386:
roughly 98 percent of the population participated. The vouchers, each corresponding to a share in the national wealth, were distributed equally among the population, including minors. They could be exchanged for shares in the enterprises to be privatized. Because most people were not well-informed about the nature of the program or were very poor, they were quick to sell their vouchers for money, unprepared or unwilling to invest. Most vouchersâand, hence, most sharesâwound up being acquired by the management of the enterprises. Although Russia's initial privatization legislation attracted widespread popular support given its promise to distribute the national wealth among the general public and ordinary employees of the privatized enterprises, eventually the public felt deceived, with most people selling their vouchers to survive the economic collapse following the soviet dissolution.
122:
414:
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3046:
2641:
3056:
25:
2651:
346:
382:, which they sought to avoid. Nevertheless, contrary to the government's expectations, insiders managed to acquire control over most of the assets, which remained largely dependent on government support for years to come. From 1992 to 1994, ownership of 15,000 firms was transferred from state control via the voucher program.
544:
Most vouchers were issued to managers and employees of companies. Managers were able to use their positions to acquire disproportionate control of their companies; for example by forcing employees to sell their shares cheaply, and by using intimidation to exclude other buyers from auctions of company
482:
From 2004 to 2006, the government took control of formerly privatised companies in certain "strategic" sectors: oil, aviation, power generation equipment, machine-building and finance. For example, the state-owned defense equipment company
Rosoboronexport took control of Avtovaz, the primary producer
473:
and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves. As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at
256:
legitimized "socialist cooperatives," which functionally operated as private companies and were permitted to directly deal with foreign companies, and reduced reliance on central planning. Later that year, private Soviet farmers were permitted to rent land from the state, purchase equipment, and hire
398:
No.1403 approved on
November 17, 1992. Vertically integrated companies were created by joining some oil-producing enterprises and refineries into open-stock companies. Starting in 1994 many former state oil companies were privatized. This privatization had been partial because the federal government
365:
under
Chubais with the primary goal being to transform the formerly state-owned enterprises into profit-seeking businesses, which would not be dependent on government subsidies for their survival. To distribute property quickly and to win over popular support, the reformers decided to rely mostly on
385:
Thus, although several of the initial objectives had not been fully achieved by the end of the vouchers program, a great deal of assets did fall into private ownership remarkably quickly and worked to provide some basis for market competition. Voucher privatization took place between 1992-1994 and
503:, then a top Kremlin economic aide, said regional privatization proceeds could amount to several billion rubles in 2011, and regional authorities must prioritize the sale of utility companies, financial institutions, manufacturing and transportation assets and the media.
261:
following decades of dominance by state-owned agricultural concerns. The new regulations were seen as an effort to break state farms into smaller units and address critical food shortages in the Soviet Union, which failed to significantly increase food production.
3747:
247:
socialist economy"âeffectively transferred some controlling rights over enterprises from the government to the employees and management. In 1987, over the opposition of some of his allies, Gorbachev succeeded in passing a "law on state enterprise" through the
517:
in
October 2012, Medvedev said "It is vital for our country to continue the course towards privatization". He stressed that had assured participants in the World Economic Forum session that "does not want to see an economy totally controlled by the state".
563:
Overall, the effect was to concentrate ownership among a small number of private individuals, who in turn raided their companies for personal gain at the expense of their companies, the state, the general populance and the overall economy's success.
3011:
3521:
3021:
2935:
3772:
3218:
227:, were not privatized during the 1990s. The mass privatization of this era remains a highly contentious issue in Russian society, with many Russians calling for revision or reversal of the reforms.
3148:
2980:
362:
357:
deliberately set a goal to sell its assets to the
Russian public. Upon the Soviet Union's collapse, the new government was forced to manage the huge state enterprise sector inherited from the
3894:
374:. The Russian government believed that the open sale of state-owned assets, as opposed to the voucher program, would have likely resulted in the further concentration of ownership among the
3355:
3168:
3873:
3416:
3193:
2770:
3016:
3431:
3383:
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329:. Both Gaidar and Chubais were convinced that despite Russia's uniquely non-capitalist economic history, a market economy could successfully take hold in the country. Following the
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3310:
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3250:
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2830:
2810:
2760:
2730:
2472:
3421:
3245:
3026:
2905:
2900:
2780:
2010:
3441:
3426:
3373:
3325:
3295:
3153:
2970:
2920:
2855:
2845:
2745:
3411:
3742:
3350:
3300:
3260:
3213:
3198:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3143:
3138:
3123:
3118:
3113:
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2860:
2840:
2725:
2715:
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3436:
3378:
3345:
3335:
3315:
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3235:
3203:
3188:
3163:
2990:
2925:
2825:
2805:
2755:
2740:
2735:
269:
in which control over some industrial assets was acquired by their managers. However, this accounted for only several thousand enterprises, a small fraction of the
3845:
3526:
3330:
3255:
3225:
3031:
2950:
2910:
2885:
2865:
2800:
2765:
2750:
333:, the economic situation in the country dramatically worsened and an acute food shortage emerged. In October, Yeltsin delivered a speech in which he declared that
3813:
3599:
2870:
2835:
2790:
2038:
3887:
287:
One of the largest privatization efforts during the Soviet era was the transformation of the
Ministry of Fuel and Energy into a joint stock company known as
3806:
2467:
3852:
2000:
712:
483:
of
Russian cars. In June 2006, it took 60% control of VSMPO-Avisma, a company that accounts for two-thirds of the world's titanium production. In 2007,
3919:
2477:
2406:
2087:
276:
In
September 1990, the Soviet parliament granted Gorbachev emergency privatization powers, including the authority to transform state enterprises into
3911:
1380:
771:
3943:
2482:
2416:
548:
The largest businesses were not part of the vouchers program at all, but rather were auctioned off at low prices to a handful of well-connected
1308:
399:
had obtained ownership positions in several companies and had also retained full control over the transport of oil to lucrative world markets.
4018:
3866:
2072:
1458:
798:
2411:
1975:
3767:
2092:
1992:
1420:
578:
89:
3564:
3559:
2462:
2436:
2046:
522:
1259:
Carol S. Leonard and David Pitt-Watson, "Privatization and
Transition in Russia in the Early 1990s". (Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2013).
1159:
Black, Bernard; Kraakman, Reinier; Tarassova, Anna (July 2000). "Russian
Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?".
61:
3684:
3672:
3531:
2457:
2033:
42:
1057:
3474:
2960:
2005:
265:
The legislation also enabled these enterprises to withdraw from associations on their own, which led to the process of so-called
991:
Hanson, Philip. "The Russian Economic Puzzle: Going Forwards, Backwards, or Sideways?" International Affairs. 83(5), p. 876-877.
3594:
3092:
68:
532:
that "there are almost no fiscal reasons left for privatization", following an improving economy due to increased oil prices.
3604:
2291:
2206:
1373:
1264:
1208:
1115:
330:
3554:
2687:
2401:
1425:
484:
337:
would be lifted on January 1, 1992, over Gaidar's recommendation that no specific date for the freeing of prices be given.
506:
In May 2012, after becoming prime minister, Medvedev said Russia should carry out its privatization program regardless of
3549:
2540:
2452:
1917:
75:
3732:
3679:
3667:
3662:
3589:
2654:
2626:
1932:
1912:
1491:
1087:
426:
249:
970:
Privatization with Government Control: Evidence from the Russian Oil Sector, Daniel Berkowitz and Yadviga Semikolenova
3727:
2616:
2606:
2550:
2238:
1303:
1282:
1226:
588:
441:, then a deputy prime minister, whereby some of the largest state industrial assets (including state-owned shares in
395:
108:
57:
4003:
3820:
2611:
2319:
2260:
2082:
1366:
629:
555:
The resulting wealthy business owners, feeling that their own property rights were insecure in Russia, engaged in
3624:
3619:
3574:
2379:
2056:
2051:
1968:
1892:
1415:
1001:"Medvedev: Privatizations Should Be Carried Out Regardless Of Mkt Volatility", Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2012.
295:
270:
165:
799:"Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on state enterprises (amalgamations) [LS 1987 - USSR 1]"
3633:
2586:
2510:
1546:
171:
Private ownership of enterprises and property had essentially remained illegal throughout the Soviet era, with
46:
4013:
3838:
3629:
2525:
2520:
2196:
2028:
1496:
856:
583:
3782:
3584:
3494:
2535:
2530:
2276:
2233:
2125:
1907:
1862:
1486:
1451:
1134:"Voucher Privatisation in Russia: Structural Consequences and Mass Response in the Second Period of Reform"
940:"Voucher Privatisation in Russia: Structural Consequences and Mass Response in the Second Period of Reform"
1058:
Lessons from history: Where did Russiaâs post-communism economic reforms go wrong? - Economics Observatory
3704:
3541:
3467:
3133:
2720:
2571:
2555:
2545:
2314:
2191:
2015:
1902:
1897:
1501:
1430:
1410:
487:, a company that is 51% government controlled, combined all of the Russian companies producing aircraft.
358:
1037:
4008:
3085:
2644:
2492:
2201:
2157:
2150:
2130:
2067:
1961:
1927:
740:
469:) were leased through auctions for money lent by commercial banks to the government. The auctions were
224:
3320:
2875:
2576:
2391:
2355:
2243:
2172:
2077:
326:
82:
3569:
3208:
3158:
3128:
2702:
2680:
2621:
2386:
2324:
2286:
2216:
1591:
1147:"What's the Difference? Industrial Privatisation and Agricultural Land Reform in Russia, 1990-1996"
179:
but human labor. Under the Soviet Union, the number of state enterprises was estimated at 45,000.
3757:
3737:
3694:
3290:
2795:
2500:
2431:
2365:
2253:
2228:
2140:
2115:
1435:
861:
658:
408:
35:
3981:
3460:
2775:
2596:
2421:
2372:
2211:
2145:
939:
901:
684:
149:
3644:
3078:
2785:
2580:
2515:
2135:
2110:
1586:
499:
had ordered regional governments to decide on privatization of non-core assets by July 2011.
367:
125:
Russians protest the economic depression caused by the reforms with the banner saying: "Jail
1000:
540:
The perceived failure of privatization in the 1990s resulted from a combination of factors:
182:
Privatization facilitated the transfer of significant wealth to a relatively small group of
2505:
2248:
1877:
1641:
1606:
820:
William J. Frenkel (May 1989). "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Law on Cooperatives".
514:
507:
354:
8:
3654:
3000:
2673:
2281:
1872:
1706:
1681:
1324:
1161:
1151:
1138:
944:
277:
253:
176:
161:
1241:
Simon Johnson & Heidi Kroll, "Managerial Strategies for Spontaneous Privatization",
156:, and financial sectors. Most privatization took place in the early and mid-1990s under
3752:
2426:
2309:
2162:
1729:
1621:
1576:
1188:
837:
258:
3960:
3935:
3614:
3055:
2360:
2329:
2167:
1984:
1937:
1835:
1800:
1701:
1691:
1671:
1611:
1571:
1526:
1464:
1299:
1278:
1260:
1222:
1204:
1111:
1083:
1073:
745:
573:
549:
500:
462:
252:, which granted work collectives a greater role in running enterprises. In 1988, the
240:
217:
213:
121:
3699:
3579:
2601:
2591:
1820:
1815:
1676:
1666:
1646:
1636:
1616:
1596:
1531:
1518:
1481:
1469:
1178:
1170:
1097:
953:
829:
593:
434:
314:
183:
172:
1354:, a crowd-funded documentary on the privatization in Russia and in other countries
1077:
1013:"TASS: Archive - Medvedev confirms course towards privatization of state property"
2396:
1882:
1752:
1696:
1686:
1631:
1566:
1561:
1536:
1476:
1447:
1313:
1291:
1287:
1214:
556:
496:
438:
307:
126:
3967:
3927:
3738:
Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
2120:
1795:
1785:
1651:
1556:
1331:
RĆŻĆŸena VintrovĂĄ, "The general recession and the structural adaptation crisis",
1270:
776:
525:
458:
442:
422:
371:
334:
281:
1350:
1345:
1248:
Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalensee, Natalia Tsukanova & Andrei Shleifer.
1012:
957:
833:
3997:
3761:
3511:
3483:
3049:
2349:
2345:
1922:
1887:
1856:
1780:
1661:
1626:
1551:
1441:
1231:
1107:
1102:
625:
430:
375:
299:
244:
157:
141:
353:
Privatization took place on a much wider scale in the early 1990s, when the
3709:
3688:
1867:
1810:
1764:
1734:
1724:
1581:
689:
680:
413:
379:
303:
187:
137:
3070:
1358:
3776:
3059:
1942:
1656:
1601:
1404:
1183:
767:
713:"Most Russians are negative about outcome of Yeltsin's presidency - poll"
470:
236:
208:
191:
2665:
841:
3748:
Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
1825:
1744:
1192:
363:
State Committee for State Property Management of the Russian Federation
1748:
1541:
195:
1953:
1249:
1174:
1079:
Sale of the Century: Russia's Wild Ride from Communism to Capitalism
869:
24:
1770:
1319:
1146:
1133:
1236:
The Privatization Process in Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic States
1775:
1038:"Russia's improving economy leaves privatization out in the cold"
529:
454:
318:
288:
3452:
1320:
Insider Privatisation in Russia: Speculations on Systemic Change
1805:
1790:
1760:
1756:
466:
450:
322:
311:
153:
145:
1296:
Without a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia
1830:
1739:
1250:"Competition Policy in Russia during and after Privatization"
446:
2011:
Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom
630:"Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe"
559:
to move value from their companies to investments overseas.
198:
executives. This economic transition has been described as
3743:
Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin
1275:
Privatization, Conversion, and Enterprise Reform in Russia
881:
345:
317:
as a model for Russia, but Gaidar opted instead to study
980:
Privatization in Transition Economies: The Ongoing Story
902:"Time to Rethink Privatization in Transition Economies?"
772:"New Struggle in the Kremlin: How to Change the Economy"
230:
1158:
433:
adopted a "loans-for-share" scheme proposed by banker
1254:
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics
857:"Joint Ventures: Saving the Soviets from Perestroika"
685:"Catastroika has not only been a disaster for Russia"
639:
606:
302:
began assembling a team of economic reformers led by
16:
Post-Soviet reforms of the Russian economy in the 90s
1238:(Budapest: Central European University Press, 1993).
1199:
Joseph R. Blasi, Maya Kroumova & Douglas Kruse,
854:
340:
3522:
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
1201:
Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
819:
760:
306:, then a young reformist economist, and including
1857:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
1346:The Privatization Programs in Russia in the 1990s
1142:, Vol. 49, No. 8 (Dec. 1997), pp. 1433â1449.
1103:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
394:Privatization of the oil sector was regulated by
3995:
710:
477:
239:reformation movement, legislation championed by
1155:, Vol. 50, No. 5 (Jul. 1998), pp. 843â857.
1065:
417:Yeltsin ahead of the 1996 presidential election
402:
257:workers, a significant step away from mandated
223:A few strategic assets, including much of the
3468:
3086:
2681:
1969:
1374:
982:- ed. Ira W. Lieberman, Daniel J. Kopf, p.112
741:"Reforms to End Soviet Farm Collectivization"
738:
624:
916:
3600:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident
3100:
1388:
1234:, Andrzej Rapaczynski & John S. Earle,
1221:(Cambridge, MA â London: MIT Press, 1995).
766:
3475:
3461:
3093:
3079:
2688:
2674:
2222:Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery
1976:
1962:
1421:Economic history of the Russian Federation
1381:
1367:
1328:, Vol. 46, No. 3 (1994), pp. 417â435.
579:Economic history of the Russian Federation
3565:State Committee on the State of Emergency
2695:
2407:Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
1245:, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1991), pp. 281â316.
1182:
734:
732:
523:Russian Minister for Economic Development
212:, and as "the most cataclysmic peacetime
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1072:
645:
412:
344:
120:
2006:Industrialization in the Russian Empire
1096:
893:
887:
875:
612:
425:and in desperate need of funds for the
361:. Privatization was carried out by the
310:. The reform team initially considered
298:in December 1991, soon-to-be president
3996:
1256:, Vol. 1994, (1994), pp. 301â381.
899:
729:
175:emphasizing national control over all
3456:
3074:
2669:
2483:Federal subjects by unemployment rate
1983:
1957:
1362:
1277:(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
1053:
1051:
937:
931:
922:
679:
231:Privatization during the Soviet Union
140:reforms that resulted in large-scale
3895:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible
2650:
1298:. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
848:
618:
495:In December 2010, Russian President
485:United Aircraft Building Corporation
321:as a template and was influenced by
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2453:Natural resources of Primorsky Krai
813:
370:, which was earlier implemented in
13:
3874:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era
3733:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library
3590:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
2468:Federal subjects by GDP per capita
1933:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center
1492:1996 Russian presidential election
1126:
1048:
927:. Metropolitan Books. p. 269.
791:
250:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
235:In the late 1980s, as part of the
152:, particularly in the industrial,
14:
4030:
3728:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center
3517:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU
3482:
2412:Pension and Social Insurance Fund
2093:RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war
1339:
923:Figes, Orlando (September 2022).
739:Michael Parks (August 27, 1988).
711:Interfax; Interfax (2014-12-29).
589:State-owned enterprises in Russia
341:Voucher privatization (1992â1994)
4019:History of Russia (1991âpresent)
3977:
3976:
3821:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk
3054:
3045:
3044:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2083:Medvedev modernisation programme
1426:History of Russia (1991âpresent)
659:"A Way with Words - katastroika"
23:
3575:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2380:SWIFT ban against Russian banks
2088:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
1918:RussiaâUnited Kingdom relations
1416:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1203:(Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1997).
1030:
1005:
994:
985:
973:
964:
938:Appel, Hilary (December 1997).
331:August 1991 coup d'Ă©tat attempt
296:dissolution of the Soviet Union
166:dissolution of the Soviet Union
34:needs additional citations for
3012:British Indian Ocean Territory
1913:RussiaâUnited States relations
1273:& Tova Perlmutter (eds.),
704:
673:
651:
1:
3839:Yeltsin: Three Days in August
1497:1998 Russian financial crisis
878:, pp. 177â178, 182, 184.
855:Jeffrey M. Hertzfeld (1991).
822:International Legal Materials
635:. AEA Papers and Proceedings.
584:History of post-Soviet Russia
478:The first decade of the 2000s
389:
136:describes the series of post-
3881:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate
3783:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup
2402:National Card Payment System
2045:Monetary reforms in Russia (
1938:Killing of Vladimir Petukhov
1863:List of Russian billionaires
1487:Petroleum industry in Russia
1082:. New York: Crown Business.
1066:General and cited references
600:
490:
403:Loans for shares (1995â1996)
202:, which is a combination of
7:
3800:Confession on a Given Theme
3705:Soskovets campaign strategy
2478:Federal subjects by poverty
2292:Vehicle registration plates
2207:Rolling stock manufacturers
1893:AzerbaijanâRussia relations
1502:Russia under Vladimir Putin
1431:Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
1411:Economy of the Soviet Union
567:
535:
427:1996 presidential elections
10:
4035:
3680:1996 presidential election
3668:1991 presidential election
2068:National Priority Projects
1928:Genesis Philanthropy Group
1333:Eastern European Economics
900:Nellis, John (June 1999).
406:
349:1992 privatization voucher
3955:
3904:
3830:
3791:
3720:
3653:
3595:Constitutional referendum
3560:Cabinet of YeltsinâGaidar
3540:
3527:28th Congress of the CPSU
3504:
3490:
3402:
3364:
3106:
3040:
2999:
2959:
2701:
2635:
2564:
2491:
2445:
2338:
2302:
2269:
2181:
2103:
2078:Great Recession in Russia
1991:
1848:
1715:
1517:
1510:
1396:
958:10.1080/09668139708412508
906:Finance & Development
834:10.1017/s0020782900021902
294:In the months before the
267:spontaneous privatization
243:âwho pledged to build a "
58:"Privatization in Russia"
3768:Monument (Yekaterinburg)
3570:1991 Soviet coup attempt
3101:Privatization in Europe
2761:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2627:Types of business entity
2458:Federal districts by GDP
1908:RussiaâUkraine relations
1592:Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor
1335:, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1993).
225:Russian defense industry
4004:Privatization in Russia
3860:President of All Russia
3758:Street of Boris Yeltsin
3695:Loans for shares scheme
3532:Death and state funeral
3495:1st President of Russia
3022:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2617:Exclusive economic zone
2607:Social entrepreneurship
2473:Federal subjects by HDI
2463:Federal subjects by GRP
2239:Pharmaceutical industry
1903:IsraelâRussia relations
1898:CyprusâRussia relations
1436:Loans for shares scheme
1390:Privatization in Russia
862:Harvard Business Review
596:(rule of seven bankers)
513:After a session of the
421:In 1995, facing severe
409:Loans for shares scheme
280:with shares offered on
134:Privatization in Russia
3982:Category:Boris Yeltsin
3625:Monetary reform (1998)
3620:Monetary reform (1993)
3149:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2696:Privatization in Asia
2612:Social security system
2373:Central Bank of Russia
2320:Information technology
2261:Science and technology
418:
366:the mechanism of free
350:
130:
3814:Presidential Marathon
3630:1998 financial crisis
2417:Social Insurance Fund
1587:Konstantin Kagalovsky
1217:& Robert Vishny,
416:
368:voucher privatization
348:
278:joint-stock companies
124:
4014:Government of Russia
3888:Boris Yeltsin. First
3645:Impeachment attempts
2936:United Arab Emirates
2001:Droughts and famines
1878:Liberalism in Russia
1642:Mikhael Mirilashvili
1607:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
515:World Economic Forum
429:, the government of
355:government of Russia
43:improve this article
3961:â Mikhail Gorbachev
3846:Three August's Days
3634:1998 miners' strike
3555:Second inauguration
3365:States with limited
2963:limited recognition
2541:Central Black Earth
1873:Ukrainian oligarchs
1707:Vladimir Vinogradov
1682:Alexander Smolensky
1325:Europe-Asia Studies
1162:Stanford Law Review
1152:Europe-Asia Studies
1139:Europe-Asia Studies
945:Europe-Asia Studies
925:The Story of Russia
890:, pp. 183â184.
396:presidential decree
291:in September 1991.
254:Law on Cooperatives
177:means of production
3807:Notes of President
3753:Boris Yeltsin Peak
3605:Elizabeth II visit
3585:Demographic crisis
3550:First inauguration
2446:Regional economies
2277:Telecommunications
2234:Petroleum industry
2073:Stabilization Fund
1622:Iskander Makhmudov
1577:Mikhail Gutseriyev
1459:Goskomimushchestvo
1219:Privatizing Russia
1074:Freeland, Chrystia
1044:. 27 October 2017.
683:(16 August 2001).
419:
351:
259:collective farming
218:industrial country
184:business oligarchs
160:, who assumed the
150:state-owned assets
131:
4009:Economy of Russia
3991:
3990:
3948:
3940:
3936:Tatyana Yumasheva
3932:
3924:
3916:
3663:Electoral history
3615:First Chechen War
3505:Life and politics
3450:
3449:
3068:
3067:
3005:other territories
2663:
2662:
2383:
2375:
2368:
2315:Grocery retailing
2244:Chemical industry
2104:Natural resources
2025:Financial crises
1985:Economy of Russia
1951:
1950:
1844:
1843:
1836:Access Industries
1801:Novolipetsk Steel
1702:Viktor Vekselberg
1692:Gennady Timchenko
1672:Mikhail Prokhorov
1612:Alexander Knaster
1572:Vladimir Gusinsky
1527:Alexander Abramov
1465:Banking in Russia
1265:978-0-415-55608-8
1209:978-0-8014-8396-7
1117:978-1-58648-001-1
1098:Hoffman, David E.
746:Los Angeles Times
574:Business oligarch
521:In October 2017,
508:market volatility
501:Arkady Dvorkovich
474:very low prices.
463:Novolipetsk Steel
241:Mikhail Gorbachev
214:economic collapse
119:
118:
111:
93:
4026:
3980:
3979:
3968:Vladimir Putin â
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3920:Claudia Yeltsina
3914:
3700:Semibankirschina
3580:Belovezh Accords
3477:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3403:Dependencies and
3107:Sovereign states
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3017:Christmas Island
2703:Sovereign states
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2592:Russian oligarch
2493:Economic regions
2392:Federal Treasury
2378:
2371:
2363:
2151:Renewable energy
2131:Geothermal power
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1816:Rossiysky Kredit
1677:Arkady Rotenberg
1667:Vladimir Potanin
1647:Vadim Moshkovich
1637:Leonid Mikhelson
1617:Alexey Kuzmichev
1597:Suleyman Kerimov
1547:Boris Berezovsky
1532:Roman Abramovich
1515:
1514:
1482:Energy in Russia
1470:Semibankirschina
1452:Finance Minister
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1317:
1196:
1186:
1169:(6): 1731â1808.
1121:
1106:. New York, NY:
1093:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1009:
1003:
998:
992:
989:
983:
977:
971:
968:
962:
961:
952:(8): 1433â1449.
935:
929:
928:
920:
914:
913:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
866:
852:
846:
845:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
770:(June 4, 1987).
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
736:
727:
726:
724:
723:
708:
702:
701:
699:
697:
677:
671:
670:
668:
666:
655:
649:
643:
637:
636:
634:
622:
616:
610:
594:Semibankirschina
437:and endorsed by
435:Vladimir Potanin
315:social democracy
173:Soviet Communism
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4023:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3951:
3912:Nikolay Yeltsin
3900:
3826:
3787:
3716:
3649:
3536:
3500:
3486:
3481:
3451:
3446:
3404:
3398:
3384:Northern Cyprus
3366:
3360:
3281:North Macedonia
3102:
3099:
3069:
3064:
3036:
3004:
2995:
2976:Northern Cyprus
2962:
2955:
2697:
2694:
2664:
2659:
2631:
2560:
2487:
2441:
2397:Moscow Exchange
2356:Account Chamber
2334:
2298:
2265:
2177:
2099:
1987:
1982:
1952:
1947:
1883:Crime in Russia
1840:
1753:X5 Retail Group
1717:
1711:
1697:Alisher Usmanov
1687:Eugene Shvidler
1632:Alexander Mamut
1567:Arcadi Gaydamak
1562:Mikhail Fridman
1537:Vagit Alekperov
1506:
1477:Media in Russia
1448:Anatoly Chubais
1392:
1387:
1342:
1311:
1292:Daniel Treisman
1288:Andrei Shleifer
1215:Andrei Shleifer
1175:10.2307/1229501
1145:Andrew Barnes.
1129:
1127:Further reading
1124:
1118:
1090:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1006:
999:
995:
990:
986:
978:
974:
969:
965:
936:
932:
921:
917:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
853:
849:
818:
814:
804:
802:
801:. June 30, 1987
797:
796:
792:
782:
780:
765:
761:
751:
749:
737:
730:
721:
719:
709:
705:
695:
693:
678:
674:
664:
662:
657:
656:
652:
644:
640:
632:
623:
619:
611:
607:
603:
570:
557:asset stripping
538:
497:Dmitry Medvedev
493:
480:
439:Anatoly Chubais
411:
405:
392:
343:
308:Anatoly Chubais
282:stock exchanges
271:Soviet industry
233:
190:, particularly
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3928:Naina Yeltsina
3925:
3917:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3405:other entities
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3356:United Kingdom
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Czech Republic
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:Shadow economy
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:North Caucasus
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Federal budget
2384:
2376:
2369:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:Music industry
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2270:Infrastructure
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2217:Space industry
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Surgutneftegas
1793:
1788:
1786:Norilsk Nickel
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Leonid Nevzlin
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Oleg Deripaska
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1340:External links
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1306:
1285:
1271:Michael McFaul
1268:
1257:
1246:
1243:Soviet Economy
1239:
1229:
1213:Maxim Boycko,
1211:
1197:
1156:
1143:
1132:Hilary Appel,
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1094:
1089:978-0812932157
1088:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1047:
1029:
1004:
993:
984:
972:
963:
930:
915:
892:
880:
868:
847:
828:(3): 719â753.
812:
790:
777:New York Times
759:
728:
703:
672:
661:. 11 July 2004
650:
638:
617:
615:, p. 185.
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
591:
586:
581:
576:
569:
566:
561:
560:
553:
546:
537:
534:
526:Maxim Oreshkin
492:
489:
479:
476:
459:Surgutneftegas
443:Norilsk Nickel
423:fiscal deficit
407:Main article:
404:
401:
391:
388:
372:Czechoslovakia
359:Soviet economy
342:
339:
335:price controls
232:
229:
164:following the
117:
116:
99:September 2011
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4031:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3945:
3944:Elena Okulova
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:Yekaterinburg
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:Commemoration
3719:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:List of trips
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Privatization
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:Boris Yeltsin
3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Faroe Islands
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:South Ossetia
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Liechtenstein
3239:
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3018:
3015:
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3009:
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3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:South Ossetia
2984:
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2979:
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2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:East Siberian
2524:
2522:
2521:West Siberian
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
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2432:Excise stamps
2430:
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2362:
2359:
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2350:Digital ruble
2347:
2346:Russian ruble
2344:
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2328:
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2255:
2254:Pipe Industry
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Food industry
2227:
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2208:
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2198:
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2171:
2169:
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2159:
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2147:
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2142:
2141:Nuclear power
2139:
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2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2021:Privatization
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
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1956:
1944:
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1934:
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1926:
1924:
1923:Genesis Prize
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Russian mafia
1886:
1884:
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1879:
1876:
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1781:Metalloinvest
1779:
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1663:
1662:Stan Polovets
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Vitaly Malkin
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
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1598:
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1555:
1553:
1552:Len Blavatnik
1550:
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1365:
1364:
1361:
1355:
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1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:0-262-19434-1
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:0-8133-3314-8
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:Roman Frydman
1230:
1228:
1227:0-262-02389-X
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:2027.42/41203
1180:
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1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
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1144:
1141:
1140:
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1119:
1113:
1109:
1108:PublicAffairs
1105:
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1080:
1075:
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1059:
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769:
763:
748:
747:
742:
735:
733:
718:
714:
707:
692:
691:
686:
682:
681:Milne, Seumas
676:
660:
654:
648:, p. 73.
647:
646:Freeland 2000
642:
631:
627:
626:Jeffrey Sachs
621:
614:
609:
605:
595:
592:
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582:
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488:
486:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Boris Yeltsin
428:
424:
415:
410:
400:
397:
387:
383:
381:
377:
376:Russian mafia
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:shock therapy
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Boris Yeltsin
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
263:
260:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
228:
226:
221:
220:in history".
219:
215:
211:
210:
206:and the term
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:Boris Yeltsin
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:privatization
139:
135:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3975:
3966:
3959:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3710:Xerox affair
3689:Vote or lose
3609:
3394:Transnistria
3305:
3001:Dependencies
2931:Turkmenistan
2896:Saudi Arabia
2890:
2597:Homelessness
2587:Trade unions
2536:Northwestern
2531:Volga-Vyatka
2437:Billionaires
2422:Stock market
2212:Shipbuilding
2188:Engineering
2146:Oil reserves
2020:
2016:Soviet Union
1868:New Russians
1855:
1811:Renova Group
1765:Rosvodokanal
1735:Bank Menatep
1718:& groups
1582:Zarakh Iliev
1468:
1457:
1440:
1403:
1389:
1351:
1332:
1323:
1309:Pekka Sutela
1295:
1274:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1218:
1200:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1137:
1101:
1078:
1041:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
996:
987:
979:
975:
966:
949:
943:
933:
924:
918:
909:
905:
895:
888:Hoffman 2001
883:
876:Hoffman 2001
871:
860:
850:
825:
821:
815:
803:. Retrieved
793:
781:. Retrieved
775:
762:
750:. Retrieved
744:
720:. Retrieved
717:www.rbth.com
716:
706:
696:17 September
694:. Retrieved
690:The Guardian
688:
675:
663:. Retrieved
653:
641:
628:(May 1992).
620:
613:Hoffman 2001
608:
562:
539:
520:
512:
505:
494:
481:
420:
393:
384:
380:nomenklatura
352:
304:Yegor Gaidar
293:
286:
275:
266:
264:
234:
222:
207:
203:
199:
188:New Russians
181:
170:
133:
132:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3777:Cholpon-Ata
3497:(1991â1999)
3432:Isle of Man
3367:recognition
3341:Switzerland
3276:Netherlands
3060:Asia portal
2961:States with
2881:Philippines
2821:South Korea
2816:North Korea
2711:Afghanistan
2556:Kaliningrad
2546:Far Eastern
2136:Natural gas
2126:Electricity
2111:Agriculture
1943:Open Russia
1657:God Nisanov
1602:German Khan
1405:Perestroika
1352:Catastroika
1312: [
768:Bill Keller
237:perestroika
209:perestroika
204:catastrophe
200:katastroika
192:natural gas
127:the redhead
3998:Categories
3947:(daughter)
3939:(daughter)
3853:Tsar Boris
3542:Presidency
3512:Birthplace
3311:San Marino
3271:Montenegro
3251:Luxembourg
3231:Kazakhstan
3134:Azerbaijan
2941:Uzbekistan
2916:Tajikistan
2831:Kyrgyzstan
2811:Kazakhstan
2731:Bangladesh
2721:Azerbaijan
2249:Metallurgy
2197:Automotive
1826:SUAL Group
1745:Alfa Group
1397:Background
722:2021-12-15
390:Oil sector
325:'s use of
289:Rosneftgaz
162:presidency
69:newspapers
3655:Elections
3422:Gibraltar
3246:Lithuania
3027:Hong Kong
2981:Palestine
2906:Sri Lanka
2901:Singapore
2781:Indonesia
2572:Companies
2282:Transport
2034:2014â2017
1749:Alfa-Bank
1716:Companies
1542:Petr Aven
1511:Oligarchs
601:Citations
550:oligarchs
491:The 2010s
129:!", 1998.
3923:(mother)
3915:(father)
3773:Monument
3685:campaign
3673:campaign
3442:Svalbard
3427:Guernsey
3374:Abkhazia
3326:Slovenia
3321:Slovakia
3296:Portugal
3154:Bulgaria
3050:Category
2971:Abkhazia
2921:Thailand
2876:Pakistan
2856:Mongolia
2851:Maldives
2846:Malaysia
2746:Cambodia
2645:Category
2551:Northern
2427:Taxation
2310:Gambling
2303:Services
2192:Aircraft
2182:Industry
1849:See also
1771:Interros
1100:(2001).
1076:(2000).
842:20693328
805:July 26,
783:July 26,
752:July 26,
568:See also
536:Analysis
378:and the
3351:Ukraine
3301:Romania
3261:Moldova
3219:Ireland
3214:Iceland
3209:Hungary
3199:Germany
3194:Georgia
3184:Finland
3179:Estonia
3174:Denmark
3159:Croatia
3144:Belgium
3139:Belarus
3129:Austria
3124:Armenia
3119:Andorra
3114:Albania
2946:Vietnam
2861:Myanmar
2841:Lebanon
2771:Georgia
2726:Bahrain
2716:Armenia
2655:Commons
2577:Exports
2501:Central
2361:Banking
2339:Finance
2330:Tourism
2202:Defence
2168:Hunting
2158:Fishery
1993:History
1776:Novatek
1725:Sibneft
1193:1229501
1042:Reuters
1022:27 June
665:27 June
545:shares.
530:Reuters
455:Sibneft
319:Hungary
312:Swedish
83:scholar
3931:(wife)
3905:Family
3437:Jersey
3379:Kosovo
3346:Turkey
3336:Sweden
3316:Serbia
3306:Russia
3291:Poland
3286:Norway
3266:Monaco
3236:Latvia
3204:Greece
3189:France
3164:Cyprus
2991:Taiwan
2926:Turkey
2891:Russia
2826:Kuwait
2806:Jordan
2796:Israel
2756:Cyprus
2741:Brunei
2736:Bhutan
2602:Income
2173:Mining
2163:Timber
2116:Energy
1821:Polyus
1806:Mechel
1791:Lukoil
1761:TNK-BP
1757:Altimo
1519:People
1302:
1290:&
1281:
1263:
1225:
1207:
1191:
1114:
1086:
840:
471:rigged
467:Mechel
465:, and
451:Lukoil
323:Poland
216:of an
154:energy
146:Russia
138:Soviet
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3831:Films
3792:Books
3412:Ă
land
3331:Spain
3256:Malta
3226:Italy
3032:Macau
2951:Yemen
2911:Syria
2886:Qatar
2866:Nepal
2801:Japan
2776:India
2766:Egypt
2751:China
2581:grain
2565:Other
2516:Volga
2366:Banks
1831:Rusal
1740:Yukos
1316:]
1189:JSTOR
838:JSTOR
633:(PDF)
528:told
447:Yukos
245:mixed
90:JSTOR
76:books
3867:B.N.
2871:Oman
2836:Laos
2791:Iraq
2786:Iran
2506:Ural
2287:Rail
2121:Coal
2062:2022
2057:1998
2052:1993
2047:1991
2039:2022
2029:1998
1442:Blat
1300:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1024:2015
1017:TASS
912:(2).
807:2016
785:2016
754:2016
698:2011
667:2015
194:and
186:and
62:news
3003:and
1730:ORT
1179:hdl
1171:doi
954:doi
830:doi
196:oil
148:'s
144:of
45:by
4000::
3691:))
1763:·
1759:·
1755:·
1751:·
1322:.
1318:,
1314:fi
1294:,
1252:.
1187:.
1177:.
1167:52
1165:.
1149:.
1136:.
1110:.
1050:^
1040:.
1015:.
950:49
948:.
942:.
910:36
908:.
904:.
859:.
836:.
826:28
824:.
774:.
743:.
731:^
715:.
687:.
510:.
461:,
457:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
284:.
273:.
168:.
3779:)
3775:(
3764:)
3760:(
3687:(
3636:)
3632:(
3476:e
3469:t
3462:v
3094:e
3087:t
3080:v
2689:e
2682:t
2675:v
2583:)
2579:(
2382:)
2364:(
2352:)
2348:(
2064:)
1977:e
1970:t
1963:v
1767:)
1747:(
1473:)
1467:(
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1450:(
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