in the aftermath of
783:Abdul Rahman al-Saud
727:at the hands of the
116:Faisal bin Abdulaziz
2546:Clive Leatherdale.
2519:University of Leeds
2449:3 July 2016 at the
1990:. pp. 133–139.
1974:Embattled in Arabia
1681:al-Hamidiyah Palace
1641:al-Hamidiyah Palace
1603:we seek success.
1166:Abdulaziz al-Rashid
1119:and the other with
1105:Sheikhdom of Kuwait
952:In the outbreak of
887:captured the region
847: the brethren
289:Bani Khalid Emirate
259:Early Islamic State
193:al-Hamidiyah Palace
191:), at 9:00 am from
84:Al Hamidiyah Palace
21:
2663:www.al-jazirah.com
2563:. M.E.Sharpe: p.45
2488:Ismael, Tareq Y.,
2404:al-Rasheed, Madawi
2075:Mikaberidze. P.799
1691:the historic day.
1238:in November 1921.
1162:
950:
824:forces during the
777:In November 1901,
751:and lastly by the
721:Second Saudi State
686:Yahya Hamid ed-Din
429:Saudi National Day
299:Mu'ammarid Imamate
294:Emirate of Diriyah
274:Sharifate of Mecca
264:Rashidun Caliphate
205:Abdulaziz ibn Saud
146:Declaration of the
142:
19:
2363:The House of Saud
2014:978-0-19-093501-6
1903:"Prince of Arabs"
1873:978-1-107-00108-4
1675:, advisor to the
1620:Abdulaziz Al-Saud
1486:Law of Succession
1439:Faisal al-Duwaish
1427:Battle of Sabilla
1403:Faisal al-Duwaish
1236:Sultanate of Nejd
1184:began relying on
1170:battle over Qasim
1141:Sultanate of Nejd
1001:al-Khurma dispute
965:Great Arab Revolt
907:Emirate of Riyadh
799:Emirate of Riyadh
773:Emirate of Riyadh
735:. Its last emir,
733:Battle of Mulayda
634:
633:
433:al-Yawm al-Waṭanī
425:Arabian Peninsula
413:Third Saudi State
409:
408:
339:Sultanate of Nejd
314:Emirate of Riyadh
165:
127:
126:
72:23 September 1932
65:23 September 1932
2816:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2361:David Holden in
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1622:
1586:Seventh Article.
1530:The name of the
1457:were completed.
1455:unification wars
1415:Ikhwan rebellion
1267:Hashemite forces
1263:city capitulated
1158:Emirate of Ha'il
1027:battles of Hamdh
973:Kingdom of Hejaz
866:Battle of Riyadh
848:
845:
826:unification wars
581:
542:
476:
475:
473:
462:
455:
448:
439:
438:
401:
394:
387:
373:
372:
371:
324:Kingdom of Hejaz
246:
236:
218:
217:
177:Viceroy of Hejaz
170:
160:
158:
123:Abdullah al-Fadl
75:
73:
68:
57:
52:Native name
37:
22:
18:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2718:The Middle East
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2498:RoutledgeCurzon
2487:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2451:Wayback Machine
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2240:
2235:. p. 119.
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1976:. 03 June 2009.
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1907:Foreign Affairs
1899:Joel Carmichael
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1727:The Middle East
1724:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1639:announced from
1629:
1623:
1618:
1593:Eighth Article.
1559:Fourth Article.
1546:Second Article.
1500:
1495:
1364:signed a treaty
1350:A month later,
1348:
1342:
1271:Ali bin Hussein
1143:
1137:
1123:, resulting in
1121:Nejd and Kuwait
961:Hussein bin Ali
958:Sharif of Mecca
915:Treaty of Darin
880:
874:
846:
775:
769:
717:
699:
635:
630:
629:
575:
536:
477:
471:
469:
468:
466:
405:
369:
367:
304:Emirate of Nejd
234:
227:
122:
118:
114:
71:
69:
66:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2785:
2784:
2760:
2735:
2708:
2694:. 2022-09-23.
2679:
2650:
2624:
2604:
2585:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2502:
2481:
2474:
2454:
2436:
2418:
2395:
2366:
2354:
2341:
2321:
2308:
2286:
2266:
2253:
2221:
2203:
2183:
2165:
2145:
2102:
2084:
2064:
2058:978-0801484308
2057:
2031:
2013:
1993:
1978:
1965:
1947:
1927:
1890:
1872:
1852:
1823:
1809:. 2022-09-23.
1794:
1765:
1733:
1717:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:shot to salute
1628:
1625:
1616:
1579:Sixth Article.
1565:Fifth Article.
1552:Third Article.
1528:First Article.
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1435:Hafar al-Batin
1407:raided Busaiya
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1243:Sharif Hussein
1154:Ottoman Empire
1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1109:Mandatory Iraq
1097:Mandatory Iraq
1035:Salim al-Sabah
969:Ottoman Empire
935:Trucial States
895:Eastern Arabia
876:Main article:
873:
870:
795:capture Riyadh
771:Main article:
768:
765:
698:
695:
691:Buraimi crisis
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
570:
565:
560:
559:
558:
548:
543:
531:
530:
529:
524:
522:Rawdat Muhanna
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
483:
482:
479:
478:
465:
464:
457:
450:
442:
407:
406:
404:
403:
396:
389:
381:
378:
377:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
254:Ancient Arabia
248:
247:
239:
238:
229:
228:
221:
125:
124:
109:
105:
104:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
38:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2821:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Proclamations
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2746:(in Arabic).
2745:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2625:9781083431288
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2586:9781440829642
2582:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2500:, 2005. p. 9.
2499:
2495:
2494:New York City
2491:
2485:
2477:
2475:9780527039646
2471:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2425:
2421:
2419:9780521644129
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2344:
2342:9780801494840
2338:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2287:9783896263285
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2204:9781573567473
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2166:9780899305103
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:(2): 145–67.
2117:
2113:
2106:
2091:
2087:
2085:9781598843361
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1948:9789004057579
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:(July 1942).
1900:
1894:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1783:
1780:(in Arabic).
1779:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Prince Faisal
1634:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:Jabal Shammar
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
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1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:heartland of
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Emir Abdullah
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Allied forces
974:
970:
966:
963:declared the
962:
959:
955:
947:
942:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
879:
869:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
841:
837:
833:
829:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Rub' al Khali
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:House of Saud
722:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Ikhwan revolt
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
535:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:al-Bukayriyya
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
474:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
443:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
423:to unite the
422:
418:
414:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
380:
379:
376:
366:
365:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
245:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
225:
220:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:Jumada al-Ula
182:
179:on behalf of
178:
174:
169:
163:
154:
150:
147:
139:
135:
131:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
64:
60:
54:
50:
45:
41:
40:Prince Faisal
36:
31:
28:
23:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2752:. Retrieved
2738:
2727:. Retrieved
2717:
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2692:Saudigazette
2691:
2682:
2671:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2614:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2575:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2505:
2489:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2376:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2346:. Retrieved
2331:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:November 27,
2296:. Retrieved
2276:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2241:. Retrieved
2231:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2193:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2155:
2148:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2078:. Abc-Clio.
2074:
2067:
2042:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2003:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1937:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1910:
1906:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1862:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1807:Saudigazette
1806:
1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1778:الشرق الأوسط
1777:
1768:
1754:cite journal
1745:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1703:
1630:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1501:
1459:
1409:in southern
1380:
1376:Soviet Union
1349:
1240:
1225:
1163:
1086:
1055:
1013:
967:against the
951:
881:
830:
776:
718:
639:Saudi Arabia
636:
619:
432:
410:
358:
279:Ottoman rule
235:Saudi Arabia
148:
145:
143:
138:Saudi Arabia
108:Participants
1627:Declaration
1391:Transjordan
1178:World War I
1016:World War I
954:World War I
676:came under
650:al-Hudaydah
646:went to war
643:North Yemen
600:Transjordan
576: [
537: [
417:Abdulaziz's
354:Unification
233:History of
140:, 1932–1934
2793:Categories
2778:2023-09-20
2754:2022-11-27
2729:2022-11-27
2702:2022-11-27
2673:2022-11-27
2644:2022-11-27
2430:2022-11-27
2389:2022-11-27
2348:2015-02-04
2243:2022-11-27
2215:2022-11-27
2177:2022-11-27
2096:2022-11-27
2025:2022-11-27
1972:Jones, T.
1959:2022-11-27
1921:2022-11-27
1884:2022-11-27
1846:2022-11-25
1817:2022-11-22
1788:2022-11-22
1695:References
1673:Fuad Hamza
1608:our palace
1606:Issued at
1202:Ibn Saud's
1084:withdrew.
1005:Hashemites
864:after the
855:Ibn Saud's
832:Ibn Saud's
822:Ibn Saud's
755:family of
747:family of
745:al-Khalifa
610:2nd Kuwait
595:1st Kuwait
120:Fuad Hamza
44:Ibn Saud's
2634:288186259
2140:154636834
1599:, and of
1477:) to the
1316:in 1925.
1283:city fell
1265:when the
1241:In 1924,
1113:agreement
1095:envoy to
1089:Percy Cox
948:(c. 1910)
919:Percy Cox
905:into the
897:from the
882:In 1913,
759:when the
568:al-Khurma
527:Tarafiyah
162:romanized
2773:موقع نبض
2748:Archived
2723:Archived
2696:Archived
2667:Archived
2638:Archived
2630:ProQuest
2597:26 April
2591:Archived
2523:Archived
2447:Archived
2424:Archived
2406:(2002).
2383:Archived
2292:Archived
2237:Archived
2209:Archived
2171:Archived
2132:30037690
2090:Archived
2019:Archived
1953:Archived
1915:Archived
1878:Archived
1840:Archived
1836:موقع نبض
1811:Archived
1782:Archived
1669:Ibn Saud
1617:—
1467:Ibn Saud
1383:Ibn Saud
1368:Ibn Saud
1352:Ibn Saud
1334:Ibn Saud
1324:fled to
1310:besieged
1307:Ibn Saud
1281:and the
1255:Ibn Saud
1222:Ibn Saud
1218:Rashidis
1194:Rashidis
1182:Rashidis
1150:Ibn Saud
1093:London's
1047:Ibn Saud
997:Ibn Saud
981:Ibn Saud
933:and the
923:Ibn Saud
899:Ottomans
884:Ibn Saud
807:Rashidis
791:Rashidis
779:Ibn Saud
761:Ottomans
753:al-Sabah
729:Rashidis
682:Ibn Saud
678:Riyadh's
517:Shinanah
507:Buraidah
224:a series
222:Part of
112:Ibn Saud
90:Location
25:Part of
2550:. p.95.
2532:21 July
2444:ibnsaud
1387:Wahhabi
1330:Baghdad
1318:Hussein
1287:Hussein
1234:as the
1212:in the
1206:Rashidi
1190:emirate
1186:British
1168:in the
1025:in the
993:Hussein
903:al-Hasa
891:al-Hasa
858:bedouin
849:). The
844:transl.
836:Wahhabi
815:Ottoman
749:Bahrain
731:in the
585:Hurmula
546:al-Hasa
502:Unaizah
419:nearly
284:Jabrids
164::
70: (
2632:
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2339:
2284:
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2163:
2138:
2130:
2082:
2055:
2011:
1945:
1870:
1685:Faisal
1657:Faisal
1612:Riyadh
1443:Riyadh
1419:Kuwait
1399:Kuwait
1374:. The
1314:Jeddah
1299:Medina
1295:Jeddah
1275:Ikhwan
1261:. The
1227:sultan
1198:Saudis
1192:. The
1180:, the
1174:Arabia
1160:, 1922
1129:Ikhwan
1125:Kuwait
1111:. The
1082:Ikhwan
1078:Ikhwan
1060:began
1058:Ikhwan
1051:Kuwait
1039:Kuwait
1033:after
1020:Ikhwan
1018:, the
1009:Ikhwan
946:Ikhwan
927:Kuwait
851:Ikhwan
840:Ikhwan
803:Riyadh
757:Kuwait
713:, and
674:Najran
662:Najran
563:Kanzan
556:Jarrab
492:Riyadh
226:on the
201:Faisal
175:, the
153:Arabic
2526:(PDF)
2515:(PDF)
2249:City.
2136:S2CID
2128:JSTOR
1913:(4).
1683:with
1665:Mecca
1569:Hejaz
1451:Jizan
1366:with
1356:Hejaz
1326:Amman
1303:Yanbu
1279:Mecca
1249:from
1247:Mecca
1210:Ha'il
1070:Amman
1031:Jahra
985:Hejaz
931:Qatar
917:with
811:Ha'il
666:Jizan
654:Jizan
625:Yemen
605:Hejaz
590:Ha'il
580:]
573:Hajla
541:]
534:Hadia
497:Dilam
197:Mecca
189:Hijri
187:1351
94:Mecca
80:Venue
2620:ISBN
2599:2022
2581:ISBN
2534:2013
2470:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2300:2022
2282:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1760:link
1677:king
1661:Taif
1573:Nejd
1463:Taif
1411:Iraq
1397:and
1395:Iraq
1328:and
1320:and
1301:and
1289:and
1259:Taif
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1196:and
1107:and
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684:and
672:and
670:Asir
660:and
658:Asir
641:and
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62:Date
2120:doi
1663:to
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