602:, were taken into custody and released the next day, after they had bound themselves in writing to engage in no more official acts. Immediately after the dismissal of the state government, a large-scale purge began. Numerous officials who had belonged to the previous coalition parties, especially the SPD, were put on temporary retirement and replaced by conservative officials, the majority of them German nationalists. This step, in addition to affecting the cabinet of Otto Braun, was directed especially against Social Democratic provincial presidents and leading Social Democrats within police organizations. Following a decree issued on 12 November 1932, those who had been placed on retirement were either dismissed or delegated to the provinces. In this way 69 ministerial officials with republican sentiments were sidelined. In addition to members of the Braun cabinet, they included among others Carl Steinhoff, vice-president of the province of
50:
627:
725:. They disputed the constitutionality of the decree on the grounds that Prussia was not ungovernable as presupposed in the decree. They therefore applied for a preliminary injunction to prohibit the appointed Reich commissioner from performing his duties. The application was rejected on 25 July 1932 because the court did not want to anticipate its final decision: in order to declare the emergency decree of the Reich president invalid, reasons would have to be brought forward that were not yet available to the court. The court stated in addition that a temporary injunction was only to be issued if it appeared necessary to avert substantial harm, but any harm Prussia might incur under the emergency decree could not be proven at the time.
562:
necessary because it appeared that "public safety and order in
Prussia could no longer be guaranteed". A state of emergency was declared with immediate effect, and the Reichswehr minister was appointed as holder of executive power. Prussia's representatives objected to the coup saying that Prussia had not violated any of its responsibilities under the Reich constitution and its laws, and had done as much for security as the other states even though its jurisdiction included the areas of greatest unrest. The Braun government therefore challenged the constitutionality of the emergency decree. Severing responded negatively to Papen's suggestion that he voluntarily relinquish his official duties, saying that he would "yield only to force".
867:§ 4. The crimes punishable by life imprisonment under Criminal Code §§ 81 (high treason), 302 (arson), 311 (explosion), 312 (flooding), 315 para. 2 (damage to railway installations) shall be punishable by death if committed after the enactment of the decree; under the same condition, the death penalty may be imposed in the case of Criminal Code § 92 (treason); likewise in the cases of § 125 para. 2 (mob ringleaders and those who commit acts of violence as parts of mobs) and § 115 para. 2 (ringleaders and resisters during riots), if the perpetrator has committed the act of resistance by force or threat with weapons or in a conscious and deliberate encounter with armed persons.
375:
550:
169:
474:
834:§ 1. Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124 and 153 of the Constitution of the German Reich shall be suspended until further notice. Therefore, restrictions to personal freedom of the right to free expression of opinion including freedom of the press of the right of association and assembly; interference with the secrecy of correspondence, mail, telegraph and telephone; orders for house searches, and seizures and limitations of property are permissible outside the legal limits otherwise determined for them.
537:, which allowed the Reich president, with the chancellor's co-signature, to take the necessary measures, including use of the military, to restore public security and order if they were endangered. By means of the decree Hindenburg authorized the Reich Chancellor to become Reich Commissioner for Prussia and enabled him to remove the caretaker Prussian government from office. By not dating the decree, Hindenburg left to Papen the choice of the time at which to make use of the power. Papen chose 20 July.
153:
840:§ 3. Whoever contravenes orders issued by the Reich minister of defense or the military commanders in the interests of public safety or incites or encourages such contravention, shall be punished by imprisonment or a fine of up to 15,000 Reichsmarks, unless the existing laws provide for a higher penalty. Whoever causes a common danger to human life by an offence according to para. 1 shall be punished with imprisonment , in extenuating circumstances with
573:, who was also present, had seemed very uncertain. "I suggested that we recess the meeting with Papen for an hour to discuss further action by the Prussian government and went to the door. But Severing declared that he had nothing more to discuss with me, and remained seated. Only then – after it was certain that no resistance was in the offing – was State Secretary Erwin Planck given the order to set the command to the Reichswehr in motion."
526:, which had just had the ban against it lifted by the Papen government, and the Communists and their supporters. The deadly confrontations and ensuing police action differed markedly from the Reich execution against Saxony in 1923. Then there had indeed been doubts about the loyalty of Saxony's left-wing government to the constitution and its willingness to take police action, but there was no question of this in Prussia's case.
734:
of the
Prussian government had not existed, but that of the Reich government in its association with the National Socialists had. Brecht tried to prove that the Reich government, in agreement with the National Socialists, had purposefully worked towards removing the Prussian government from office with its preceding measures. In doing so, it had wanted to take the wind out of the National Socialists' sails.
764:
temporarily withdraw official powers from
Prussian ministers and to assume these powers himself or to transfer them to other persons as commissioners of the Reich. The authorization, however, should not extend to depriving the Prussian State Ministry and its members of the representation of the State of Prussia in the Reichstag, the Reichsrat, or with respect to other states.
870:§ 5. Upon request of the holder of executive power, extraordinary courts shall be established by the Reich minister of justice. The jurisdiction of these courts shall include, in addition to the offences listed in § 9 of the Decree of the president of the Reich of 29 March 1921 (Reich Law Gazette. p. 371), the misdemeanors and felonies under § 3 of this decree.
773:
The judgement basically tolerated a breach of the constitution because the court shied away from charging the Reich president with the act. Historian
Michael Stolleis assessed the judgement as a "landmark in the constitutional history describing the downfall of the Republic. The commentators of the time sensed it, and it was seen as even more so from a distance."
684:. There was also little prospect of success in a call for civil disobedience by civil servants. If open resistance were to occur, the government anticipated the outbreak of civil war, especially in the event of an armed clash between the Reichswehr and the state police, which it wanted to avoid at all costs. Moreover, legal recourse had not yet been exhausted.
437: – it remained in office on a caretaker basis in accordance with Article 59 of the state constitution. With parliamentary rules having recently been changed to require an absolute majority for the election of a minister president, it was possible that the caretaker government could continue on indefinitely. The situation was similar to that in Bavaria,
837:§ 2. Upon the promulgation of this decree, executive power shall pass to the Reich minister of defense, who may transfer it to military commanders. For the implementation of the measures necessary for the restoration of public safety, the entire protective police of the designated area shall be directly subordinated to the holder of executive power.
789:
assessed the compromise verdict as one of "grotesque ambivalence", since its legal section upheld the
Prussian point of view, "while its basic political tenor, with its acquiescence to what had already happened, accommodated the coup-like whim of a government that was propped up only by the authority
750:
In its examination of the existence of a significant disturbance or endangerment of public security and order, the State Court found that the government of
Prussia was capable of acting and remained able to act assertively. Paragraph 1 of the emergency decree therefore did not apply: "In the event of
733:
In the stormy and highly publicized oral hearing, Arnold Brecht pointed out in defense of the State of
Prussia that the civil war-like conditions in Prussia that led to the emergency decree had been ignited by the lifting of the ban on uniforms and on the SA on 14 June. The alleged "inner unfreedom"
772:
The ruling partially justified both sides and preserved the dualism of
Prussia and the Reich. Since the removal of the government was considered illegitimate, the restoration of the government should in fact have been called for. In the end, the court capitulated to the facts that had been created.
758:
The court found that the facts of paragraph 2 were present: "If public security and order are seriously disturbed or endangered …, the president of the Reich may take measures necessary for their restoration, intervening if need be with the assistance of the armed forces" (Article 48). In the words
576:
In the afternoon of the same day, Severing, who as interior minister commanded a force of 90,000 Prussian police officers, let himself be led out of his office and ministry by a delegation consisting of the police chief whom Papen had just appointed and two police officers. At 11:30 a.m. Papen
481:
As a result, Papen considered other possibilities. The first was to carry out the long-debated Reich reform which would have dissolved or divided
Prussia. Because such a path would have achieved its goal only in the long term, was difficult to accomplish and highly controversial, he favored another
432:
57, a total of 219 out of 423, or 52%. All other parties together won only 204 seats, or 48%. The NSDAP and KPD would not work together, and none of the other parties could form a government with a parliamentary majority without the support of one of the anti-democratic parties, something that none
332:
In 1928 a conference of the states, consisting of members of the Reich cabinet and all of the state minister presidents, came to the joint resolution that the relationship between the Reich and the states in the
Republic was unsatisfactory and in need of fundamental reform, and that a "strong Reich
807:
The Braun government, rehabilitated in terms of state law but deprived of its real power, convened for its weekly cabinet meetings as a so-called "sovereign government". The true power, however, lay with the representatives of the Reich execution – the "Commissar Government" under Franz Bracht. It
768:
The cooperation between the Braun government and the Reich commissioner that was indirectly called for in the judgement was from the outset not possible. The Reich government overrode the provisions of the judgement and did not intend to return governmental power to the legitimate government after
741:
member, spoke as the main representative of the Reich government. He disputed Brecht's argumentation, saying that there had been no collusion with the National Socialists. Their "excitement" had built up precisely because of the Party's "one-sided treatment" by the Prussian government. Prussia had
269:
had left a divided parliament with no viable possibilities for a coalition. This led to a caretaker government under the coalition that had held power before the election, with no clear path to replacing it with a new governing coalition. The second and major rationale was that in parts of Prussia
328:
replace the Prussian government and parliament, and empowering the chancellor to appoint provincial commissioners. It was assumed that Prussia, contrary to the interest of the entire nation, was as a state pursuing hegemony within the existing national structure. A comprehensive segmentation and
561:
and his colleague from the finance department Otto Klepper, went to see Papen at his request. Papen informed the constitutional ministers about the Hindenburg decree that allowed him to be installed as Reich commissioner and for the caretaker government to be removed. He said that the step was
781:
According to historian Dirk Blasius' account, the verdict was perceived by almost everyone as either a welcome defeat or a clumsy failure of the Reich government. Only the press that supported the government called for an additional decisive step towards an authoritarian state. The "political
763:
The decree of the Reich president of 20 July 1932 for the restoration of public safety and order in the territory of the State of Prussia is compatible with the Reich Constitution insofar as it appoints the Reich chancellor as Reich commissioner for the State of Prussia and authorizes him to
617:
The purge continued well into 1933. With targeted interventions against the police, especially the political police, an essential part of the power apparatus in Prussia had already been "cleansed" before Adolf Hitler's chancellorship. There was hardly any resistance, mainly because the SPD's
365:
Political developments made implementation of the program impossible, but, as the political scientist Everhard Holtmann wrote, "core elements of the reform package, such as the abolition of Prussia's statehood, were henceforth employed in a targeted manner in the domestic power struggle."
324:(1930–1933), was to strengthen the Reich's central power, reorganize northern Germany, especially Prussia, which was by far the largest state in Germany, and create an authoritarian presidential regime. The program included having the Reich president, the Reich government and the
680:– an organization formed by three center and left of center parties to defend parliamentary democracy – was rejected. Even non-violent resistance in the form of a general strike was not considered because it did not seem feasible in view of the high unemployment during the
289:. The immediate result, however, was elimination of the last resistance in Prussia to Papen's attempt to establish a "New State", essentially a precursor to a restored monarchy. Contrary to Papen's intent, the move ultimately had the effect of easing Hitler's path to power.
540:
The third option, which would have consisted of waiting and leaving Prussia's caretaker minority government in office and trusting that it would get the situation under control even without a parliamentary majority, was one that Papen from the outset did not consider.
382:
Papen's initiative for the Prussian coup is to be understood within the context of the plan for the establishment of a ‘New State’, a concept propagated above all by Walther Schotte – a journalist and historian who provided Papen with ideas and theories – and
577:
had imposed a military state of emergency under the Reichswehr – a national force of 100,000 men – and, after the Prussian government backed down, occupied the Prussian Interior Ministry, the Berlin police headquarters and the headquarters of the
391:
but rather wanted to create the precursor to a monarchy, an authoritarian presidential regime with a chancellor dependent on the confidence of the president and a parliament severely limited in its rights, similar to the government under the
466:(DNVP), the coalition would have had as many as 260 of 423 seats. Reich Chancellor von Papen sought such a coalition, but the NSDAP claimed power for itself alone. On 7 June 1932, Papen, although not formally authorized to do so, asked
361:
and Prussia. Bavaria, the second largest state, objected because it feared that the proposal would immediately unify the northern German states while the south would gain only a reprieve from becoming part of a unified, non-federal Reich.
673:
Despite its previous declarations, the Prussian government refused to respond with violence of its own to the violence that the national emergency and emergency decree had officially sanctioned. Deployment of the Prussian police and the
816:, with Papen's help, secured a new emergency decree from Hindenburg that officially deposed Braun's "sovereign government". His response was again limited to filing a complaint with the State Constitutional Court on 7 February 1933.
470:, president of the state parliament and a member of the NSDAP, to replace the caretaker Prussian government with an elected one, something Kerrl was unable to guarantee due to the failure of coalition negotiations to that point.
461:
A center-right government in Prussia consisting of the NSDAP (162 seats) and the Centre Party (67 seats) with a 53% majority was technically possible. Together with the 31 seats of the nationalist-conservative
782:
passages" of the judgement were disseminated by most newspapers and prepared the ground for the later popular view that in a time of insecurity and disorder, emergency law had to be used to crack down.
751:
a State not fulfilling the obligations imposed upon it by the Reich Constitution or by the laws of the Reich, the president of the Reich may make use of the armed forces to compel it to do so" (
1448:[No. 177 Note by Ministerial Counsellor Wienstein on a meeting on 27 October 1932, 12.30 p.m., concerning the judgement of the State Court in the case of Prussia against the Reich].
1689:
831:
On the basis of Article 48 (1) and (2) of the Reich Constitution, I decree the following for the restoration of public safety and order in Greater Berlin and the Province of Brandenburg:
340:, then Ministerial Director of the Prussian State Chancellery and later the main representative of the Prussian government in the lawsuit against the emergency decree, were as follows:
1446:"Nr. 177 Notiz des Ministerialrats Wienstein über eine Besprechung am 27. Oktober 1932, 12.30 Uhr, betreffend Urteil des Staatsgerichtshofs in der Streitsache Preußen gegen das Reich"
852:
of not less than 2 years. In addition, confiscation of property may be imposed. Any person who incites or encourages an offence dangerous to the public (para. 2) shall be punished by
876:
Neudeck and Berlin, 20 July 1932: Reich President von Hindenburg – Reich Chancellor von Papen – Reich Minister of the Interior Baron von Gayl – Reich Minister of the Armed Forces
333:
power" was necessary. A constitutional committee was appointed to draw up workable proposals for constitutional and administrative reform and for prudent financial management.
703:
On 21 July 1932 the Prussian government filed an application for a preliminary injunction and a constitutional complaint with the State Court of the Reich Supreme Court (
557:
On 20 July 1932 Prussia's Deputy Minister President Heinrich Hirtsiefer, in place of the acting but ill Minister President Otto Braun, along with Interior Minister
400:
monarchy. The ‘New State’ was to stand above particularist interests and provide the necessary security, order, and tranquility for economic development.
1659:
804:
Between the promulgation of the decree and the court ruling, Papen's provisional government replaced Prussia's top administrative and police officials.
910:
was the most severe form of punishment and included stricter confinement and compulsory work for the inmates. It was also considered to be dishonoring.
482:
option. He planned to appoint a Reich commissioner in place of the previous government and to enforce the new order, if necessary with the help of the
258:
with von Papen as Reich Commissioner. A second decree the same day transferred executive power in Prussia to the Reich Minister of the Armed Forces
796:, who had represented Papen in the trial along with Erwin Jacobi and Carl Bilfinger, later endorsed the legality of the coup in an expert opinion.
1061:
1366:
809:
1115:
958:
1602:
529:
Three days earlier, on 14 July, Reich President Paul von Hindenburg had at Papen's request signed an undated emergency decree pursuant to
1664:
742:
fought National Socialism and favored communism. The lifting of the SA ban was supposed to serve as an "outlet" for the Nazi's anger.
433:
of them was willing to accept. That meant that after the formal resignation of the previous state government – the third cabinet of
1649:
999:[The Weimar Republic. Volume 3, Chapter 5: The Crisis of Federalism and Local Self-Government] (in German). Archived from
446:
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executive board had decided on 16 July not to resist with the resources available to it in order to avoid provoking a civil war.
515:, the forcible removal of the governments had been justified by the fact that peace and order were endangered in the two states.
1572:
1445:
759:
of Richard Wienstein, who was ministerial councilor for constitutional and administrative law issues in the Reich chancellery:
569:
that he had hoped that Severing would resist after he made his declaration, especially since both Papen and Interior Minister
270:
there were violent street demonstrations and clashes taking place that Papen said the caretaker government could not control.
1537:
1487:
1227:
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49:
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Handbuch der preußischen Geschichte. Band III: Vom Kaiserreich zum 20. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens
846:
of not less than 6 months and, if the offence causes the loss of human life, with death, in extenuating circumstances with
503:) – an intervention against an individual state led by the central government to enforce national law – during 1923's
932:
336:
On 21 June 1930 the assessments were presented. The four main points as laid out by the architect of the reform plan
1526:
Integration und Subsidiarität im deutschen Bundesstaatsrecht: Untersuchungen zu Bundesstaatstheorie unter dem Grundgesetz
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unite the central administration of the Prussian state government with the central administration of the Reich government
591:
1300:
409:
353:
place the thirteen Prussian provinces, including Berlin, under the direct control of the Reich government as new states
286:
1654:
1429:
1172:
824:
Decree of the president of the Reich concerning the restoration of public safety and order in Greater Berlin and the
463:
393:
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of the Prussian State Ministry, the parliamentary groups of the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party in the
626:
752:
530:
1480:
Handbook of Prussian History. Volume III: From the Empire to the 20th Century and Major Themes in Prussian History
17:
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were geared to the improvement of the offender and thus relatively more favorable for the inmates than the
421:
266:
88:
997:"Die Weimarer Republik. Band 3, Kapitel 5: Die Krise des Föderalismus und der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung"
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442:
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41:
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1639:
242:
1530:
Integration and Subsidiarity in German State Law: Studies on Federal Theory under the Constitution
690:
noted in his diary on 21 July: "The Reds have missed their great hour. It will never come again."
507:. In the face of Communist Party participation in democratically elected left-wing governments in
1316:
Klepper, Otto (July 1933). "Erinnerung an den 20. Juli 1932" [Memories of 20 July 1932].
825:
417:
635:
Interior Ministry and Franz von Papen's Deputy Reich Commissioner and Deputy Reich Chancellor:
413:
1504:
658:
Culture: Aloys Lammers, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Science, Art and Education
549:
786:
397:
303:
255:
72:
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519:
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8:
1580:
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274:
259:
247:
203:
195:
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Agriculture: Fritz Mussehl, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture
646:
1347:
1141:
664:
Public Welfare: Adolf Scheidt, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Welfare
473:
174:
347:
unite the central authorities of the Prussian state government with those of the Reich
1533:
1483:
1425:
1386:
1296:
1258:
1223:
1168:
1095:
722:
587:
518:
Papen found an analogous justification for Prussia in the clashes culminating in the
813:
408:
The Free State of Prussia had been governed since 1920 by a stable coalition of the
1367:
kujau426.html "Mitte 1932: Niedergang der Weimarer Republik und Aufstieg der NSDAP"
714:
681:
570:
1000:
403:
316:
belonged. The aim of the circle, often called the Luther League after its founder
1338:[Was a Defence against the "Prussian Strike" of 20 July 1932 Possible?].
687:
494:
490:
313:
278:
251:
199:
158:
128:
108:
877:
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Justice: Heinrich Hölscher, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Justice
652:
Finance: Franz Schleusener, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Finance
523:
504:
306:
had been the subject of discussion by the League for the Renewal of the Reich (
1628:
1064:[League for the Renewal of the Reich (Luther League), 1928–1933/34].
710:
579:
558:
337:
214:
793:
636:
603:
282:
1369:[Mid-1932: Decline of the Weimar Republic and Rise of the NSDAP].
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Commerce: Friedrich Ernst, Reich Commissioner for Banking Supervision in
611:
467:
317:
254:, then Reich Chancellor of Germany, replaced the legal government of the
122:
1351:
1335:
1149:
483:
434:
425:
384:
321:
210:
1320:(in German). Paris / Amsterdam: Leopold Schwarzschild. pp. 90 ff.
630:
Franz Bracht (far right, holding hat), Berlin, 1932 Reichstag election
565:
Otto Klepper reported a year later in an essay in the exile newspaper
1607:
100(0) Schlüsseldokumente zur Deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert
1088:
Begrenzte Abhängigkeit. "Wirtschaft" und "Politik" im 20. Jahrhundert
512:
1482:] (in German). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 170.
54:
The Emergency Decree of President von Hindenburg (Berlin, July 1932)
1336:"War eine Abwehr des "Preussenschlages" vom 20. Juli 1932 Möglich?"
1140:
961:[League for the Renewal of the Reich, Guiding Principles]
453:, although the Reich government did not concern itself with them.
387:, a lawyer and anti-democratic journalist. They did not favor the
297:
718:
709:). The petitioners included the State of Prussia, represented by
621:
450:
358:
1092:
Limited Dependence. "Economy" and "Politics" in the 20th Century
819:
508:
404:
Situation in Prussia after the state elections of 24 April 1932
388:
1605:[Decree of the Reich President ... of 20 July 1932].
1062:"Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches (Luther-Bund), 1928–1933/34"
640:
607:
668:
302:
Since the late 1920s the relationship between the Reich and
1290:
Otto Klepper (1888–1957) – Deutscher Patriot und Weltbürger
738:
1424:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
693:
790:
of the Reich president and the power of the Reichswehr."
1690:
Battles of the Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
1603:"Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten ... Vom 20. Juli 1932"
1049:] (in German). Bonn: Ferd. Dümmlers. pp. 135 f.
873:§ 6. This Decree shall enter into force upon enactment.
265:
Papen had two rationales for the coup. One was that the
246:) took place on 20 July 1932, when Reich President
1295:] (in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. pp. 134 f.
1216:
Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler
698:
281:
and facilitating the centralization of the Reich under
1513:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 121 f.
1094:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
1222:] (in German). Munich: Siedler. pp. 712 f.
1047:
Federalism, Regionalism and the Partition of Prussia
1043:
Föderalismus, Regionalismus und die Teilung Preußens
1030:] (in German). Berlin: C. Heymann. pp. 5 f.
931:
Scheuermann-Peilicke, Wolfgang (14 September 2014).
930:
489:
For this he had certain precedents. Reich President
456:
273:
The coup had the effect of weakening the federalist
1559:
Publications of the Institute for Political Science
1555:
Schriften des Instituts für Politische Wissenschaft
1167:(in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 457–461.
594:, and the commander of the protective police, the
357:The reform effort faced objections primarily from
1561:] (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
1506:Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland
1247:(in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 496 ff.
1220:Hindenburg. Rule between Hohenzollerns and Hitler
769:the commissioner's temporary work was completed.
320:, a former Reich chancellor and president of the
1626:
369:
1418:Weimars Ende: Bürgerkrieg und Politik 1930–1933
737:Georg Gottheiner, an administrative lawyer and
298:Discussions about a reorganization of the Reich
1422:Weimar's End: Civil War and Politics 1930–1933
1261:[The Act of Violence against Prussia]
622:Members of the first commissioner's government
1287:
606:, and Carl Freter, district administrator of
959:"Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches, Leitsätze"
859:
853:
847:
841:
820:Text of the emergency decree of 20 July 1932
704:
498:
396:. Papen's long-term goal was to restore the
307:
231:
1532:] (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
1473:
48:
1143:Constitution of the Free State of Prussia
799:
669:Reaction of the Prussian state government
165:
1502:
625:
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522:of 17 July 1932 which involved the
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410:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
373:
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1415:
1333:
1315:
1242:
1162:
1059:
1021:
694:Legal proceedings: Prussia contra Reich
27:Takeover by German chancellor von Papen
14:
1627:
1085:
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858:, and in extenuating circumstances by
1523:
1469:
1467:
1411:
1409:
1364:
1329:
1327:
1191:[The 'German October' 1923].
1028:Reich reform and the state conference
753:Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
544:
292:
241:
1660:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
1269:(in German). 21 July 1932. p. 1
1213:
1060:Gelberg, Karl-Ulrich (3 July 2006).
994:
990:
988:
986:
984:
935:[The "Prussian Coup" 1932].
706:Staatsgerichtshof des Reichsgerichts
699:Request for a preliminary injunction
287:appointed chancellor in January 1933
728:
262:and restricted fundamental rights.
24:
1474:Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2001).
1464:
1406:
1324:
1181:
785:Political scientist and historian
776:
25:
1701:
1665:Politics of Free State of Prussia
1579:. 9 December 2010. Archived from
1243:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
1163:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
981:
745:
457:Papen's and Hindenburg's approach
394:constitution of the German Empire
1511:History of Public Law in Germany
1365:Funke, Hajo (23 February 2023).
1024:Reichsreform und Länderkonferenz
1022:Medicus, Franz Albrecht (1930).
430:Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
167:
151:
1650:Politics of the Weimar Republic
1595:
1565:
1553:Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1955).
1546:
1517:
1496:
1438:
1358:
1309:
1281:
1251:
1236:
1207:
1156:
901:
884:
309:Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches
1288:von Pufendorf, Astrid (1997).
1195:(in German). 14 September 2014
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951:
924:
464:German National People's Party
100:Future restoration of monarchy
13:
1:
1452:(in German). 11 November 1932
1259:"Der Gewaltakt gegen Preußen"
1193:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1189:"Der 'deutsche Oktober' 1923"
937:Deutsches Historisches Museum
917:
677:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
370:Papen's idea of a 'New State'
329:disempowerment was proposed.
85:Growth of political extremism
1066:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
967:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
864:for not less than 3 months.
422:1932 Prussian state election
350:eliminate Prussia as a state
267:1932 Prussian state election
89:1932 Prussian state election
7:
1371:Norddeutsche Runkfunk (NDR)
808:was not until Adolf Hitler
477:Paul von Hindenburg in 1931
133:End of democracy in Prussia
10:
1706:
1577:www.plettenberg-lexikon.de
1503:Stolleis, Michael (1999).
933:"Der "Preußenschlag" 1932"
42:failure of Weimar Republic
1609:(in German). pp. 4–5
717:, and also the states of
227:1932 Prussian coup d'état
191:
186:
144:
139:
114:
104:
96:
79:
67:
59:
47:
39:
35:1932 Prussian coup d'état
34:
1655:German words and phrases
1334:Dierske, Ludwig (1970).
586:The Berlin police chief
493:of the SPD had issued a
243:[ˈpʁɔʏsənˌʃlaːk]
1340:Zeitschrift für Politik
1086:Scholl, Stefan (2015).
1041:Brecht, Arnold (1949).
826:Province of Brandenburg
639:, former Lord Mayor of
418:German Democratic Party
127:von Papen installed as
1524:Oeter, Stefan (1998).
1416:Blasius, Dirk (2005).
1214:Pyta, Wolfram (2007).
860:
854:
848:
842:
800:After the court ruling
766:
705:
631:
554:
499:
478:
428:won 162 seats and the
379:
308:
232:
121:Prussia brought under
1116:"Der "Preußenschlag""
787:Karl Dietrich Bracher
761:
629:
583:(protective police).
552:
476:
377:
256:Free State of Prussia
239:German pronunciation:
1267:Danziger Volksstimme
995:Holtmann, Everhard.
890:The conditions in a
810:seized power in 1933
520:Altona Bloody Sunday
312:), a group to which
250:, at the request of
1680:Paul von Hindenburg
600:Magnus Heimannsberg
553:Carl Severing, 1919
535:Weimar Constitution
389:National Socialists
260:Kurt von Schleicher
248:Paul von Hindenburg
204:Kurt von Schleicher
196:Paul von Hindenburg
1583:on 25 January 2022
1354:– via JSTOR.
632:
555:
545:Course of the coup
479:
426:Nazi Party (NSDAP)
380:
293:Historical context
1675:Conflicts in 1932
1539:978-3-16-146885-8
1489:978-3-11-014092-7
1318:Das Neue Tagebuch
1229:978-3-88680-865-6
1101:978-3-593-50289-2
828:of 20 July 1932:
588:Albert Grzesinski
424:of 24 April, the
223:
222:
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
1697:
1670:July 1932 events
1645:1930s in Prussia
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1165:Weimar 1918–1933
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1640:1932 in Germany
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567:The New Journal
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500:Reichsexekution
495:Reich execution
491:Friedrich Ebert
459:
412:, the Catholic
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215:Carl Severing
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18:Preußenschlag
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
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1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
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1148:– via
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1123:. Retrieved
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1069:. Retrieved
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1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
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275:Constitution
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187:Lead figures
159:German Reich
63:20 July 1932
29:
1635:1932 in law
1373:(in German)
969:(in German)
939:(in German)
612:Brandenburg
598:politician
468:Hanns Kerrl
447:Württemberg
318:Hans Luther
123:direct rule
115:Resulted in
1629:Categories
1396:|url=
1150:Wikisource
918:References
649:'s cabinet
531:Article 48
484:Reichswehr
435:Otto Braun
385:Edgar Jung
322:Reichsbank
211:Otto Braun
1587:22 August
1199:22 August
1071:22 August
1007:22 August
908:Zuchthaus
896:Zuchthaus
892:Gefängnis
861:Gefängnis
855:Zuchthaus
849:Zuchthaus
843:Gefängnis
513:Thuringia
326:Reichstag
314:von Papen
80:Caused by
1387:cite web
1352:24224965
973:25 March
943:2 August
416:and the
68:Location
40:Part of
1398:value (
719:Bavaria
533:of the
524:Nazi SA
451:Hamburg
359:Bavaria
304:Prussia
277:of the
175:Prussia
140:Parties
105:Methods
73:Prussia
1613:30 May
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509:Saxony
439:Saxony
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1348:JSTOR
1292:[
1263:(PDF)
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963:(PDF)
812:that
723:Baden
641:Essen
608:Calau
443:Hesse
97:Goals
1615:2023
1589:2022
1534:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1458:2023
1426:ISBN
1400:help
1379:2023
1297:ISBN
1275:2023
1224:ISBN
1201:2022
1169:ISBN
1127:2023
1096:ISBN
1073:2022
1009:2022
975:2016
945:2024
739:DNVP
721:and
511:and
449:and
225:The
60:Date
755:).
610:in
229:or
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