Ibn Saud - Knowledge

1095: 1123: 1470: 1454:"O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give you in the Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" an elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered that she be given ten bags of money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having trouble bringing the money back to her home, so he had his aid service deliver the money and accompany her back to her home. Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside of Riyadh when he came across an elderly man dressed in rags. The old man proceeded to stand up in front of the King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it is terribly cold, and I have no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's condition, removed his cloak and gave it to him. He also offered the elderly man a stipend to help him with his everyday costs. 1638: 2078: 1691:

Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation. She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain the territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around 1930.

73: 1622: 2189:, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561" 1960: 714: 1364: 943: 2049: 1504: 7341: 1989: 1289: 7457: 1873: 1931: 8186: 7291: 1461:" or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to the poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his aid to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given to them on an annual basis. The King said, "I haven't obtained all this wealth by myself. It is a blessing from Allah, and all of you have a share in it. So, I want you to guide me to whatever takes me nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness." 2018: 1391:. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the 1300:, but the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down the problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including 1083: 8425: 1251: 5473: 1324: 1587:, but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token. The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians. He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between the Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries. 1742:

with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him. However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability.

1239:, British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between 1442:'s defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality. 1741:

When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him

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tribe in the southern desert of Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months. Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed briefly. The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait where they settled and lived for nearly a decade. Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the

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Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies." and "In my youth and manhood, I made a nation. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it." His last words to his two sons, the future King Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already

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Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts. Many of his marriages were contracted in order to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Saudi state was founded and stabilized. He was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that

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Ibn Saud was tall, his height reported as between 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in). He was known to have a strong, charming, and charismatic personality that earned him respect among his people and foreign diplomats. His family and others described Ibn Saud as

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visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the

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and to the Ottoman governor of Baghdad asking their help to stop Ibn Saud's raids on the tribes loyal to Al Rashid. These events led to a decrease in the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture Riyadh. However, Ibn Saud did not cancel the raid and

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Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait,

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Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought a great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of

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conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month. After World War I Ibn Saud

1103: 1383:, Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible. 1285:, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam. 1598:

built the railway, at a cost of $ 70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.

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from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein.

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appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage

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Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow." He had much more positive views about the United States, including finance, and in 1947 when

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Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.

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Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.

1094: 1801:. In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final destruction and eternal damnation". For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad" and "enemies of the Muslims until the end of the world." In some instances he made use of 1192:, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him. The British agent, Captain 1450:

Ibn Saud's charity earned him respect among his people. The King would direct money to be handed to the impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the poor would eagerly anticipate his appearance in villages, towns, and even the desert.

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Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh. He was the fourth child and third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal

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Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah sent him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's younger brother Saad. Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence in the palace of his grandfather,

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during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946. Ibn Saud's first official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company.

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on tilted palm trees and took the city. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi in front of his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the third Saudi State.

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Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people ... religion and the rights inherited from our fathers." He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, and we know what to accept for our own benefit."

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During the four-hour meeting between the President and the King, where the two discussed oil, Palestinian territories and their future partnership, "7-foot tall Nubian slaves" could be found on the opposite deck of the

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Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read."

1698:, who was one year older. On several occasions, he identified himself in public with the words: "I am the brother of Noura." Noura died a few years before her brother, and the King was deeply saddened by her death. 1901:

On 23 November 1916, British diplomat Sir Percy Cox arranged the Three Leaders Conference in Kuwait where Ibn Saud was awarded the Star of India and the Order of the British Empire. He was appointed an honorary

7657: 1906:(GCIE) on 1 January 1920. He was awarded the British Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1935, the American Legion of Merit in 1947, and the Spanish Order of Military Merit (Grand Cross with White Decoration) in 1952. 4540: 1730:, who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince. Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, 1162:

by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.

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Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926–1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and Development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud

1785:, Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish 1805:, calling the Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money", accusing them of "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians. 1196:, was well received by the Bedouin. Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into the 6670: 890:

in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the

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received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed.

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family had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the

1046:), set out on a raiding expedition into the Nejd, targeting mainly tribes associated with the Rashidis. On 12 December they reached Al Ahsa and then proceeded south towards the 8514: 1560:, in February 1945. Saudis report that the meeting heavily focused on the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of its outcomes, in contrast to that with Roosevelt. 4617: 1188:

In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from the British. However, due to the outbreak of

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and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state. In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.

782: 7775: 1122: 4550: 1235:, the head of the Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met 7208: 3433: 1150:

against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named

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chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of

1734:, heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son 1231:

The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by

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Abdullah F. Alrebh (September 2015). "Covering the Building of a Kingdom: The Saudi Arabian Authority in The London Times and The New York Times, 1901–1932".

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Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author

1774:, Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would do business with and be indebted to the United States instead of other countries and international agencies. 5204: 3551: 8499: 4474: 1533:

In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president

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Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son

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In addition to their political role, the rulers of the Al Saud family also held religious authority over their subjects, holding the title of imam.

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On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king. He transferred his court to

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Anthony B. Toth (2012). "Control and Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916–1955".

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With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central

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centered on Riyadh. Ibn Saud's mother was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi of the Sudairi family. She died in 1910. His full-siblings were Faisal,

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one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in 1924, causing him to have poor sight in one eye. He later forgave her, but divorced her.

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While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the

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Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with

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in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for

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This article is about Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the first king of Saudi Arabia. For his ancestor who is also called Ibn Saud, see

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1936, the same year in which King Abd al Aziz ibn Abd ar Rahman Al Saud (r. 1902-53) decreed the Saudi Arabian slave regulations

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One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in

1612: 1312:, Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting. Tensions finally boiled over when the 4962: 181: 7557: 6702: 6686: 6582: 5456: 5308: 5285: 5261: 5119: 4894: 3219: 2839: 2801: 2613: 2417: 2279: 947: 879: 772: 737: 662: 4323: 1710:. He survived the attack unhurt, and the three attackers were arrested. Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when 1154:

of southern Nejd by the Ottomans which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed. Ibn Saud's victory in

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Ibn Saud had come from Jidda on an American destroyer, the USS Murphy, with an entourage of bodyguards, cooks, and slaves

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On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his half-brother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them

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from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been

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Ibn Saud kept slaves, and regulated slavery in his kingdom in 1936. It was only his son, King Faisal, who abolished

1039:. His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral and unorthodox. 8363: 8257: 8065: 7954: 7863: 7477: 6730: 6712: 6694: 3149: 2957: 2499: 1270:. On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz and the 1208: 8152: 8073: 8021: 7797: 7729: 7587: 7133: 6338: 6219: 5977: 4351:

Rosie Bsheer (February 2018). "A Counter-Revolutionary State: Popular Movements and the Making of Saudi Arabia".

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On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of

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who brought them to Washington D.C., USA. Of them, the male named Ch Abdul Farouk won a championship in the USA.

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Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927. On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the

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Peter Sluglett (December 2002). "The Resilience of a Frontier: Ottoman and Iraqi Claims to Kuwait, 1871–1990".

2757: 2395: 1142: 298: 8393: 8369: 8307: 8275: 8239: 8195: 7719: 7512: 6981: 6838: 6572: 5967: 3559: 3355: 2637: 1727: 1530:, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge. It was reported that he had been disfavoring the British as of 1937. 1193: 290: 4290:"Cultural Relations between Saudi Arabia and Japan from the Time of King Abdulaziz to the Time of King Fahd" 8438: 8413: 8375: 8351: 8339: 8319: 8295: 8251: 8221: 7944: 7890: 7785: 7734: 7714: 7630: 7602: 7358: 6720: 6286: 6003: 5942: 5872: 4489: 4210: 4081: 4067: 2077: 1564: 1170:, a military-religious brotherhood, which was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local 1051: 285: 5042: 3927: 2545: 8519: 8399: 8357: 8301: 7984: 7924: 7760: 7667: 7635: 7441: 6925: 6495: 6380: 5504: 5215:

The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, and Saudi Arabia

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S. R. Valentine. "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London,

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Mordechai Abir (April 1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia".

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to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually,

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Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912. He then founded the

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Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the

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The United States and Saudi Arabia, 1933–1953: Post-Imperial Diplomacy and the Legacy of British Power

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In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of

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Joseph J. Malone (Summer 1976). "America and the Arabian Peninsula: The First Two Hundred Years".

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The Origins of Saudi-American Relations: From recognition to diplomatic representation (1931-1943)

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From the camel to the cadillac: automobility, consumption, and the U.S.-Saudi special relationship

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in 1938 and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.

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with the support from various tribes. Upon this Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler

8175: 8112: 8050: 7971: 7934: 7837: 7748: 7704: 7487: 7393: 7099: 6874: 5902: 2928:(January–March 2009). "From fragility to stability: a survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". 2218: 2084: 1759: 1711: 1616: 1282: 971: 931: 762: 732: 4618:"The History of the House of Saud: A Timeline of the Saudi Royal Family and Their Rise to Power" 3952: 3800:. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. "World War II and Its Aftermath" 1185:

bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan.

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stated after the King's death that he would be remembered for his achievements as a statesman.

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Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by

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The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam

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Fahd Al Semmari (Summer 2001). "The King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives".

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to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons

8: 8326: 8133: 6937: 6862: 6844: 6822: 6346: 4860: 4545: 3292: 3242: 2739: 1372: 1182: 742: 581: 551: 536: 491: 351: 5227: 3703: 3316:"The 'Imama vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State" 2888: 7817: 7689: 7547: 7426: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7147: 7103: 6971: 6354: 6204: 6043: 5932: 5444: 5230:, The Arab Orient Center for Strategic and civilization studies London, United Kingdom. 4760: 4718: 4662: 4595: 4459: 4428: 4389: 4380: 4250: 4049: 3873: 3625: 3190: 3058:(2002). "Saudi–European relations 1902–2001: a pragmatic quest for relative autonomy". 3030: 2982: 2974: 2900: 2516: 2479: 2471: 1844: 1538: 1482: 963: 521: 4738:"Shaping the Saudi state: Human agency's shifting role in the rentier state formation" 72: 8464: 7979: 7421: 7416: 7109: 7014: 6804: 6304: 6270: 6023: 5810: 5579: 5452: 5404: 5338: 5304: 5281: 5257: 5194: 5138:"Truman Presents Legion of Merit Medals at White House for Their Aid to the Allies". 5115: 4968: 4890: 4764: 4599: 4516: 4254: 4130: 3978: 3614:

May Darwich (Spring 2018). "The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status".

3516: 3463: 3335: 3268: 3215: 3194: 3103: 2986: 2855: 2835: 2609: 2483: 2434: 2413: 2409: 2371: 2275: 2124: 2026: 1802: 1553: 1545: 1478: 1317: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1147: 1087: 990:. He also had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages, including 959: 864: 860: 752: 370: 132: 31: 3902: 1988: 1821:

several times, which were his last words. He died in his sleep of a heart attack in

1503: 8534: 7694: 7436: 7197: 7020: 6592: 6419: 6262: 5792: 5188:

Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present

5071: 4752: 4654: 4587: 4455: 4420: 4362: 4242: 4041: 3596: 3496: 3364: 3327: 3182: 3069: 2966: 2937: 2892: 2641: 2599: 2508: 2463: 2405: 2246: 2156: 1642: 1556:

in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of

1496: 1489: 1457:

Due to the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house known as the "

1416: 1220: 1159: 1056: 1032: 915: 747: 5111:

The Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud: with an Updated Preface

4032:

Michel G. Nehme (1994). "Saudi Arabia 1950–80: Between Nationalism and Religion".

2970: 1843:

issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November 1953. U.S. Secretary of State

1266:

rule. Following this he issued the first decree which was about the collection of

7431: 7203: 6856: 6538: 6409: 6320: 5922: 5806: 5500: 5275: 5221: 4576:

Alaine S. Hutson (2002). "Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926–38".

4246: 4191: 3932: 3238:

Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century

3186: 2762: 2753: 2159:

into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 23 September 1932. Thereafter, he reigned as

2152: 2055: 1833: 1825:

in Ta'if on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, and Prince Faisal was at his side.

1576: 1523: 1507: 1232: 1223:

entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the

1197: 1178: 1127: 1055:

managed to reach Riyadh. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the

934:, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of 2024. 899: 840: 835:; 15 January 1876 – 9 November 1953), known in the Western world mononymously as 816: 797: 777: 526: 265: 237: 5297: 5214: 5147: 4695: 4269: 4112: 3651: 3300: 3250: 3038: 2809: 2667: 2250: 1930: 1022:. Ibn Saud was 15 at the time. He and his family initially took refuge with the 7662: 6453: 6427: 6296: 6124: 6119: 6093: 5927: 5043:"Control of al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia) and direct contact with Britain, 1910 –1916" 4541:"Joe Biden is making clear that Saudi human rights violations won't be ignored" 4385:"Faisal, Rich and Powerful, Led Saudis Into 20th Century and to Arab Forefront" 3616: 3584: 2202: 1767: 1458: 1376: 1344: 1332: 1212: 967: 391: 4756: 4591: 4424: 4177: 4045: 3600: 2941: 2512: 2467: 2017: 8458: 6662: 6246: 6098: 5867: 5669: 5328:

Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1949

5065: 4916: 4855: 4681: 4633:

Due to pressures Faisal issued an executive order in 1967 abolishing slavery.

4297: 3455: 3339: 3286: 3236: 3055: 3024: 2795: 2210: 2206: 2129: 1872: 1822: 1675: 1659: 1608: 1511: 1493: 1328: 1313: 1243:

and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the

1240: 1111: 1047: 911: 907: 872: 767: 652: 253: 5335:

FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East.

5010: 4233:

Stig Stenslie (2011). "Power behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud".

3681: 3521:"Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century: III. Politics and internal stability" 3383: 3265:

The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State

3073: 2698: 1567:, the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in 1158:, in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and 7381: 7280: 7043: 6362: 6140: 5972: 5917: 5830: 5620: 5365:

George Rentz. (1972). "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed.,

5105: 4411:

Joseph Nevo (July 1998). "Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia".

4366: 4215: 4103: 3087: 2182: 1591: 1527: 1380: 1201: 927: 903: 868: 852: 719: 202: 136: 5241:

Grayson, Benson Lee (2005). "Amid Problems, the American Presence Grows".

3001: 7812: 7093: 6254: 6227: 6083: 5877: 3108:

Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert

2270:

Muhamad Ali (2016). "Controlling Politics and Bureaucratising Religion".

1348: 1189: 1115: 546: 416: 38: 7350: 7246: 5692: 4161:

Seven League Boots: Adventures Across the World from Arabia to Abyssinia

3877: 3629: 3501: 3484: 3157: 2978: 2475: 1400:, the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship. 1082: 6880: 5801: 4737: 4722: 4666: 4432: 4053: 3368: 3121: 2925: 2904: 2733: 2645: 2520: 1832:

in Ta'if. Ibn Saud's body was brought to Riyadh where he was buried in

1829: 1770:

was suggested to him as the source of development loans instead of the

1432: 1316:. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the 1244: 3864:

Bahgat Gawdat (Winter 2004). "Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism".

3002:"Mapping Tribes: Ottoman Spatial Thinking in Iraq and Arabia, c. 1910" 1200:

in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British

7008: 5912: 5862: 5416:

The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud

4886:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

4324:"Ibn Saud, King of Arabia, Goes out from Mecca to Grant an Interview" 4009: 3331: 1814: 1522:. However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the 1263: 1236: 1151: 1107: 1023: 979: 436: 396: 98: 5485: 4882: 4658: 2896: 2870: 1375:, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933. Through his advisers 8144: 7577: 3979:"King Abdulaziz archives reveal film about Saudi Army in Palestine" 3953:"File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia" 1102: 8510:

Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

4475:"Women and education in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and achievements" 3315: 1548:

segment of the Suez Canal. The meeting laid down the basis of the

1250: 8093: 7827: 7087: 6078: 6033: 6008: 4509:

Kings and Presidents Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR

3674:"جريدة الرأي ; راشد الخزاعي.. من رجالات الوطن ومناضلي الأمة" 2119:

List of things named after Saudi kings#Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman

1885: 1818: 1782: 1392: 1027: 1002:, who all had roles in the Saudi government. Ibn Saud was taught 955: 647: 47: 42: 7999: 6068: 6063: 5820: 5815: 5472: 5205:

History of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai with King Abdul Aziz Al Saud

4645:

C. C. Lewis (July 1933). "Ibn Sa'ūd and the Future of Arabia".

2214: 1798: 1671: 1667: 1595: 1336: 1255: 1224: 1171: 1167: 1036: 1019: 887: 233: 3839:"1945 Meeting of FDR and Saudi King Was Pivotal for Relations" 2272:

Islam and Colonialism: Becoming Modern in Indonesia and Malaya

1254:

Ibn Saud sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered

1014:

In 1891, the House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by

926:

in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after

30:"King Abdel-Aziz" redirects here. For the passenger ship, see 8078: 6103: 6073: 6018: 5907: 5897: 5839: 5796: 5083: 5081: 4235:

Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea

3026:

Saudi Arabia' Territorial Limits: A Study in Law and Politics

1794: 1786: 1557: 1271: 1267: 1174: 1003: 895: 886:. The family were exiled from their residence in the city of 5235:

American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900–1939

4783: 4101:

Mohammed Leopold Weiss (August 1929). "My friend Ibn Saud".

3552:"المجلة المصرية نون – سيرة حياة الأمير المناضل راشد الخزاعي" 2797:

Saudi Arabia 1902–1932: The Development of a Wahhabi Society

2368:

Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists

7807: 5679: 5133: 5131: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4446:

G. D. Van Peursem (April 1936). "Guests of King Ibn Saud".

1707: 1572: 1568: 1397: 1207:

The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support

914:

beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the

891: 5203:

Muneer Husainy and Khalid Al Sudairi. (27 November 2009).

5078: 4084:'s sister, after she got her divorce from Mubarak Al Sabah 3150:"Ibn Saud meets Sir Percy Cox in Uqair to draw boundaries" 851:), was an Arab political and religious leader who founded 3895:"Ibn Saud meets British Prime Minister Winston Churchill" 3022: 2628: 1663:

in May 1943 which introduced him as a legendary monarch.

1427:. This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British 1323: 5128: 5100: 5098: 5029: 4836: 4795: 2731: 2436:

Government administration in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1904:

Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

4989:"Message on the Death of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia" 3211:

Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925-1939: The Imperial Oasis

2397:

The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years

2366:

David W. Del Testa, ed. (2001). "Saūd, Abdulaziz ibn".

4967:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 42–43. 4100: 3385:

Saudi–American Relations 1968–78: A study in ambiguity

3006:

Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association

2205:), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the 1292:

Letter of Ibn Saud to the UK head of Persian Gulf 1930

8515:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

5760: 5095: 4883:

Michael R. T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2007).

4824: 4812: 4771: 3729:

The True Account of the History of Abdul Aziz Al Saud

2793: 1778:

battling each other, were "You are brothers, unite!"

1537:

on 14 February 1945. The meeting took place on board

1098:

Ibn Saud's signature in a document to Eqab bin Muhaya

966:, the First Saudi State, until its destruction by an 16:

Founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (r. 1932–1953)

3515: 3460:

The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power

3234: 2432: 2128:(2012 film) – a biopic film on Ibn Saud directed by 1552:. The other meeting was with British prime minister 1526:

was found to be connected to the German Ambassador,

1371:

Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by

830: 5451:. London: I. B. Taurus & Co. Ltd. p. 190. 5320:

Jews, Muslims and Jerusalem. Disputes and Dialogues

4937:"Sultan will have simple burial at Al Oud cemetery" 4321: 4219:. Vol. 12, no. 5. May 1961. pp. 3–5. 4175: 3214:. London; Totowa, NJ: Psychology Press. p. 9. 855:– the third Saudi state – and reigned as its first 5443: 5296: 5040: 4960: 4934: 4538: 4379: 4267: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3644:"الشيخ عز الدين القسام أمير المجاهدين الفلسطينيين" 3352: 3313: 3119: 2999: 2868: 2822: 2365: 2288: 1510:of Egypt and Sudan alongside Ibn Saud checking an 6787: 5398:The Politics of Truth. Management in Saudi Arabia 4909: 4679: 4615: 4445: 3207: 2665: 8456: 5270: 4708: 4575: 3284: 2598: 2274:. Tun: Edinburgh University Press. p. 150. 1685: 1009: 937: 5104: 4031: 3786: 3462:. New York: Touchstone. pp. 289–292, 300. 3170: 3094:. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 312–13. Print. 2871:"Captain Shakespear's Last Journey (Continued)" 2752: 2689: 2453: 1641:Ibn Saud (seated left) with his brother-in-law 5159: 5157: 4735: 3781:The Unification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 3549: 3545: 3543: 3526:Center for Strategic and International Studies 3482: 2954: 2574:"نورة بنت عبد الرحمن.. السيدة السعودية الأولى" 2496: 2393: 1967:The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 1575:and Taif in September 1945. Ibn Saud met with 1274:(oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the 23:. For the Ottoman ruler of the same name, see 8160: 7366: 7262: 6773: 6174: 5746: 5708: 5382:Saudi Arabia. The Shape of a Client Feudalism 5114:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. 4964:The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders) 4232: 3936:. Vol. 6, no. 20. 16 November 1953. 3863: 3836: 3583: 3454: 3054: 3000:Camille Lyans Cole; et al. (Fall 2022). 2631:"Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745–1975" 2245: 2147: 2145: 1358: 1126:Ibn Saud alongside captured weapons from the 638:Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud 5089:The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947 4889:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 344. 4745:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4505: 4472: 4350: 4287: 7776:Council of Economic and Development Affairs 5367:The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics 5154: 5063: 4644: 4410: 3889: 3887: 3613: 3540: 3381: 2441:California State University, San Bernardino 2269: 1996:The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 1938:The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India 1694:Ibn Saud was also very close to his sister 1423:In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the 8167: 8153: 7373: 7359: 7269: 7255: 7232:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 6780: 6766: 6181: 6167: 5753: 5739: 5715: 5701: 5449:The Third Reich and the Palestine Question 5380:Simons, Geoff (1998). Winberg Chai (ed.). 5245:. Indianapolis University. pp. 51–64. 5224:Arab News Network, London – United Kingdom 5091:. HM Stationery Office. 1947. p. 107. 4872:– via National Library of Australia. 4515:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 2. 4317: 4315: 4271:H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine 3589:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 3144: 3142: 2924: 2732:Mohammad Zaid Al Kahtani (December 2004). 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2439:(Master of Public Administration thesis). 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2142: 2076: 2047: 1958: 1929: 1550:future relations between the two countries 71: 8500:Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit 7380: 7276: 6942:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 6916:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 5722: 5409:The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers 5317: 5047:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4806: 4789: 4579:Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 4205: 4203: 4201: 4171: 4169: 3922: 3920: 3500: 2605:King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times 2370:. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. p. 165. 1701: 832:ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbd ar Raḥmān Āl Suʿūd 359:Mudhi bint Abdullah Almandeel Al Khalidi 5277:The Desert King: Ibn Saud and His Arabia 4096: 4094: 4092: 3884: 3832: 3830: 3579: 3577: 3485:"Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh" 3110:. London u.a.: Tauris, pp. 133–39. Print 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2456:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 1636: 1620: 1502: 1468: 1362: 1322: 1287: 1249: 1121: 1101: 1093: 1081: 941: 8495:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit 6279:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 5303:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 5240: 4830: 4346: 4344: 4312: 4283: 4281: 4228: 4226: 4184:University of California, Santa Barbara 3587:(1934). "The Operations in the Yemen". 3489:Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law 3139: 3050: 3048: 2716: 2692:"Discovery! The Search for Arabian Oil" 2389: 2387: 2320: 1911: 1789:and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish 1473:Ibn Saud converses with U.S. president 8457: 7224:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 7214:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 5379: 4935:Abdul Nabi Shaheen (23 October 2011). 4818: 4777: 4198: 4166: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3917: 3727:Abdullah Al Ali Al Mansour Al Zaamil. 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2629:Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). 2151:Ibn Saud incorporated the kingdoms of 1613:Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne 1367:Ibn Saud with a foreigner in the 1930s 924:discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia 8148: 7354: 7250: 6761: 6188: 6162: 5734: 5696: 5683: 5395: 5347:James Parry. (January/February 1999. 5330:. University of North Carolina Press. 5294: 5017:. London. 11 November 1953. p. 5 4148:Ibn Saʻud: the puritan king of Arabia 4127:The Arabs: Journeys Beyond the Mirage 4089: 4005:"Saudi Arabian move for a settlement" 3827: 3574: 2802:University of California, Los Angeles 2527: 2294: 2222: 1177:. In the same year, he instituted an 948:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd 880:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd 663:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd 342:Nouf bint Nawwaf bin Nuri Al Shaalan 8174: 7219:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 6958:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 6635:Southern Israel cross-border attacks 6547:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 6478:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 5249: 4842: 4539:Nicholas DeAntonis (11 March 2021). 4341: 4322:Richard Halliburton (24 June 1935). 4278: 4268:Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981). 4223: 4129:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 3356:DOMES: Digest of Middle East Studies 3045: 2735:The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz 2384: 1828:The funeral prayer was performed at 1808: 1477:(right) in 1945 through interpreter 8525:People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War 8485:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire 5376:. Boston: Houghton–Mifflin Company. 5011:"Western tributes to King Ibn Saud" 4616:Gabriel Marinescu (14 March 2023). 3940: 3899:King Abdulaziz Information Resource 2911: 2774: 2217:in 1902 it referred to his father, 844: 820: 13: 8480:20th-century kings of Saudi Arabia 7209:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 7100:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 5953:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 5501:Newspaper clippings about Ibn Saud 5437: 5333:Christopher D O'Sullivan. (2012). 5253:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World 5041:Mohammed Al Mutari (August 2018). 4856:"Warrior King Ibn Saud Dies at 73" 4460:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1936.tb00862.x 4274:(MA thesis). University of Kansas. 3650:. 19 November 1935. Archived from 3404:"Murabba Palace Historical Centre" 3023:Abdulkarim Mohamed Hamadi (1981). 2016: 1211:and Emir of the Hejaz, by sending 813:Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud 14: 8556: 7563:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 5637:Himself as King of Hejaz and Nejd 5466: 4991:. The American Presidency Project 4163:, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, p. 255 4013:. No. 52217. 24 January 1952 2546:"King Abdulaziz' Noble Character" 2341:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 2097:Grand Cross with White Decoration 1714:Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of 1006:by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh. 974:in the early nineteenth century. 212:Himself (as King of Saudi Arabia) 8423: 8184: 7455: 7339: 7289: 7138:Agreement on Movement and Access 5471: 5057: 5003: 4981: 4954: 4928: 4903: 4876: 4848: 2958:The International History Review 2869:Douglas Carruthers (June 1922). 2410:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1 2102:Gran Cruz con distintivo blanco) 1987: 1871: 1650:an affectionate and caring man. 1625:Ibn Saud (seated) with his sons 1602: 1445: 1438:In 1935 Prince Rashed supported 1209:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 1071: 922:. As King, he presided over the 821:عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود 712: 7730:General Intelligence Presidency 7172:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 7166:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 7134:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 6339:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 6220:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 5978:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 5612:Himself as King of Saudi Arabia 4729: 4702: 4673: 4638: 4609: 4569: 4532: 4499: 4482:International Education Journal 4466: 4439: 4404: 4373: 4261: 4153: 4140: 4119: 4068:"King Saud's Maternal ancestry" 4060: 4025: 3997: 3971: 3857: 3837:Rudy Abramson (9 August 1990). 3815: 3803: 3773: 3760: 3747: 3734: 3721: 3704:"مركز الشرق العربي ـ برق الشرق" 3696: 3666: 3636: 3607: 3509: 3476: 3448: 3426: 3396: 3375: 3346: 3307: 3278: 3257: 3228: 3201: 3164: 3113: 3097: 3080: 3016: 2993: 2948: 2862: 2848: 2816: 2746: 2683: 2659: 2622: 2592: 2566: 2490: 2447: 2426: 2359: 1850: 1571:. His first flight was between 1410: 1130:after its surrender during the 1016:Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid 303:Lajah bint Khalid bin Hithlain 25:Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire 8545:World War II political leaders 8540:Survivors of terrorist attacks 6811:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 6627:Palestinian militancy campaign 5550:Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid 5237:University of Minnesota Press. 3434:"Rebirth of a historic center" 2794:Lawrence Paul Goldrup (1971). 2669:Saudi Arabia under King Faisal 2300: 2263: 2239: 2192: 2175: 2166: 1464: 1143:Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid 299:Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud 1: 8439:Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia 7720:Chairman of the General Staff 6899:American trusteeship proposal 5968:Popular Resistance Committees 5358:H. St. J. B. Philby. (1955). 5243:Saudi Arabia. A Modern Reader 4159:Richard Halliburton. (2013). 3798:A Country Study: Saudi Arabia 3440:. Spring 1999. Archived from 3235:Alexander Blay Bligh (1981). 2971:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640981 2697:. Selwa Press. Archived from 2638:American University of Beirut 2433:George T. Fitzgerald (1983). 2232: 2201:, meaning "son of Saud" (see 2008:Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) 1686:Relations with family members 1583:Ibn Saud participated in the 1563:After naming his son Saud as 1435:tanks – between Arab states. 1086:Territorial evolution of the 1010:Exile and recapture of Riyadh 938:Early life and family origins 309:Jawhara bint Saad Al Sudairi 295:Luluwah bint Salih Al Dakhil 291:Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh 5684: 5326:Aaron David Miller. (1980). 4247:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050 4176:Paul Reed Baltimore (2014). 3267:Oxford University Press US, 3187:10.1080/19436149.2012.658667 2608:. London: Saqi. p. 12. 1721: 1331:against the alliance of the 1052:Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani 894:in 1922, then conquered the 773:Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish 286:Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair 7: 8530:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslims 7962:Water supply and sanitation 7791:History of the oil industry 7658:Mutaween (religious police) 6496:Palestinian suicide attacks 5505:20th Century Press Archives 5428:Van der D. Meulen. (1957). 5425:Princeton University Press. 5388:Richard H. Sanger. (1954). 4961:Jennifer Bond Reed (2006). 3314:Abdulaziz Al Fahad (2002). 2112: 1917: 1914: 1738:to be designated the heir. 1078:Unification of Saudi Arabia 1035:and frequently visited his 831: 313:Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 21:Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin 10: 8561: 8490:Burials at Al Oud cemetery 7072:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 7060:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 7054:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 6986:Palestinian autonomy talks 5179: 5168:Boletín Oficial del Estado 5164:Boletín Oficial del Estado 4910:Richard Cavendish (2003). 4680:Fahd M. Al Nafjan (1989). 4488:(1): 42–64. Archived from 3208:Clive Leatherdale (1983). 2828:The Middle East: A History 2666:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). 2337:"The kings of the Kingdom" 1836:next to his sister Noura. 1606: 1389:Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1359:Oil discovery and his rule 1075: 884:Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 673:Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi 321:Fahda bint Asi Al Shammari 36: 29: 18: 8432: 8421: 8191: 8182: 8106: 8064: 7970: 7871: 7862: 7756: 7747: 7680: 7601: 7583:National Security Council 7543: 7539: 7530: 7473: 7464: 7453: 7392: 7337: 7296: 7287: 7186: 7029: 6982:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 6907: 6839:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 6796: 6757: 6530: 6393: 6238: 6196: 6158: 6133: 6112: 6056: 5986: 5873:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 5855: 5848: 5778: 5730: 5690: 5670:Head of the House of Saud 5667: 5659: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5600: 5597:Himself as Sultan of Nejd 5594: 5586: 5577: 5571: 5566:Himself as Sultan of Nejd 5563: 5554: 5546: 5541: 5516: 5421:Karl S Twitchell. (1958) 5392:Cornell University Press. 5233:John A. De Novo. (1963). 4757:10.1017/S0020743807071073 4592:10.1080/10669920120122243 4425:10.1080/00263209808701231 4211:"Greyhound of the Desert" 4146:Kenneth Williams. (1933) 4046:10.1080/00263209408701030 3740:Abdul-Hameed Al-Khateeb. 3601:10.1080/03068373408725322 3285:Isadore Jay Gold (1984). 3263:Joseph Kostiner. (1993). 2942:10.1080/17550910802576114 2930:Contemporary Arab Affairs 2677:Aligarh Muslim University 2513:10.1080/00263208708700697 2468:10.1017/S0026318400041432 1891: 1879: 1870: 1857: 1535:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1429:Rolls-Royce armoured cars 806: 783:Idrisid Emirate Rebellion 725: 707: 702: 698: 678: 668: 658: 646: 637: 632: 628: 369: 329:Haya bint Saad Al Sudairi 273: 260: 243: 220: 216: 208: 198: 187: 180: 168: 153: 142: 127: 117: 107: 97: 86: 79: 70: 63: 58: 7828:Tadawul (stock exchange) 7823:Supreme Economic Council 7771:Capital Market Authority 7725:General Staff Presidency 7578:Mabahith (secret police) 7021:Israel–Lebanon agreement 6833:Anglo-French Declaration 6829:Declaration to the Seven 6402:Misgav Am hostage crisis 5372:Amin al Rihani. (1928). 4107:. No. 144. Boston. 3768:Traits of King Abdulaziz 3753:Khairuddeen Al Zarkali. 3120:Abdullah Mohammad Sind. 2876:The Geographical Journal 2690:Wallace Stegner (2007). 2580:(in Arabic). 24 May 2020 2402:Harvard University Press 2163:until his death in 1953. 2135: 1745: 878:Ibn Saud was the son of 758:Second Saudi—Rashidi War 7710:Strategic Missile Force 6713:Israel–Palestine crisis 6564:Bringing Home the Goods 5903:Guardians of the Cedars 5663:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal 5589:Himself as King of Nejd 5574:Himself as Emir of Nejd 5493:Encyclopædia Britannica 5414:Gary Troeller. (1976). 5349:"A Man for our Century" 5322:. Liverpool University. 4736:Steffen Hertog (2007). 3483:Cameron Zargar (2017). 3074:10.1111/1468-2346.00211 2394:Jacob Goldberg (1986). 2313:Encyclopædia Britannica 2256:Encyclopædia Britannica 2219:Abdul Rahman bin Faisal 2085:Cross of Military Merit 1950:Knight Commander (KCSI) 1760:slavery in Saudi Arabia 1617:Descendants of Ibn Saud 1327:The Ikhwan army during 763:Saudi conquest of Hejaz 738:First Saudi—Rashidi War 7130:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 7050:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 6932:Tripartite Declaration 6555:Ain es Saheb airstrike 6436:South Lebanon conflict 5496:(12th ed.). 1922. 5432:. London: John Murray. 5396:Shahi, Afshin (2013). 5295:Lacey, Robert (1982). 5250:Herf, Jeffrey (2009). 5220:11 August 2011 at the 4413:Middle Eastern Studies 4034:Middle Eastern Studies 3866:Arab Studies Quarterly 3438:Saudi Embassy Magazine 3092:The Arab of the Desert 2856:Current Biography 1943 2500:Middle Eastern Studies 2068:Chief Commander Degree 2039:Knight Commander (KCB) 2021: 1979:Knight Commander (KBE) 1781:A staunch opponent of 1726:Ibn Saud's eldest son 1702:Assassination attempts 1646: 1634: 1515: 1500: 1368: 1340: 1293: 1259: 1134: 1132:Ha'il campaign of 1921 1119: 1099: 1091: 951: 902:would greatly bolster 793:First Arab–Israeli War 268:, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 7558:Consultative Assembly 7178:John Kerry Parameters 6851:Churchill White Paper 6817:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6373:Coastal Road massacre 5994:Arab Higher Committee 5883:Arab Liberation Front 5826:Palestinian Authority 5724:Arab–Israeli conflict 5480:at Wikimedia Commons 5430:The Wells of Ibn Saud 5418:. London: Frank Cass. 5390:The Arabian Peninsula 5318:Ma'oz, Moshe (2020). 5186:Michael Oren. (2007) 4647:International Affairs 4506:Bruce Riedel (2019). 4473:Amani Hamdan (2005). 3957:Qatar Digital Library 3390:University of Salford 3061:International Affairs 2020: 1772:US Export-Import Bank 1716:Royal Saudi Air Force 1680:Henry Maitland Wilson 1640: 1624: 1607:Further information: 1585:1948 Arab-Israeli War 1506: 1475:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1472: 1366: 1326: 1291: 1276:Great Mosque of Mecca 1253: 1125: 1105: 1097: 1085: 945: 256:, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia 162:Emir of Jabal Shammar 7160:Annapolis Conference 7154:UNSC Resolution 1701 7144:UNSC Resolution 1850 7126:UNSC Resolution 1583 7120:UNSC Resolution 1566 7116:UNSC Resolution 1559 7066:Wye River Memorandum 6922:Armistice agreements 6679:Gaza border protests 6601:Gaza–Israel conflict 6313:Lod Airport massacre 6146:United Arab Republic 6089:United Arab Emirates 5999:Arab Liberation Army 5643:King of Saudi Arabia 5384:. Palgrave Macillan. 5374:Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia 5337:Palgrave Macmillan. 5142:. 19 February 1947. 5064:Gamal Hagar (1981). 4688:University of Kansas 4367:10.1093/pastj/gtx057 4328:The Kansas City Star 4125:David Lamb. (1988). 4070:. Information Source 3928:"King of the Desert" 3779:Mohammed Al Maani'. 3744:, Part 2, pp.102–103 3562:on 11 September 2011 3550:المجلة المصرية نون. 3517:Anthony H. Cordesman 3382:Odah Sultan (1988). 3174:Middle East Critique 2161:King of Saudi Arabia 1841:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1791:1929 Hebron massacre 1440:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam 1310:Dhaydan bin Hithlain 362:Possibly other wives 174:King of Saudi Arabia 158:Abdulaziz bin Mutaib 90:23 September 1932 – 81:King of Saudi Arabia 7818:Saudi Central Bank 7626:Freedom of religion 7407:Early Islamic State 7003:UNSC Resolution 497 6997:UNSC Resolution 478 6991:UNSC Resolution 452 6978:UNSC Resolution 446 6968:UNSC Resolution 425 6962:UNSC Resolution 350 6952:UNSC Resolution 339 6948:UNSC Resolution 338 6938:Khartoum Resolution 6926:Lausanne Conference 6875:Morrison–Grady Plan 6845:San Remo conference 6823:Balfour Declaration 6695:Gaza–Israel clashes 6687:Gaza–Israel clashes 6462:Mothers' Bus attack 6039:Revolutionary Cells 5256:. Yale University. 4912:"Death of Ibn Saud" 4861:The West Australian 4845:, pp. 226–227. 4792:, pp. 164–165. 4711:Middle East Journal 4546:The Washington Post 4186:. pp. 48, 91. 3519:(30 October 2002). 3502:10.5070/N4161038736 3293:Columbia University 3243:Columbia University 2889:1922GeogJ..59..401C 2740:University of Leeds 2308:"History of Arabia" 2249:(5 November 2021). 2225:, pp. 15, 65). 1183:nomadic pastoralist 1044:Abdullah bin Jiluwi 972:Ottoman–Wahhabi War 962:in the form of the 900:Islamic revivalists 743:Conquest of al-Hasa 612:Princess Al Jawhara 587:Prince Abdul Majeed 502:Prince Abdul Rahman 477:Princess Al Bandari 457:Prince Abdul Muhsin 352:Baraka Al Yamaniyah 345:Saida Al Yamaniyah 8520:People from Riyadh 7833:Telecommunications 7616:Capital punishment 7548:Allegiance Council 7427:Emirate of Diriyah 7412:Rashidun Caliphate 7402:Pre-Islamic Arabia 7148:Quartet Principles 7082:Clinton Parameters 6972:Camp David Accords 6355:Savoy Hotel attack 6205:1948 Palestine war 6044:South Lebanon Army 5933:Muslim Brotherhood 5653:Saud bin Abdulaziz 5445:Francis R. Nicosia 5353:Saudi Aramco World 5140:The New York Times 5015:The Canberra Times 4864:. 10 November 1953 4622:The Science Survey 4390:The New York Times 4381:Paul L. Montgomery 4354:Past & Present 4288:Amin K. Tokumasu. 3985:. 27 December 2017 3369:10.1111/dome.12073 3320:EUI Working Papers 3160:on 8 January 2016. 3086:Robert Wilson and 3031:Indiana University 2824:William Ochsenwald 2704:on 20 October 2013 2634:(Master's Project) 2404:. pp. 30–33. 2347:on 22 October 2012 2022: 1845:John Foster Dulles 1803:antisemitic tropes 1647: 1635: 1633:in the early 1950s 1516: 1501: 1369: 1341: 1294: 1260: 1194:William Shakespear 1135: 1120: 1100: 1092: 986:, Bazza, Haya and 964:Emirate of Diriyah 952: 910:. Concording with 562:Prince Abdul Illah 146:13 January 1902 – 8505:Founding monarchs 8452: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8416: (1947–1994) 8410: (born 1945) 8402: (born 1942) 8396: (born 1942) 8390: (1942–2007) 8384: (1941–2012) 8378: (1941–2013) 8372: (1940–2023) 8366: (born 1939) 8360: (1938–2003) 8354: (1937–1958) 8348: (born 1935) 8342: (1934–2008) 8336: (1934–2016) 8330: (1934–2012) 8322: (1932–2015) 8316: (1932–2013) 8310: (1932–2000) 8304: (1931–2018) 8298: (1931–2019) 8292: (1931–2017) 8286: (1928–2011) 8278: (1926–2017) 8272: (1925–1985) 8266: (1924–2015) 8260: (1923–2013) 8254: (1923–2019) 8248: (1921–2005) 8242: (1921–1951) 8236: (1915–1993) 8230: (1913–1982) 8224: (1911–1984) 8218: (1910–1988) 8210: (1906–1975) 8204: (1902–1969) 8198: (1900–1919) 8142: 8141: 8102: 8101: 7930:Human trafficking 7858: 7857: 7743: 7742: 7676: 7675: 7568:Foreign relations 7526: 7525: 7422:Abbasid Caliphate 7417:Umayyad Caliphate 7348: 7347: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7110:Geneva Initiative 7078:Camp David Summit 7038:Madrid Conference 7015:Reagan peace plan 6988: 6893:UN Partition Plan 6887:London Conference 6869:London Conference 6805:Damascus Protocol 6753: 6752: 6654:Pillar of Defense 6305:Sabena Flight 571 6271:Battle of Karameh 6190:Armed engagements 6154: 6153: 6052: 6051: 6024:Japanese Red Army 5779:Primary countries 5678: 5677: 5650:Succeeded by 5610:Succeeded by 5587:Succeeded by 5564:Succeeded by 5487:"Ibn Sa'ud" 5476:Media related to 5458:978-1-85043-010-0 5405:Benjamin Shwadran 5310:978-0-15-147260-4 5287:978-0-906527-62-7 5263:978-0-300-15583-9 5121:978-0-7475-7874-1 4896:978-1-57607-919-5 4495:on 19 April 2012. 4383:(26 March 1975). 3959:. 13 January 1948 3843:Los Angeles Times 3684:on 8 October 2011 3654:on 11 August 2011 3444:on 7 August 2013. 3221:978-0-7146-3220-9 3104:John C. Wilkinson 2841:978-0-07-244233-5 2758:"Prince of Arabs" 2615:978-0-86356-761-2 2419:978-0-6742-8184-4 2400:. Cambridge, MA: 2281:978-1-4744-0920-9 2125:King of the Sands 2110: 2109: 2064:18 February 1947 2027:Order of the Bath 1975:23 November 1916 1946:23 November 1916 1899: 1898: 1809:Death and funeral 1554:Winston Churchill 1546:Great Bitter Lake 1479:Colonel Bill Eddy 1318:Battle of Sabilla 1302:Faisal Al Duwaish 1298:Arabian Peninsula 1148:guerrilla warfare 1088:Third Saudi State 960:Arabian Peninsula 920:Jannat al-Mu'alla 829: 810: 809: 753:Al-Khurma dispute 642: 641: 193:23 September 1932 191:8 January 1926 – 148:23 September 1932 103:23 September 1932 32:MV King Abdelaziz 8552: 8427: 8188: 8176:Sons of Ibn Saud 8169: 8162: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8122: 8115: 7955:response to ISIL 7869: 7868: 7813:Riyal (currency) 7754: 7753: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7483:Cities and towns 7471: 7470: 7459: 7437:Kingdom of Hejaz 7375: 7368: 7361: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7293: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7198:Trump peace plan 7190: 6984: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6744: 6741:Israel–Hamas war 6736: 6732:Shield and Arrow 6726: 6716: 6708: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6671:Wave of violence 6666: 6658: 6648: 6638: 6630: 6622: 6614: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6550: 6542: 6523: 6513: 6503: 6491: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6405: 6386: 6376: 6368: 6358: 6350: 6347:Ma'alot massacre 6342: 6334: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6300: 6292: 6282: 6274: 6266: 6263:War of Attrition 6258: 6250: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6212:Arab–Israeli War 6207: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6057:Other countries 5853: 5852: 5793:Egyptian Kingdom 5755: 5748: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5681: 5680: 5660:Preceded by 5635:Preceded by 5618:Preceded by 5595:Preceded by 5572:Preceded by 5547:Preceded by 5537: 5530: 5514: 5513: 5497: 5489: 5475: 5462: 5401: 5385: 5323: 5314: 5302: 5291: 5272:David A. Howarth 5267: 5246: 5173: 5172: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5135: 5126: 5125: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5072:Keele University 5061: 5055: 5054: 5038: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4553:on 18 March 2021 4549:. Archived from 4536: 4530: 4529: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4448:The Muslim World 4443: 4437: 4436: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4296:. Archived from 4285: 4276: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4173: 4164: 4157: 4151: 4150:, J. Cape, p. 21 4144: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4098: 4087: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3938: 3937: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3901:. Archived from 3891: 3882: 3881: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3766:Fahd Al Maarik. 3764: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680:. Archived from 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3558:. Archived from 3547: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3400: 3394: 3393: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3282: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3156:. Archived from 3146: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3101: 3095: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2791: 2772: 2771: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2729: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2600:Alexei Vassiliev 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2525: 2524: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2343:. Archived from 2333: 2318: 2317: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2243: 2226: 2196: 2190: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2149: 2080: 2051: 1991: 1962: 1933: 1909: 1908: 1875: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1643:Mubarak Al Sabah 1497:William D. Leahy 1490:Yalta Conference 1425:Saudi-Yemeni War 1417:Rashed Al-Khuzai 1306:Sultan bin Bajad 1283:Treaty of Jeddah 1066:Faisal bin Turki 1033:Mubarak Al Sabah 916:Al-Baqi Cemetery 846: 834: 824: 822: 788:Saudi–Yemeni War 748:Battle of Kanzan 733:Battle of Riyadh 718: 716: 715: 688:religious leader 685:Tribal chieftain 630: 629: 616:Princess Latifa 487:Princess Luluwah 482:Princess Sultana 380: 250: 230: 228: 194: 149: 112:Post established 93: 75: 56: 55: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8428: 8419: 8189: 8178: 8173: 8143: 8138: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8098: 8060: 8022:Public holidays 7966: 7854: 7798:Foreign workers 7739: 7672: 7597: 7588:Nuclear program 7522: 7460: 7451: 7432:Emirate of Nejd 7388: 7379: 7349: 7344: 7335: 7294: 7283: 7275: 7245: 7236: 7204:Abraham Accords 7188: 7182: 7025: 7007:1981–1982 6903: 6857:Peel Commission 6792: 6790:peace proposals 6786: 6749: 6739: 6729: 6719: 6711: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6651: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6607: 6599: 6591: 6581: 6571: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6539:Second Intifada 6537: 6526: 6519:Grapes of Wrath 6516: 6506: 6494: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6408: 6400: 6389: 6379: 6371: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6327: 6321:Munich massacre 6319: 6311: 6303: 6295: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6261: 6253: 6245: 6234: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6203: 6192: 6187: 6150: 6129: 6108: 6048: 6004:Black September 5982: 5923:Lebanese Forces 5844: 5840:Ba'athist Syria 5836:Syrian Republic 5781:and authorities 5780: 5774: 5773: 5759: 5726: 5721: 5686: 5673: 5665: 5655: 5646: 5638: 5629: 5623: 5621:Ali bin Hussein 5613: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5484: 5469: 5459: 5440: 5438:Further reading 5435: 5355:, pp. 4–11 5311: 5288: 5280:. McGraw-Hill. 5264: 5222:Wayback Machine 5182: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5155: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5106:Saïd K. Aburish 5103: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5062: 5058: 5039: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4933: 4929: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4707: 4703: 4678: 4674: 4659:10.2307/2603605 4643: 4639: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4610: 4574: 4570: 4556: 4554: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4444: 4440: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4374: 4349: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4320: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4279: 4266: 4262: 4231: 4224: 4209: 4208: 4199: 4174: 4167: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4124: 4120: 4099: 4090: 4080:married Hussa, 4073: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3941: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3905:on 22 July 2013 3893: 3892: 3885: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3845:. Washington DC 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3787: 3783:, Part 1, p.433 3778: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3708:Asharq Al Arabi 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3612: 3608: 3582: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3514: 3510: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3453: 3449: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3414:on 19 June 2013 3402: 3401: 3397: 3380: 3376: 3351: 3347: 3312: 3308: 3283: 3279: 3262: 3258: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3169: 3165: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3126:Social Sciences 3118: 3114: 3102: 3098: 3085: 3081: 3053: 3046: 3021: 3017: 2998: 2994: 2953: 2949: 2923: 2912: 2897:10.2307/1780633 2867: 2863: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2834:. p. 697. 2821: 2817: 2792: 2775: 2763:Foreign Affairs 2754:Joel Carmichael 2751: 2747: 2730: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2528: 2495: 2491: 2452: 2448: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2335: 2334: 2321: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2268: 2264: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2209:, similar to a 2197: 2193: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2115: 2056:Legion of Merit 2035:1 January 1935 2032:United Kingdom 2004:1 January 1920 2001:United Kingdom 1972:United Kingdom 1943:United Kingdom 1881:Reference style 1863: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1839:U.S. president 1834:Al Oud cemetery 1811: 1748: 1724: 1704: 1688: 1666:Ibn Saud had a 1645:in Kuwait, 1910 1619: 1605: 1524:Kingdom of Iraq 1499:(left) watches. 1481:, on board the 1467: 1448: 1413: 1361: 1320:in March 1929. 1314:Ikhwan rebelled 1233:Eqab bin Mohaya 1198:Treaty of Darin 1179:agrarian policy 1128:Rashidi Emirate 1080: 1074: 1012: 940: 802: 798:Buraimi Dispute 778:Najran conflict 713: 711: 703:Military career 694: 624: 592:Prince Hathloul 567:Princess Madawi 527:Prince Turki II 467:Princess Qumash 407:Prince Muhammad 388: 387: 377:among others... 374: 373: 365: 282: 281: 269: 266:Al Oud cemetery 252: 248: 247:9 November 1953 232: 231:15 January 1875 226: 224: 203:Ali bin Hussein 192: 147: 92:9 November 1953 91: 52: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8558: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8192: 8190: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7905: 7903:Discrimination 7900: 7899: 7898: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7735:Military ranks 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7715:National Guard 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7593:Prime Minister 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7447:Modern history 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7200: 7193: 7191: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7140: 7122: 7112: 7106: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6974: 6964: 6954: 6944: 6934: 6928: 6918: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6788:Diplomacy and 6785: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6727: 6717: 6709: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6649: 6644:Returning Echo 6639: 6631: 6623: 6615: 6597: 6589: 6579: 6569: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6509:Accountability 6504: 6492: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6454:First Intifada 6450: 6440: 6432: 6428:Bus 300 affair 6424: 6416: 6406: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6369: 6359: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6297:Yom Kippur War 6293: 6283: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6251: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6125:United Nations 6122: 6120:European Union 6116: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6094:United Kingdom 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5928:al-Mourabitoun 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5811:Ba'athist Iraq 5804: 5799: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5735: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5676: 5675: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5648: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5627:King of Hejaz 5624: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5580:Sultan of Nejd 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5542:Regnal titles 5539: 5538: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5498: 5468: 5467:External links 5465: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5402: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5345: 5331: 5324: 5315: 5309: 5292: 5286: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5238: 5231: 5225: 5212: 5211:. Cairo, Egypt 5201: 5199:978-1849044646 5191: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5153: 5127: 5120: 5094: 5077: 5070:(PhD thesis). 5056: 5028: 5002: 4980: 4973: 4953: 4927: 4902: 4895: 4875: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4821:, p. 191. 4811: 4809:, p. 164. 4794: 4782: 4780:, p. 189. 4770: 4751:(4): 539–563. 4728: 4717:(3): 421–422. 4701: 4690:. p. 83. 4686:(PhD thesis). 4672: 4637: 4608: 4568: 4531: 4521: 4498: 4465: 4438: 4403: 4372: 4340: 4311: 4300:on 8 July 2013 4277: 4260: 4222: 4197: 4182:(PhD thesis). 4165: 4152: 4139: 4135:978-0394757582 4118: 4088: 4059: 4040:(4): 930–943. 4024: 3996: 3970: 3939: 3916: 3883: 3856: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3785: 3772: 3759: 3746: 3733: 3720: 3695: 3665: 3635: 3624:(2): 125–142. 3617:Insight Turkey 3606: 3573: 3539: 3508: 3475: 3468: 3447: 3425: 3395: 3388:(PhD thesis). 3374: 3363:(2): 187–212. 3345: 3306: 3295:. p. 18. 3291:(PhD thesis). 3277: 3256: 3245:. p. 56. 3241:(PhD thesis). 3227: 3220: 3200: 3163: 3138: 3112: 3096: 3079: 3044: 3033:. p. 60. 3029:(PhD thesis). 3015: 2992: 2947: 2910: 2861: 2858:', pp. 330–334 2847: 2840: 2830:. Boston, MA: 2815: 2804:. p. 25. 2800:(PhD thesis). 2773: 2745: 2738:(PhD thesis). 2715: 2682: 2675:(PhD thesis). 2658: 2621: 2614: 2591: 2565: 2526: 2507:(2): 150–171. 2489: 2446: 2425: 2418: 2383: 2377:978-1573561532 2376: 2358: 2319: 2299: 2287: 2280: 2262: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2191: 2174: 2165: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2093:22 April 1952 2091: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2061:United States 2059: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2023: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1852: 1849: 1810: 1807: 1768:the World Bank 1747: 1744: 1723: 1720: 1703: 1700: 1687: 1684: 1604: 1601: 1466: 1463: 1447: 1444: 1412: 1409: 1377:St John Philby 1360: 1357: 1345:Murabba Palace 1333:British Empire 1213:T. E. Lawrence 1181:to settle the 1156:Rawdat Muhanna 1118:, Basrah, 1916 1106:Ibn Saud with 1073: 1070: 1031:Kuwaiti ruler 1011: 1008: 939: 936: 930:. He fathered 808: 807: 804: 803: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 729: 727: 723: 722: 709: 705: 704: 700: 699: 696: 695: 693: 692: 689: 686: 682: 680: 676: 675: 670: 666: 665: 660: 656: 655: 650: 644: 643: 640: 639: 635: 634: 626: 625: 623: 622: 617: 614: 609: 604: 599: 597:Prince Mashour 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 572:Prince Mamdouh 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 517:Prince Mishari 514: 509: 504: 499: 497:Princess Seeta 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 462:Prince Mishaal 459: 454: 449: 447:Prince Musa'id 444: 439: 434: 432:Prince Mansour 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 392:Prince Turki I 385: 384: 383: 381: 367: 366: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 326: 323: 318: 315: 310: 307: 304: 301: 296: 293: 288: 279: 278: 277: 275: 271: 270: 264: 262: 258: 257: 251:(aged 78) 245: 241: 240: 222: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 189: 185: 184: 178: 177: 170: 166: 165: 155: 151: 150: 144: 140: 139: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 88: 84: 83: 77: 76: 68: 67: 61: 60: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8557: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8264:King Abdullah 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8156: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7342: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6885:1946–47 6884: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6722:Breaking Dawn 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6584:Autumn Clouds 6580: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247:Samu incident 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134:Former states 6132: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113:Transnational 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099:United States 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Holy War Army 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:Army of Islam 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849:Organizations 5847: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5807:Iraqi Kingdom 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:All-Palestine 5786: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5770:Organizations 5769: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5605: 5604: 5593: 5582: 5581: 5570: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5545: 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3921: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3824:, 3 July 1939 3823: 3818: 3812:, 26 May 1941 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3742:The Just Imam 3737: 3730: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3595:(3): 445–49. 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585:K S Twitchell 3580: 3578: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3544: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3469:9780671799328 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456:Daniel Yergin 3451: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3273:0-19-507440-8 3270: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3056:Gerd Nonneman 3051: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2936:(1): 90–105. 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2756:(July 1942). 2755: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2679:. p. 52. 2678: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2443:. p. 55. 2442: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2346: 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Glubb 2242: 2238: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Scottish clan 2208: 2207:House of Saud 2204: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2131: 2130:Najdat Anzour 2127: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1856: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1823:Shubra Palace 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1676:Field Marshal 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1660:Life magazine 1655: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1628: 1627:Prince Faisal 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:House of Saud 1603:Personal life 1600: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1514:unit in 1946. 1513: 1512:Egyptian army 1509: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1494:Fleet Admiral 1491: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1446:Charity works 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1433:Renault FT-17 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1408: 1406: 1405:Prince Faisal 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1241:British India 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1112:Gertrude Bell 1109: 1104: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1072:Rise to power 1069: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1048:Empty Quarter 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 998:, Ahmed, and 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 949: 944: 935: 933: 932:many children 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:Islamic world 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 873:King of Hejaz 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 842: 838: 833: 827: 818: 814: 805: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 768:Ikhwan Revolt 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 728: 724: 721: 710: 706: 701: 697: 690: 687: 684: 683: 681: 677: 674: 671: 667: 664: 661: 657: 654: 653:House of Saud 651: 649: 645: 636: 631: 627: 621: 620:Princess Nouf 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 607:Prince Hamoud 605: 603: 602:Prince Muqrin 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 577:Prince Sattam 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557:Prince Thamir 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 542:Prince Fawwaz 540: 538: 535: 533: 532:Prince Nawwaf 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 507:Prince Mutaib 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 492:Princess Haya 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Prince Sultan 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:King Abdullah 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Prince Bandar 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 427:Princess Sara 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 412:Prince Nasser 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 382: 379: 378: 372: 368: 361: 358: 355: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 330: 327: 324: 322: 319: 316: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 300: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 276: 272: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:Shubra Palace 246: 242: 239: 235: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 190: 186: 183: 182:King of Hejaz 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 102: 100: 96: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 69: 66: 62: 57: 54: 50: 49: 44: 40: 33: 26: 22: 8434: 8405: 8388:Abdul Majeed 8325: 8290:Abdul Rahman 8281: 8270:Abdul Muhsin 8213: 7945:Prostitution 7918:universities 7891:Demographics 7786:Oil reserves 7631:Human rights 7498:Governorates 7382:Saudi Arabia 7300: 7281:Saudi Arabia 7146: / 7136: / 7132: / 7128: / 7118: / 7102: / 7080: / 7052: / 7044:Oslo Accords 6989: / 6980: / 6970: / 6960: / 6950: / 6940: / 6924: / 6831: / 6731: 6721: 6703: 6653: 6643: 6609: 6583: 6574:Summer Rains 6573: 6563: 6518: 6508: 6498:(1993–2008; 6487:Bramble Bush 6486: 6444: 6410: 6381: 6363: 6329: 6287: 6141:Soviet Union 5831:Saudi Arabia 5668: 5641: 5626: 5603:King of Nejd 5601: 5578: 5557:Emir of Nejd 5555: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5491: 5470: 5448: 5429: 5423:Saudi Arabia 5422: 5415: 5408: 5400:. Routledge. 5397: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5360:Saudi Arabia 5359: 5352: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5298: 5276: 5252: 5242: 5234: 5208: 5187: 5171:(in Spanish) 5163: 5139: 5110: 5088: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5019:. Retrieved 5014: 5005: 4993:. Retrieved 4983: 4963: 4956: 4944:. Retrieved 4940: 4930: 4921: 4915: 4905: 4885: 4878: 4866:. Retrieved 4859: 4850: 4838: 4831:Grayson 2005 4826: 4814: 4785: 4773: 4748: 4744: 4731: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4682: 4675: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4627:30 September 4625:. Retrieved 4621: 4611: 4603: 4586:(1): 49–70. 4583: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4557:30 September 4555:. Retrieved 4551:the original 4544: 4534: 4526: 4508: 4501: 4490:the original 4485: 4481: 4468: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4419:(3): 34–53. 4416: 4412: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4388: 4375: 4358: 4352: 4333:27 September 4331:. Retrieved 4327: 4302:. 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Retrieved 3125: 3115: 3107: 3099: 3091: 3088:Zahra Freeth 3082: 3065: 3059: 3025: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2933: 2929: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2827: 2818: 2796: 2770:(July 1942). 2767: 2761: 2748: 2734: 2706:. Retrieved 2699:the original 2685: 2668: 2661: 2649:. Retrieved 2624: 2604: 2594: 2582:. Retrieved 2577: 2568: 2556:. Retrieved 2552: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2462:(1): 45–46. 2459: 2455: 2449: 2435: 2428: 2396: 2367: 2361: 2349:. Retrieved 2345:the original 2340: 2311: 2302: 2290: 2271: 2265: 2254: 2241: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2183:Robert Lacey 2177: 2168: 2123: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2083: 2067: 2054: 2038: 2025: 2007: 1995: 1978: 1965: 1949: 1936: 1900: 1895:Your Majesty 1892:Spoken style 1862: 1851:State honors 1838: 1827: 1812: 1780: 1776: 1764: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1725: 1705: 1693: 1689: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1592:Persian Gulf 1589: 1582: 1565:crown prince 1562: 1540: 1532: 1528:Fritz Grobba 1517: 1488:, after the 1484: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1437: 1422: 1414: 1411:Foreign wars 1402: 1385: 1381:Ameen Rihani 1370: 1353: 1342: 1339:and Ibn Saud 1329:their revolt 1295: 1280: 1261: 1230: 1206: 1202:protectorate 1187: 1165: 1140: 1136: 1062: 1041: 1013: 976: 970:army in the 953: 946:His father, 928:World War II 904:pan-Islamism 877: 869:King of Nejd 853:Saudi Arabia 848: 836: 812: 811: 726:Battles/wars 720:Saudi Arabia 582:Prince Ahmed 552:Prince Majid 537:Prince Nayef 512:Prince Talal 375: 249:(1953-11-09) 172:Himself (as 137:King of Nejd 111: 65:Imam of Nejd 64: 53: 46: 8475:1953 deaths 8470:1875 births 8346:King Salman 8228:King Khalid 8208:King Faisal 7985:Visual arts 7925:Health care 7761:Agriculture 7705:Air Defense 7668:Visa policy 7493:Earthquakes 7442:Unification 7094:Taba Summit 6863:White Paper 6743:(2023–2024) 6673:(2015–2016) 6621:(2008–2009) 6613:(2007–2008) 6593:Lebanon War 6541:(2000–2005) 6456:(1987–1993) 6420:Lebanon War 6333:(1972–1979) 6281:(1968–1982) 6265:(1967–1970) 6255:Six-Day War 6228:Suez Crisis 6222:(1949–1956) 6214:(1948–1949) 6084:North Korea 5878:Arab League 5767:Authorities 5299:The Kingdom 4819:Simons 1998 4778:Simons 1998 2832:McGraw Hill 2646:10938/10663 2584:7 September 2553:Islam House 2203:Arabic name 2187:The Kingdom 1912:Decoration 1886:His Majesty 1732:Prince Saud 1631:Prince Saud 1629:(left) and 1577:King Farouk 1508:King Farouk 1465:Later years 1431:and French 1349:Masmak Fort 1190:World War I 1116:Arab Revolt 1114:during the 1090:(1902–1932) 906:across the 547:King Salman 522:Prince Badr 422:Prince Saad 417:King Khalid 402:King Faisal 199:Predecessor 154:Predecessor 108:Predecessor 39:Arabic name 8459:Categories 8437:indicates 8364:Abdul Elah 8010:television 7881:Censorship 7803:Irrigation 7230:2022 7202:2020 7196:2019 7176:2016 7170:2013 7164:2010 7158:2007 7152:2006 7142:2006 7124:2005 7114:2004 7108:2003 7098:2002 7092:2001 7086:2000 7076:2000 7070:1999 7064:1998 7058:1995 7048:1994 7042:1993 7036:1991 7019:1983 7013:1982 7001:1981 6995:1980 6976:1979 6966:1978 6956:1974 6946:1973 6936:1967 6930:1950 6920:1949 6914:1948 6897:1948 6891:1947 6881:Bevin Plan 6879:1947 6873:1946 6867:1939 6861:1939 6855:1937 6849:1922 6843:1920 6837:1919 6827:1918 6821:1917 6815:1916 6809:1915 6803:1914 6797:Background 6704:Black Belt 6610:Hot Winter 6470:Tunis raid 6445:Wooden Leg 5802:Hamas Gaza 5674:1901–1953 5647:1932–1953 5630:1926–1932 5607:1927–1932 5584:1921–1927 5561:1902–1921 5407:. (1973). 5343:1137025247 4807:Ma'oz 2020 4790:Ma'oz 2020 4653:(4): 529. 4454:(2): 113. 4361:(1): 247. 4192:1638271483 4017:2 November 3713:25 October 3688:25 October 3658:25 October 3566:25 October 3532:5 February 3131:10 January 3106:. (1993). 3090:. (1983). 3068:(3): 638. 2965:(4): 792. 2926:Mai Yamani 2883:(6): 402. 2651:23 January 2636:. Beirut: 2295:Shahi 2013 2251:"Ibn Saud" 2233:References 2223:Lacey 1982 1830:Al Hawiyah 1245:Suez Canal 1076:See also: 1057:city walls 1018:conquered 708:Allegiance 691:politician 679:Occupation 227:1875-01-15 8246:King Fahd 8202:King Saud 7950:Terrorism 7913:libraries 7908:Education 7843:Transport 7766:Companies 7700:Air Force 7653:Judiciary 7621:Elections 7611:Basic Law 7508:Provinces 7503:Mountains 7466:Geography 7030:1991–2016 7009:Fahd Plan 6908:1948–1983 6531:2000–2021 6394:1980–1999 6239:1960–1979 6197:1947–1959 5973:as-Sa'iqa 5913:Hezbollah 5863:Abu Nidal 5764:Countries 5518:Ibn Saud 5411:, 3rd ed. 5190:. Norton. 5148:107818801 5053:(2): 144. 4941:Gulf News 4843:Herf 2009 4765:145139112 4696:303791009 4600:145685854 4564:destroyer 4304:2 January 4255:153320942 4113:203560415 4010:The Times 3983:Arab News 3963:18 August 3755:Al-Wajeez 3340:1028-3625 3332:1814/1769 3301:303285941 3251:303101806 3195:144536155 3181:(1): 66. 3039:303155302 3012:(2): 226. 2987:153471013 2810:302463650 2484:185974453 1859:Styles of 1815:arthritis 1762:in 1967. 1722:Successor 1539:USS 1483:USS 1347:from the 1264:Hashemite 1237:Percy Cox 1152:qaimmaqam 1141:In 1904, 1108:Percy Cox 1024:Al Murrah 980:sheikhdom 849:Ibn Suʿūd 826:romanized 437:King Fahd 397:King Saud 336:Munaiyir 325:Bazza II 209:Successor 169:Successor 118:Successor 8465:Ibn Saud 8382:Hathloul 8334:Turki II 8215:Muhammad 8129:Category 8056:Heritage 8044:football 8027:Religion 8000:Language 7940:Polygamy 7876:Abortion 7682:Military 7663:Passport 7532:Politics 7518:Wildlife 7386:articles 7326:Abdullah 7301:Ibn Saud 7278:Kings of 7104:Road map 6663:Gaza War 6619:Gaza War 5797:Republic 5685:Ibn Saud 5478:Ibn Saud 5447:(1985). 5274:(1964). 5218:Archived 5144:ProQuest 5108:(2005). 5021:11 April 4692:ProQuest 4188:ProQuest 4109:ProQuest 3878:41858472 3731:, p. 429 3630:26390311 3458:(1991). 3408:Simbacom 3297:ProQuest 3275:, p. 104 3247:ProQuest 3035:ProQuest 2979:40111134 2826:(2004). 2806:ProQuest 2708:29 April 2602:(2013). 2578:Al Bayan 2558:29 April 2476:23063369 2199:Ibn Saud 2185:'s book 2113:See also 1915:Country 1864:Ibn Saud 1797:and the 1393:pilgrims 1217:Abdullah 996:Abdullah 992:Muhammad 918:and the 845:ابن سعود 837:Ibn Saud 386:See list 356:Futayma 317:Shahida 306:Bazza I 280:See list 59:Ibn Saud 37:In this 8535:Sultans 8435:Italics 8394:Mashour 8370:Mamdouh 8308:Mishari 8276:Mishaal 8258:Musa'id 8240:Mansour 8196:Turki I 8113:Outline 8066:Symbols 8051:Theatre 7995:Cuisine 7972:Culture 7935:Obesity 7864:Society 7838:Tourism 7749:Economy 7553:Cabinet 7488:Climate 7478:Borders 7394:History 7189:present 7088:Isratin 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