611:, the way in which former kapos were officially viewed â and tried â by the state of Israel went through four distinct phases. Initially viewed as co-perpetrators of Nazi atrocities, they eventually came to be perceived as victims themselves. During the first stage described by Porat (August 1950 â January 1952), those alleged to have served or to have collaborated with the Nazis were placed on an equal footing with their captors, with some measure of leniency appearing only in the sentencing phase for some cases. It was during this phase that Jungster was sentenced to death; six other former kapos were each sentenced to an average of almost five years in prison. Jungsterâs death sentence had not been anticipated by either the legislators nor the prosecutors, according to Porat, and triggered a number of amendments to pre-trial charges in order to remove any indictment that would potentially carry a mandatory death sentence. During this second phase (February 1952 â 1957), the
49:
619:, their former collaborators could not. While prosecutions of kapos continued, doubts emerged amongst some of those in the public sphere as to whether the trials should continue at all. The official view remained that kapos had been Jewish collaborators, not Nazis themselves. By 1958, when the third phase began (lasting until 1962), the legal system had begun to view kapos as having committed wrongs but with good intentions. Thus, only those whom prosecutors believed had aligned themselves with the Nazis' aims were brought to trial. There were calls from some survivors that the trials should end, though other survivors still demanded that justice be served. The fourth phase (1963 â 1972) was marked by the
684:, who took over the daily operations of the camp and relieved SS personnel. The absolute power was ubiquitous. The system of discipline and supervision would have promptly disintegrated, according to Kogon, without the delegation of power. The rivalry over supervisory and warehouse functionary jobs was, for the SS, an opportunity to pit prisoners against each other. Regular prisoners were at the mercy of a dual authority: the SS, who often hardly seemed to be at the camp, and the prisoner
202:
favor of their SS overseers. If they neglected their duties, they would be demoted to ordinary prisoners and be subject to other kapos. Many prisoner functionaries were recruited from the ranks of violent criminal gangs rather than from the more numerous political, religious, and racial prisoners; such criminal convicts were known for their brutality toward other prisoners. This brutality was tolerated by the SS and was an integral part of the camp system.
723:
493:, he no longer sleeps with them. He is held accountable for the performance of the work, that they are clean, that the beds are well-built. So, he must drive his men. The moment we become dissatisfied with him, he is no longer Kapo, he's back to sleeping with his men. And he knows that he will be beaten to death by them the first night. â Heinrich Himmler, 21 June 1944
644:
in Poland. Having arrived in Israel in 1958â9, Barenblat was arrested after a ghetto survivor recognised him while he was conducting an opera. Found guilty of helping the Nazis by ensuring that Jews selected for the death camps did not escape, Barenblat was sentenced to five years in prison. On 1 May
374:
Many prisoner functionaries, primarily from the ranks of the "greens" or criminal prisoners, could be quite ruthless in order to justify their privileges, especially when an SS man was around. They also played an active role in the beatings, even killing fellow prisoners. One non-criminal functionary
362:
The camp's draconian rules, constant threat of beatings, humiliation, punishment, and the practice of punishing entire groups for the actions of one prisoner were psychological and physical torments added to the starvation and physical exhaustion from back-breaking labor. Prisoner guards were used to
274:
were able to keep the number of paid staff who had direct contact with the prisoners very low in comparison to normal prisons today. Without the functionary prisoners, the SS camp administrations would not have been able to keep the day-to-day operations of the camps running smoothly. The kapos often
480:
Prisoner functionaries could often help other prisoners by getting them into better barracks or assigned to lighter work. On occasion, the functionaries could effect other prisoners' removal from transport lists or even secure new identities in order to protect them from persecution. This assistance
631:
two years later. Kapos and collaborators were now seen by the courts as ordinary victims, a complete reversal from the initial official perspective. Eichmannâs prosecutor was very clear in drawing a line between the Jewish collaborators and camp functionaries, and the evil Nazis. Barenblatâs trial
201:
Also called "prisoner self-administration", the prisoner functionary system minimized costs by allowing camps to function with fewer SS personnel. The system was designed to turn victim against victim, as the prisoner functionaries were pitted against their fellow prisoners in order to maintain the
312:
or "BV" ("career criminals") kapos, were called "professional criminals" by other prisoners and were known for their brutality and lack of scruples. Indeed, they were selected by the SS because of those qualities. According to former prisoners, criminal functionaries were more apt to be helpful to
290:, on the other hand, functionary positions remained dominated by criminal prisoners until just before liberation. The system and hierarchy also inhibited solidarity among the prisoners. There were tensions between the various nationalities and prisoner groups, who were distinguished by different
269:
Camps were controlled by the SS, but day-to-day organization was supplemented by the system of functionary prisoners, a second hierarchy that made it easier for the Nazis to control the camps. These prisoners made it possible for the camps to function with fewer SS personnel. The prisoner
481:
was generally limited to the prisoners in the functionary's own group (fellow citizens or political comrades). The prisoner functionaries were in a precarious hierarchy between their fellow inmates and the SS. This situation was intentionally created, as revealed in a speech by
205:
Prisoner functionaries were spared physical abuse and hard labor, provided they performed their duties to the satisfaction of the SS functionaries. They also had access to certain privileges, such as civilian clothes and a private room. While the
Germans commonly called them
591:
in 1986, was originally introduced with the principal aim of prosecuting Jewish people who collaborated with the Nazis. Between 1951 and 1964, approximately 40 trials were held, mostly of people alleged to have been kapos. Fifteen trials are known to have resulted in
438:
had a key role in the selection of other prisoners as functionaries, making recommendations to the SS. Though dependent on the goodwill of the SS, through them, he had access to special privileges, such as access to civilian clothes or a private room.
549:
in April 1945. While not in good health, these prisoners were in far better condition than those in Bergen-Belsen. Upon the camp's liberation on 15 April 1945, these prisoners attacked their former overseers. Overall, roughly 170 Kapos were lynched.
354:
The SS used domination and terror to control the camps' large populations with just a few SS functionaries. The system of prisoner guards was a "key instrument of domination", and was commonly called "prisoner self-government"
332:
that, every time a new transport of detainees arrived at
Mauthausen, Kapo August Adam picked out the professors, lawyers, priests and magistrates and cynically asked them: "Are you a lawyer? A professor? Good! Do you see this
2734:
509:
was also sometimes a factor. A knowledge of foreign languages was also advantageous, particularly as the international population of the camps increased, and because the SS preferred a certain level of education.
2714:
2675:
305:) tried to assist the prisoners under their command by secretly helping them get extra food or easier jobs, others were more concerned with their own survival and, to that end, did more to assist the SS.
680:, an avowed opponent of Nazism from prewar Germany and a Buchenwald concentration camp survivor, wrote after the war that the concentration camp system owed its stability in no small way to the cadre of
337:? This means I am a killer. I have five convictions on my record: one for manslaughter and four for robbery. Well, here I am in command. The world has turned upside down, did you get that? Do you need a
505:, some races were "superior" and others "inferior". Similarly, the SS sometimes had racial criteria for the prisoner functionaries; one sometimes had to be racially "superior" to be a functionary. The
1917:
386:, a notorious Austrian political prisoner. Feared and hated, he was known as a sadist and was responsible for several deaths. He was released from Dachau in 1942 and became a member of the
1589:
434:, who was placed directly under the camp commandant and expected to implement his orders to ensure that the camp's daily routines ran smoothly and that regulations were followed. The
396:
also testified that some "greens" killed French Jewish women by axing, throttling and tearing them to pieces. Beginning in
October 1944, criminal functionaries from among the German
1482:
The author or translator probably refers to the book: Pappalettera, Vincenzo y Luigi. " La parola agli aguzzini: le SS e i KapĂČ di
Mauthausen svelano le leggi del lager.", Milano:
2278:
2724:
973:
1788:(PDF file, direct download 9.14 MB) p. 189 (13/40 in PDF). Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie. Zaklad Narodowy Imienia Ossolinskich, WrocĆaw, Warszawa, Krakow 1984. PL ISSN 0137-5377.
573:. Four of them were executed on 4 July 1946, and one on 10 October 1947. Another was sentenced to three years' imprisonment and one acquitted and released on 29 November 1947.
2419:
2266:
2765:
596:, but scant details are available since the records were sealed in 1995 for a period of 70 years from the trial date. One person â Yehezkel Jungster â was convicted of
1321:
446:(block or barracks leader) had to ensure that rules were followed in the individual barracks. He or she was also responsible for the prisoners in the barracks. The
2555:
937:
1611:
2151:
704:
676:
wrote that there was hardly a measure so perfidious as the SS attempt to delegate the implementation of terror and violence to the victims themselves.
649:
his conviction. The acquittal may have been due to the courtâs aim of putting an end to the trials against kapos and other alleged Nazi collaborators.
371:
generally had a bad reputation, many suffered guilt about their actions, both at the time and after the war, as revealed in a book about Jewish kapos.
1117:
2833:
1840:
Orna Ben-Naftali; Yogev Tuval (2006). "Punishing international crimes committed by the persecuted : The Kapo Trials in Israel (1950sâ1960s)".
1490:, (1979), also "Los SS tienen la palabra: las leyes del campo de Mauthausen reveladas por las Schutz-Staffeln". Barcelona: Editorial Laia, (1969).
1983:
2828:
1499:
1158:
1020:
1221:
2540:
1075:
376:
2089:
Book expanded from a doctoral dissertation about the moral dilemma faced by Jewish kapos in the
Holocaust. Psychosozial Verlag, GieĂen (2001)
1463:
1393:
48:
580:
2818:
1695:
1205:
195:
2719:
2447:
955:
150:
2302:
2670:
1958:
2297:
2823:
2550:
1529:
2680:
2354:
1287:
2349:
2144:
790:
1869:"How Israel's Justice System Dealt With Alleged Jewish Collaborators in Concentration CampsâAnd Why That Still Matters Today"
1735:
1652:
1573:
1563:
1297:
1186:
897:
1798:
Hanna
Yablonka (2003). "The development of Holocaust consciousness in Israel: The Nuremberg, Kastner, and Eichmann trials".
992:
541:, immediately upon the liberation of concentration camps. For example, thousands of prisoners had been transferred from the
2591:
2504:
1318:
1059:
17:
2848:
695:
has been used as a slur in the twenty-first century, particularly for Jews deemed insufficiently supportive of Israel or
477:(chief kapo). These functionaries pushed their fellow prisoners to work harder, hitting, beating, and even killing them.
341:, an interpreter? Here it is!" And he was pointing to his bat, after which he struck. When he was satisfied, he formed a
615:
overturned
Jungsterâs sentence and essentially ruled that while Nazis could be charged with crimes against humanity and
2655:
2120:
1891:
1755:[Responsibility for the Atrocities Committed at Stutthof. The trials.]. KL Stutthof, Monografia. Archived from
1430:
301:
Prisoner functionaries were often hated by other prisoners and spat upon as Nazi henchmen. While some barrack leaders (
2383:
2232:
2790:
2514:
2395:
2337:
2196:
2137:
2094:
1679:
1511:
1403:
1369:
1231:
1099:
1049:
542:
2378:
2227:
2442:
2390:
2251:
2191:
2038:
1752:
546:
2244:
2843:
2373:
2366:
2330:
2239:
2208:
2174:
830:
506:
660:. They were indicted for 189 murders and multiple assaults, found guilty of several murders, and sentenced to
2559:
2361:
2342:
2321:
2273:
2203:
2184:
291:
287:
279:
84:
2087:
Opfer und TĂ€ter zugleich? Moraldilemmata jĂŒdischer
FunktionshÀftlinge in der Shoah. Psyche und Gesellschaft.
1092:
Het
Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, deel 8, gevangenen en gedeporteerden, eerste helft
823:
2458:
2452:
2407:
2314:
2179:
1473:, official website. Documentary about prisoner resistance in Nazi concentration camps. Retrieved 6 May 2010
653:
60:
1420:
2603:
2402:
2309:
566:
1710:
2414:
2261:
2220:
795:
159:
154:
2729:
1155:
1017:
652:
A small number of kapos were prosecuted in East and West
Germany. In a well-publicised 1968 case, two
2838:
2608:
2426:
2290:
2215:
1868:
1483:
708:
1249:
René Wolf (2007). "Judgement in the Grey Zone: the Third Auschwitz (Kapo) Trial in Frankfurt 1968".
919:
2325:
2285:
2160:
2111:
1515:
1460:
458:(registrar or barrack clerk) was a record-keeping job that included tasks such as keeping track at
2665:
2497:
612:
597:
2464:
1626:
513:
An eager prisoner functionary could have a camp "career" as an SS favorite and be promoted from
138:
2564:
2112:
Die Rolle der FunktionshĂ€ftlinge im Vernichtungslager Auschwitz â und das Beispiel Otto KĂŒsels.
800:
88:
1781:
1165:
Review of book about Jewish kapos. Leo Baeck Bookshop, official website. Retrieved 8 May 2010
1027:
Review of book about Jewish kapos. Leo Baeck Bookshop, official website. Retrieved 8 May 2010
887:
604:
to two years in prison. Jungster was pardoned in 1952, but died a few days after his release.
2747:
2620:
1549:
1339:
637:
325:
31:
1448:
993:"Trump's pick for Israel ambassador thinks liberal Jews are "worse" than Nazi collaborators"
2702:
2509:
892:(in German). Munich: Institut fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte, de Gruyter. pp. 110, 111, 127, 131.
889:
Gab es eine Lagergesellschaft? "Kriminelle" und politische HĂ€ftlinge im Konzentrationslager
770:
219:
1042:
The theory and practice of hell: the German concentration camps and the system behind them
8:
2785:
2121:
Abschnitt aus dem Bericht der AuschwitzflĂŒchtlinge Alfred Wetzler und Rudolf Vrba ĂŒber F.
1984:"Israeli absolved of help to Nazis | Court reverses conviction of ex-Polish Gestapo aide"
818:
640:, was tried for having turned Jews over to the Nazis as head of the Jewish police in the
569:
personnel were prosecuted, five kapos were found to have used extreme brutality and were
403:
313:
the SS than political functionaries, who were more apt to be helpful to other prisoners.
1565:
Dachauer Prozesse: NS-Verbrechen vor amerikanischen MilitÀrgerichten in Dachau 1945-1948
286:
began to displace the criminal prisoners, though criminals were preferred by the SS. At
1815:
1266:
1122:
1069:
974:"The crime: Collaborating with the Nazis. The punishment: Excommunication from Judaism"
907:
645:
1964, after having served three months, Barenblat was freed and Israelâs Supreme Court
570:
498:
283:
252:
2629:
2090:
1819:
1731:
1675:
1648:
1605:
1569:
1507:
1426:
1399:
1365:
1293:
1227:
1182:
1127:
1095:
1045:
893:
764:
700:
661:
601:
1270:
854:
is variously translated as "leader", "elder", "supervisor", "commander" or "senior".
2760:
1849:
1807:
1638:
1258:
811:
806:
628:
482:
398:
114:
2487:
2740:
2636:
2579:
2569:
1467:
1325:
1162:
1024:
785:
759:
554:
502:
381:
363:
push other inmates to work harder, saving the need for paid SS supervision. Many
247:
177:
1643:
2057:
1991:
1785:
1451:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, official website. Retrieved 6 May 2010
728:
641:
624:
620:
588:
584:
334:
2660:
1592:. Gusen Memorial, official website. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012
1262:
938:"What is a 'Kapo'? The history of the worst insult a Jew can give another Jew"
822:, a 1987 television movie which features a kapo helping prisoners escape from
393:
392:. Some guards were personally involved in the mass murder of other prisoners.
282:, these tasks were originally assigned to criminal prisoners, but after 1939,
2812:
2755:
2614:
2574:
2519:
1131:
231:
The word "kapo" could have come from the Italian word for "head" and "boss",
190:
125:
1713:
Auschwitz survivor Heinrich Dronia's official website. Retrieved 7 May 2010
233:
2584:
2535:
2129:
1811:
779:
750:
736:
526:
295:
106:
68:
1853:
2545:
2482:
1944:[Bitter Reckoning: Israel Tries Holocaust Survivors as Nazi Collaborators
1223:
Liebe Mutti: one man's struggle to survive in KZ Sachsenhausen, 1939â1945
677:
459:
1756:
1179:
FunktionshÀftlinge im KZ Neuengamme. Zwischen Kooperation und Widerstand
956:"Trump's pick for ambassador to Israel 'regrets' Holocaust-related slur"
746:
673:
633:
593:
525:, but could also just as easily run afoul of the SS and be sent to the
367:
felt caught in the middle, being both victims and perpetrators. Though
275:
did this work for extra food, cigarettes, alcohol or other privileges.
2016:
Changing Legal Perceptions of 'Nazi Collaborators' in Israel 1950-1972
1395:
Music in the Holocaust: confronting life in the Nazi ghettos and camps
2796:
2596:
1669:
657:
616:
608:
451:
388:
2014:
558:
430:(room leader). The highest position that a prisoner could reach was
270:
functionaries sometimes numbered as high as 10% of the inmates. The
1118:"A Jew Who Beat Jews in a Nazi Camp Is Stripped of His Citizenship"
778:- Jewish councils under Nazi administration for self-government in
775:
538:
423:
242:
217:
After World War II, the term was reused as an insult; according to
110:
1425:(in German). Munich: Bertelsmann Verlag. page 209 (193, reprint).
2492:
1959:"Conductor of Israel National Opera Guilty of Nazi Collaboration"
696:
600:, which carried a mandatory death penalty, but the sentence was
1753:"OdpowiedzialnoĆÄ za zbrodnie popeĆnione w Stutthofie. Procesy"
1487:
577:
562:
64:
255:
believes that the word "kapo" is derived from the German word
210:, the official government term for prisoner functionaries was
753:
646:
238:
1786:
ZaĆoga obozu Stutthof (Staff of Stutthof concentration camp)
1839:
298:; other prisoners wore colored triangles pointed downward.
271:
185:
1346:. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1061:
Der SS-Staat: Das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager
1552:
Wollheim Memorial, official website. Retrieved 7 May 2010
414:
The important functionary positions inside the camp were
1918:"The Nazi collaborator who served ice cream in Tel Aviv"
1561:
834:, a film which features several kapos, in various camps.
345:
with those selected and sent them to clean the latrines.
2039:"On David Friedman, the 'kapo' smear, and Jewish honor"
450:(room leader) was responsible for the hygiene, such as
223:, it is "the worst insult a Jew can give another Jew".
1568:(in German). Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen. p. 18.
1337:
743:(former kapos, convicted in late 1945 for war crimes).
1627:"The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing"
782:
and other Jewish communities in occupied territories.
537:
Many kapos were subject to reprisals, including mass
1289:
The Buchenwald child: truth, fiction, and propaganda
718:
264:
1344:Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps
1156:"Ăberlebt weil schuldig â schuldig weil ĂŒberlebt"
1018:"Ăberlebt weil schuldig - schuldig weil ĂŒberlebt"
465:Work crews outside the camp were supervised by a
2810:
1750:
1610:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1328:Mauthausen Memorial official website. 6 May 2010
1033:
707:, apologized for referring to supporters of the
27:Prisoner functionary in Nazi concentration camp
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1797:
1719:
1545:
1543:
2145:
1527:
1364:Norbert Frei (Ed.), pp. 26â27. Munich (2000)
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
581:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2159:
1057:
1039:
454:, and order of each room in a barracks. The
256:
1826:
1730:. Stiftung niedersÀchsische GedenkstÀtten.
1728:Bergen-Belsen: Historical Site and Memorial
1540:
1418:
1350:
1226:University Press of America (2004) pp. 113
1089:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
2448:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
2152:
2138:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1303:
1074:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
885:
791:Plantations in the American South#Overseer
711:advocacy group as "far worse than kapos".
632:in 1963 drove this point home. Barenblat,
241:, it is derived from the French word for "
151:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
1842:Journal of International Criminal Justice
1744:
1642:
1562:Ludwig Eiber; Robert Sigel, eds. (2007).
1398:Oxford University Press (2005) page 101.
1248:
990:
623:, one of the principal architects of the
583:of 1950, most famously used to prosecute
1791:
1444:
1442:
1414:
1412:
1362:Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Ăffentlichkeit.
1319:"Audio guide 05: Prisoner functionaries"
1282:
1280:
1115:
931:
929:
886:Karin Orth (2007) . Norbert Frei (ed.).
868:
349:
2834:Terminology of Nazi concentration camps
1956:
1889:
1774:
1624:
1454:
1377:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1214:
1171:
1150:
1148:
1116:Mcfadden, Robert D. (5 February 1988).
532:
409:
14:
2829:Jewish collaboration with Nazi Germany
2811:
1896:So You Want To Write A Holocaust Book?
1521:
1358:HĂ€ftlingseinsatz im KZ Dora-MittelbauâŠ
1220:Jerzy Pindera, edited by Lynn Taylor,
2133:
2055:
2012:
1941:
1725:
1516:English translation at iSurvived.org.
1439:
1409:
1277:
926:
1751:Janina Grabowska (22 January 2009).
1534:"Alltag" in den Konzentrationslagern
1237:
1145:
991:Beauchamp, Zack (16 December 2016).
935:
741:Trial of Joseph Kramer and 44 others
607:According to teacher and researcher
402:were sought out for transfer to the
2819:Nazi concentration camp occupations
2036:
1590:"The prisoner functionaries system"
1422:Die SS. Eine Warnung der Geschichte
1094:. 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij.
308:Identified by green triangles, the
198:or carry out administrative tasks.
24:
2079:
2049:
1915:
1890:Treiger, Karen (22 January 2020).
1631:Understanding Willing Participants
25:
2860:
2791:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
2103:
1957:Portnoy, Eddy (5 February 2014).
1866:
265:System of thrift and manipulation
2443:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1528:Andrej Reisin (29 August 2008).
721:
47:
2824:Collaboration with Nazi Germany
2030:
2006:
1976:
1950:
1935:
1909:
1883:
1860:
1704:
1685:
1661:
1618:
1582:
1555:
1530:"Die Sozialstruktur des Lagers"
1493:
1476:
1338:Holocaust Encyclopedia (2017).
1331:
1208:) Luxemburg (2002) pp. 151â159
845:
667:
1696:Comité International de Dachau
1206:Comité International de Dachau
1194:
1109:
1083:
1010:
418:(camp leader or camp senior),
292:Nazi concentration camp badges
13:
1:
2056:Rotem, Tamar (5 April 2002).
1600:– via Internet Archive.
861:
188:camp who was assigned by the
75:(camp police officer) armband
2459:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
2453:German Earth and Stone Works
1711:"7. Juli - 19. Oktober 1940"
1506:, Bucharest, Hasefer, 2002,
1251:Journal of Genocide Research
838:
226:
61:Salaspils concentration camp
7:
2604:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1946:. Harvard University Press.
1644:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8
1449:"Neuengamme / Bremen-Farge"
1181:. SaarbrĂŒcken (2007) p. 4.
1044:. New York: Berkley Books.
714:
656:kapos were put on trial in
567:Stutthof concentration camp
10:
2865:
2849:Kapos (concentration camp)
1726:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
1698:, Luxemburg (2002) p. 154
1657:– via Springer Link.
824:SobibĂłr extermination camp
810:, a 1960 film directed by
796:Triangulation (psychology)
357:HĂ€ftlings-Selbstverwaltung
160:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
155:Reich Security Main Office
29:
2778:
2698:
2691:
2648:
2556:Identification of inmates
2528:
2475:
2435:
2167:
1550:"Prisoner administration"
1300:. Retrieved 15 April 2010
1263:10.1080/14623520701644432
902:– via Google Books.
688:, who were always there.
330:The Brutes Have the Floor
194:(SS) guards to supervise
146:
133:
120:
102:
94:
80:
46:
41:
2161:Nazi concentration camps
1625:Russell, Nestar (2018).
489:The moment he becomes a
261:, meaning camp captain.
2766:Soviet prisoners of war
2498:SS construction brigade
2085:Revital Ludewig-Kedmi,
1892:"Kapo Trials â Part II"
1356:Jens-Christian Wagner,
1161:5 February 2016 at the
1023:5 February 2016 at the
705:US ambassador to Israel
621:trial of Adolf Eichmann
598:crimes against humanity
426:leader or senior), and
1812:10.2979/isr.2003.8.3.1
1461:"Organized Resistance"
801:Trusty system (prison)
495:
347:
318:Dictionary of the Camp
257:
246:
232:
184:) was a prisoner in a
181:
89:German-occupied Europe
2844:Holocaust terminology
2748:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
2666:SchutzhaftlagerfĂŒhrer
2043:www.timesofisrael.com
1784:(Zeszyty Muzeum, 5),
1419:Guido Knopp (2013) .
1058:Kogon, Eugen (1946).
1040:Kogon, Eugen (1980).
638:Israel National Opera
613:Israeli Supreme Court
487:
350:Domination and terror
322:
316:From Oliver Lustig's
32:Kapo (disambiguation)
2703:Prisoner functionary
2510:Politische Abteilung
2465:SS-TotenkopfverbÀnde
1780:Bogdan Chrzanowski,
1691:Stanislav ZĂĄmeÄnĂk,
1672:Chronicle, 1939â1945
1406:Retrieved 5 May 2010
1292:Camden House (2007)
1234:Retrieved 5 May 2010
1200:Stanislav ZĂĄmeÄnĂk,
1090:de Jong, L. (1978).
771:Jewish Ghetto Police
533:Prosecution of kapos
410:Ranks of functionary
328:wrote in their book
220:The Jewish Chronicle
174:prisoner functionary
139:SS-TotenkopfverbÀnde
30:For other uses, see
18:Prisoner functionary
2786:Der Ort des Terrors
2735:Political prisoners
2725:Jehovah's Witnesses
2350:Natzweiler-Struthof
2109:Sebastian Dregger:
2013:Porat, Dan (2015).
1942:Porat, Dan (2019).
1854:10.1093/jicj/mqi022
1782:Andrzej GÄ
siorowski
819:Escape from Sobibor
553:During the 1946-47
543:Mittelbau-Dora camp
404:Dirlewanger Brigade
324:Vincenzo and Luigi
284:political prisoners
237:. According to the
2123:(Late April 1944)
1988:The New York Times
1762:on 22 January 2009
1760:(Internet Archive)
1504:DicĆŁionar de lagÄr
1466:2012-03-06 at the
1324:2011-07-06 at the
1123:The New York Times
1056:(Translated from:
960:The World from PRX
936:Sugarman, Daniel.
831:The Counterfeiters
571:sentenced to death
547:Bergen-Belsen camp
521:and eventually to
499:National Socialism
359:) in SS parlance.
253:Robert D. McFadden
2806:
2805:
2774:
2773:
2630:Arbeit macht frei
2058:"Kapo â or Hero?"
1737:978-3-9811617-9-3
1654:978-3-319-97998-4
1575:978-3-8353-0167-2
1298:978-1-57113-339-7
1187:978-3-8364-1718-1
899:978-3-598-24033-1
765:Eliezer Gruenbaum
703:, soon to become
672:German historian
662:life imprisonment
212:FunktionshÀftling
182:FunktionshÀftling
166:
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16:(Redirected from
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625:Final Solution
589:Ivan Demjanjuk
585:Adolf Eichmann
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456:Blockschreiber
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2476:Subdivisions
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2015:
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1994:. 2 May 1964
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1867:Porat, Dan.
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294:. Jews wore
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121:Perpetrators
107:Imprisonment
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69:yellow badge
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2720:Homosexuals
2661:LagerfĂŒhrer
2546:Early camps
2483:Appellplatz
2379:RavensbrĂŒck
2374:Niederhagen
2240:Gross-Rosen
2228:FlossenbĂŒrg
2175:Arbeitsdorf
2125:(in German)
2116:(in German)
2098:(in German)
1963:Forward.com
1922:Haaretz.com
1901:26 February
1848:: 128â178.
1766:12 November
1715:(in German)
1700:(in German)
1682:, Glossary.
1637:: 241â276.
1373:(in German)
1210:(in German)
1190:(in German)
1167:(in German)
1029:(in German)
978:Haaretz.com
916:|work=
699:. In 2017,
678:Eugen Kogon
594:convictions
565:, in which
467:Vorarbeiter
394:Rudolf Höss
380: [
339:Dolmetscher
2813:Categories
2715:"Asocials"
2656:Commandant
2362:Neuengamme
2322:Mauthausen
2274:Kaiserwald
2204:Buchenwald
2168:Main camps
2022:28 October
1998:28 October
1968:28 October
1927:31 October
1875:28 October
1064:. MĂŒnchen.
1002:9 November
983:9 November
965:9 November
947:9 November
862:References
747:Bitch Wars
674:Karin Orth
617:war crimes
460:roll calls
422:(block or
288:Mauthausen
280:Buchenwald
85:Nazi camps
2692:Prisoners
2676:Wehrmacht
2649:Personnel
2621:Selection
2597:Muselmann
2468:(Camp SS)
2180:Auschwitz
1820:144360613
1674:, (1990)
1670:Auschwitz
1536:. NDR.de.
1484:Mondadori
1132:0362-4331
1070:cite book
918:ignored (
908:cite book
839:Footnotes
691:The term
658:Frankfurt
654:Auschwitz
634:conductor
627:, and of
609:Dan Porat
539:lynchings
452:delousing
389:Waffen-SS
258:Lagercapo
227:Etymology
98:1939â1945
2625:Slogans
2592:Language
2436:Agencies
2420:subcamps
2408:subcamps
2403:Stutthof
2396:subcamps
2384:subcamps
2367:subcamps
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2067:15 March
1806:: 1â24.
1606:cite web
1486:(1969),
1464:Archived
1322:Archived
1271:71894716
1159:Archived
1106:, p. 481
1021:Archived
852:Ăltester
776:Judenrat
715:See also
709:J Street
602:commuted
519:Oberkapo
475:Oberkapo
424:barracks
243:Corporal
111:coercion
81:Location
2493:Subcamp
2415:Vaivara
2262:Hinzert
2062:Haaretz
1596:9 March
780:Ghettos
756:system.
749:in the
697:Zionism
647:quashed
636:of the
578:Israeli
545:to the
248:caporal
142:(SS-TV)
2585:Yellow
2580:Purple
2560:Badges
2529:Topics
2515:Revier
2455:(DEST)
2427:Warsaw
2216:Dachau
2093:
1871:. Time
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1488:Mursia
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1130:
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751:Soviet
739:, the
563:Poland
559:GdaĆsk
178:German
71:and a
65:Latvia
2565:Black
2326:Gusen
2286:Kauen
1816:S2CID
1267:S2CID
754:Gulag
686:kapos
682:kapos
473:, or
384:]
369:kapos
365:kapos
272:Nazis
239:Duden
208:kapos
2730:Jews
2708:Kapo
2575:Pink
2558:and
2324:and
2091:ISBN
2069:2018
2024:2019
2000:2019
1970:2019
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1768:2014
1732:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1612:link
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1570:ISBN
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1427:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1366:ISBN
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1228:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1139:2017
1128:ISSN
1096:ISBN
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967:2020
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920:help
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693:kapo
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