Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms

2143:, both of whom were later named to the Supreme Court. The SEC had four missions. First and most important was to restore investor confidence in the securities market, which had practically collapsed because of doubts about its internal integrity, and the external threats supposedly posed by anti-business elements in the Roosevelt administration. Second, in terms of integrity, the SEC had to get rid of the penny ante swindles based on false information, fraudulent devices, and unsound get-rich-quick schemes. Thirdly, and much more important than the frauds, the SEC had to end the million-dollar insider maneuvers in major corporations, whereby insiders with access to information about the condition of the company knew when to buy or sell their own securities. Finally, the SEC had to set up a complex system of registration for all securities sold in America, with a clear-cut set of rules and guidelines that everyone had to follow. By mandating the disclosure of business information and allowing investors to make informed decisions, the SEC largely succeed in its goal of restoring investor confidence. 3259:. Britain and France remained neutral and worked to get the major powers to agree to an arms embargo on both sides. In solidarity with them, Roosevelt recommended to Congress an arms embargo for Spain in January 1937, and won near-unanimous approval. Though privately supportive of the Republicans, Roosevelt feared the Spanish crisis might escalate to a full-scale European war and cooperated with the other democracies to contain the conflict. He also did not want to alienate American Catholics, a key element of his coalition; Catholic leaders were mostly pro-Franco. By spring 1938, as it was clear that Hitler and Mussolini were aiding Franco, Roosevelt was considering a plan to secretly sell American warplanes to the Spanish government, but nothing came of it. As the Nationalists were achieving victory in early 1939, Roosevelt would refer to the embargo as a mistake. While Britain and France would recognize Franco's regime on February 27 of that year, Roosevelt held out until April 1, days after Franco achieved full victory with the capture of Madrid. 5591:

the convention to Chicago where he had strong support from the city machine, which controlled the auditorium sound system. At the convention the opposition was poorly organized, but Farley had packed the galleries. Roosevelt sent a message saying that he would not run unless he was drafted, and that the delegates were free to vote for anyone. The delegates were stunned; then the loudspeaker screamed "We want Roosevelt... The world wants Roosevelt!" The delegates went wild and he was nominated by 946 to 147 on the first ballot. The tactic employed by Roosevelt was not entirely successful, as his goal had been to be drafted by acclamation. At Roosevelt's request, the convention nominated Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace for vice president. Democratic party leaders disliked Wallace, a former Republican who strongly supported the New Deal, but were unable to prevent his nomination.

3428:, an aerial campaign in which Germany sought air superiority and bombed British targets, further galvanized American public opinion behind Britain. Overcoming the opposition of much of the military establishment, who doubted Britain's ability to remain in the war against Germany, Roosevelt pursued policies designed to maximize arms transfers to Britain. In July 1940, Roosevelt appointed two interventionist Republican leaders, Henry L. Stimson and Frank Knox, as Secretaries of War and the Navy, respectively. Both parties gave support to his plans for a rapid build-up the American military, but the isolationists warned that Roosevelt would get the nation into an unnecessary war with Germany. The military build-up and the British purchase of armaments had a beneficial effect on the economy, and the unemployment rate fell to 14.6 percent in late 1940. 1880:. The aim of the AAA was to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity. The AAA used a system of "domestic allotments", setting the total output of corn, cotton, dairy products, hogs, rice, tobacco, and wheat. The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle; funding for the subsidies was provided by a new tax on food processing. The goal was to force up farm prices to the point of "parity," an index based on 1910–1914 prices. To meet 1933 goals, 10 million acres (40,000 km) of growing cotton was plowed up, bountiful crops were left to rot, and six million piglets were killed and discarded. Farm incomes increased significantly in the first three years of the New Deal, as prices for commodities rose. However, some 2603:

his wife. Nevertheless, relief agencies did find jobs for women, and the WPA employed about 500,000. The largest number, 295,000, worked on sewing projects, producing 300 million items of clothing and mattresses for people on relief and for public institutions such as orphanages. Many other women worked in school lunch programs. Between 1929 and 1939, the percentage of female government employees increased from 14.3 percent to 18.8 percent, and women made up nearly half of the workforce of the WPA. From 1930 to 1940, the number of employed women rose 24 percent from 10.5 million to 13 million. Few women worked in the high-unemployment sectors like mining and heavy industry. They worked in clerical jobs or light factories (such as food).

5288: 204: 2458: 2469:. He kept his campaign promise to cut the regular federal budget — including a reduction in military spending from $ 752 million in 1932 to $ 531 million in 1934. He made a 40% cut in spending on veterans' benefits by removing 500,000 veterans and widows from the pension rolls and reducing benefits for the remainder, as well as cutting the salaries of federal employees and reducing spending on research and education. The veterans were well organized and strongly protested, and most benefits were restored or increased by 1934. In June 1933, Roosevelt restored $ 50 million in pension payments, and Congress added another $ 46 million more. Veterans groups such as the 4635: 4433: 3989: 3860: 5095: 725: 2039:

industries, the administration pressured companies to agree to the codes and urged consumers to purchase products from companies in compliance with the codes. As each NRA code was unique to a specific industry, NRA negotiators held a great deal of sway in setting the details of the codes, and many of the codes favored managers over workers. The NRA became increasingly unpopular among the general public due to its micromanagement, and many within the administration began to view it as ineffective. The Supreme Court found the NRA to be unconstitutional by unanimous decision in May 1935, and there was little public protest at its closing.

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teacher does not need paper credentials, that learning does not need a formal classroom and that the highest priority should go to the bottom tier of society. Leaders in the public schools were shocked: they were shut out as consultants and as recipients of New Deal funding. They desperately needed cash to cover the local and state revenues that it disappeared during the depression, they were well organized, and made repeated concerted efforts in 1934, 1937, and 1939, all to no avail. The federal government had a highly professional Office of Education; Roosevelt cut its budget and staff, and refused to consult with its leader

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hearts and minds of men. True they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by failure of credit they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored confidence... The money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit.

1820:, a former union executive who promised labor unions that the enrollees would not be trained in skills that would compete with unemployed union members. Instead, they did unskilled construction labor, especially building roads and recreational facilities in state and national parks. Each CCC camp was administered by an Army reserve officer. Food, clothing, supplies, and medical and dental services were purchased locally. The young men who worked at CCC camps were paid a dollar a day, most of which went to their parents. Blacks were enrolled in their own camps, and the CCC operated an entirely separate division for Indians. 3113:

recognition. Roosevelt was eager for large-scale trade with Russia, and hoped for some repayment on the old tsarist debts. After the Soviets promised they would not engage in espionage, Roosevelt used presidential authority to normalize relations in November 1933. There were few complaints about the move. There was no progress on the debt issue, however, and the Kremlin set up an active espionage program. Many American businessmen had expected a bonus in terms of large-scale trade, but it never materialized. Historians Justus D. Doenecke and Mark A. Stoler note that, "Both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord."

2358:, which he presented as a more practical alternative to the Townsend Plan. After a series of congressional hearings, the Social Security Act became law in August 1935. During the congressional debate over Social Security, the program was expanded to provide payments to widows and dependents of Social Security recipients. Job categories that were not covered by the act included workers in agricultural labor, domestic service, government employees, and many teachers, nurses, hospital employees, librarians, and social workers. The program was funded through a newly established a payroll tax which later became known as the 4339: 3771: 3685: 3562: 3502: 3268: 4545: 4488: 4256: 33: 5488:

It may not be Democratic, but it will be Progressive." When a third consecutive Democratic landslide in 1936 failed to produce major legislation in 1937, his recourse was to purge his conservative opponents in 1938. Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries, actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform. His targets denounced Roosevelt for trying to take over the Democratic Party and to win reelection, using the argument that they were independent. Roosevelt failed, managing to defeat only one target, a conservative Democrat from New York City.

4831: 1655:. A quarter of the American workforce was unemployed, two million people were homeless, and industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929. By the evening of March 4, 32 of the 48 states – as well as the District of Columbia – had closed their banks. The New York Federal Reserve Bank was unable to open on the 5th, as huge sums had been withdrawn by panicky customers in previous days. Beginning with his inauguration address, Roosevelt laid the blame for the economic crisis on bankers and financiers, the quest for profit, and the self-interest basis of capitalism: 4228: 5023: 4698: 4162: 4101: 4050: 3812: 3530: 4603: 4462: 3891: 4963: 5127: 5063: 4932: 4867: 4793: 3599: 2278:(WPA), led by Harry Hopkins. The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals, schools, and roads, and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads, 125,000 public buildings, as well as bridges, reservoirs, irrigation systems, and other projects. Ickes's PWA continued to function, but the WPA became the primary New Deal work relief program, and FERA was discontinued. Though nominally charged only with undertaking construction projects that cost over $ 25,000, the WPA provided grants for other programs, such as the 4376: 4132: 719: 2321: 3180:. Tokyo sent hundreds of thousands of colonists to Manchukuo, which had raw materials and agricultural resources that were in short supply in Japan. The United States and the League of Nations both condemned the invasion, but none of the great powers made any move to evict Japan from the region, and the Japanese appeared poised to further expand their empire. In a direct challenge to the Western powers, Japan proclaimed the Amau doctrine, which stated that Japan alone held responsibility for maintaining order in East Asia. In 1933, 4513: 4663: 2286:

recreation and sports facilities were built in both rural and urban areas. These projects had the main goal of providing jobs for the unemployed, but they also played to a widespread demand at the time for bodily fitness and the need of recreation in a healthy society. Roosevelt was a strong supporter of the recreation and sports dimension of his programs. The WPA spent $ 941 million on recreational facilities, including 5,900 athletic fields and playgrounds, 770 swimming pools 1,700 parks and 8,300 recreational buildings.

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clash of wills that led to disarray, heartbreak, and anger but also set off pulses of executive energy and sparks of creativity...by handing out one job to several men and several jobs to one man, thus strengthening his own position as a court of appeals, as a depository of information, and as a tool of co-ordination; by ignoring or bypassing collective decision-making agencies, such as the Cabinet...and always by persuading, flattering, juggling, improvising, reshuffling, harmonizing, conciliating, manipulating.

2566:. The Brownlow Committee report on administrative management convinced Roosevelt to propose the creation of a new Department of Conservation to replace the Department of the Interior; the new department that would include the Forest Service. For Ickes, the land itself had a higher purpose than mere human usage; Wallace wanted the optimum economic productivity of public lands. Both Interior and Agriculture had very strong supporters in Congress, and Roosevelt's plan went nowhere. The status quo triumphed. 1793:(CWA), which would provide employment for anyone who was unemployed. In less than four months, the CWA hired four million people, and during its five months of operation, the CWA built and repaired 200 swimming pools, 3,700 playgrounds, 40,000 schools, 250,000 miles (400,000 km) of road, and 12 million feet of sewer pipe. The CWA was widely popular, but Roosevelt canceled it in March 1934 due to cost concerns and the fear of establishing a precedent that the government would serve as a permanent 5312:(CIO) in 1935. Roosevelt pronounced a "plague on both your houses," but labor's disunity weakened the party in the elections from 1938 through 1946. Roosevelt won large majorities of the union votes, even in 1940 when Lewis took an isolationist position on Europe, as demanded by far-left union elements. The durable connections established during the 1930s helped ensure organized labor's rejection of both socialism and communism, and labor become an important component of the Democratic Party. 168: 1743:

closed the banks in 32 states; in the remaining states, many banks were closed and depositors were permitted to withdraw only five percent of their deposits. On March 5, Roosevelt declared a federal bank holiday, closing every bank in the nation. Though some questioned Roosevelt's constitutional authority to declare a bank holiday, his action received little immediate political resistance in light of the severity of the crisis. Working with the outgoing secretary of the treasury,

2889:" because it effectively ended any chance of passing the court-packing bill. Later in 1937, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the NLRB and the major provisions of the Social Security Act. One of the Four Horsemen, Willis Van Devanter, stepped down that same year, giving Roosevelt his first opportunity to appoint a Supreme Court justice, and several more Supreme Court vacancies followed. By the end of his second term in January 1941, Roosevelt had appointed 5567: 5441: 1064: 3129:, but isolationists in the 1930s sought to keep the U.S. out of world affairs to an unprecedented degree. Isolationist sentiment stemmed from a desire to focus on domestic issues, bitterness over World War I and unpaid debts stemming from that war, and a general detachment from, and reluctance to become involved in, the growing crises in East Asia and Europe. Responding to the country's isolationist mood, Roosevelt dropped his support for U.S. entrance into the 5244:

Depression hit these new immigrants hard, for they had low skill levels and were concentrated in heavy industry. They strongly responded to work relief programs and other aspects of the New Deal, becoming one of the largest and most critical voting blocs in the New Deal coalition. Roosevelt scored large majorities among the main Catholics groups up to 1940. In particular he largely retained the support the Irish, despite Al Smith's repudiation of the New Deal.

1640: 15703: 12688: 2522:. His environmental policy can be divided into three major domains. First of all his focus was on a few issues that had long concerned environmentalists: clean air and water, land management, preservation of forest lands, protection of wildlife, conservation of natural resources, and the creation of national parks and monuments. Second, he created permanent institutional structures with environmental missions, including permanent institutions like the 3925: 3464: 3631: 3439:, which were to be used to defend against German submarines. The destroyers themselves held relatively little military importance, but the deal represented a symbolic American commitment to Britain. Later in September 1940, with the backing of both major party presidential candidates, Congress authorized the nation's first ever peacetime draft. Hitler and Mussolini responded to the Destroyers for Bases Agreement by joining with Japan in the 2944: 2379:

insurance program largely because of the lack of active popular, congressional, or interest group support for such a program. Roosevelt's strategy was to wait for demand for a program to materialize, and then, if he thought it popular enough, to throw his support behind it. Jaap Kooijman writes that Roosevelt succeeded in "pacifying the opponents without discouraging the reformers." During World War II, a group of congressmen introduced the

4571: 3957: 2302:, the NYA developed apprenticeship programs and residential camps specializing in teaching vocational skills. It was one of the first agencies that made an explicit effort to enroll black students. The NYA work-study program reached up to 500,000 students per month in high schools, colleges, and graduate schools. The NYA also set up its own high schools, entirely separate from the public school system or academic schools of education. 15713: 4190: 4017: 3731: 3656: 1769:(FDIC), while depositors in permanently closed banks were eventually repaid 85 cents on the dollar. Roosevelt himself was dubious about insuring bank deposits, saying, "We do not wish to make the United States Government liable for the mistakes and errors of individual banks, and put a premium on unsound banking in the future." But public support was overwhelmingly in favor, and the number of bank failures dropped to near zero. 1801: 2988: 5178: 4992: 4902: 4765: 4736: 4282: 1888: 1055:, who controlled the votes of Texas and California, threw his support behind Roosevelt after the third ballot, and Roosevelt clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot. With little input from Roosevelt, Garner won the vice presidential nomination. Roosevelt flew in from New York after learning that he had won the nomination, becoming the first major party presidential nominee to accept the nomination in person. 5333:. Smith overplayed his hand, and his boisterous rhetoric let Roosevelt isolate his opponents and identify them with the wealthy vested interests that opposed the New Deal, contributing to Roosevelt's 1936 landslide. Early in Roosevelt's term, many Republicans supported New Deal agenda, but as progressives left the party or suffered electoral defeat, they became increasingly unified in opposition to Roosevelt. 3388:," a period of inactivity in Europe following the conclusion of the invasion of Poland, Roosevelt tried to negotiate a peace, but Hitler was uninterested in such a possibility. Japan, meanwhile, grew increasingly assertive in the Pacific, demanding that the French and British colonies close their borders with China. Beginning in September 1939, Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with 2579:. The CCC programs were deliberately designed not teach skills that would put them in competition with unemployed union members. The CCC did have its own classes. They were voluntary, took place after work, and focused on teaching basic literacy to young men who had dropped out before entering high school. The NYA set up its own high schools independent of the locally controlled public schools. 2583:

to 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities. It gave a temporary jobs to unemployed teachers in cities like Boston. Although New Deal leaders refused to give money to impoverished school districts, it did give money to impoverished high school and college students. The CWA used "work study" programs to fund students, both male and female.

5274:" to advise him on African-American affairs. Roosevelt supported policies designed to aid the African American community, including the Fair Labor Standards Act, which helped boost wages for non-white workers in the South. In response to Roosevelt's policies, African Americans increasingly defected from the Republican Party during the 1930s and 1940s, becoming an important Democratic 5465:. The Democratic convention ended the "two-thirds rule," which had required that the Democratic presidential nominee win two-thirds of the delegates rather than a simple majority, thereby giving the South a veto. With many conservatives already alienated by New Deal liberalism, Roosevelt moved to the left and attacked business interests. The Republicans nominated Kansas Governor 2856:, and Congress had altered the number of justices six other times throughout U.S. history. Roosevelt argued that the bill was necessary for reasons of judicial efficiency, but it was widely understood that his real goal was to appoint sympathetic justices. What Roosevelt saw as a necessary and measured reform, many throughout the country saw as an attack on the principle of 3223:. The Neutrality Act of 1935 required Roosevelt to impose an arms embargo on all belligerents in any given foreign war, without any discretion left to the president. Though he privately opposed the Neutrality Act of 1935 and its successors, Roosevelt signed the bills order to preserve his political capital for his domestic agenda. In 1936, Germany and Japan signed the 2864:" plan. Roosevelt's proposal ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner. A bipartisan coalition of liberals and conservatives of both parties opposed the bill, and Chief Justice Hughes broke with precedent by publicly advocating defeat of the bill. Any chance of passing the bill ended with the death of Senate Majority Leader 2366:, and Social Security benefits were based on how much each individual had paid into the system, the program would not contribute to income redistribution in the way that some reformers, including Perkins, had hoped. In addition to creating the Social Security program, the Social Security Act also established a state-administered unemployment insurance system and the 1595:, a prominent Tennessean who had served in the House and Senate. Though Hull was not a foreign policy expert, he was a long-time advocate of tariff reduction, was respected by his Senate colleagues, and did not hold ambitions for the presidency. Roosevelt's inaugural cabinet included several influential Republicans, including Secretary of the Treasury 3007:, Roosevelt abandoned his fiscally conservative positions in favor of economic stimulus funding. By increasing government spending, Roosevelt hoped to increase consumption, which in turn would allow private employers to hire more workers and drive down the unemployment rate. In mid-1938, Roosevelt authorized new loans to private industry by the 2637:

economy declined sharply. Anti-Roosevelt forces gained strength and the New Deal Coalition lost heavily in the 1938 midterm elections. Roosevelt suffered what historians call the "second term curse." The victors were overconfident, ignoring the administration's weaknesses. The minority party after losing two elections was eager to strike back.

2614:, making her the first woman to serve on a federal appeals court. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt played a highly visible role in building a network of women in advisory roles and in promoting relief programs. The New Deal thereby placed more women in public life—a record that stood until the 1960s. In 1941 Mrs. Roosevelt became co-head of the 5632:," supplying aid to those resisting Germany and other aggressors. He stated, "if Great Britain goes down, the Axis Powers will control the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and the high seas–and they will be in a position to bring enormous military military and naval resources against this hemisphere." In his January 1941 2885:. In a 5–4 decision, the Court upheld a state minimum wage law that was similar to a state law that the court had struck down the year before; the difference between the cases was that Roberts switched his vote. The case was widely seen as an important shift in the Court's judicial philosophy, and one newspaper called Roberts's vote " 3355:. In early 1939, Roosevelt allowed the French to place large orders with the aircraft industry on a cash-and-carry basis, as allowed by law. Most of the aircraft ordered had not arrived in France by the time of its collapse in May 1940, so Roosevelt arranged for French orders to be sold to the British. 5278:

in several Northern states. However, Roosevelt needed the support of the powerful white Southern Democrats for his New Deal programs, and blacks were still disenfranchised in most of the South. He decided against pushing for legislation that would make lynching a federal crime; such legislation could

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vehemently attacked the president as an irresponsible warmonger. In turn they were denounced as anti-Semitic dupes of the Nazis. Reviewer Richard S. Faulkner paraphrases Lynne Olson in arguing that, "Lindbergh was far from the simple anti-Semite and pro-Nazi dupe that the Roosevelt administration and

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in August 1939, which contained a secret protocol for the partition of Poland. Though few Americans wanted to intervene in the war, an October 1939 Gallup poll showed that over 80 percent of the country favored Britain and France over Germany. Per the terms of the Neutrality Act, Roosevelt recognized

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Women received recognition from the Roosevelt administration. In relief programs, they were eligible for jobs if they were the breadwinner in the family. During the 1930s there was a strong national consensus that in times of job shortages, it was wrong for the government to employ both a husband and

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to stabilize currency exchange rates. Roosevelt's "bombshell" message to that conference effectively ended any major efforts by the world powers to collaborate on ending the worldwide depression, and allowed Roosevelt a free hand in economic policy. Though Roosevelt was willing to negotiate regarding

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from banks for fear that they would lose their deposits after a bank failure. In the months after Roosevelt's election, several governors declared bank holidays, temporarily closing banks so that their deposits could not be withdrawn. By the time Roosevelt took office, gubernatorial proclamations had

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were attacked for trying to obtain a third non-consecutive term. Roosevelt systematically undercut prominent Democrats who were angling for the nomination, including Vice President John Nance Garner and two cabinet members, Secretary of State Hull and Postmaster General James Farley. Roosevelt moved

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Roosevelt had always belonged to the more liberal wing of the Democratic Party, and he sought a realignment that would solidify liberal dominance. During the 1932 campaign he predicted privately, "I'll be in the White House for eight years. When those years are over, there'll be a Progressive party.

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allied with one another through the Rome-Berlin Axis agreement. Roosevelt saw the threat that these rising powers posed, but focused on reviving the U.S. economy during the early part of his presidency. Hitler and other world leaders, meanwhile, believed that the U.S. would be reluctant to intervene

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Despite expectations that the 1936 landslide heralded an expansion of liberal programs, everything went wrong for the New Dealers. The Democrats feuded and divided, with even Vice President Garner breaking with the president. The labor movement grew stronger but then began fighting itself, while the

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Nor did the New Deal make much more than a symbolic effort to address problems of gender equality....New Deal programs (even those designed by New Deal women) continued most mostly to reflect traditional assumptions about women's roles and made few gestures toward the aspirations of women who sought

2535:, improve river navigation, and supply water for irrigation. His administration initiated the construction of numerous dams located in the South and the West. Although proposals to replicate the Tennessee Valley Authority in the Pacific Northwest were not acted upon, the administration completed the 2370:

program, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. Compared with the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. But for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged,

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symbols, which indicated that a company cooperated with the NRA, became ubiquitous. The NRA targeted ten essential industries deemed crucial to an economic recovery, starting with textile industry and next turning to coal, oil, steel, automobiles, and lumber. Though unwilling to dictate the codes to

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of the 1920s was further exacerbated by the onset of the Great Depression, and foreclosures were common among debt-ridden farms. Farmers were locked in a vicious cycle in which low prices encouraged individual farmers to engage in greater production, which in turn lowered prices by providing greater

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Historians categorize Roosevelt's economic program into three categories: "relief, recovery and reform." Relief was urgently needed by tens of millions of unemployed. Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal. Reform meant long-term fixes of what was wrong, especially with the financial and

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Roosevelt had feared the possibility of either Huey Long or a progressive Republican entering the race to split the left-wing vote. Roosevelt's Second New Deal, along with the death of Long in September 1935, helped prevent any major third party or Democratic primary challenge. Roosevelt and Garner

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to recommend changes to the structure of the executive branch. The Brownlow Committee warned that the agencies had grown increasingly powerful and independent, and proposed reforms designed to tighten the president's control over these agencies. The committee proposed a plan to consolidate over 100

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The relief programs did offer indirect help to public schools. The CWA and FERA focused on hiring unemployed people on relief, and putting them to work on public buildings, including public schools. It built or upgraded 40,000 schools, plus thousands of playgrounds and athletic fields. It gave jobs

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Roosevelt's favorite agency, the CCC, expended most of its effort on environmental projects. In the dozen years after its creation, the CCC built 13,000 miles of trails, planted two billion trees, and upgraded 125,000 miles of dirt roads. Every state had its own state parks, and Roosevelt made sure

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Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate. Although FDR was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on TR's scale, his growth of the national systems were comparable. FDR created 140 national wildlife refuges

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was ratified later that year; he was not involved in the amendment but was given much of the credit. The repeal of prohibition brought in new tax revenues to federal, state and local governments and helped Roosevelt keep a campaign promise that attracted widespread popular support. It also weakened

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Ruth Milkman points out that, "The 1932 federal Economy Act included a 'married persons' clause stipulating that whenever layoffs took place in the executive branch, married persons whose spouses were federal government employees should be the first to go....this nearly always meant firing married

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Roosevelt at first had massive support from the rapidly growing labor unions; one laborer summed up the feeling of many workers when he stated that "Mr. Roosevelt is the only man we ever had in the White House who would understand that my boss is a sonofabitch." Beginning in the mid-to-late 1930s,

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The United States was the lone modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security, though a handful of states had poorly-funded old-age insurance programs. The federal government had provided pensions to veterans in the aftermath of the Civil

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who had never held public office. A well-known corporate attorney and executive, Willkie rose to public notice through his criticism of the New Deal and his clashes with the TVA. Unlike his isolationist rivals for the Republican nomination, Willkie favored Britain in the war, and he was backed by

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The New Deal approach to education was a radical departure from previous practices. It was specifically designed for the poor and staffed largely by women on relief. It was not based on professionalism, nor was it designed by experts. Instead it was premised on the anti-elitist notion that a good

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galvanized support for his pension proposal, which called for the federal government to issue direct $ 200-a-month payments to the elderly. Roosevelt was attracted to the general thinking behind Townsend's plan because it would provide for those no longer capable of working while at the same time

2082:. Going off the gold standard allowed Roosevelt to pursue inflationary policies, to overcome the sharp fall in prices that hurt the economy. Inflation would reduce the effective size of public and private debt. As part of his inflationary policies, Roosevelt refused to take part in efforts at the 5627:

After his victory over Willkie, Roosevelt embarked on a public campaign to win congressional support for aid to the British. In December 1940, Roosevelt received a letter from Churchill asking the U.S. to repeal the cash and carry provision of the Neutrality Act. With British forces committed to

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After the Munich Agreement, Roosevelt began to prepare for the imminent outbreak of war. He called for the revision of the Neutrality Act in his 1939 State of the Union Address, but his proposal was defeated in both houses of Congress. Roosevelt ordered an increase in aircraft production, with a

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Like the CWA and the CCC, the WPA typically was based on collaboration with local government, which provided the plans, the site, and the heavy equipment, while the federal government provided the labor. Building new recreational facilities in public parks fit the model, and tens of thousands of

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The AAA was the first federal agricultural program to operate on such a large scale, and it established a long-lasting federal role in the planning of the entire agricultural sector of the economy. In 1936, the Supreme Court declared the AAA to be unconstitutional for technical reasons. With the

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Roosevelt placed a high emphasis on agricultural issues. Farmers made up thirty percent of the nation's workforce, and New Dealers hoped that an agricultural recovery would help stimulate the broader economy. Leadership of the farm programs of the New Deal lay with Secretary of Agriculture Henry

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The president stayed in charge of his administration...by drawing fully on his formal and informal powers as Chief Executive; by raising goals, creating momentum, inspiring a personal loyalty, getting the best out of people...by deliberately fostering among his aides a sense of competition and a

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appealed to Roosevelt for an American entry into the war, but Roosevelt was still unwilling to challenge the isolationist sentiment in the United States. With France on the verge of surrender, Italy also launched an invasion of France. France surrendered on June 22, resulting in the division of

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as the head of the NRA, based on his experience in directing the national economy in World War I. Johnson used the NRA to curb industrial overproduction and excessive competition through price cutting. He sought to keep wages high. The NRA won the pledges of two million businesses to create and

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Primarily this is because rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure, and have abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the

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As the campaign drew to a close, Willkie and other Republicans stepped up their attacks on Roosevelt's foreign policy. Willkie warned that Roosevelt's re-election would lead to the deployment of U.S. troops abroad. In response, Roosevelt stated that "Your boys are not going to be sent into any

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Though the Committee on Economic Security had originally sought to develop a national health care system, the Social Security Act ultimately included only relatively small health care grants designed to help rural communities and the disabled. Roosevelt declined to include a large-scale health

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The "Second New Deal" is the designation historians use for the dramatic domestic policies passed during the last two years of Roosevelt's first term. Unlike his efforts in the first two years to be inclusive of all established interest groups, Roosevelt moved left and focused on helping labor

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program. The proposal for a national health care system was dropped, but the committee developed an unemployment insurance program largely administered by the states. The committee also developed an old-age plan that, at Roosevelt's insistence, would be funded by individual contributions from

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was still 11% below the apex reached in 1929. It finally caught up and passed 1929 during 1936. Unemployment remained a major problem at 20%. However farm incomes were recovering. With the economy still in depression, and following Democratic triumphs in the 1934 mid-term elections, Roosevelt

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won election as Senator from Missouri. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were bolstered as Conservative Republicans suffered major losses across the country and several Democrats won in Northern, urban areas outside of the party's traditional base in the South. Blacks started their move into the

3380:

and other isolationists, Roosevelt won passage of the Neutrality Act of 1939, which allowed belligerents to purchase aircraft and other combat material from the United States, albeit only on a cash and carry basis. Though the United States would remain officially neutral until December 1941,

3112:

By the late 1920s, the Soviet Union was no longer a pariah in European affairs, and had normal diplomatic and trade relations with most countries. By 1933, old American fears of Communist threats had faded, and the business community, as well as newspaper editors, were calling for diplomatic

5623:

with 55% of the popular vote and almost 85% of the electoral vote (449 to 82). Willkie won ten states: strongly Republican states of Vermont and Maine, and eight isolationist states in the Midwest. The Democrats retained their congressional majorities, but the conservative coalition largely

5247:

Roosevelt also won over working class Protestant voters and progressive Republicans. Many of these progressives continued to vote for Republican congressional candidates, but others joined the Democratic Party. In western states like North Dakota, progressive voters defected en masse to the

5243:

The impact of the Prohibition issue, the Great Depression, the New Deal and World War II on white ethnic groups (mostly Catholics and Jews) was enormous. Political participation was low among the "new" immigrants who arrived after 1890; the established machines did not need their votes. The

3100:, which allowed the president to negotiate trade reciprocity treaties with other countries. Over the next six years, the U.S. signed agreements with 21 countries, resulting in a significant reduction of tariff levels. Aided by the passage of the Reciprocal Tariff Act and the creation of the 1051:, but most delegates entered the convention unbound to any particular candidate. On the first presidential ballot of the convention, Roosevelt received the votes of more than half but less than two-thirds of the delegates, with Smith finishing in a distant second place. Speaker of the House 2025:

designed to prevent the growth of trusts, Hise had favored the creation of governmental organizations charged with regulating trusts. The NRA tried to end cutthroat competition by forcing industries to come up with codes that established the rules of operation for all firms within specific

3048:, which enabled the immediate creation of numerous wartime agencies. The reorganization is best known for allowing the President to appoint numerous assistants and advisers. Those who built a network of support in Congress became virtually independent "czars" in their specialized domains. 5320:

Though he put together a powerful new political coalition, Roosevelt also alienated various groups. While the First New Deal of 1933 had broad support from most sectors, the Second New Deal challenged the business community. Conservative Democrats, led by Al Smith, fought back with the

2928:

in Alabama supported him. Black was quiet but his friends denied he had ever been a KKK member. After he was confirmed his KKK membership became known and a second firestorm exploded. Black and Roosevelt waited it out and Black went on to become a prominent champion of civil liberties.

1988:

that were designed to serve as models of cooperative, egalitarian living. Though the more ambitious experiments of the TVA generally failed to take hold, by 1940, the TVA had become the largest producer of electric power in the country. The Roosevelt administration also established the

1758:" of the 73rd Congress saw an unprecedented amount of legislation and set a benchmark against which future presidents would be compared. When the banks reopened on Monday, March 13, stock prices rose by 15 percent and bank deposits exceeded withdrawals, thus ending the bank panic. 5218:

Roosevelt enjoyed support among the traditional Democratic base of Northern Catholics and Southern whites, but his 1936 re-election depended on mobilizing new voters and retaining the votes of those who had been alienated by Hoover. Roosevelt forged a new coalition consisting of

2026:

industries, such as minimum prices, minimum wages, agreements not to compete, and production restrictions. Industry leaders negotiated the codes with the approval and guidance of NIRA officials. Other provisions encouraged the formation of unions and suspended anti-trust laws.

5530:, which was designed to prevent federal employees from taking part in political campaigns. Despite their opposition to Roosevelt's domestic policies, many conservative Congressmen would provide crucial support for Roosevelt's foreign policy before and during World War II. 3133:

during the 1932 presidential campaign. Learning from Wilson's mistakes, Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. Roosevelt was especially reluctant to clash with progressive Republicans senators like George Norris,

5469:, a liberal who accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste. Roosevelt and Garner won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except Maine and Vermont. Roosevelt's victory margin of 515 electoral votes was the 5390:

was solidified even though Roosevelt was not on the ballot. The election was the most successful midterm of the 20th century for the party in control of the presidency. The New Dealers overcame determined opposition from Republicans, business organizations such as the

3455:

pro-intervention press often portrayed him to be, but was rather a man whose technical and clinical mind had him convinced that Britain could not win the war and America’s lack of military preparedness meant that intervention was immoral, illogical, and suicidal."

1781:(FERA), the largest program from 1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief. FERA was led by Harry Hopkins, who had helmed a similar program under Roosevelt in New York. Another agency, the 2436:, Roosevelt broke with the precedent set by many former presidents and refused to intervene; the strike ultimately led to the unionization of both General Motors and its rivals in the American automobile industry. In the aftermath of the Flint sit-down strike, 1615:

reassured the business community, while Wallace, Perkins, and Ickes appealed to Roosevelt's left-wing supporters. Most of Roosevelt's cabinet selections would remain in place until 1936, but ill health forced Woodin to resign in 1933, and he was succeeded by

3084:

on the Rights and Duties of States, renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in the affairs of Latin American countries. Following the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Haiti, the only U.S. military forces remaining in the Caribbean were stationed in the

1934:. New Deal leaders resisted demands of the poor for loans to buy farms, as many leaders thought that there were already too many farmers. The Roosevelt administration made a major effort to upgrade the health facilities available to a sickly population. The 2960:, which articulated the conservative opposition to the growth of labor unions, taxation, regulations, and relief programs that had occurred under the New Deal. Roosevelt did manage to pass some legislation as long as it had enough Republican support. The 2843:

The Supreme Court's holdings had led many to seek to restrict its power through constitutional amendment, but the difficulty of amending the constitution caused Roosevelt to turn to a legislative remedy. After winning re-election, Roosevelt proposed the

2645:

Franklin Roosevelt’s second term was the least successful part of his presidency, as it saw the failure of his effort to pack the Supreme Court and a major economic relapse in 1938 and no accomplishment remotely comparable to the New Deal or his wartime

2481:

in January 1936. The Bonus Act pumped sums equal to 2% of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect. Government spending increased from 8.0% of gross national product (GNP) under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2% of the GNP in 1936.

1942:(REA), which built electric lines in rural areas providing electricity for the first time to millions. In the decade following the establishment of the REA, the share of farms with electricity went from under 20 percent to approximately 90 percent. 5408:, whose victory in a Chicago-based congressional district made him the first ever African-American Democrat to serve in Congress. After the elections, the Democratic Party controlled over two-thirds of the seats in both the House and the Senate. 2170:

House construction was widely seen as a potential component of an economic recovery. Though Keynes and Senator Wagner both favored large-scale public housing projects, the Roosevelt administration prioritized programs designed to boost private

3309:, which called for an international "quarantine" against the "epidemic of world lawlessness." He did not at this point seek sanctions against Japan, but he did begin strategic planning to build long-range submarines that could blockade Japan. 2951:

With Roosevelt's influence on the wane following the failure of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, conservative Democrats joined with Republicans to block the implementation of further New Deal regulatory programs. Led by Senator

2501:, paid the top tax rate. In early 1936, following the passage of the Bonus Act, Roosevelt again sought to increase taxes on corporate profits. Congress passed a bill that raised less revenue that Roosevelt's proposals, but did impose an 5495:, Republicans won thirteen governorships, eight Senate seats, and doubled the number of seats they controlled in the House of Representatives. Democratic losses were concentrated among pro-New Deal, Roosevelt allies like Congressman 5248:

Democratic Party and became influential in the state party organization. At the same time, many conservative, rural voters returned to the Republican Party after 1932, diminishing the influence of conservative Northern Democrats.

5231:, as it became known, made the Democratic Party the majority party in the 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. The American political system that incorporated the coalition and its opposition is characterized by scholars as the 2827:

of the courts, and Franklin Roosevelt's ambitious domestic programs inevitably came to the attention of the Supreme Court. The court struck down a major New Deal program for the first time through its holding in the 1935 case of

3067:

Roosevelt's first inaugural address contained just one sentence devoted to foreign policy, indicative of the domestic focus of his first term. The main foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt's first term was what he called the

3192:. At first, many in the United States thought of Hitler as a something of a comic figure, but Hitler quickly consolidated his power in Germany and attacked the European order that had emerged in the 1920s. Hitler preached a 2270:, which, unlike the work relief programs of 1933, allowed for a long-term role for the government as the employer of last resort. Roosevelt, among others, feared that the private sector would never again be able to provide 1765:, which curbed speculation by limiting the investments commercial banks could make and ending affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms. Depositors in open banks received insurance coverage from the new 3376:

a state of war in Europe, imposing an arms embargo on France, Britain, and Germany. Days later, Roosevelt called Congress into a special session to revise the Neutrality Act. Overcoming the opposition of famous aviator

2627:

economic independence and professional opportunities. The interest in individual and group rights that became so central to the postwar liberalism... was faint, and at times almost invisible, within the New Deal itself.

2342:

stimulating demand in the economy and decreasing the supply of labor. In 1934, Roosevelt charged the Committee on Economic Security, chaired by Secretary of Labor Perkins, with developing an old-age pension program, an

5628:

defending against Germany, Churchill asked for the United States to provide loans and shipping for American goods. In response, Roosevelt delivered a speech in which he called for the United States to serve as the "

1107:, the Democrats took control of the Senate and built upon their majority in the House. Though congressional Democratic leadership was dominated by conservative Southerners, over half of the members of the incoming 15038: 15033: 5615:. Willkie's internationalist views initially prevented the issue of foreign policy from dominating the campaign, helping to allow for the Destroyers for Bases Agreement and the establishment of a peacetime draft. 2526:

and temporary operations such as the CCC. Finally, Roosevelt was a superb communicator with the people, and with Congress, using speeches and especially highly publicized trips visiting key conservation locales.

2423:

of 1932, its passage left labor unions in a favorable legal and political environment. Other factors, including popular works that depicted the struggles of the working class, declining ethnic rivalries, and the

2428:'s investigation of anti-labor abuses, further swung the public mood in favor of labor. The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector. When the 2095:. In October 1933, the Roosevelt administration began a policy of buying gold in the hopes that such purchases would lead to inflation. The program was strongly criticized by observers like Keynes, as well as 1844:

to help address the issue of overproduction by purchasing agricultural surpluses, but it failed to stabilize prices. In the 1930s, Midwestern farmers would additionally have to contend with a series of severe

1904:, the AAA was replaced by a similar program that did win Court approval. Instead of paying farmers for letting fields lie barren, the new program subsidized them for planting soil enriching hay crops such as 1577:

Roosevelt appointed powerful men to top positions but made certain he made all the major decisions, regardless of delays, inefficiency or resentment. Analyzing the president's administrative style, historian

5385:

Although midterm elections normally see the party in control of the presidency lose seats in Congress, the 1934 elections resulted in major Democratic gains in the Senate and minor gains in the House. The

3420:, Britain and its dominions became the lone major force at war with Germany. Roosevelt, who was determined that Britain not be defeated, took advantage of the rapid shifts of public opinion; the fall of 2266:." It consisted of government programs that were designed to help provide not just recovery, but also long-term stability and security for ordinary Americans. In April 1935, Roosevelt won passage of the 1611:. Farley became Postmaster General, taking charge of major patronage issues. Howe became Roosevelt's personal secretary until his death in 1936. The selections of Hull, Woodin, and Secretary of Commerce 11431: 5470: 4719:

with Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Addressed senators, Members of Parliament, and the general public outside the houses of parliament.

2074:

The Agricultural Adjustment Act included the Thomas Amendment, a provision that allowed the president to reduce the gold content of the dollar, to coin silver dollars, and issue $ 3 billion in

1908:

that would not be sold on the market. Federal regulation of agricultural production has been modified many times since then, but the basic philosophy of subsidizing farmers remains in effect.

5653: 1095:, which ended with the violent dispersal of thousands of protesting veterans. Roosevelt won 472 of the 531 electoral votes and 57.4% of the popular vote, making him the first Democrat since 1711: 5227:, blue collar workers, minorities (racial, ethnic and religious), farmers, white Southerners, people on relief, long-time middle class and business class Democrats, and intellectuals. The 1777:

Relief for the unemployed was a major priority for the New Deal, and Roosevelt copied the programs he had initiated as governor of New York as well as the programs Hoover had started. The

1754:. Rather than nationalizing the financial industry, as some radicals hoped and many conservatives feared, the bill used federal assistance to stabilize privately owned banks. The ensuing " 7958: 7943: 5449: 2444:. The total number of labor union members grew from three million in 1933 to eight million at the end of the 1930s, with the vast majority of union members living outside of the South. 2042:

To replace the regulatory role of the NRA, the New Deal established or strengthened several durable agencies designed to regulate specific industries. In 1934, Congress established the

1100: 11905: 2207:. The housing institutions established under the New Deal did not appreciably contribute to new house building in the 1930s, but they played a major role in the post-war housing boom. 5279:

not pass over a Southern filibuster and the political fight would threaten his ability to pass his priority programs. He did denounce lynchings as "a vile form of collective murder."

3275:

The inability of the League of Nations or the United States to prevent the Italian invasion of Ethiopia emboldened Japan and Germany to pursue their territorial ambitions. After the

2868:

in July 1937, after Roosevelt had expended crucial political capital on the failed bill. The Court packing fight cost Roosevelt the support of some liberals, such as Montana Senator

2848:, which would have allowed him to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice over the age of 70; in 1937, there were six Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70. The 12447: 1738:

Banking reform was the most urgent task facing the newly inaugurated administration. Thousands of smaller banks had failed or were on the verge of failing, and panicked depositors

1111:

had been elected since 1930. Many of these new members were eager to take action to combat the Depression, even if it meant defying the political orthodoxy of the previous years.

2497:, which raised relatively little revenue but did increase taxes on the highest earners. A top tax rate of 79% was set for income above $ 5 million; in 1935, just one individual, 14850: 5235:. The New Deal coalition had the most dramatic effect in the North, as the Democrats became competitive throughout the region for the first time since the end of the Civil War. 3793: 2419:(NLRB) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress labor disturbances. The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees, but, together with the 1789:, one of the most aggressive of the New Deal empire builders. Seeking to increase the federal role in providing work relief, Hopkins successfully pushed for the creation of the 1709: 15008: 13811: 3320:

in defiance of the Versailles Treaty. Without the support of Britain or Italy, France declined to intervene to prevent the remilitarization. In March 1938, Germany peacefully

2531:

that WPA and CCC projects were set up to upgrade them as well as the national systems. Roosevelt was particularly supportive of water management projects, which could provide

2162:. The law arose from concerns that the holding companies had used elaborate measures to extract profits from subsidiary utility companies while taking advantage of customers. 3305:, which would have required a national referendum for any declaration of war, was only narrowly defeated in the House. Roosevelt gained world attention with his October 1937 3146:, all of whom provided support for his domestic programs and favored an isolationist foreign policy. The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early to mid-1930s by the 1043:, the 1928 Democratic presidential nominee and a former close ally. Smith hoped to deny Roosevelt the two-thirds support necessary to win the party's presidential nomination 14521: 2920:

Roosevelt never added new seats but he did replace the old justices as they retired. In his first appointment he made the highly controversial nomination of Alabama Senator

2815:," and the two swing votes in Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Associate Justice Owen Roberts. The more conservative members of the court adhered to principles of the 2606:

Roosevelt appointed more women to office than any previous president. The very first woman in the cabinet was Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. Roosevelt also appointed

2362:. Social Security taxes would be collected from employers by the states, with employers and employees contributing equally to the tax. Because the Social Security tax was 13804: 13751: 12791: 11843: 11580: 5674: 5641: 5561: 2707: 1972:(TVA), a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale in order to curb flooding, generate electricity, and modernize the very poor farms in the 959: 309: 152: 12725: 11915: 11789: 11585: 3057: 681: 832:

provided major reforms in the financial sector. To provide relief to unemployed workers, Roosevelt presided over the establishment of several agencies, including the

11997: 11848: 5579: 5399:. The election was critical in re-centering the Democratic Party in Northern, urban areas, as opposed to the party's traditional base in the South. Future president 2660: 963: 11900: 2135:, a famously successful speculator himself, to head the SEC and clean up Wall Street. Kennedy appointed a hard-driving team with a mission for reform that included 15028: 15023: 3150:, which investigated the role of business interests in World War I. Isolationist sentiment played a major role derailing Roosevelt's goal of U.S. accession to the 2224: 2964:

built 270,000 public housing units by 1939. The second Agricultural Adjustment Act, which re-established the AAA, had bipartisan support from the farm lobby. The

5473:

since 1820. In the 1936 congressional elections, Democrats expanded their majorities, winning over three-quarters of the seats in both the House and the Senate.

1710: 813: 2387:. Roosevelt never endorsed it, and with conservatives in control of Congress, it stood little chance of passage. Health insurance would be proposed in Truman's 12810: 11605: 3029: 2840:. By the beginning of 1937, the Court had cases on the docket regarding the constitutionality of the Social Security Act and the National Labor Relations Act. 749: 371: 9453: 5355:, and Francis Townsend launched a third party movement to challenge Roosevelt from the left in the 1936 election. They built a short-lived party known as the 12362: 5636:

speech, Roosevelt laid out the case for an American defense of basic rights throughout the world. In that same speech, Roosevelt asked Congress to approve a

1928:(FSA), represented the first national programs to help migrants and marginal farmers, whose plight gained national attention through the 1939 novel and film 975: 696: 805:

of labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners dominant in national politics until the 1960s and defined

14698: 12304: 12096: 12064: 8457:

Irwin, Douglas A. (1998). "From Smoot-Hawley to Reciprocal Trade Agreements: Changing the Course of U.S. Trade Policy in the 1930s". In Bordo, Michael D.;

2947:

Unemployment rate in the U.S. 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–39) highlighted; counts people with WPA & CCC jobs as "unemployed."

2611: 2477:

also won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the president's veto and passed the

887:. The result was rapid growth in union membership. After winning re-election in 1936, the second term was a series of disappointments. Roosevelt sought to 10960: 1035:, Roosevelt rallied some of the supporters of the Wilson while also appealing to many conservatives, establishing himself as the leading candidate in the 2298:(NYA) was a semi-autonomous unit within the WPA. It worked closely with high schools and colleges to set up work-study programs. Under the leadership of 11063: 922:

took aggressive actions against their neighbors. In response to fears that the United States would be drawn into foreign conflicts, Congress passed the

2315: 3447:. The Tripartite Act was specifically designed to intimidate the United States into remaining neutral in the Sino-Japanese War and the war in Europe. 3032:, which increased the president's control over the executive branch. Roosevelt combined several government public works and welfare agencies into the 962:, becoming the only president to serve more than two terms, breaking Washington's two term tradition and laying the groundwork for the passage of the 15772: 10824:

Caughey, Devin, Michael C. Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "Policy and Performance in the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from old data and new methods."

5261: 2879:

In early 1937, while the debate over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 continued, the Supreme Court handed down its holding in the case of

2465:

Roosevelt argued that the emergency spending programs for relief were temporary, and he rejected the deficit spending proposed by economists such as

1047:, and then emerge as the nominee after multiple rounds of balloting. Roosevelt entered the convention with a delegate lead due to his success in the 691: 2219:

issue, but when his party and the general public swung against Prohibition in 1932, he campaigned for repeal. During the Hundred Days he signed the

15618: 14862: 14845: 11549: 11540: 1120: 327: 318: 20: 7003:

Stephen Lassonde, “The Real, Real Youth Problem: The New Deal and American Youth: Ideas and Ideals in a Depression Decade by Richard A. Reiman,”

5594:

World War II shook up the Republican field, possibly preventing the nomination of isolationist congressional leaders like Taft or Vandenberg. The

2329:

War and other wars, and some states had established voluntary old-age pension systems, but otherwise the United States had little experience with

2191:, established in 1934, set national home construction standards and provided insurance to long-term home mortgages. Another New Deal institution, 15628: 15337: 15003: 14788: 14643: 12800: 12747: 11472: 2830: 2311: 786: 72: 15317: 2371:

the temporarily unemployed, dependent children and the handicapped. Reflecting the continuing importance of the Social Security Act, biographer

891:, but his proposal was defeated in Congress. Roosevelt had little success in passing domestic legislation in his second term, as the bipartisan 15593: 14823: 13870: 12718: 11853: 3339:. Roosevelt supported Britain and France, and insisted on American neutrality in Europe. In March 1939, Hitler flouted the Munich Agreement by 2656: 4916: 2013:(NIRA) of 1933, and was designed to implement reforms in the industrial sector. The framers of the NRA were heavily influenced by the work of 1924:

Many rural families lived in severe poverty, especially in the South. Agencies such as the Resettlement Administration and its successor, the

1087:." Hoover argued that the economic collapse had chiefly been the product of international disturbances, and he accused Roosevelt of promoting 910:, in which the U.S. took a non-interventionist stance in Latin American affairs. Foreign policy issues came to the fore in the late 1930s, as 15588: 7374: 1048: 1681:

of academic advisers. Like Hoover, he saw the Depression caused in part by people no longer spending or investing because they were afraid.

15737: 15663: 15638: 15603: 15578: 13674: 13654: 13634: 13614: 13594: 13574: 13554: 13534: 13514: 13494: 13474: 13454: 13434: 13414: 13389: 13369: 13349: 13329: 13309: 13289: 13269: 13249: 13229: 13209: 13189: 13169: 13149: 13129: 13109: 12440: 12314: 11570: 11560: 5553: 5431: 3941: 1001: 706: 639: 612: 585: 558: 352: 342: 249: 7427: 2562:, which Agriculture Secretary Henry Wallace insisted on keeping, but Interior Secretary Harold Ickes wanted so he could merge it with the 2243:

unions, poor farmers, and the unemployed. He energetically battled growing opposition from conservatives, business and banking interests.

2154:

and required companies issuing securities to disclose information regarding the securities they issued. Another major securities law, the

15583: 14935: 14910: 14798: 12490: 11565: 11555: 3700: 3101: 2924:. The nomination was controversial because Black was an ardent New Dealer with almost no judicial experience. It was well known that the 2849: 1648: 778: 767: 347: 337: 5340:

was generally supportive. Unable to win broad support, it concentrated on taking control of labor unions and labor parties, such as the

3072:, which continued the move begun by Coolidge and Hoover toward a more non-interventionist policy in Latin America. American forces were 1607:, who had advised the Roosevelt campaign on farm policies. Roosevelt also appointed the first female cabinet member, Secretary of Labor 15742: 15633: 15623: 15608: 12556: 12326: 12201: 11982: 2267: 2155: 742: 664: 538: 10741: 15673: 15613: 15598: 14920: 14053: 12711: 5822: 4142: 3335:. In a last desperate appeasement (an effort to keep the peace), Britain and France agreed to German demands with the September 1938 1958: 7333:

Zelizer, Julian E. (2000). "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933‐1938".

4948: 1091:

with his novel economic policies. Already unpopular due to the bad economy, Hoover's re-election hopes were further hampered by the

15706: 15658: 15643: 14930: 14925: 14905: 12406: 12394: 12357: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12254: 12249: 11858: 11657: 5620: 5603: 5543: 5452:, winning 61% of the popular vote, receiving 27,747,636 votes to Landon's 16,679,543 votes. President Roosevelt won an even larger 5421: 3151: 2995:

The stock market suffered a major drop in 1937, marking the start of an economic downturn within the Great Depression known as the

2009:(NRA) as one of the two major programs designed to restore economic prosperity, along with the AAA. The NRA was established by the 1829: 1096: 991: 971: 947: 790: 654: 627: 600: 573: 504: 268: 142: 106: 9860: 848:

to implement new policies designed to prevent agricultural overproduction. It also established several agencies, most notably the

256: 15716: 15683: 15678: 15668: 15653: 15076: 14961: 13686: 12321: 12031: 11863: 11838: 11710: 11691: 11617: 11493: 3252: 3163: 2861: 2845: 2367: 2359: 1778: 1456: 1241: 872: 841: 771: 509: 420: 398: 12224: 10879: 1669:, he presented his proposals directly to the American public. To propose programs, Roosevelt relied on leading senators such as 1103:, and he won a larger percentage of the vote than any Democrat before him since the party's founding in 1828. In the concurrent 1019:, many Democrats hoped that the 1932 elections would see the election of the first Democratic president since 1916. Roosevelt's 855:

After his party's sweeping success in the 1934 mid-term elections, Roosevelt presided over the Second New Deal. It featured the

15648: 14808: 12655: 11732: 5523: 3435:. In exchange for the use of British military bases in the Caribbean Islands, the U.S. transferred 50 old World War I American 3248: 2059: 2022: 1861: 1475: 10886:

The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media--from the Founding Fathers to Fake News

7390: 3011:, and he won congressional approval for over $ 4 billion in appropriations for the WPA, the FSA, the PWA, and other programs. 2547:. Roosevelt also presided over the establishment of conservation programs and laws such as the Soil Conservation Service, the 1750:

When the special session of Congress that had been called by Roosevelt opened on March 9, Congress quickly passed Roosevelt's

15013: 14678: 12352: 12181: 11930: 11399:(3 vol), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries. 11165: 11091: 10939:

The Brookings Institution. 1946. Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 900 pages

10666: 10597: 10539: 10499: 10394: 10301: 5664: 5257: 2969: 1954: 1766: 1652: 888: 798: 735: 285: 261: 11413: 10906: 9262:

Richard M. Pious, "The Historical Presidency: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Destroyer Deal: Normalizing Prerogative Power."

7703:

Bower, Kevin P. (2004). "'A favored child of the state': Federal Student Aid at Ohio Colleges and Universities, 1934–1943".

5624:

controlled domestic legislation and remained "leery of presidential extensions of executive power through social programs."

3044:

from the Treasury Department to the Executive Office of the President. The new law also authorized the establishment of the

2618:, the major civil defense agency. She tried to involve women at the local level, but she feuded with her counterpart, Mayor 15688: 12914: 12379: 12007: 11652: 11327: 7738:

women. By 1940 nine states had established similar policies; many local governments also introduced them during the 1930s."

5309: 3368: 2914: 2910: 2485:

In mid-1935, Roosevelt began to prioritize a major reform of the tax code. He sought higher taxes on top incomes, a higher

1939: 876: 8863:

Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War: From the Spanish Civil War to Pearl Harbor (The World of the Roosevelts)

5518:

was the first such address in which the president did not recommend a major new program. Under the leadership of Chairman

5514:

with Southern Democrats, virtually ending Roosevelt's ability to get his domestic proposals enacted into law. Roosevelt's

3367:

of Poland, as France and Britain declared war in response. Western leaders were stunned when the Soviet Union and Germany

15752: 15747: 15417: 14688: 13661: 13641: 13621: 13601: 13581: 13561: 13541: 13521: 13501: 13481: 13461: 13441: 13421: 13396: 13376: 13356: 13336: 13316: 13296: 13276: 13256: 13236: 13216: 13196: 13176: 13156: 13136: 13116: 13096: 13083: 13070: 13057: 13044: 13031: 13018: 13005: 12992: 12979: 12966: 12953: 12940: 12901: 12888: 12875: 12862: 12849: 12836: 12823: 12538: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12219: 11535: 11465: 8369:

Harold C. Relyea, "The Coming of Presidential Czars and their Accountability to Congress: The Initial Years: 1937–1945."

8218: 5595: 5557: 5462: 5435: 3340: 3328: 2172: 1901: 1506: 1401: 1167: 1044: 1005: 797:, a series of programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to Americans and the American economy during the 644: 617: 590: 563: 12259: 10889: 5526:

held hearings on alleged Communist influence in government and labor unions. Congress cut appropriations and passed the

1747:, the Roosevelt administration spent the next few days putting together a bill designed to rescue the banking industry. 987: 568: 15767: 15437: 12384: 12372: 11895: 11742: 11642: 11262: 10516: 10408: 9632: 8870: 8844: 7180: 6850: 5224: 3301:, but the Neutrality Acts blocked arms sales to China. In a reflection of the continuing strength of isolationism, the 3008: 2886: 2688: 2622:, and had little impact on policy. Historian Alan Brinkley states that gender equality was not on the national agenda: 2441: 2131:

to end irresponsible market manipulations and the dissemination of false information about securities. Roosevelt named

2128: 2112: 1884:

suffered under the new system, as some landowners pocketed the federal subsidies distributed for keeping lands fallow.

701: 676: 12046: 3219:

Ethiopia, earning international condemnation. In response, Congress passed the first of a series of laws known as the

2375:

later called the Social Security Act "the most important single piece of social legislation in all American history."

1938:

refinanced many mortgages, reducing the number of displaced farming families. In 1935, the administration created the

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Connor, William James. "Steinbeck's Phalanx Theory: Reflections on His Great Depression Novels and FDR's New Deal."

8997:

J.M. Haight Jr, "France, the United States, and the Munich crisis." Journal of Modern History 32.4 (1960): 340-358.

8788:

Tierney, Dominic (2004). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Covert Aid to the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39".

966:. Roosevelt's first term is unique in that it is the only presidential term not equal to four years in length since 15357: 14983: 14915: 14872: 14379: 13834: 13734: 12734: 11767: 11667: 9457: 9454:"Heads of States and of Governments who have addressed Joint Sessions of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada" 5366:

in the early 20th century, as many of these former progressives distrusted large government programs like the NRA.

5287: 5194: 3540: 2808: 2216: 2176: 2035: 2010: 2006: 1561: 1370: 1210: 1080: 849: 472: 11105: 8128: 8123:

Frederic Krome, "From Liberal Philosophy to Conservative Ideology? Walter Lippmann's Opposition to the New Deal."

5964: 15507: 15457: 15387: 15327: 15307: 15187: 15157: 15107: 14783: 14728: 14693: 14563: 13769: 12506: 12155: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 11875: 11777: 11637: 11523: 11515: 9862:

From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980

9397:"Cruising With The President: An Annotated Chronology of Franklin D.Roosevelt's Cruises During the Potomac Years" 9362: 5515: 5453: 3751: 3041: 2881: 2486: 2124: 1990: 864: 829: 686: 393: 11074: 11052: 9989:

Jamie L. Carson, "Electoral and Partisan Forces in the Roosevelt Era: The US Congressional Elections of 1938."

9396: 2984:. It had support from some Northern Republicans worried about the competition from low-wage Southern factories. 203: 15757: 15347: 15277: 15227: 15177: 15127: 15085: 14803: 14768: 14683: 14673: 14633: 14324: 13704: 12784: 12691: 12176: 12002: 11772: 11496: 11458: 9870: 4517: 3432: 3169: 3045: 2416: 2188: 2115:, thereby increasing the Federal Reserve's ability to control the money supply and respond to business cycles. 2055: 1816:(CCC). The CCC hired 250,000 unemployed young men to work for six months on rural projects. It was directed by 1315: 1272: 1148: 884: 774: 595: 5539: 5417: 649: 622: 533: 15447: 15427: 15397: 15257: 15237: 14773: 14733: 14723: 14718: 14241: 13763: 13757: 13716: 12637: 12498: 12309: 12019: 11890: 11870: 11679: 11674: 11504: 11387: 11219:

Tierney, Dominic. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Covert Aid to the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39."

11030: 4292: 3193: 2812: 2457: 2295: 2275: 2252: 2108: 1104: 1020: 856: 718: 482: 388: 15527: 15407: 15377: 15267: 15247: 15167: 14951: 14758: 14648: 14593: 14548: 14472: 13740: 13728: 13722: 13698: 12292: 12214: 12209: 7561: 5549: 5492: 5482: 5427: 5380: 5305: 3343:

the remaining portions of Czechoslovakia. In response, the British announced their commitment to defending

2559: 2400: 1925: 997: 946:

in June 1940, Roosevelt increased aid to the British and began to build up American military power. In the

923: 117: 11885: 10783:

Spencer, Thomas T. "For the Good of the Party: John Nance Garner, FDR, and New Deal Politics, 1933–1940."

10019:

Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39

4031: 3404:

and France in May. As France's situation grew increasingly desperate, Churchill and French Prime Minister

3024:

agencies into 12 departments and allowed the president to appoint several assistants. Congress passed the

2514:(especially for birds) and established 29 national forests and 29 national parks and monuments, including 1603:, a progressive Republican who would play an important role in the New Deal, and Secretary of Agriculture 15497: 15467: 15207: 15137: 15069: 14578: 14553: 13710: 13690: 12601: 12530: 12191: 11662: 11627: 11622: 11191:

Patel, Kiran Klaus. "Insulation: The Presidency Of Franklin D. Roosevelt During The Years 1933–1941." in

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Modern methods had not reached the backwoods such as Wilder, Tennessee (Tennessee Valley Authority, 1942)

1857: 1813: 1782: 1108: 955: 845: 837: 833: 11383: 11351: 11020: 8835:

Messenger, David A. (2011). "Relations with Spain and European Neutrals". In Pederson, William D (ed.).

7629: 3240:

after a ten-year transition period, as indicative of the strength of isolationism in the United States.

15762: 15547: 15537: 15517: 15487: 15297: 15147: 14978: 14738: 14713: 14618: 14583: 14414: 13787: 13781: 13775: 11952: 11698: 11647: 11036: 6035:

William W. Bremer, "Along the 'American Way': The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed,"

5790: 4613: 3276: 3025: 2552: 2523: 2380: 2088: 2083: 1969: 1946: 1935: 1790: 1761:

In another measure designed to give Americans confidence in the financial system, Congress enacted the

806: 15217: 11121:

For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush

3413:. Roosevelt tried to work with Vichy France from 1940 to 1942 to keep it neutral, with scant success. 2228:

the big-city criminal gangs and rural bootleggers who had profited heavily from illegal liquor sales.

15477: 15043: 14971: 14708: 14663: 14653: 14638: 14628: 14613: 14568: 14558: 12961: 12631: 12607: 12069: 12024: 11972: 11749: 11338:, massive compilation of many public opinion polls from the USA; also some from Europe and Canada; 5582:

after Roosevelt's presidency) since George Washington declined to run for a third term in 1796. Both

3789: 3450:

As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against the Axis Powers, American isolationists like Lindbergh and

3232:

in world affairs. They saw the U.S. withdrawal from Latin America, the Neutrality Acts, and the 1934

3135: 3090: 2502: 2420: 2347: 2204: 1962: 1016: 10878:

Hiltzik, Michael. The New Deal: A Modern History (2011), popular history emphasizing personalities;

958:

who largely refrained from criticizing Roosevelt's foreign policy. Roosevelt later went on to serve

671: 15197: 15117: 14840: 14793: 14778: 14753: 14658: 14598: 14573: 14543: 14533: 14501: 14061: 12613: 12432: 11762: 10693: 8470: 7219:

Jaap Kooijman, "Soon or Later on: Franklin D. Roosevelt and National Health Insurance, 1933–1945."

5044: 5037: 4396: 4380: 4136: 3280: 3233: 3220: 3000: 2996: 2965: 2548: 2515: 2474: 2151: 2063: 1950: 1916: 1076: 927: 896: 875:, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. A third major piece of legislation, the 430: 10873: 9602:

Dubay, Robert W. (1968). "Mississippi and the Proposed Federal Anti-Lynching Bills of 1937–1938".

1599:, a well-connected industrialist who was personally close to Roosevelt, Secretary of the Interior 15557: 14857: 14668: 14608: 14538: 13928: 13818: 13793: 11828: 11799: 10843: 9517:

Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s

7556:

Neil M. Maher, "A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps."

7120: 5500: 5396: 5322: 5079: 4881: 4716: 4315: 4082: 3710: 3451: 3037: 2836: 2615: 2220: 2047: 1794: 9821: 9168:

Zahniser, Marvin R. (1987). "The French Connection: Thirty Years of French-American Relations".

7420:

Joshua K. Hausman, "Fiscal Policy and Economic Recovery: The Case of the 1936 Veterans' Bonus."

4679: 3267: 2493:, and the implementation of a tax on intercorporate dividends. In response, Congress passed the 1075:. Engaging in a cross-country campaign, Roosevelt promised to increase the federal government's 1039:

and West. The chief opposition to Roosevelt's candidacy came from Northeastern liberals such as

942:, but the Neutrality Acts prevented the United States from becoming closely involved. After the 15183: 15062: 14887: 14882: 14743: 14623: 14588: 14254: 13087: 13061: 13048: 13000: 12996: 12883: 12844: 12589: 12457: 12419: 12119: 11815: 7424: 6930: 6790: 5511: 5392: 5041: 4078: 3004: 2957: 2865: 2619: 2540: 2343: 2299: 2258: 2147: 1036: 892: 868: 457: 11307: 8519: 8294: 7862:"U.S. Circuit and District Court Judges: Profile of Select Characteristics Barry J. McMillion" 7835: 7741: 7655: 7599: 7170: 6840: 5644:

subsequently began on January 20, 1941, and would see a continuation of many of his policies.

3028:, which was based on the Brownlow Committee's recommendations. Roosevelt then established the 15413: 14748: 14703: 14603: 14319: 13260: 13240: 13220: 13200: 13144: 12476: 12150: 11947: 11632: 11481: 11403: 11214:

FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle That Divided America

10346:

Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1941

8575: 8255: 7904: 7234: 6647: 5669: 5405: 4885: 4528: 4200: 3747: 3097: 3081: 2857: 2853: 2796: 2563: 2519: 2429: 2425: 2412: 2408: 2384: 1961:. Native Americans worked in the CCC and other New Deal programs, including the newly formed 1785:(PWA), was created to fund infrastructure projects, and was led by Secretary of the Interior 1755: 1751: 1579: 1320: 1227: 1153: 939: 880: 821: 763: 494: 425: 218: 10074: 8462: 7766:

Martha Swain, '"The Forgotten Woman': Ellen S. Woodward and Women's Relief in the New Deal"

5308:(AFL), to organize unskilled workers. After the AFL rejected his proposal, Lewis formed the 3204:" (acquisition of territory to Germany's east), which he sought to repopulate with Germans. 2987: 1864:(AAA). The act reflected the demands of leaders of major farm organizations, especially the 15433: 14384: 14125: 12926: 12909: 12091: 12086: 12012: 11942: 11757: 11754: 11737: 11725: 11715: 11507: 11126:

Benjamin, Jules R. "The New Deal, Cuba, and the Rise of a Global Foreign Economic Policy."

10912: 8465:

The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century

5629: 5341: 4172: 3295:

both outraged Americans, many of whom had an affinity for China due to cultural works like

3069: 3033: 2576: 1977: 1617: 1289: 1258: 907: 816:

in office, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of

6772:

John W. Jeffries, "A 'Third New Deal'? Liberal Policy and the American State, 1937-1945."

5830: 4355:

Inspected British base sites for possible American use. Met with the Governor, H.R.H. the

906:

in the United States. The key foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt's first term was the

8: 15363: 15283: 14966: 14259: 14249: 14083: 13988: 13976: 13946: 13940: 13013: 12987: 12948: 12944: 12922: 12762: 12752: 12522: 12514: 12468: 12427: 12367: 11686: 11356: 10094: 9542:

Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941

8463: 8213:

William E. Leuchtenburg, "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black."

6412:

Technology as freedom: The New Deal and the electrical modernization of the American home

5337: 5301: 5270:

became the first African American federal judge. Roosevelt also established an informal "

5266:

Roosevelt appointed African Americans to an unprecedented number of political positions;

4639: 4634: 4437: 4432: 4403: 4209: 4113: 3993: 3988: 3864: 3859: 3641: 3431:

On September 2, 1940, Roosevelt defied the spirit of the Neutrality Acts in reaching the

3224: 2961: 2938: 2890: 2820: 2819:, a period in which courts had struck down numerous economic regulations on the basis of 2724: 2543:, both of which irrigated dramatically increased agricultural production in California's 2498: 2494: 2466: 2355: 2104: 2096: 2051: 2014: 1930: 1805: 1702: 860: 11236:

Woods, Tim. "Capitalist class relations, the state, and New Deal foreign trade policy."

11207:

Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933-1945

10711: 9328:

Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh & America's Fight Over World War II 1939–1941

7885:

Frances M. Seeber, "Eleanor Roosevelt and women in the New Deal: A network of friends."

5654:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms § Historical reputation

2274:

on its own. The major program created by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act was the

15353: 14867: 14359: 14314: 14309: 14289: 14209: 14167: 14119: 14077: 13934: 13898: 13888: 13876: 13846: 13320: 13300: 13184: 13124: 13104: 12934: 12918: 12772: 12767: 12757: 12336: 11962: 11833: 11784: 11600: 11363: 10950: 10940: 10860: 10778: 10747: 10683: 10612: 10571: 10528: 10383: 10344: 10290: 10022: 9972: 9964: 9185: 8805: 8546:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the search for security: American-Soviet relations, 1933–1939

8424: 8420: 7985:

Kalman, Laura (October 2005). "The Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the New Deal".

7720: 7716: 6161:

Wayne D. Rasmussen, "The New Deal Farm Programs: What They Were and Why They Survived"

5797: 5679: 5587: 5387: 5232: 5228: 5213: 5209: 4375: 4131: 3364: 3292: 3020: 2898: 2748: 2693: 2536: 2136: 1841: 1608: 931: 802: 383: 79: 11148: 10374: 10366: 9046:

Kevin E. Smith, "Relations with the British and French," in William D. Pederson, ed.,

8617: 8163:

Sujit Raman, "Felix Frankfurter and his Protégés: Re‐examining the "Happy Hot Dogs"."

2078:

not backed by gold or silver. In April 1933, Roosevelt took the United States off the

15503: 15453: 15383: 15323: 15303: 15293: 15153: 15103: 14877: 14424: 14419: 14394: 14374: 14364: 14191: 14155: 14071: 14000: 13970: 13922: 13910: 13892: 13882: 13852: 13469: 13360: 13344: 13224: 13204: 13065: 13039: 12643: 12619: 12583: 12113: 11595: 11339: 11258: 11186: 11161: 11155: 11087: 10978: 10924: 10763: 10721: 10697: 10644: 10632: 10618: 10605: 10593: 10587: 10559: 10552: 10535: 10512: 10506: 10495: 10477: 10466: 10442: 10414: 10404: 10390: 10351: 10333: 10321: 10297: 10197: 10098: 9976: 9866: 9628: 9432: 9368: 8866: 8840: 8809: 8581: 8525: 8474: 8300: 8261: 7910: 7841: 7779:

Sara B. Marcketti, "The Sewing-Room Projects of the Works Progress Administration."

7747: 7724: 7661: 7605: 7346: 7240: 7236:

Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care: The Inside Story of a Century-Long Battle

7176: 6936: 6846: 6653: 5527: 5267: 5220: 5137: 4847: 4392: 4238: 4060: 3425: 3389: 3377: 3306: 3244: 3130: 3086: 2894: 2869: 2824: 2784: 2736: 2607: 2596: 2320: 2132: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1596: 1492: 1406: 1344: 1246: 1172: 1052: 967: 487: 477: 11001:

Invisible hands: the making of the conservative movement from the New Deal to Reagan

10614:

Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make

6786: 6215:

Lee J. Alston, "Farm foreclosures in the United States during the interwar period."

6078:

The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression

5369: 4619: 3104:, trade between the U.S. and Latin America more than tripled between 1931 and 1941. 15343: 15333: 15313: 15273: 15223: 15173: 15123: 14956: 14813: 14429: 14409: 14399: 14389: 14369: 14185: 14173: 14149: 14137: 14113: 14095: 13964: 13916: 13828: 13284: 13244: 13164: 13035: 13026: 13022: 13009: 12983: 12870: 12853: 12840: 12831: 12569: 12546: 12389: 12036: 11992: 11720: 10755: 10718:

For the survival of democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the world crisis of the 1930s

9956: 9711: 9177: 8981:

Barbara Farnham, "Roosevelt and the Munich crisis: Insights from prospect theory."

8940:

John McVickar Haight, Jr., "Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Naval Quarantine of Japan"

8797: 8416: 7994: 7712: 7342: 5583: 5448:

in the 1936 presidential election. President Roosevelt was reelected in one of the

5352: 5111: 4809: 4414: 3417: 3336: 3302: 3288: 3256: 3212: 2638: 2532: 2372: 2338: 2330: 2018: 1973: 1812:

The most popular of all New Deal agencies – and Roosevelt's favorite– was the

1762: 1674: 1670: 1604: 1547: 1480: 1301: 1184: 1024: 919: 825: 526: 467: 244: 15054: 10728:

Unlikely Heroes: Franklin Roosevelt, His Four Lieutenants, and the World They Made

10692:(1973) vol 4 of 4-vol detailed scholarly biography covers Nov. 1932 to July 1933. 7837:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

2591: 2558:

Throughout his first two terms there was a fierce turf battle over control of the

2021:

as an inevitable feature of an industrialized society. Rather than advocating for

15443: 15423: 15393: 15253: 15233: 14486: 14354: 14349: 14284: 14269: 14161: 14042: 13904: 13625: 13485: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13380: 13364: 13340: 13280: 13264: 13074: 12957: 12896: 12892: 12818: 12677: 12595: 11610: 11444: 11430:(47 vol. ed by George McJimsey; University Publications of America, 2001–2008.) 10898:(1943), 880pp; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation. 10707: 10682:(Little, Brown, 1956) vol 3 of 4-vol detailed scholarly biography covers 1929–32 10315: 10191: 9508: 8107:

Marian C. McKenna, "Prelude to Tyranny: Wheeler, FDR, and the 1937 Court Fight."

7506:

White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush

7431: 5599: 5571: 5519: 5400: 5363: 5153: 4813: 4066: 3783: 3440: 2968:(FLSA) of 1938, which was the last major piece of New Deal legislation, outlawed 2873: 2772: 2470: 2271: 2263: 2237: 2159: 2030: 1873: 1786: 1643:

Outgoing president Hoover and president-elect Roosevelt on Inauguration Day, 1933

1612: 1600: 1566: 1511: 1461: 1442: 1387: 1196: 951: 915: 817: 10818: 10075: 6350:

New Deal Medicine: The Rural Health Programs of the Farm Security Administration

6009:

Christopher W. Shaw, "'The Man in the Street Is for It': The Road to the FDIC."

5362:

Roosevelt also drew the opposition of some individuals who had been part of the

5114:

with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

3467:

Roosevelt made twenty international trips to 25 countries during his presidency.

2991:

GDP annual pattern and long-term trend, 1920–40, in billions of constant dollars

2807:

For the entirety of Roosevelt's first term, the Court consisted of the liberal "

15523: 15403: 15373: 15263: 15243: 15213: 15163: 14511: 14434: 14404: 14339: 14334: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14279: 14264: 14197: 14179: 14131: 14107: 14012: 13958: 13465: 13449: 13429: 13324: 13120: 13100: 13078: 12974: 12970: 12905: 12827: 12814: 12670: 12625: 12452: 12401: 12107: 12101: 11967: 11880: 11420:

Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932–1945

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The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt

5507: 5496: 5330: 5182: 5157: 4740: 3901: 3741: 3332: 3297: 2981: 2433: 2363: 2196: 1892: 1817: 1744: 1666: 1535: 1418: 1356: 1088: 1072: 943: 782: 435: 403: 11102:

American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When FDR Put the Nation to Work

11010: 9960: 9715: 6879:

Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956

5578:

The two-term tradition had been an unwritten rule (until the ratification the

3227:, though they never coordinated their strategies. That same year, Germany and 15731: 15493: 15463: 15203: 15133: 15018: 14463: 14449: 14227: 14089: 14030: 13840: 13665: 13649: 13549: 13489: 13384: 13304: 13160: 13052: 12866: 12574: 12297: 12186: 12145: 12080: 11823: 11809: 11272: 10928: 10530:

Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War

10456: 10086: 8801: 8557:

Joan H. Wilson, "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union."

5633: 5297: 5271: 4973: 4851: 4587: 4410: 3973: 3875: 3869: 3424:

especially led to a decline in isolationist sentiment. Radio coverage of the

3401: 3147: 3143: 3139: 2953: 2490: 2200: 2103:, but it did appease many in rural communities. In 1935, Congress passed the 2079: 1881: 1523: 462: 10957:

A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929–1939

9994: 6959:

Report of the National Youth Administration, June 26, 1935, to June 30, 1938

3409:

France into a German-controlled zone and a partially occupied area known as

2943: 2195:, made home lending more appealing to lenders by helping to provide for the 167: 15543: 15533: 15513: 15483: 15143: 14439: 14344: 14329: 14274: 14143: 14101: 14036: 13605: 13585: 13569: 13525: 13505: 13445: 13425: 13140: 13091: 12041: 11804: 11410:(public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945), vol. 13 volumes 11176:

Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933-1945

10865: 10339: 10311: 7998: 6962: 6674:

The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy

5100: 3935: 3410: 3405: 3181: 3122: 3077: 2925: 2902: 2760: 2415:

such as discrimination against union members. The act also established the

2100: 1620:, who became the most powerful member of the cabinet, followed by Wallace. 1592: 1375: 1332: 1215: 1032: 911: 452: 10759: 7861: 5853: 5296:

labor would suffer from a bitter split that weakened its political power.

2860:, and critics labeled the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 as the " 15473: 14491: 14454: 14215: 14203: 14006: 13994: 13952: 13858: 12930: 12331: 11925: 10070: 5275: 4343: 4338: 4261: 3835: 3775: 3770: 3689: 3684: 3666: 3609: 3566: 3561: 3506: 3501: 3444: 3237: 2816: 2184: 2180: 2146:

As part of the first hundred days, Roosevelt fostered the passage of the

2092: 1877: 1869: 1868:, and reflected debates among Roosevelt's farm advisers such as Wallace, 1865: 1836: 1678: 1277: 1027:

established him as the front-runner for the nomination. With the help of

84: 11450: 10988:, 768 pages; essays by scholars covering major historiographical themes. 10637: 9947:

Plesur, Milton (1962). "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938".

8929: 8562: 8428: 7890: 3076:

from Haiti, and new treaties with Cuba and Panama ended their status as

1639: 1071:

In the general election, Roosevelt faced incumbent Republican President

777:, and the second term of his presidency ended on January 20, 1941, with 15193: 15113: 14481: 14477: 14459: 14221: 14018: 13565: 12879: 12649: 11977: 11224: 11131: 10508:

Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945

10492:

Freedom's Forge: How American Business produced victory in World War II

9968: 9189: 8998: 8986: 8945: 8112: 7008: 6337: 6220: 6166: 6136: 6119: 6040: 5637: 5612: 5566: 5466: 5445: 5440: 5147: 5142: 4549: 4544: 4522: 4492: 4487: 4286: 3967: 3201: 3197: 3185: 2921: 2712: 2437: 2404: 2334: 2192: 2140: 2075: 1846: 1730: 1430: 1092: 1063: 1028: 926:, a series of laws that prevented trade with belligerents. After Japan 7942:

Susan Page, "Historian Robert Dallek on Obama and the 2nd-term curse"

5291:

1936 re-election handbill for Roosevelt promoting his economic policy.

15553: 14506: 14496: 14468: 14444: 14024: 13864: 13645: 13629: 13609: 13589: 11987: 11957: 11794: 9624:

Toward Freedom Land: The Long Struggle for Racial Equality in America

8573: 5348: 5326: 4673: 4349: 4147: 3930: 3572: 3436: 3392:, who became the British prime minister in May 1940. Germany invaded 3385: 3321: 3317: 3177: 3173: 2388: 1850: 1665:

banking systems. Through Roosevelt's series of radio talks, known as

499: 11350:, 3 vol, summarizes results of each poll as reported to newspapers. 11027:

Party Politics in the Age of Roosevelt: The Making of Modern America

10850:

A Blueprint for War: FDR and the Hundred Days That Mobilized America

9181: 6131:

Donald L. Parman, "The Indian and the Civilian Conservation Corps."

4884:

with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Turkish President

3463: 852:, to reform the industrial sector, though it lasted only two years. 13982: 13669: 13180: 12703: 11590: 11049:

The Age of Roosevelt vol 1: The Crisis Of The Old Order (1919–1933)

10872:(Longman Publishing Group, 1981). short excerpts from 14 scholars; 8769: 8292: 7642:

Public Schools in Hard times: the Great Depression and Recent Years

6820: 6808: 6114:

John A. Salmond, "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro."

5161: 5073: 4942: 4581: 4386: 3695: 3636: 2977: 2337:

due to old age was not a realistic option. In the 1930s, physician

1739: 1629: 1084: 1040: 794: 378: 11322:

Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970

6355: 6308:

Farm Security Administration and Rural Rehabilitation in the South

5197:

to the United Kingdom, France, and Italy on the Yalta Conference.

4472: 2461:

U.S. federal government revenues and expenditures during the 1930s

2324:

Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law, August 14, 1935.

1800: 1651:

on March 4, 1933, the economy had hit bottom. In the midst of the

13545: 13529: 13509: 11044:, the 3-volume classic narrative history. Strongly supports FDR. 10821:; On FDR's environmental and conservation beliefs & policies. 7172:

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865

6842:

A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Since 1865

6321:

Agricultural Policy in the United States: Evolution and Economics

6150:

The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933–1942; a New Deal Case Study

5697: 5675:

Third and fourth terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt

5640:

program designed to provide military aid to Britain. Roosevelt's

5370:

Elections during the Roosevelt presidency, first and second terms

5188: 4996: 4906: 4812:

with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Chinese leader

4769: 4576: 4320: 4233: 3962: 3577: 3393: 3324: 3284: 3208: 3189: 2257:

By 1935, the economy was 21% bigger than its nadir, but the real

1905: 1887: 11193:

A Companion to US Foreign Relations: Colonial Era to the Present

10815:

Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America

9935:

Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party

9840: 9690:

The turbulent years: A history of the American worker, 1933–1941

9196: 7545:

Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America

7480:

Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America

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redefining weak beer (3.2% alcohol) as the maximum allowed. The

11428:

The Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidency

10993:

Invisible Hands: The Businessmen’s Crusade Against the New Deal

10292:

The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope

10189: 6796: 6468: 6101:

Jean Choate, "FDR and Agriculture" in William D. Pederson, ed.

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Roosevelt continued to seek ways to assist Britain and France.

3344: 2834:, and the following year it struck down the AAA in the case of 895:

blocked most of his legislative proposals. One success was the

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New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935

7117:

The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty

6531: 5359:, but it quickly faded from view after Long was assassinated. 1976:

region of the Southern United States. Under the leadership of

185: 9702:

Ross, Hugh (1976). "John L. Lewis and the Election of 1940".

8521:

Not So!: Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton

8407:

Beck, Earl R. (1939). "The Good Neighbor Policy, 1933–1938".

7653: 5868: 5132: 5105: 5068: 5002: 4968: 4937: 4872: 4803: 4798: 4775: 3604: 3421: 3228: 2668:

Supreme Court appointments by President Franklin D. Roosevelt

11255:

Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945

11157:

From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

11145:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932-1945

10579:

The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton

10461:

Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945

9785: 9583: 9547: 9522: 9472: 8577:

Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945

8351: 8326: 7799: 7566: 6902:

John Wong, "FDR and the New Deal on Sport and Recreation."

6485: 6483: 5898: 5896: 5506:

When Congress reconvened in 1939, Republicans under Senator

863:, which created a national old-age pension program known as 10261: 10237: 10225: 10210: 10171: 10147: 10135: 10123: 10027: 9903: 9891: 9828: 9773: 9722: 9653: 9641: 9308: 9281: 9269: 9220: 9149: 9125: 9101: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9015: 9003: 8950: 8891: 8879: 8733: 8697: 8646: 8634: 8594: 8435: 8235: 8133: 8053: 8029: 8017: 8005: 7966: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7302: 7265: 7253: 7201: 7150: 7138: 7085: 7073: 7049: 6859: 6716: 5562:

Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms

4836: 4746: 2823:. Reformers like Theodore Roosevelt had long protested the 9571: 9137: 9113: 8816: 8745: 8709: 8614:

Franklin D Roosevelt And American Foreign Policy 1932 1945

8182: 7957:

Lawrence Summers, "Ending presidents’ second-term curse,"

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superiority, and his central foreign policy goal was the "

3058:

Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration

1891:

A migrant farm family in California, March 1935. Photo by

1835:

Wallace, a dynamic, intellectual reformer. The persistent

11998:

Military history of the United States during World War II

10947:

Depression Decade: From New Era Through New Deal, 1929-41

10249: 10051: 9296: 9089: 8499: 8274: 8223: 8089: 8041: 6884: 6704: 6603: 6519: 6507: 6480: 6456: 6434: 6432: 6417: 6379: 6288: 6237: 6045: 5991: 5932: 5893: 5721: 5395:, and disaffected Democrats like Al Smith who formed the 5336:

Roosevelt also faced challenges from the left. The small

2661:

List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt

2046:, which provided regulation to telephones and radio. The 11408:

The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt

11147:(2nd ed. Oxford UP, 1995), a standard scholarly survey. 9797: 9761: 9519:(2nd ed. 1978) are based on voting statistics and polls. 8687: 8685: 7126: 7097: 5979: 5760: 5748: 5709: 5450:

largest landslide election victories in American history

5304:(UMW), favored using the UMW's parent organization, the 4325:

Inspected British base sites for possible American use.

4268:

Inspected British base sites for possible American use.

4243:

Inspected British base sites for possible American use.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Third American Revolution

988:

Franklin D. Roosevelt § 1932 presidential election

11060:

The Age Of Roosevelt vol 2: The Coming of the New Deal

8924:

Travis Beal Jacobs, "Roosevelt's 'Quarantine Speech'"

8257:

Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919–1981

7037: 7013: 6928: 6444: 6429: 6367: 6319:

James L. Novak, James W. Pease, and Larry D. Sanders.

6083: 6024:

From New Deal Banking Reform to World War II Inflation

5040:

with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the

4413:. At the conclusion of the conference they issued the 3942:

Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace

1993:, which performed similar functions to the TVA in the 1953:, and Collier presided over a shift in policy towards 10967:

Unsurpassed: The Popular Appeal of Franklin Roosevelt

10903:

Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time

10833:

Roosevelt's Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal

10159: 10111: 9879: 9749: 9492:

Encyclopedia of the Great Depression and the New Deal

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Richard Polenberg, "The Great Conservation Contest."

7422:

Berkeley Economic History Lab Working Paper WP2013-06

6543: 5739: 5456:

victory, winning 523 electoral votes to 8 for Landon.

5325:, savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with 3207:

Foreign affairs became grave by 1935. Italy, under a

2050:

was established in 1938 to regulate the fast-growing

1591:

For his first Secretary of State, Roosevelt selected

10740:; 35 essays by scholars emphasizing historiography. 7833: 7657:

Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America

6932:

Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History

5944: 5772: 3363:

World War II began in September 1939 with Germany's

3351:

concentration on long-range bombers, especially the

801:. He also presided over a realignment that made his 15084: 11360:

The Depression and New Deal: A history in documents

11280:, former FDR supporter condemns all aspects of FDR. 11183:

Wind over sand: the diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt

9364:

Sailor in the Whitehouse: The Seafaring Life of FDR

9347:. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. 8834: 8321:

Historical Statistics of the US: Millennial Edition

2508: 11231:Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist A Biography 10636: 10551: 10527: 10382: 10343: 10289: 6645: 3750:while returning to Washington, D.C. from the U.S. 3271:Territorial control in the Western Pacific in 1939 3107: 2980:pay for certain employees who worked in excess of 2411:through unions of their own choice. It prohibited 2316:History of health care reform in the United States 1840:supply. The Hoover administration had created the 16:U.S. presidential administration from 1933 to 1941 11380:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 10775:The White House Papers Of Harry L. Hopkins Vol. I 10554:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 7929:Robert Dallek, "Chapter 9: Second-Term Curse" in 5965:"History of measuring presidents' first 100 days" 5315: 3062: 1853:, provoking migration from the affected regions. 15729: 11447:, brief articles on Roosevelt and his presidency 11445:Miller Center on the Presidency at U of Virginia 11035: 10704:Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny 10190:Paul Finkelman; Peter Wallenstein, eds. (2001). 9513:The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936 9451: 8787: 8293:Gwendolyn Mink; Alice M. O'Connor, eds. (2004). 8253: 7168: 6838: 5164:, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 3358: 2631: 2289: 1121:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt 21:Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency 11418:——— (1946), Zevin, BD (ed.), 11333:Cantril, Hadley; Strunk, Mildred, eds. (1951), 11071:The Age of Roosevelt vol 3: The Age of Upheaval 11025:Riccards, Michael P., and Cheryl A. Flagg eds. 10730:(2023); on Perkins, Ickes, Wallace and Hopkins. 9620: 7867:. Congressional Research Service. pp. 5, 7 5203: 4531:with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 3514:Fishing trip. (Visit made as President-elect.) 3347:, which many assumed Hitler would attack next. 2956:, a bipartisan group of congressmen issued the 2831:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 2312:History of Social Security in the United States 2203:, thereby allowing mortgages to be sold on the 859:(WPA), the largest work relief agency, and the 844:. The Roosevelt administration established the 824:helped put an end to a run on banks, while the 11252: 10317:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 10193:The encyclopedia of American political history 9356: 9354: 8912:A war to be won: fighting the Second World War 8574:Justus D. Doenecke and Mark A. Stoler (2005). 8517: 7819:Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s 7491:Henry L. Henderson and David B. Woolner, eds. 5262:Franklin D. Roosevelt's record on civil rights 4854:and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 4001:Stopped while returning to the United States. 3458: 3443:, and the three countries became known as the 3080:. In December 1933, Roosevelt signed the 2852:had been set at nine since the passage of the 2657:Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates 1623: 960:a third term and three months of a fourth term 15070: 12719: 11466: 11332: 10801:The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940 10792: 10690:Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal 8910:Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R (2001), 8909: 7902: 7829: 7827: 7362:Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal 7232: 6332:Rexford G. Tugwell, "The resettlement idea." 6283:The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940 5744:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 347–48. 5540:Franklin D. Roosevelt § Election of 1940 5418:Franklin D. Roosevelt § Election of 1936 4678:Part of an exchange of visits with President 4541: 4484: 4335: 3767: 3681: 3558: 3498: 3287:(or Nanking) before the end of the year. The 3176:province and established the puppet state of 3157: 2913:of economic regulations to the protection of 2054:industry, while in 1935 the authority of the 743: 10911: 10576: 10549: 10546:Detailed history of how FDR handled the war. 9627:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37. 9456:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 9345:"Travels of President Franklin D. Roosevelt" 9202: 7739: 6793:. Relief workers were counted as unemployed. 6204:The New Deal: the depression years 1933–1940 6022:Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, 5554:1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries 5533: 5432:1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries 5411: 5251: 4988: 4898: 4761: 4372: 4278: 4128: 3121:The 1930s marked the high point of American 2394: 2091:or to reduce European debts incurred during 1002:1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries 134:January 20, 1937 – January 20, 1941 14936:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 14911:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 11253:Doenecke, Justus D; Stoler, Mark A (2005), 10870:The New Deal, Analysis & Interpretation 10738:, Companions to American History, Blackwell 10589:The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 9820:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 9428:Penobscot Bay: People, Ports & Pastimes 9351: 9326:Richard S. Faulkner review of Lynne Olson, 8346:The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 6981:ed. by Sidney M. Milkis (2002). pp. 272-96. 5821:Kennedy, Susan Estabrook (March 13, 1933). 5169: 5119: 5087: 5055: 5015: 4983: 4955: 4924: 4893: 4859: 4821: 4785: 4756: 4727: 4690: 4655: 4627: 4595: 4563: 4536: 4505: 4479: 4454: 4425: 4367: 4330: 4302: 4273: 4248: 4220: 4182: 4154: 4123: 4093: 4042: 4009: 3981: 3949: 3915: 3883: 3852: 3830: 3804: 3762: 3723: 3676: 3648: 3623: 3591: 3553: 3522: 3493: 3331:the annexation of German-speaking parts of 3283:in July 1937, capturing Chinese capital of 3014: 2999:. Influenced by economists such as Keynes, 2231: 867:. The New Deal also established a national 15712: 15077: 15063: 12726: 12712: 12305:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite 11473: 11459: 11347:The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971 11138:Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance 10773:, Pulitzer Prize; published in England as 10752:Roosevelt and Hopkins: an Intimate History 10432:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 8299:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 468–69. 7824: 7601:The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy 6979:The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism 6163:American Journal of Agricultural Economics 5476: 5374: 4077:, and the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, 3840:Official visit. Met with Governor General 2932: 2447: 2268:Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 2156:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 2005:The Roosevelt administration launched the 1634: 793:. Roosevelt led the implementation of the 750: 736: 31: 14921:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 12337:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia 11480: 11417: 11402: 11309:Statistical Abstract of the United States 11294:economist who blames both Hoover and FDR. 10610: 9995:https://doi.org/10.1080/07343460109507751 9865:. Duke University Press. pp. 44–46. 9852: 8860: 7364:. Boston: Little Brown. pp. 448–452. 6954: 6952: 5174: 4732: 4647:Overnight stop en route from Casablanca. 4558:Overnight stop en route from Casablanca. 1968:In 1933, the administration launched the 1015:With the economy hurting badly after the 98:March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1937 15773:1933 establishments in the United States 14931:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 14926:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 14906:Democratic Attorneys General Association 12407:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies 12250:1920 United States presidential election 11859:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 11658:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 11406:(1945) , Rosenman, Samuel Irving (ed.), 11396:Franklin D Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs 10972: 10857:Champion Campaigner Franklin D Roosevelt 10746: 10733: 10585: 10525: 10474:The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly 10427: 10389:. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 10332:1276pp interpretive detailed biography; 9858: 9803: 9791: 9767: 9674: 9589: 9553: 9528: 9478: 9424: 9167: 8469:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 8357: 8332: 8188: 8176: 8151: 7909:. Harvard University Press. p. 34. 7805: 7654:Adam R. Nelson; John L. Rudolph (2010). 7572: 7532:White House Politics and the Environment 7519:White House Politics and the Environment 7132: 7103: 7055: 7031: 6865: 6722: 6710: 6525: 6450: 6423: 6385: 6089: 6051: 5956: 5845: 5647: 5570:President Roosevelt defeated Republican 5565: 5544:1940 United States presidential election 5444:President Roosevelt defeated Republican 5439: 5422:1936 United States presidential election 5286: 3462: 3266: 2986: 2942: 2590: 2456: 2354:In January 1935, Roosevelt proposed the 2319: 2118: 1915: 1886: 1830:Agricultural policy of the United States 1799: 1772: 1638: 1062: 1010: 992:1932 United States presidential election 505:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 14962:National Federation of Democratic Women 11931:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 11864:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 11692:Aid to Families with Dependent Children 11618:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 11153: 10504: 10439:Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Political Life 10267: 10243: 10231: 10219: 10177: 10153: 10141: 10129: 10045: 10033: 9897: 9846: 9834: 9779: 9728: 9662: 9647: 9565: 9406:. The Potomac Association. pp. 4–5 9394: 9314: 9290: 9275: 9250: 9226: 9214: 9155: 9131: 9107: 9083: 9071: 9059: 9021: 9009: 8968:Wayne S. Cole, "Roosevelt and Munich." 8956: 8897: 8885: 8763: 8739: 8703: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8600: 8493: 8444: 8382: 8241: 8139: 8071: 8059: 8035: 8023: 8011: 7972: 7931:Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Political Life 7466: 7454: 7359: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7271: 7259: 7207: 7195: 7156: 7144: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7043: 7019: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6734: 6698: 6633: 6621: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6501: 6474: 6438: 6373: 6231: 6177: 5926: 5914: 5820: 5727: 5082:with Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 4359:. Returned to the U.S. on December 14. 3614:Informal visit en route to vacation in 2846:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 2383:, which would provide federally funded 2360:Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax 1779:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 842:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 510:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination 52:March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 15730: 11344: 11283: 10471: 10455: 10436: 10338: 9909: 9734: 9675:Pederson, William D, ed. (2011), "9", 9577: 9143: 9119: 8865:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 22–23. 8822: 8775: 8751: 8715: 7984: 7296: 7169:Mary Beth Norton; et al. (2009). 6949: 6890: 6839:Mary Beth Norton; et al. (2009). 6609: 6549: 6537: 6513: 6489: 6462: 6361: 6294: 6243: 5997: 5962: 5938: 5902: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5715: 5703: 5602:, the first major party nominee since 5524:House Un-American Activities Committee 4978:Visited Allied military installations 4391:Conferred with British Prime Minister 3125:. The country had a long tradition of 2650: 2612:Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 1862:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 1021:1930 gubernatorial re-election victory 846:Agricultural Adjustment Administration 15058: 15039:2018 House Caucus leadership election 15034:2006 House Caucus leadership election 12707: 11454: 11393: 11368: 11271: 11229:Welles, Benjamin, and Sumner Welles. 11104:(2008) comprehensive history; 640pp 11007:The New Deal and the Great Depression 10667:Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt 10631: 10380: 10364: 10310: 10284: 10255: 10165: 10117: 10057: 9885: 9815: 9755: 9740: 9601: 9360: 9302: 9238: 9095: 8727: 8691: 8505: 8280: 8229: 8095: 8083: 8047: 7702: 7409:FDR and the Bonus Marchers, 1933–1935 6310:(University of Tennessee Press, 2015) 5985: 5950: 5874: 5851: 5665:Great Depression in the United States 5461:were unanimously re-nominated at the 3788:Fishing trip. Luncheon with Governor 3236:, which promised independence to the 2333:programs. For most American workers, 2210: 2175:. In 1933, Roosevelt established the 2150:. The act expanded the powers of the 1767:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 12733: 12380:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation 12220:Democratic National Convention, 1920 12020:Declaration by United Nations (1942) 12008:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 11653:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 11390:, covers governorship and presidency 11257:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 10975:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt 10736:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt 10706:, complete biography to 1945. 710pp 10069: 9701: 9677:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt 9515:(1979), and Everett Carll Ladd Jr., 9048:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt 8837:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt 8406: 7368: 6929:Robert Hamlett Bremner, ed. (1974). 6270:Depression and New Deal in Virginia. 6103:A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt 6013:27#1 (2015): pp. 36-60, quote p. 47. 5823:"Bottom: The Banking Crisis of 1933" 5310:Congress of Industrial Organizations 2215:Roosevelt had generally avoided the 1940:Rural Electrification Administration 877:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 766:began on March 4, 1933, when he was 762:The first term of the presidency of 15738:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 11936:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 11738:Defense industry non-discrimination 11345:Gallup, George Horace, ed. (1972), 8319:based on data in Susan Carter, ed. 5814: 5596:1940 Republican National Convention 5558:1940 Democratic National Convention 5463:1936 Democratic National Convention 5436:1936 Democratic National Convention 4618:Informal visit. Met with President 4586:Informal visit. Met with President 3972:Official visit. Met with President 3164:International relations (1919–1939) 3040:. He also transferred the powerful 2909:, the Court shifted its focus from 2000: 1902:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 1067:1932 Electoral College vote results 1058: 1045:1932 Democratic National Convention 1006:1932 Democratic National Convention 310:Third & fourth terms, 1941–1945 303:First & second terms, 1933–1941 295:32nd President of the United States 47:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 13: 12385:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial 12373:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network 11743:Fair Employment Practice Committee 11711:Securities and Exchange Commission 11643:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 11299: 10888:(Dutton, 2020) pp. 145–166. 10808:A New Deal for the American People 10660: 9946: 8421:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1939.tb00468.x 7717:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2004.tb00014.x 7504:Byron W. Daynes and Glen Sussman, 6191:A New Deal for the American people 5888:A New Deal for the American people 5574:in the 1940 presidential election. 5404:Democratic coalition. as shown by 5238: 4034:during vacation in the Caribbean. 3051: 3009:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 2887:the switch in time that saved nine 2442:Steel Workers Organizing Committee 2407:, guaranteed workers the right to 2403:(NLRB) of 1935, also known as the 2305: 2129:Securities and Exchange Commission 2113:Federal Reserve Board of Governors 2069: 1691: 879:, guaranteed workers the right of 14: 15784: 15743:Presidencies of the United States 11953:Second London Naval Treaty (1936) 11790:Executive Office of the President 11704:Federal Communications Commission 11438: 11112: 10915:(2005), "Showdown on the Court", 10785:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 10680:Franklin D. Roosevelt The Triumph 10550:Leuchtenburg, William E. (1963). 10385:Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom 10005: 9921: 9431:. The History Press. p. 72. 8394: 6975:The New Deal and Higher Education 6917:The WPA and Federal Relief Policy 6597: 5742:The Soldier of Freedom: Roosevelt 5619:foreign wars." Roosevelt won the 5258:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 4073:and together with Prime Minister 3030:Executive Office of the President 3019:In 1936, Roosevelt appointed the 2099:administration officials such as 2044:Federal Communications Commission 2017:, a Progressive academic who saw 1684: 1677:, and Hugo Black, as well as his 1114: 15711: 15702: 15701: 14984:High School Democrats of America 14916:Democratic Governors Association 14873:Congressional Progressive Caucus 13642:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 12687: 12686: 12126:State of the Union Address (1934 11943:Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) 11668:National Recovery Administration 10183: 10063: 10011: 9999: 9983: 9940: 9927: 9915: 9809: 9695: 9682: 9668: 9614: 9595: 9534: 9497: 9484: 9445: 9418: 9388: 9337: 9320: 9256: 9161: 9040: 9027: 8991: 8975: 8962: 8934: 8918: 8903: 8854: 8828: 8781: 8606: 8567: 8551: 8538: 8511: 8450: 8400: 8388: 8363: 8338: 8313: 8286: 8247: 8215:University of Chicago Law Review 8207: 8194: 8165:Journal of Supreme Court History 8157: 8117: 8101: 7978: 7951: 7936: 7923: 7896: 7879: 7854: 7811: 7786: 7773: 7760: 7743:On Gender, Labor, and Inequality 7731: 7696: 7683: 7674: 7647: 7634: 7618: 7598:William E. Leuchtenburg (1997). 7591: 7578: 7550: 7537: 7524: 7511: 7498: 7485: 7472: 7414: 7401: 7383: 7353: 7347:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00115.x 7326: 7277: 7226: 7213: 7162: 7109: 6935:. Vol. 3. pp. 1603–9. 5963:Liptak, Kevin (April 23, 2017). 5176: 5125: 5093: 5061: 5021: 4990: 4961: 4930: 4900: 4865: 4829: 4791: 4763: 4734: 4696: 4661: 4633: 4601: 4569: 4543: 4511: 4486: 4460: 4431: 4374: 4337: 4308: 4280: 4254: 4226: 4188: 4160: 4130: 4099: 4048: 4015: 3987: 3955: 3923: 3889: 3858: 3810: 3769: 3729: 3683: 3654: 3629: 3597: 3560: 3528: 3500: 2509:Conservation and the environment 2452: 2179:, which helped prevent mortgage 2158:, broke up large public utility 2111:under the direct control of the 2087:tariffs, he refused to accept a 2011:National Industrial Recovery Act 2007:National Recovery Administration 1806:Illinois WPA Art Project Chicago 1729:Problems playing this file? See 1707: 981: 950:, Roosevelt defeated Republican 850:National Recovery Administration 779:his inauguration to a third term 723: 717: 202: 166: 15086:Presidents of the United States 14851:Steering and Outreach Committee 12508:World War II: When Lions Roared 12363:Presidential Library and Museum 11638:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 11516:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 11286:Rethinking the Great Depression 11221:Journal of Contemporary History 10959:(PublicAffairs, 2017), 389 pp. 10671: 10381:Burns, James MacGregor (1970). 10368:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 10365:Burns, James MacGregor (1956). 8790:Journal of Contemporary History 6997: 6984: 6967: 6922: 6909: 6906:29#2 (1998): 173-191 at p. 181. 6896: 6871: 6832: 6779: 6766: 6753: 6740: 6679: 6666: 6639: 6591: 6404: 6391: 6342: 6326: 6313: 6300: 6275: 6262: 6249: 6209: 6196: 6183: 6155: 6142: 6125: 6108: 6095: 6070: 6057: 6029: 6016: 6003: 5880: 5516:1939 State of the Union Address 5282: 4297:Conferred with U.S. officials. 3116: 3108:Recognition of the Soviet Union 2882:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 2125:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 1911: 902:The 1930s were a high point of 830:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 19:For a chronological guide, see 12003:Home front during World War II 11497:President of the United States 11216:(Duke University Press, 2007). 11200:The New Deal: a global history 10999:; same book also published as 10592:. University Press of Kansas. 10577:Leuchtenburg, William (2015). 10465:a standard scholarly history; 10403: 10277: 9505:New Deal and American Politics 9264:Presidential Studies Quarterly 8524:. Oxford UP. pp. 110–14. 7987:The American Historical Review 7906:Liberalism and Its Discontents 7887:Presidential Studies Quarterly 7705:History of Education Quarterly 7445:(1976) series Y457, Y493, F32. 7335:Presidential Studies Quarterly 7221:Presidential Studies Quarterly 6761:Prohibition: A Concise History 6748:Repealing national prohibition 6039:62#3 (1975), pp. 636–652 5802: 5784: 5740:James MacGregor Burns (1970). 5733: 5316:Opposition from right and left 4208:Met informally with President 4030:Informal visit with President 3746:Informal visit with President 3433:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 3400:in April 1940 and invaded the 3096:In 1934, Roosevelt signed the 3063:Good Neighbor Policy and trade 3046:Office of Emergency Management 2417:National Labor Relations Board 2189:Federal Housing Administration 2056:Interstate Commerce Commission 1823: 1740:sought to remove their savings 885:National Labor Relations Board 775:president of the United States 61: 1: 12608:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. 12500:Backstairs at the White House 12172:Early life, education, career 11849:Federal Judicial appointments 11680:National Youth Administration 11675:Works Progress Administration 10896:WPA and federal relief policy 10810:(Northern Illinois UP, 1991). 10617:. New York University Press. 10430:Presidents and their Justices 10413:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 10373:scholarly biography to 1940; 9991:Congress & the Presidency 7834:Doris Kearns Goodwin (1994). 5685: 4949:Allied military installations 3371:; the two powers had reached 3359:World War II begins in Europe 3262: 2432:threatened the production of 2296:National Youth Administration 2290:National Youth Administration 2276:Works Progress Administration 2253:Works Progress Administration 2177:Home Owners' Loan Corporation 2109:Federal Open Market Committee 1997:, albeit on a smaller scale. 857:Works Progress Administration 14952:College Democrats of America 12210:1928 New York state election 12151:1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 12075:Madison Square Garden speech 11948:Montevideo Convention (1933) 11829:Jefferson's Birthday holiday 11768:Japanese American internment 11394:Nixon, Edgar B, ed. (1969), 11324:, Bureau of the Census, 1976 11315:, Bureau of the Census, 1951 11245: 11081: 11009:(Kent State UP, 2014) 234pp 10973:Pederson, William D (2011), 10734:Pederson, William D (2011), 10476:. Fordham University Press. 8778:, pp. 356–359, 438–441. 8456: 8296:Poverty in the United States 7691:Public Schools in Hard Times 6992:Public Schools in Hard Times 6829:, pp. 249–253, 374–375. 6817:, pp. 216–217, 247–248. 6364:, pp. 175–176, 220–221. 6065:Harold Ickes of the New Deal 6063:Graham White and John Maze, 5706:, pp. 232–236, 246–251. 5690: 5550:1940 United States elections 5493:November 1938 elections 5483:1938 United States elections 5428:1936 United States elections 5381:1934 United States elections 5306:American Federation of Labor 5204:New Deal political coalition 3245:civil war broke out in Spain 2905:to the Supreme Court. After 2569: 2560:United States Forest Service 2401:National Labor Relations Act 2127:established the independent 1926:Farm Security Administration 1804:Poster by Albert M. Bender, 1101:majority of the popular vote 998:1932 United States elections 934:, Roosevelt provided aid to 7: 12915:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 12614:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II 11839:Judicial Court-Packing Bill 11778:Italian-American internment 11663:Public Works Administration 11628:Agricultural Adjustment Act 11623:Civilian Conservation Corps 11160:. Oxford University Press. 11154:Herring, George C. (2008). 10511:. Oxford University Press. 10083:The Years of Lyndon Johnson 9395:Dropkin, Les (March 2001). 9170:Reviews in American History 8461:; White, Eugene N. (eds.). 8125:Journal of American Culture 7005:Reviews in American History 6646:Mario R. Di Nunzio (2011). 6217:Journal of Economic History 6165:65#5 (1983), pp. 1158-1162 6116:Journal of American History 6037:Journal of American History 5794:The Crisis of the Old Order 5791:Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. 5658: 4445:Overnight stop en route to 4075:William Lyon Mackenzie King 3470: 3459:List of international trips 3353:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 2440:granted recognition to the 1858:Agricultural Adjustment Act 1814:Civilian Conservation Corps 1783:Public Works Administration 1624:First term domestic affairs 838:Public Works Administration 834:Civilian Conservation Corps 269:1920 Cox–Roosevelt campaign 10: 15789: 15753:1940s in the United States 15748:1930s in the United States 15029:2017 chairmanship election 15024:2005 chairmanship election 14979:Young Democrats of America 12402:White House Roosevelt Room 11983:1940 Selective Service Act 11906:Presidential Proclamations 11773:German-American internment 11699:Communications Act of 1934 11648:Tennessee Valley Authority 11404:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 11069:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 11058:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 11047:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 10937:Relief and Social Security 10932:; 1937 Supreme Court fight 10793:Scholarly domestic studies 10664: 10643:. New York: Random House. 10581:. Oxford University Press. 10505:Kennedy, David M. (1999). 10428:Clouatre, Douglas (2012). 8111:62#4 (1993): pp. 405-431. 6399:The South and the New Deal 6257:The Coming of the New Deal 6219:43#4 (1983): pp. 885-903. 5808: 5651: 5547: 5537: 5480: 5425: 5415: 5378: 5255: 5207: 3277:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 3251:government and right-wing 3161: 3158:International dangers grow 3055: 3026:Reorganization Act of 1939 2936: 2654: 2553:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 2524:Tennessee Valley Authority 2381:Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill 2309: 2250: 2235: 2165: 2089:fixed exchange-rate system 2084:London Economic Conference 2066:also received new duties. 1991:Bonneville Power Authority 1970:Tennessee Valley Authority 1936:Farm Credit Administration 1827: 1791:Civil Works Administration 1627: 1118: 995: 985: 972:elected to his second term 948:1940 presidential election 807:modern American liberalism 791:1932 presidential election 18: 15768:1930s in Washington, D.C. 15697: 15569: 15092: 15044:Weekly Democratic Address 14996: 14972:Stonewall Young Democrats 14944: 14898: 14833: 14822: 14520: 14237: 14052: 13803: 13685: 12783: 12743: 12665: 12632:James Roosevelt Roosevelt 12565: 12345: 12285: 12200: 12164: 12070:Commonwealth Club Address 12055: 12025:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 11973:Destroyers-for-bases deal 11914: 11750:Indian Reorganization Act 11534: 11488: 11335:Public Opinion, 1935–1946 11082:Sitkoff, Harvard (1978). 11037:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr 10831:Clarke, Jeanne Nienaber. 10611:Sainsbury, Keith (1994). 10586:McJimsey, George (2000). 10196:. CQ Press. p. 332. 9961:10.1017/S0034670500012419 9743:Roosevelt and his Enemies 9716:10.1080/00236567608584379 9367:. Naval Institute Press. 8942:Pacific Historical Review 8254:John Mark Hansen (1991). 8200:William E. Leuchtenburg, 8109:Pacific Historical Review 7680:Leuchtenburg, pp. 121-22. 7560:7#3 (2002): pp. 435-461. 7430:October 31, 2014, at the 7007:22#1 (1994) pp. 149-155 6774:Journal of Policy History 6323:(Routledge, 2015) p. 220. 6306:Charles Kenneth Roberts, 6255:Arthus Schlesinger, Jr., 6133:Pacific Historical Review 6011:Journal of Policy History 5854:"First Inaugural Address" 5534:1940 re-election campaign 5412:1936 re-election campaign 5252:African American politics 5051: 5007:Re-embarked for the U.S. 4917:General Dwight Eisenhower 4723: 4444: 4421: 4216: 4117: 4089: 4032:Juan Demóstenes Arosemena 3848: 3808: 3800: 3792:and the President of the 3613: 3587: 3554:March 29 – April 11, 1934 3091:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base 2706: 2702: 2683: 2667: 2503:undistributed profits tax 2395:Labor unions and the NLRB 2368:Aid to Dependent Children 2205:secondary mortgage market 1963:Soil Conservation Service 1556: 1505: 1501: 1474: 1470: 1457:Secretary of the Interior 1451: 1400: 1396: 1369: 1365: 1314: 1310: 1271: 1267: 1242:Secretary of the Treasury 1240: 1236: 1209: 1205: 1166: 1162: 1143: 1127: 1049:1932 Democratic primaries 1017:Wall Street Crash of 1929 889:enlarge the Supreme Court 873:Aid to Dependent Children 278:44th Governor of New York 182: 162: 148: 138: 126: 112: 102: 90: 78: 68: 56: 43: 39: 30: 14799:Northern Mariana Islands 12293:Early life and education 12182:Governorship of New York 12032:World War II conferences 11763:War Relocation Authority 11352:vol 1 online 1935-1948). 11123:(1995), pp. 75–148. 10702:Freidel, Frank. (1991) 9859:Schulman, Bruce (1994). 9849:, pp. 243, 277–278. 9621:Harvard Sitkoff (2010). 9425:Gratwick, Harry (2009). 8944:40#2 (1971) pp. 203-226 8928:24#4 (1962) pp. 483-502 8802:10.1177/0022009404044440 8559:Social Science Quarterly 8127:10#1 (1987): pp. 57-64. 7792:Louise Rosenfield Noun, 7770:(1983) 15#4 pp. 201-213. 7391:"Bonus Bill Becomes Law" 7175:. Cengage. p. 670. 7070:, pp. 257–258, 371. 6845:. Cengage. p. 669. 6805:, pp. 207, 288–289. 6652:. ABC-CLIO. p. 55. 6540:, pp. 157–158, 217. 6477:, pp. 120–121, 152. 5877:, pp. 157, 167–168. 5045:Combined Chiefs of Staff 5038:Second Quebec Conference 3763:March 24 – April 7, 1936 3677:March 27 – April 6, 1935 3327:. Later in 1938 Germany 3015:Executive reorganization 3001:Marriner Stoddard Eccles 2972:, established a federal 2966:Fair Labor Standards Act 2586: 2549:Great Plains Shelterbelt 2516:Everglades National Park 2475:Veterans of Foreign Wars 2280:Federal Writers' Project 2232:Second New Deal, 1935–36 2152:Federal Trade Commission 2064:Federal Trade Commission 1951:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1476:Secretary of Agriculture 897:Fair Labor Standards Act 871:program, as well as the 211:This article is part of 15009:Presidential candidates 12047:Morgenthau Plan support 11993:Atlantic Charter (1941) 11716:Monetary gold ownership 11369:Moley, Raymond (1939), 11128:Business History Review 10913:Leuchtenburg, William E 10688:Freidel, Frank. (1956) 10678:Freidel, Frank. (1956) 10570:, widely cited survey; 10526:Larrabee, Eric (1987). 10490:Herman, Arthur. (2012) 10437:Dallek, Robert (2017). 8518:Paul F. Boller (1996). 7783:41.1 (2010): pp. 28-49. 7588:10#4 (1967): pp. 13-23. 7493:FDR and the Environment 7360:Freidel, Frank (1973). 7121:Oxford University Press 7115:Quadagno, Jill (1994). 6750:(2nd ed. 2000), ch. 10. 5852:Roosevelt, Franklin D. 5501:George Howard Earle III 5477:1938 mid-term elections 5397:American Liberty League 5375:1934 mid-term elections 5323:American Liberty League 4882:Second Cairo Conference 4316:British Leeward Islands 4083:Thousand Islands Bridge 3369:split control of Poland 3038:Federal Security Agency 2933:Second term legislation 2837:United States v. Butler 2616:Office of Civil Defense 2505:on corporate earnings. 2448:Other domestic policies 2391:, but it was defeated. 2048:Civil Aeronautics Board 1795:employer of last resort 1635:First New Deal, 1933–34 1105:congressional elections 539:Death and state funeral 15184:William Henry Harrison 14888:Problem Solvers Caucus 14883:New Democrat Coalition 13737:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 12590:Anna Roosevelt Halsted 12177:Warm Springs Institute 12120:The More Abundant Life 12065:1932 Acceptance speech 11816:Four Freedoms Monument 11755:Executive Orders 9066, 11733:Record on civil rights 11581:Third and fourth terms 11576:First and second terms 11524:New York State Senator 11223:39.3 (2004): 299–313. 11017:Conservation Under FDR 10842:17.2 (2020): 214–229. 10787:121.3 (2018): 254–282. 10472:Hawley, Ellis (1995). 9816:Busch, Andrew (1999). 9452:Parliament of Canada. 9361:Cross, Robert (2003). 9033:Jeffery S. Underwood, 8544:Edward Moore Bennett, 8373:11#1 (2011), pp. 1-20. 7999:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1052 7903:Alan Brinkley (1998). 7626:Conservation Under FDR 7233:Stuart Altman (2011). 6919:, (1943) pp. 127, 130. 5575: 5512:conservative coalition 5499:of Texas and Governor 5471:largest victory margin 5457: 5393:US Chamber of Commerce 5292: 4079:Albert Edward Matthews 3874:Stopped on the way to 3523:June 29 – July 1, 1933 3468: 3384:During the so-called " 3272: 3255:rebels led by General 3247:between the left-wing 3005:William Trufant Foster 2992: 2958:Conservative Manifesto 2948: 2866:Joseph Taylor Robinson 2620:Fiorello H. La Guardia 2599: 2541:Central Valley Project 2462: 2413:unfair labor practices 2344:unemployment insurance 2325: 2259:gross national product 2246: 2148:Securities Act of 1933 2034:follow NRA codes, and 1921: 1896: 1809: 1696: 1662: 1644: 1068: 893:Conservative Coalition 869:unemployment insurance 548:Presidential campaigns 458:Attack on Pearl Harbor 15758:Franklin D. Roosevelt 15414:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12492:The White House Years 12478:Sunrise at Campobello 12414:Franklin D. Roosevelt 12192:Assassination attempt 11633:Emergency Banking Act 11482:Franklin D. Roosevelt 11317:; full of useful data 11284:Smiley, Gene (1993), 11240:29.3 (2003): 393–418. 11205:Perras, Galen Roger. 11202:(Princeton UP, 2017). 11119:Andrew, Christopher. 11084:A New Deal for Blacks 11015:Riesch Owen, Anna L. 11005:Purcell, Aaron D. ed 10828:82.2 (2020): 494–508. 10813:Brinkley, Douglas G. 9266:42#1 (2012): 190-204. 8972:23.1 (1999): 107-110. 8561:(1971): pp. 349-368. 7889:20.4 (1990): 707-717 7794:Iowa Women in the WPA 7740:Ruth Milkman (2016). 7624:Anna L. Riesch Owen, 7558:Environmental History 7443:Historical Statistics 7380:August 26, 1935. 7223:29.2 (1999): 336-350. 6285:(2002) pp. 89, 153-57 6268:Ronald L. Heinemann, 6026:(Princeton UP, 2014). 5833:on September 30, 2007 5670:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5652:Further information: 5648:Historical reputation 5569: 5548:Further information: 5443: 5426:Further information: 5406:Arthur Wergs Mitchell 5290: 5160:, Saudi Arabian King 5016:September 11–16, 1944 4529:Casablanca Conference 3748:Harmodio Arias Madrid 3466: 3373:a non-aggression pact 3270: 3162:Further information: 3098:Reciprocal Tariff Act 3082:Montevideo Convention 2990: 2946: 2858:judicial independence 2854:Judiciary Act of 1869 2811:," the conservative " 2797:Wiley Blount Rutledge 2655:Further information: 2594: 2564:National Park Service 2520:Olympic National Park 2460: 2430:Flint sit-down strike 2426:La Follette Committee 2421:Norris–La Guardia Act 2409:collective bargaining 2385:universal health care 2323: 2310:Further information: 2236:Further information: 2119:Securities regulation 1959:cultural assimilation 1919: 1890: 1803: 1773:Relief for unemployed 1752:Emergency Banking Act 1695: 1657: 1642: 1580:James MacGregor Burns 1507:Secretary of Commerce 1402:Secretary of the Navy 1321:Homer Stille Cummings 1228:Edward Stettinius Jr. 1154:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1128:The Roosevelt cabinet 1066: 1011:Democratic nomination 996:Further information: 938:, Great Britain, and 881:collective bargaining 822:Emergency Banking Act 764:Franklin D. Roosevelt 495:Second Bill of Rights 426:National Recovery Act 421:Supreme Court Packing 262:Secretary of the Navy 220:Franklin D. Roosevelt 174:Seal of the president 15434:Dwight D. Eisenhower 14789:District of Columbia 13462:1984 (San Francisco) 13357:1964 (Atlantic City) 13137:1920 (San Francisco) 12486:Eleanor and Franklin 12146:1941 (Four Freedoms) 12092:Arsenal of Democracy 12087:Day of Infamy speech 12013:War Production Board 11508:Governor of New York 11378:Nixon, Edgar B. ed. 11375:by key Brain Truster 11198:Patel, Kiran Klaus. 11181:Marks, Frederick W. 11136:Beschloss, Michael. 11041:The Age of Roosevelt 10991:Phillips-Fein, Kim. 10905:(W.W. Norton, 2013) 10874:online in TIF format 10840:The Steinbeck Review 10463:. Oxford University. 9993:28#2 (2001) 161–183 9912:, pp. 272, 498. 9460:on November 11, 2015 9334:(January 2014) 94#1. 9050:(2011), pp. 493-516. 8983:Political Psychology 8580:. pp. 18, 121. 8167:39#1 (2014): 79-106. 7534:(2010) pp. 29-33, 44 7530:Daynes and Sussman, 7521:(2010) pp. 33-35, 44 7517:Daynes and Sussman, 7508:(2010) pp. 29-35, 44 6904:Sport History Review 6776:8.4 (1996): 387-409. 6336:(1959) pp: 159-164. 6334:Agricultural History 5796:(1957), pp. 427-504 5630:Arsenal of Democracy 5364:Progressive Movement 5342:American Labor Party 5156:, Ethiopian Emperor 5120:February 13–15, 1945 4850:with Soviet Premier 4786:November 22–26, 1943 4757:November 21–22, 1943 4728:November 20–21, 1943 4680:Manuel Ávila Camacho 4331:December 12–13, 1940 3940:Attended session of 3781:Great Inagua Island, 3234:Tydings–McDuffie Act 3070:Good Neighbor Policy 3042:Bureau of the Budget 3034:Federal Works Agency 2997:Recession of 1937–38 2982:forty-hours per week 2577:John Ward Studebaker 2348:national health care 2107:, which brought the 2058:was extended to the 2029:Roosevelt appointed 1978:Arthur Ernest Morgan 1945:Roosevelt appointed 1618:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 1290:Harry Hines Woodring 1259:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 908:Good Neighbor Policy 883:and established the 697:Presidential Library 15364:William Howard Taft 15284:Rutherford B. Hayes 14967:Stonewall Democrats 13622:2016 (Philadelphia) 13277:1948 (Philadelphia) 13217:1936 (Philadelphia) 12763:Fourth Party System 12753:Second Party System 12524:Hyde Park on Hudson 12470:The Roosevelt Story 12459:I'd Rather Be Right 12448:U.S. Postage stamps 12442:Unfinished portrait 12428:Four Freedoms Award 12368:Roosevelt Institute 12097:"...is fear itself" 11800:Cullen–Harrison Act 11795:G.I. Bill of Rights 11687:Social Security Act 11422:(selected speeches) 11357:McElvaine Robert S. 10977:, Wiley-Blackwell, 10955:Morris, Charles R. 10945:Mitchell, Broadus. 10826:Journal of Politics 10296:(popular history). 10270:, pp. 469–470. 10258:, pp. 487–488. 10246:, pp. 401–402. 10234:, pp. 467–468. 10222:, pp. 524–525. 10180:, pp. 463–464. 10156:, pp. 462–463. 10144:, pp. 455–456. 10132:, pp. 457–458. 10060:, pp. 440–441. 10036:, pp. 363–364. 10008:, pp. 262–3, 271–3. 10006:Leuchtenburg (1963) 9922:Leuchtenburg (1963) 9900:, pp. 282–286. 9837:, pp. 216–217. 9818:Horses in Midstream 9794:, pp. 136–139. 9782:, pp. 223–224. 9731:, pp. 322–323. 9665:, pp. 301–302. 9650:, pp. 296–297. 9592:, pp. 162–163. 9580:, pp. 307–308. 9556:, pp. 141–142. 9531:, pp. 140–141. 9481:, pp. 139–140. 9317:, pp. 505–506. 9305:, pp. 437–452. 9293:, pp. 459–460. 9278:, pp. 453–454. 9229:, pp. 446–450. 9205:, pp. 399–402. 9158:, pp. 439–440. 9146:, pp. 548–552. 9134:, pp. 442–443. 9122:, pp. 568–570. 9110:, pp. 435–436. 9098:, pp. 503–506. 9086:, pp. 432–434. 9074:, pp. 426–427. 9062:, pp. 517–518. 9024:, pp. 419–423. 9012:, pp. 421–422. 8959:, pp. 384–385. 8900:, pp. 401–403. 8888:, pp. 397–398. 8839:. pp. 653–71. 8825:, pp. 170–180. 8754:, pp. 445–446. 8742:, pp. 393–395. 8718:, pp. 479–480. 8706:, pp. 383–384. 8655:, pp. 502–504. 8643:, pp. 387–388. 8603:, pp. 388–389. 8508:, pp. 341–343. 8447:, pp. 391–392. 8395:Leuchtenburg (1963) 8371:White House Studies 8360:, pp. 171–184. 8335:, pp. 174–181. 8283:, pp. 408–409. 8244:, pp. 340–341. 8232:, pp. 390–391. 8142:, pp. 334–337. 8098:, pp. 384–389. 8062:, pp. 325–326. 8050:, pp. 379–382. 8038:, pp. 330–331. 8026:, pp. 324–325. 8014:, pp. 327–329. 7975:, pp. 326–327. 7933:(2018) pp. 265–296. 7840:. pp. 323–24. 7808:, pp. 169–170. 7640:David Tyack et al. 7575:, pp. 111–116. 7547:(2016), pp. 170-86. 7469:, pp. 279–280. 7457:, pp. 275–276. 7397:. January 28, 1936. 7311:, pp. 314–315. 7299:, pp. 463–467. 7274:, pp. 303–307. 7262:, pp. 289–291. 7210:, pp. 263–264. 7159:, pp. 271–272. 7147:, pp. 267–269. 7094:, pp. 270–271. 7082:, pp. 262–266. 7058:, pp. 105–107. 6893:, pp. 420–423. 6877:Jason Scott Smith, 6868:, pp. 102–103. 6791:annual unemployment 6737:, pp. 368–370. 6725:, pp. 187–188. 6701:, pp. 367–368. 6636:, pp. 273–274. 6624:, pp. 197–199. 6612:, pp. 364–372. 6598:Leuchtenburg (1963) 6588:, pp. 154–158. 6576:, pp. 143–144. 6564:, pp. 370–374. 6516:, pp. 155–156. 6504:, pp. 177–179. 6492:, pp. 377–383. 6465:, pp. 374–375. 6414:(1996) pp. 111–126. 6352:(2002) pp. 168–182. 6297:, pp. 146–147. 6246:, pp. 405–406. 6234:, pp. 199–200. 6202:Anthony J. Badger, 6180:, pp. 200–201. 6135:40.1 (1971): 39-56 6118:52.1 (1965): 75-88 6080:(2000) pp. 209–220. 6067:(2014) pp. 142–166. 6000:, pp. 165–166. 5988:, pp. 315–316. 5941:, pp. 139–140. 5929:, pp. 135–136. 5917:, pp. 132–133. 5905:, pp. 286–289. 5769:, pp. 130–131. 5757:, pp. 290–295. 5730:, pp. 128–129. 5718:, pp. 255–265. 5302:United Mine Workers 5088:February 3–12, 1945 4682:across the border. 4640:Trinidad and Tobago 4564:January 26–27, 1943 4506:January 14–25, 1943 4438:Trinidad and Tobago 4210:Augusto Samuel Boyd 3994:Trinidad and Tobago 3865:Trinidad and Tobago 3794:Legislative Council 3706:Great Inagua Island 3494:February 6–14, 1933 3281:Japan invaded China 3225:Anti-Comintern Pact 3188:came into power in 3127:non-interventionism 2962:Housing Act of 1937 2939:Keynesian economics 2891:Stanley Forman Reed 2821:freedom of contract 2725:Stanley Forman Reed 2651:Supreme Court fight 2632:Second term "Curse" 2499:John D. Rockefeller 2495:Revenue Act of 1935 2467:John Maynard Keynes 2356:Social Security Act 2221:Cullen–Harrison Act 2105:Banking Act of 1935 2052:commercial aviation 2015:Charles R. Van Hise 1982:planned communities 1957:that de-emphasized 1931:The Grapes of Wrath 1077:role in the economy 974:as a result of the 861:Social Security Act 692:Civil rights record 473:Japanese Internment 153:3rd & 4th terms 15354:Theodore Roosevelt 14868:Blue Dog Coalition 13542:2000 (Los Angeles) 13397:1972 (Miami Beach) 13337:1960 (Los Angeles) 13117:1916 (Saint Louis) 13071:1904 (Saint Louis) 13058:1900 (Kansas City) 13019:1888 (Saint Louis) 12980:1876 (Saint Louis) 12773:Sixth Party System 12768:Fifth Party System 12758:Third Party System 12596:James Roosevelt II 12573: • 12395:Four Freedoms Park 11963:Export Control Act 11886:Modern Oval Office 11834:Jefferson Memorial 11785:Brownlow Committee 11601:New Deal coalition 11277:The Roosevelt Myth 11238:Critical Sociology 11233:(Macmillan, 1997). 11212:Tierney, Dominic. 11178:(JHU Press, 2019). 10969:(Oxford UP, 2018). 10894:Howard, Donald S. 10748:Sherwood, Robert E 10726:Leebaert, Derek. 10633:Smith, Jean Edward 10410:The Grand Alliance 10405:Churchill, Winston 9949:Review of Politics 9692:(1969) pp. 719-20. 9604:Southern Quarterly 9503:John M. Allswang, 9494:(2001) Vol. 1 p. 6 8970:Diplomatic History 8861:J. Thomas (2008). 8348:(2000) pp. 171–84. 7644:(1984) pp. 93-107. 7478:Douglas Brinkley, 7395:The New York Times 6763:(2018) pp. 91–109. 6676:(2012) pp. 204-37. 6206:(1989) pp. 147-89. 6105:(2011) pp. 288-90. 5680:New Deal coalition 5598:instead nominated 5588:Theodore Roosevelt 5576: 5458: 5388:New Deal coalition 5300:, the head of the 5293: 5233:Fifth Party System 5229:New Deal coalition 5214:Fifth Party System 5210:New Deal Coalition 4894:December 7–9, 1943 4860:December 2–7, 1943 4691:August 17–25, 1943 4155:August 21–23, 1939 4124:August 17–20, 1939 4111:Campobello Island, 4094:August 14–16, 1939 4071:Queen's University 3908:Brazilian Congress 3822:Campobello Island 3796:, George Johnson. 3469: 3293:USS Panay incident 3273: 3136:Robert La Follette 3102:Export–Import Bank 3021:Brownlow Committee 2993: 2949: 2899:William O. Douglas 2872:. and commentator 2749:William O. Douglas 2694:Harlan Fiske Stone 2600: 2537:All-American Canal 2463: 2326: 2211:Ending prohibition 2137:William O. Douglas 1922: 1897: 1842:Federal Farm Board 1810: 1763:Glass–Steagall Act 1697: 1645: 1609:Frances C. Perkins 1562:Secretary of Labor 1371:Postmaster General 1211:Secretary of State 1069: 814:first hundred days 803:New Deal Coalition 384:Glass-Steagall Act 15763:Eleanor Roosevelt 15725: 15724: 15504:George H. W. Bush 15454:Lyndon B. Johnson 15384:Warren G. Harding 15324:Benjamin Harrison 15304:Chester A. Arthur 15294:James A. Garfield 15154:John Quincy Adams 15104:George Washington 15052: 15051: 14992: 14991: 14878:Justice Democrats 14502:Wasserman Schultz 12993:1880 (Cincinnati) 12902:1856 (Cincinnati) 12701: 12700: 12678:Harry S. Truman → 12644:Warren Delano Jr. 12620:James Roosevelt I 12602:Elliott Roosevelt 12584:Eleanor Roosevelt 12327:Paralytic illness 12114:Quarantine Speech 11432:table of contents 11371:After Seven Years 11167:978-0-19-507822-0 11093:978-0-19-502418-0 10965:Norpoth, Helmut. 10901:Katznelson, Ira. 10855:Gosnell, Harold. 10799:Badger, Anthony. 10742:excerpt at Google 10599:978-0-7006-1012-9 10541:978-0-06-039050-1 10500:978-1-4000-6964-4 10396:978-0-15-178871-2 10303:978-0-7432-4600-2 10077:The Path to Power 10017:James Patterson, 9745:, pp. 120–23 9688:Irving Bernstein, 9203:Leuchtenburg 1963 8985:(1992): 205-235. 8344:George McJimsey, 8323:(2006) series Ca9 8191:, pp. 39–40. 6915:Donald S Howard, 6759:W. J. Rorabaugh, 6713:, pp. 42–43. 6528:, pp. 70–71. 6426:, pp. 87–89. 6410:Ronald C. Tobey, 6401:(2006) pp. 36–57. 6388:, pp. 89–93. 6348:Michael R. Grey, 6193:(1991) pp. 57-77. 6054:, pp. 97–98. 5890:(1991) pp. 33-56. 5611:Republicans like 5528:Hatch Act of 1939 5503:of Pennsylvania. 5454:Electoral College 5268:William H. Hastie 5201: 5200: 5170:February 18, 1945 5138:Great Bitter Lake 4848:Tehran Conference 4717:Quebec Conference 4393:Winston Churchill 4379: 4368:August 9–12, 1941 4212:during vacation. 4183:February 27, 1940 4135: 3982:December 11, 1936 3884:November 27, 1936 3853:November 21, 1936 3541:Campobello Island 3426:Battle of Britain 3390:Winston Churchill 3378:Charles Lindbergh 3312:In 1936, Germany 3307:Quarantine Speech 3131:League of Nations 3087:Panama Canal Zone 2895:Felix Frankfurter 2870:Burton K. Wheeler 2850:size of the Court 2825:judicial activism 2805: 2804: 2785:Robert H. Jackson 2737:Felix Frankfurter 2708:Associate Justice 2608:Florence E. Allen 2597:Eleanor Roosevelt 2539:and launched the 2160:holding companies 2133:Joseph P. Kennedy 2060:trucking industry 1995:Pacific Northwest 1986:Norris, Tennessee 1712: 1597:William H. Woodin 1575: 1574: 1493:Claude R. Wickard 1407:Claude A. Swanson 1345:Robert H. Jackson 1247:William H. Woodin 1173:John Nance Garner 1079:and to lower the 1053:John Nance Garner 968:George Washington 760: 759: 714: 713: 665:Electoral history 478:Tehran Conference 228: 227: 193: 192: 15780: 15715: 15714: 15705: 15704: 15344:William McKinley 15334:Grover Cleveland 15314:Grover Cleveland 15274:Ulysses S. Grant 15224:Millard Fillmore 15174:Martin Van Buren 15124:Thomas Jefferson 15079: 15072: 15065: 15056: 15055: 14957:Democrats Abroad 14846:Policy Committee 14831: 14830: 14814:Democrats Abroad 13602:2012 (Charlotte) 13097:1912 (Baltimore) 12967:1872 (Baltimore) 12889:1852 (Baltimore) 12876:1848 (Baltimore) 12863:1844 (Baltimore) 12850:1840 (Baltimore) 12837:1835 (Baltimore) 12824:1832 (Baltimore) 12737: 12736:Democratic Party 12728: 12721: 12714: 12705: 12704: 12690: 12689: 12671:← Herbert Hoover 12534:2014 documentary 12390:Roosevelt Island 12037:Quebec Agreement 11958:ABCD line (1940) 11901:Executive Orders 11721:Gold Reserve Act 11527: 11519: 11511: 11500: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11452: 11451: 11423: 11411: 11398: 11374: 11349: 11337: 11325: 11316: 11314: 11289: 11279: 11267: 11209:(Praeger, 1998.) 11195:(2020): 382–399. 11174:Gellman, Irwin. 11171: 11143:Dallek, Robert. 11097: 11043: 11019:(Praeger, 1983) 10987: 10931: 10884:Holzer, Harold. 10866:Hamby, Alonzo L. 10852:(Yale UP, 2018). 10772: 10739: 10654: 10642: 10628: 10603: 10582: 10569: 10557: 10545: 10533: 10522: 10487: 10464: 10452: 10433: 10424: 10400: 10388: 10372: 10361: 10349: 10331: 10307: 10295: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10208: 10207: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10080: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9944: 9938: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9672: 9666: 9660: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9401: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9358: 9349: 9348: 9341: 9335: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8938: 8932: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8914:, pp. 223–4 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8571: 8565: 8555: 8549: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8468: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8211: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8121: 8115: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7993:(4): 1052–1080. 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7955: 7949: 7940: 7934: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7900: 7894: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7866: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7831: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7790: 7784: 7777: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7700: 7694: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7651: 7645: 7638: 7632: 7628:(Praeger, 1983) 7622: 7616: 7615: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7535: 7528: 7522: 7515: 7509: 7502: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7418: 7412: 7407:Gary Dean Best, 7405: 7399: 7398: 7387: 7381: 7375:"Economy's End." 7372: 7366: 7365: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7230: 7224: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7001: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6971: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6946: 6926: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6783: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6746:David E. Kyvig, 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6340: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6281:Anthony Badger, 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6259:(1958) pp. 27–84 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6213: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6129: 6123: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6076:Jeff Singleton, 6074: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5829:. Archived from 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5609:internationalist 5584:Ulysses S. Grant 5353:Charles Coughlin 5195:U.S. Ambassadors 5185: 5181: 5180: 5171: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5112:Yalta Conference 5099: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5080:Malta Conference 5067: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5056:February 2, 1945 5027: 5025: 5024: 5017: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4985: 4984:December 9, 1943 4967: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4956:December 8, 1943 4936: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4925:December 8, 1943 4909: 4905: 4904: 4895: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4824:December 2, 1943 4810:Cairo Conference 4797: 4795: 4794: 4787: 4780:Overnight stop. 4772: 4768: 4767: 4758: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4729: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4628:January 29, 1943 4607: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4596:January 28, 1943 4575: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4538: 4537:January 25, 1943 4516: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4480:January 13, 1943 4466: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4455:January 12, 1943 4436: 4435: 4427: 4426:January 11, 1943 4415:Atlantic Charter 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4332: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4303:December 9, 1940 4293:Fort Saint Louis 4289: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4274:December 8, 1940 4260: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4249:December 8, 1940 4232: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4221:December 5, 1940 4194: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4081:, dedicated the 4054: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4010:August 4–5, 1938 3992: 3991: 3983: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3950:December 3, 1936 3929: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3918:December 2, 1936 3895: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3832: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3805:July 28–30, 1936 3778: 3774: 3773: 3764: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3724:October 16, 1935 3692: 3688: 3687: 3678: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3649:July 11–12, 1934 3635: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3555: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3471: 3337:Munich Agreement 3303:Ludlow Amendment 3289:Nanking Massacre 3257:Francisco Franco 3213:Benito Mussolini 2809:Three Musketeers 2665: 2664: 2639:Lawrence Summers 2533:hydroelectricity 2373:Kenneth S. Davis 2339:Francis Townsend 2331:social insurance 2001:NRA for industry 1980:, the TVA built 1974:Tennessee Valley 1955:Native Americans 1719:Inaugural speech 1714: 1713: 1694: 1675:Robert F. Wagner 1653:Great Depression 1605:Henry A. Wallace 1548:Henry A. Wallace 1481:Henry A. Wallace 1316:Attorney General 1302:Henry L. Stimson 1273:Secretary of War 1185:Henry A. Wallace 1125: 1124: 1093:Bonus March 1932 1059:General election 956:internationalist 826:1933 Banking Act 818:executive orders 799:Great Depression 789:opponent in the 752: 745: 738: 727: 726: 721: 687:New Deal critics 534:Declining health 527:Yalta Conference 468:Atlantic Charter 234: 233: 224: 223: 221: 214: 206: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 188: 170: 132: 96: 50: 48: 35: 28: 27: 15788: 15787: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15777: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15693: 15619:F. D. Roosevelt 15571: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15444:John F. Kennedy 15424:Harry S. Truman 15394:Calvin Coolidge 15254:Abraham Lincoln 15234:Franklin Pierce 15094: 15088: 15083: 15053: 15048: 14988: 14940: 14894: 14825: 14818: 14525: 14523: 14516: 14239: 14233: 14126:C. A. Culberson 14072:J. W. Stevenson 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14048: 13935:D. B. Culberson 13820: 13817: 13815: 13810: 13806: 13799: 13691:administrations 13689: 13681: 13502:1992 (New York) 13442:1980 (New York) 13422:1976 (New York) 13157:1924 (New York) 12954:1868 (New York) 12802: 12799: 12797: 12793: 12790: 12786: 12779: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12702: 12697: 12661: 12638:Isaac Roosevelt 12626:Sara Ann Delano 12572: 12567: 12561: 12557:Other namesakes 12550:2023 miniseries 12542:2022 miniseries 12510:1997 miniseries 12502:1979 miniseries 12341: 12322:Campobello home 12281: 12196: 12160: 12057: 12051: 11917: 11910: 11844:Cannabis policy 11611:Second New Deal 11554:Inaugurations ( 11538: 11530: 11522: 11514: 11503: 11492: 11484: 11479: 11441: 11436: 11382:(2 vol. 1957); 11320: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11300:Primary sources 11297: 11265: 11248: 11243: 11168: 11130:(1977): 57–78. 11115: 11110: 11094: 10985: 10935:Meriam; Lewis. 10795: 10790: 10770: 10716:Hamby, Alonzo. 10674: 10669: 10663: 10661:Further reading 10658: 10651: 10625: 10600: 10566: 10542: 10519: 10484: 10449: 10421: 10397: 10358: 10328: 10304: 10286:Alter, Jonathan 10280: 10275: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10242: 10238: 10230: 10226: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10188: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10164: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10071:Caro, Robert A. 10068: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10032: 10028: 10016: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9988: 9984: 9945: 9941: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9908: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9857: 9853: 9845: 9841: 9833: 9829: 9814: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9739: 9735: 9727: 9723: 9700: 9696: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9619: 9615: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9539: 9535: 9527: 9523: 9509:Kristi Andersen 9502: 9498: 9489: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9423: 9419: 9409: 9407: 9399: 9393: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9359: 9352: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9332:Military Review 9325: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9289: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9261: 9257: 9249: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9182:10.2307/2702049 9166: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9032: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8980: 8976: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8939: 8935: 8923: 8919: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8859: 8855: 8847: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8714: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8612:Robert Dallek, 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8572: 8568: 8556: 8552: 8543: 8539: 8532: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8459:Goldin, Claudia 8455: 8451: 8443: 8436: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8252: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8212: 8208: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8122: 8118: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7962:August 10, 2014 7960:Washington Post 7956: 7952: 7941: 7937: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7901: 7897: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7832: 7825: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7791: 7787: 7781:Textile History 7778: 7774: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7746:. p. 288. 7736: 7732: 7701: 7697: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7660:. p. 160. 7652: 7648: 7639: 7635: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7604:. p. 168. 7596: 7592: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7538: 7529: 7525: 7516: 7512: 7503: 7499: 7490: 7486: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7432:Wayback Machine 7419: 7415: 7406: 7402: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7373: 7369: 7358: 7354: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7231: 7227: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6972: 6968: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6927: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6787:real annual GDP 6784: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6684: 6680: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6347: 6343: 6331: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6214: 6210: 6201: 6197: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6160: 6156: 6148:J. A. Salmond, 6147: 6143: 6130: 6126: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6034: 6030: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5815: 5809:Alter, Jonathan 5807: 5803: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5600:Wendell Willkie 5572:Wendell Willkie 5564: 5546: 5538:Main articles: 5536: 5520:Martin Dies Jr. 5485: 5479: 5438: 5424: 5416:Main articles: 5414: 5401:Harry S. Truman 5383: 5377: 5372: 5347:A group led by 5338:Communist Party 5318: 5285: 5264: 5254: 5241: 5239:Northern whites 5216: 5208:Main articles: 5206: 5175: 5146: 5141: 5126: 5124: 5094: 5092: 5062: 5060: 5022: 5020: 4989: 4962: 4960: 4931: 4929: 4915:Conferred with 4899: 4866: 4864: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4814:Chiang Kai-shek 4808:Attended First 4792: 4790: 4762: 4733: 4715:Attended First 4709: 4697: 4695: 4662: 4660: 4632: 4602: 4600: 4570: 4568: 4542: 4512: 4510: 4485: 4461: 4459: 4430: 4399:Prince of Wales 4357:Duke of Windsor 4336: 4309: 4307: 4279: 4255: 4253: 4227: 4225: 4204: 4189: 4187: 4161: 4159: 4146: 4112: 4100: 4098: 4067:honorary degree 4049: 4047: 4043:August 18, 1938 4016: 4014: 3986: 3956: 3954: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3890: 3888: 3857: 3811: 3809: 3782: 3768: 3730: 3728: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3682: 3655: 3653: 3630: 3628: 3598: 3596: 3576: 3559: 3529: 3527: 3499: 3461: 3441:Tripartite Pact 3361: 3265: 3221:Neutrality Acts 3194:racist doctrine 3168:In 1931, Japan 3166: 3160: 3119: 3110: 3065: 3060: 3054: 3052:Foreign affairs 3017: 2976:, and required 2941: 2935: 2915:civil liberties 2911:judicial review 2874:Walter Lippmann 2801:1943–1949 2789:1941–1954 2777:1941–1942 2773:James F. Byrnes 2765:1940–1949 2753:1939–1975 2741:1939–1962 2729:1938–1957 2717:1937–1971 2698:1941–1946 2663: 2653: 2634: 2589: 2572: 2511: 2471:American Legion 2455: 2450: 2397: 2318: 2308: 2306:Social Security 2300:Aubrey Williams 2292: 2272:full employment 2264:Second New Deal 2255: 2249: 2240: 2238:Second New Deal 2234: 2213: 2168: 2121: 2072: 2070:Monetary policy 2031:Hugh S. Johnson 2003: 1914: 1900:passage of the 1874:Rexford Tugwell 1832: 1826: 1775: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1703:Nothing to Fear 1698: 1692: 1687: 1647:When Roosevelt 1637: 1632: 1626: 1613:Daniel C. Roper 1601:Harold L. Ickes 1571:1933–1945 1567:Frances Perkins 1540:1940–1945 1528:1938–1940 1516:1933–1938 1512:Daniel C. Roper 1497:1940–1945 1485:1933–1940 1466:1933–1945 1462:Harold L. Ickes 1447:1944–1945 1443:James Forrestal 1435:1940–1944 1423:1939–1940 1411:1933–1939 1392:1940–1945 1388:Frank C. Walker 1380:1933–1940 1361:1941–1945 1349:1940–1941 1337:1939–1940 1325:1933–1939 1306:1940–1945 1294:1936–1940 1282:1933–1936 1263:1934–1945 1232:1944–1945 1220:1933–1944 1197:Harry S. Truman 1189:1941–1945 1177:1933–1941 1158:1933–1945 1123: 1117: 1061: 1013: 1008: 994: 986:Main articles: 984: 952:Wendell Willkie 924:Neutrality Acts 865:Social Security 756: 724: 722: 715: 661: 543: 514: 440: 408: 394:Social Security 359: 290: 273: 219: 217: 216: 215: 212: 210: 186:Library website 184: 183: 178: 177: 175: 172: 171: 158: 157: 156: 133: 127: 122: 121: 120: 97: 91: 51: 46: 44: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15786: 15776: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15709: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15575: 15573: 15567: 15566: 15562: 15561: 15551: 15541: 15531: 15524:George W. Bush 15521: 15511: 15501: 15491: 15481: 15471: 15461: 15451: 15441: 15431: 15421: 15411: 15404:Herbert Hoover 15401: 15391: 15381: 15374:Woodrow Wilson 15371: 15361: 15351: 15341: 15331: 15321: 15311: 15301: 15291: 15281: 15271: 15264:Andrew Johnson 15261: 15251: 15244:James Buchanan 15241: 15231: 15221: 15214:Zachary Taylor 15211: 15201: 15191: 15181: 15171: 15164:Andrew Jackson 15161: 15151: 15141: 15131: 15121: 15111: 15100: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15093:Presidents and 15090: 15089: 15082: 15081: 15074: 15067: 15059: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15000: 14998: 14994: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14860: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14837: 14835: 14828: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14809:Virgin Islands 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14784:American Samoa 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14729:South Carolina 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14694:North Carolina 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14530: 14528: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14475: 14466: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14246: 14244: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14213: 14207: 14201: 14195: 14189: 14183: 14177: 14171: 14165: 14159: 14153: 14147: 14141: 14135: 14129: 14123: 14117: 14111: 14105: 14099: 14093: 14087: 14081: 14075: 14068: 14066: 14050: 14049: 14047: 14046: 14040: 14034: 14028: 14022: 14016: 14010: 14004: 13998: 13992: 13986: 13980: 13974: 13968: 13962: 13956: 13950: 13944: 13938: 13932: 13926: 13920: 13914: 13908: 13902: 13896: 13886: 13880: 13874: 13868: 13862: 13856: 13850: 13844: 13838: 13832: 13825: 13823: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13744: 13738: 13732: 13726: 13720: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13695: 13693: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13662:2024 (Chicago) 13659: 13658: 13657: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13539: 13538: 13537: 13522:1996 (Chicago) 13519: 13518: 13517: 13499: 13498: 13497: 13482:1988 (Atlanta) 13479: 13478: 13477: 13459: 13458: 13457: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13377:1968 (Chicago) 13374: 13373: 13372: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13317:1956 (Chicago) 13314: 13313: 13312: 13297:1952 (Chicago) 13294: 13293: 13292: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13257:1944 (Chicago) 13254: 13253: 13252: 13237:1940 (Chicago) 13234: 13233: 13232: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13197:1932 (Chicago) 13194: 13193: 13192: 13177:1928 (Houston) 13174: 13173: 13172: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13094: 13081: 13068: 13055: 13045:1896 (Chicago) 13042: 13032:1892 (Chicago) 13029: 13016: 13006:1884 (Chicago) 13003: 12990: 12977: 12964: 12951: 12941:1864 (Chicago) 12938: 12912: 12899: 12886: 12873: 12860: 12847: 12834: 12821: 12807: 12805: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12731: 12730: 12723: 12716: 12708: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12682: 12681: 12674: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12659: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12634:(half-brother) 12629: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12599: 12593: 12587: 12580: 12578: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12544: 12540:The First Lady 12536: 12532:The Roosevelts 12528: 12520: 12512: 12504: 12496: 12482: 12474: 12463: 12455: 12453:Roosevelt dime 12450: 12445: 12438: 12430: 12425: 12417: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12360: 12355: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12307: 12302: 12301: 12300: 12289: 12287: 12286:Life and homes 12283: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12206: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12168: 12166: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12116: 12111: 12108:Look to Norway 12104: 12102:Fireside chats 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12061: 12059: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11968:Four Policemen 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11922: 11920: 11918:foreign policy 11912: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11881:March of Dimes 11878: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11752: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11726:Silver seizure 11723: 11713: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11606:First 100 days 11603: 11598: 11588: 11586:Foreign policy 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11520: 11512: 11501: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11478: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11439:External links 11437: 11435: 11434: 11425: 11415: 11400: 11391: 11376: 11366: 11354: 11342: 11330: 11318: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11281: 11269: 11264:978-0847694150 11263: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11179: 11172: 11166: 11151: 11141: 11134: 11124: 11116: 11114: 11113:Foreign policy 11111: 11109: 11108: 11100:Taylor, Nick. 11098: 11092: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11067: 11066:covers 1933–34 11056: 11033: 11023: 11013: 11003: 10989: 10983: 10970: 10963: 10953: 10943: 10933: 10909: 10899: 10892: 10882: 10876: 10863: 10853: 10846: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10811: 10806:Biles, Roger. 10804: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10781: 10768: 10760:2027/heb.00749 10744: 10731: 10724: 10714: 10700: 10686: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10665:Main article: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10649: 10629: 10623: 10608: 10598: 10583: 10574: 10564: 10547: 10540: 10523: 10518:978-0195038347 10517: 10502: 10488: 10482: 10469: 10457:Dallek, Robert 10453: 10447: 10434: 10425: 10419: 10401: 10395: 10378: 10362: 10356: 10336: 10326: 10308: 10302: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10260: 10248: 10236: 10224: 10209: 10202: 10182: 10170: 10168:, p. 454. 10158: 10146: 10134: 10122: 10120:, p. 428. 10110: 10103: 10091:Alfred A Knopf 10062: 10050: 10048:, p. 349. 10038: 10026: 10010: 9998: 9982: 9955:(4): 525–562. 9939: 9926: 9914: 9902: 9890: 9888:, p. 284. 9878: 9871: 9851: 9839: 9827: 9808: 9806:, p. 135. 9796: 9784: 9772: 9770:, p. 145. 9760: 9758:, p. 350. 9748: 9741:Fried (2001), 9733: 9721: 9710:(2): 160–189. 9694: 9681: 9667: 9652: 9640: 9634:978-0813139753 9633: 9613: 9594: 9582: 9570: 9568:, p. 378. 9558: 9546: 9540:Ronald Bayor, 9533: 9521: 9496: 9490:James Ciment, 9483: 9471: 9444: 9437: 9417: 9404:usspotomac.org 9387: 9373: 9350: 9336: 9319: 9307: 9295: 9280: 9268: 9255: 9253:, p. 464. 9243: 9241:, p. 420. 9231: 9219: 9217:, p. 523. 9207: 9195: 9176:(3): 486–492. 9160: 9148: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9039: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8974: 8961: 8949: 8933: 8917: 8902: 8890: 8878: 8872:978-0230604506 8871: 8853: 8846:978-1444330168 8845: 8827: 8815: 8796:(3): 299–313. 8780: 8768: 8766:, p. 385. 8756: 8744: 8732: 8730:, p. 256. 8720: 8708: 8696: 8694:, p. 261. 8681: 8679:, p. 503. 8669: 8667:, p. 500. 8657: 8645: 8633: 8631:, p. 390. 8621: 8616:(1979) p. 102 8605: 8593: 8586: 8566: 8550: 8537: 8530: 8510: 8498: 8496:, p. 501. 8486: 8479: 8449: 8434: 8415:(2): 110–131. 8399: 8387: 8385:, p. 484. 8375: 8362: 8350: 8337: 8325: 8312: 8305: 8285: 8273: 8266: 8260:. p. 89. 8246: 8234: 8222: 8217:41 (1973): 1+ 8206: 8193: 8181: 8169: 8156: 8144: 8132: 8116: 8100: 8088: 8086:, p. 312. 8076: 8074:, p. 331. 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7977: 7965: 7950: 7935: 7922: 7915: 7895: 7878: 7853: 7846: 7823: 7810: 7798: 7785: 7772: 7759: 7752: 7730: 7711:(3): 364–387. 7695: 7682: 7673: 7666: 7646: 7633: 7617: 7610: 7590: 7586:Forest History 7577: 7565: 7549: 7536: 7523: 7510: 7497: 7484: 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7413: 7400: 7382: 7367: 7352: 7341:(2): 332–359. 7325: 7323:, p. 320. 7313: 7301: 7289: 7283:Colin Gordon, 7276: 7264: 7252: 7245: 7239:. p. 84. 7225: 7212: 7200: 7198:, p. 273. 7188: 7182:978-0547175607 7181: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7135:, p. 107. 7125: 7108: 7106:, p. 108. 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7046:, p. 261. 7036: 7034:, p. 105. 7024: 7022:, p. 260. 7012: 6996: 6983: 6973:Ronald Story, 6966: 6948: 6941: 6921: 6908: 6895: 6883: 6870: 6858: 6852:978-0547175607 6851: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6778: 6765: 6752: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6687:The Patriarch, 6678: 6665: 6658: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6600:, pp. 199–203. 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6552:, p. 124. 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6441:, p. 379. 6428: 6416: 6403: 6390: 6378: 6376:, p. 252. 6366: 6354: 6341: 6325: 6312: 6299: 6287: 6274: 6261: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6208: 6195: 6182: 6170: 6154: 6141: 6124: 6107: 6094: 6082: 6069: 6056: 6044: 6028: 6015: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5955: 5953:, p. 312. 5943: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5892: 5879: 5867: 5844: 5813: 5801: 5783: 5781:, p. 191. 5771: 5759: 5747: 5732: 5720: 5708: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5657: 5649: 5646: 5580:22nd Amendment 5535: 5532: 5497:Maury Maverick 5481:Main article: 5478: 5475: 5413: 5410: 5379:Main article: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5331:Vladimir Lenin 5317: 5314: 5284: 5281: 5253: 5250: 5240: 5237: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5183:French Algeria 5172: 5166: 5165: 5158:Haile Selassie 5152:Met with King 5150: 5135: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5034: 5031: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4875: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4844: 4839: 4826: 4822:November 27 – 4818: 4817: 4806: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4741:French Algeria 4730: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4658: 4656:April 20, 1943 4653: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644:Port of Spain 4642: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4620:Getúlio Vargas 4616: 4611: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4442:Port of Spain 4440: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4389: 4384: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4143:Bay of Islands 4140: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4109: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4063: 4058: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3998:Port of Spain 3996: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3920: 3916:November 30 – 3912: 3911: 3904: 3902:Rio de Janeiro 3899: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3786: 3779: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3744: 3739: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3715:Fishing trip. 3713: 3711:Crooked Island 3693: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3594: 3592:July 5–6, 1934 3589: 3585: 3584: 3583:Fishing trip. 3581: 3570: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3460: 3457: 3418:fall of France 3360: 3357: 3333:Czechoslovakia 3298:The Good Earth 3264: 3261: 3243:In July 1936, 3211:regime led by 3159: 3156: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3064: 3061: 3056:Main article: 3053: 3050: 3016: 3013: 2934: 2931: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2588: 2585: 2571: 2568: 2545:Central Valley 2510: 2507: 2489:, a graduated 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2434:General Motors 2396: 2393: 2346:system, and a 2307: 2304: 2291: 2288: 2262:proposed the " 2251:Main article: 2248: 2245: 2233: 2230: 2225:21st Amendment 2212: 2209: 2197:securitization 2187:programs. The 2173:home-ownership 2167: 2164: 2120: 2117: 2071: 2068: 2023:antitrust laws 2002: 1999: 1913: 1910: 1893:Dorothea Lange 1825: 1822: 1818:Robert Fechner 1774: 1771: 1756:First 100 Days 1726: 1717:Sample of the 1716: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1685:Banking reform 1683: 1667:fireside chats 1636: 1633: 1625: 1622: 1589: 1588: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1536:Jesse H. Jones 1532: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1419:Charles Edison 1415: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1357:Francis Biddle 1353: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1168:Vice President 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1116: 1115:Administration 1113: 1089:class conflict 1083:as part of a " 1073:Herbert Hoover 1060: 1057: 1012: 1009: 983: 980: 976:20th Amendment 964:22nd Amendment 944:Fall of France 932:invaded Poland 783:Herbert Hoover 758: 757: 755: 754: 747: 740: 732: 729: 728: 716: 712: 711: 710: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 682:Foreign policy 679: 674: 668: 667: 660: 659: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 633: 632: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 606: 605: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 579: 578: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 550: 549: 545: 544: 542: 541: 536: 530: 529: 521: 520: 516: 515: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 491: 490: 485: 483:United Nations 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 447: 446: 442: 441: 439: 438: 436:March of Dimes 433: 431:1937 recession 428: 423: 415: 414: 410: 409: 407: 406: 404:Fireside Chats 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 375: 374: 372:First 100 days 366: 365: 361: 360: 358: 357: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 334:Inaugurations 331: 330: 324: 323: 322: 321: 313: 312: 306: 305: 297: 296: 292: 291: 289: 288: 280: 279: 275: 274: 272: 271: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 247: 242: 230: 229: 226: 225: 213:a series about 209: 207: 191: 190: 180: 179: 173: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 151: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 129: 124: 123: 118:Herbert Hoover 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 93: 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 58: 54: 53: 41: 40: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15785: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15718: 15710: 15708: 15700: 15699: 15696: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15664:G. H. W. Bush 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15639:L. B. Johnson 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15568: 15559: 15555: 15552: 15549: 15545: 15542: 15539: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15512: 15509: 15505: 15502: 15499: 15495: 15494:Ronald Reagan 15492: 15489: 15485: 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15469: 15465: 15464:Richard Nixon 15462: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15439: 15435: 15432: 15429: 15425: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15412: 15409: 15405: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15389: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15365: 15362: 15359: 15355: 15352: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15339: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15312: 15309: 15305: 15302: 15299: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15259: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15239: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15225: 15222: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15209: 15205: 15204:James K. Polk 15202: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15189: 15185: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15169: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15145: 15142: 15139: 15135: 15134:James Madison 15132: 15129: 15125: 15122: 15119: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15097: 15091: 15087: 15080: 15075: 15073: 15068: 15066: 15061: 15060: 15057: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15019:Superdelegate 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14897: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14841:Senate Caucus 14839: 14838: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14821: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14769:West Virginia 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14674:New Hampshire 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14634:Massachusetts 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14527: 14519: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14226: 14223: 14220: 14217: 14214: 14211: 14208: 14205: 14202: 14199: 14196: 14193: 14190: 14187: 14184: 14181: 14178: 14175: 14172: 14169: 14166: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14154: 14151: 14148: 14145: 14142: 14139: 14136: 14133: 14130: 14127: 14124: 14121: 14118: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14106: 14103: 14100: 14097: 14094: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14082: 14079: 14076: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14057: 14051: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14035: 14032: 14029: 14026: 14023: 14020: 14017: 14014: 14011: 14008: 14005: 14002: 13999: 13996: 13993: 13990: 13987: 13984: 13981: 13978: 13975: 13972: 13969: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13942: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13930: 13927: 13924: 13921: 13918: 13915: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13894: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13881: 13878: 13875: 13872: 13869: 13866: 13863: 13860: 13857: 13854: 13851: 13848: 13845: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13833: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13813: 13808: 13802: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13770:L. B. Johnson 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13688: 13684: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13660: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13582:2008 (Denver) 13580: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13562:2004 (Boston) 13560: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13520: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13460: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13420: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13355: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13271: 13268: 13267: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13084:1908 (Denver) 13082: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12795: 12788: 12782: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12729: 12724: 12722: 12717: 12715: 12710: 12709: 12706: 12694: 12693: 12684: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12664: 12657: 12654: 12651: 12648: 12646:(grandfather) 12645: 12642: 12640:(grandfather) 12639: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12571: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12549: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12487: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12434:Four Freedoms 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12344: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12298:Groton School 12296: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12284: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12187:Business Plot 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12121: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12081:Four Freedoms 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11876:"Brain Trust" 11874: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11854:Supreme Court 11852: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11824:Black Cabinet 11822: 11818: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11810:Four Freedoms 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11537: 11533: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11483: 11476: 11471: 11469: 11464: 11462: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11392: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11304: 11293: 11288:(short essay) 11287: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11273:Flynn, John T 11270: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11251: 11250: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11055:to March 1933 11054: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11039:(1957–1960), 11038: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11012: 11011:online review 11008: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10984:9781444330168 10980: 10976: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10962: 10961:online review 10958: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10923:(2): 106–13, 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10848:Dunn, Susan. 10847: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10797: 10786: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10771: 10769:9780060138455 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10743: 10737: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10694:online review 10691: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10676: 10668: 10652: 10650:9781400061211 10646: 10641: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10624:0-8147-7991-3 10620: 10616: 10615: 10609: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10584: 10580: 10575: 10573: 10567: 10565:9780061330254 10561: 10556: 10555: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10532: 10531: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10483:0-8232-1609-8 10479: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10448:9780698181724 10444: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10420:0-395-41057-6 10416: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10379: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10357:9780385519588 10353: 10348: 10347: 10341: 10337: 10335: 10329: 10327:9781586482824 10323: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10312:Black, Conrad 10309: 10305: 10299: 10294: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10269: 10264: 10257: 10252: 10245: 10240: 10233: 10228: 10221: 10216: 10214: 10205: 10203:9781568025117 10199: 10195: 10194: 10186: 10179: 10174: 10167: 10162: 10155: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10131: 10126: 10119: 10114: 10106: 10104:0-394-49973-5 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10059: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10035: 10030: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9930: 9924:, pp. 239–43. 9923: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9899: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9855: 9848: 9843: 9836: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9804:McJimsey 2000 9800: 9793: 9792:McJimsey 2000 9788: 9781: 9776: 9769: 9768:McJimsey 2000 9764: 9757: 9752: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9704:Labor History 9698: 9691: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9649: 9644: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9590:McJimsey 2000 9586: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9554:McJimsey 2000 9550: 9543: 9537: 9530: 9529:McJimsey 2000 9525: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9493: 9487: 9480: 9479:McJimsey 2000 9475: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9440: 9438:9781596296237 9434: 9430: 9429: 9421: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9376: 9374:9781612515007 9370: 9366: 9365: 9357: 9355: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9299: 9292: 9287: 9285: 9277: 9272: 9265: 9259: 9252: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9152: 9145: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9097: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9043: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9018: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8971: 8965: 8958: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8887: 8882: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8848: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8729: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8686: 8678: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8654: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8589: 8587:9780847694167 8583: 8579: 8578: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8547: 8541: 8533: 8531:9780195109726 8527: 8523: 8522: 8514: 8507: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8482: 8480:9781479839902 8476: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8397:, pp. 203–10. 8396: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8372: 8366: 8359: 8358:McJimsey 2000 8354: 8347: 8341: 8334: 8333:McJimsey 2000 8329: 8322: 8316: 8308: 8306:9781576075975 8302: 8298: 8297: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8269: 8267:9780226315560 8263: 8259: 8258: 8250: 8243: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8197: 8190: 8189:Clouatre 2012 8185: 8179:, p. 36. 8178: 8177:Clouatre 2012 8173: 8166: 8160: 8154:, p. 32. 8153: 8152:Clouatre 2012 8148: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7926: 7918: 7916:9780674530171 7912: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7863: 7857: 7849: 7847:9781476750576 7843: 7839: 7838: 7830: 7828: 7821:(1982) p. 36. 7820: 7814: 7807: 7806:McJimsey 2000 7802: 7795: 7789: 7782: 7776: 7769: 7763: 7755: 7753:9780252098581 7749: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7689:Tyack et al. 7686: 7677: 7669: 7667:9780299236137 7663: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7613: 7611:9780231082990 7607: 7603: 7602: 7594: 7587: 7581: 7574: 7573:McJimsey 2000 7569: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7546: 7540: 7533: 7527: 7520: 7514: 7507: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7475: 7468: 7463: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425:(2013) online 7423: 7417: 7410: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7379: 7376: 7371: 7363: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7287:(1994) p. 225 7286: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7261: 7256: 7248: 7246:9781616144579 7242: 7238: 7237: 7229: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7192: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7133:McJimsey 2000 7129: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7105: 7104:McJimsey 2000 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7056:McJimsey 2000 7052: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7032:McJimsey 2000 7028: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6990:Tyack et al. 6987: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6944: 6942:9780674116139 6938: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6918: 6912: 6905: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6874: 6867: 6866:McJimsey 2000 6862: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6723:McJimsey 2000 6719: 6712: 6711:McJimsey 2000 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6672:David Nasaw, 6669: 6661: 6659:9780313392832 6655: 6651: 6650: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6526:McJimsey 2000 6522: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6453:, p. 97. 6452: 6451:McJimsey 2000 6447: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6425: 6424:McJimsey 2000 6420: 6413: 6407: 6400: 6397:Roger Biles, 6394: 6387: 6386:McJimsey 2000 6382: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6272:(1983) p. 107 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6189:Roger Biles, 6186: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6092:, p. 99. 6091: 6090:McJimsey 2000 6086: 6079: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6052:McJimsey 2000 6048: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5886:Roger Biles, 5883: 5876: 5871: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634:Four Freedoms 5631: 5625: 5622: 5621:1940 election 5616: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5344:in New York. 5343: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298:John L. Lewis 5289: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5272:Black Cabinet 5269: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221:city machines 5215: 5211: 5196: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5019: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974:Castelvetrano 4972: 4970: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4852:Joseph Stalin 4849: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4827: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4751:Disembarked. 4750: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4694: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4588:Edwin Barclay 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411:Placentia Bay 4408: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4395:aboard ship ( 4394: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3974:Gabriel Terra 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3921: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3876:South America 3873: 3871: 3870:Port of Spain 3868: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831:July 31, 1936 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790:Bede Clifford 3787: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3627: 3624:July 10, 1934 3622: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3456: 3453: 3452:America First 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3402:Low Countries 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314:remilitarized 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3148:Nye Committee 3145: 3144:William Borah 3141: 3140:Hiram Johnson 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3078:protectorates 3075: 3071: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:Josiah Bailey 2945: 2940: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862:court packing 2859: 2855: 2851: 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Stevenson 13747: 13687:Presidential 13321:Stevenson II 13301:Stevenson II 12927:Breckinridge 12910:Breckinridge 12857: 12801:presidential 12792:presidential 12685: 12676: 12669: 12658:(family dog) 12652:(family dog) 12547: 12539: 12531: 12523: 12516:Warm Springs 12515: 12507: 12499: 12491: 12485: 12477: 12469: 12461:1937 musical 12458: 12441: 12433: 12421: 12413: 12353:Bibliography 12165:Other events 12056:Presidential 12042:Europe first 11916:Presidential 11891:Official car 11814: 11805:Roerich Pact 11575: 11427: 11419: 11407: 11395: 11388:vol 2 online 11384:vol 1 online 11379: 11370: 11359: 11346: 11334: 11321: 11308: 11285: 11276: 11254: 11237: 11230: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11182: 11175: 11156: 11144: 11137: 11127: 11120: 11101: 11083: 11070: 11059: 11048: 11040: 11026: 11016: 11006: 11000: 10992: 10974: 10966: 10956: 10946: 10936: 10920: 10919:(fulltext), 10916: 10902: 10895: 10885: 10869: 10856: 10849: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10784: 10774: 10751: 10735: 10727: 10717: 10703: 10689: 10679: 10672:Biographical 10638: 10613: 10588: 10578: 10553: 10529: 10507: 10491: 10473: 10460: 10438: 10429: 10409: 10384: 10367: 10345: 10316: 10291: 10268:Kennedy 1999 10263: 10251: 10244:Kennedy 1999 10239: 10232:Kennedy 1999 10227: 10220:Herring 2008 10192: 10185: 10178:Kennedy 1999 10173: 10161: 10154:Kennedy 1999 10149: 10142:Kennedy 1999 10137: 10130:Kennedy 1999 10125: 10113: 10076: 10065: 10053: 10046:Kennedy 1999 10041: 10034:Kennedy 1999 10029: 10018: 10013: 10001: 9990: 9985: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9934: 9933:Susan Dunn, 9929: 9917: 9905: 9898:Kennedy 1999 9893: 9881: 9861: 9854: 9847:Kennedy 1999 9842: 9835:Kennedy 1999 9830: 9817: 9811: 9799: 9787: 9780:Kennedy 1999 9775: 9763: 9751: 9742: 9736: 9729:Kennedy 1999 9724: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9689: 9684: 9676: 9670: 9663:Kennedy 1999 9648:Kennedy 1999 9643: 9623: 9616: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9585: 9573: 9566:Kennedy 1999 9561: 9549: 9541: 9536: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9499: 9491: 9486: 9474: 9462:. 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Harpers. 10278:Works cited 10093:. pp. 9910:Brands 2009 9610:(1): 73–89. 9578:Dallek 2017 9507:(1978) and 9144:Brands 2009 9120:Brands 2009 8823:Dallek 1995 8776:Brands 2009 8752:Brands 2009 8716:Brands 2009 7297:Brands 2009 6891:Brands 2009 6610:Brands 2009 6550:Hawley 1995 6538:Dallek 2017 6514:Dallek 2017 6490:Brands 2009 6463:Brands 2009 6362:Dallek 2017 6295:Dallek 2017 6244:Brands 2009 5998:Dallek 2017 5939:Dallek 2017 5903:Brands 2009 5779:Dallek 2017 5767:Dallek 2017 5755:Brands 2009 5716:Brands 2009 5704:Brands 2009 5508:Robert Taft 5357:Union Party 5276:voting bloc 4886:İsmet İnönü 4708:Quebec City 4344:The Bahamas 4262:Saint Lucia 3842:John Buchan 3836:Quebec City 3776:The Bahamas 3690:The Bahamas 3667:Panama City 3610:Cap Haitien 3567:The Bahamas 3507:The Bahamas 3445:Axis powers 3253:Nationalist 3238:Philippines 3152:World Court 2970:child labor 2817:Lochner era 2646:leadership. 2595:First Lady 2217:Prohibition 2185:refinancing 2093:World War I 1878:George Peek 1870:M.L. Wilson 1866:Farm Bureau 1847:dust storms 1837:farm crisis 1824:Agriculture 1745:Ogden Mills 1679:Brain Trust 1649:took office 1582:concludes: 1278:George Dern 812:During his 768:inaugurated 519:Fourth term 413:Second term 176:(1894–1945) 130:Second term 85:White House 15732:Categories 15674:G. W. Bush 15629:Eisenhower 15579:Washington 15570:Presidency 15194:John Tyler 15114:John Adams 14824:Affiliated 14764:Washington 14684:New Mexico 14679:New Jersey 14554:California 13941:Richardson 13805:U.S. House 13729:A. Johnson 13626:H. Clinton 13526:B. Clinton 13506:B. Clinton 13361:L. Johnson 13345:L. Johnson 12923:H. Johnson 12845:R. Johnson 12592:(daughter) 12260:theme song 11978:Lend-Lease 11550:Transition 11536:Presidency 10754:, Harper, 10441:. Viking. 10340:Brands, HW 10256:Smith 2007 10166:Burns 1956 10118:Burns 1956 10058:Smith 2007 9886:Burns 1956 9872:0822315378 9756:Burns 1956 9330:(2013) in 9303:Burns 1956 9239:Burns 1956 9096:Black 2005 8728:Burns 1956 8692:Burns 1956 8506:Smith 2007 8281:Smith 2007 8230:Smith 2007 8096:Smith 2007 8084:Burns 1956 8048:Smith 2007 7543:Brinkley, 6689:pp. 226-28 5986:Smith 2007 5971:October 9, 5951:Smith 2007 5875:Burns 1956 5856:. Bartleby 5686:References 5642:third term 5638:Lend-Lease 5613:Henry Luce 5467:Alf Landon 5446:Alf Landon 5256:See also: 5148:Alexandria 5143:Suez Canal 4550:The Gambia 4523:Casablanca 4493:The Gambia 4287:Martinique 4118:Vacation. 3968:Montevideo 3906:Addressed 3825:Vacation. 3752:West Coast 3545:Vacation. 3482:Locations 3437:destroyers 3263:War clouds 3249:Republican 3202:Lebensraum 3186:Nazi Party 2937:See also: 2922:Hugo Black 2713:Hugo Black 2551:, and the 2487:estate tax 2438:U.S. Steel 2405:Wagner Act 2364:regressive 2335:retirement 2193:Fannie Mae 2141:Abe Fortas 2097:hard money 2076:fiat money 2036:Blue Eagle 1828:See also: 1731:media help 1628:See also: 1431:Frank Knox 1119:See also: 1029:Louis Howe 840:, and the 787:Republican 707:Depictions 645:convention 618:convention 591:convention 564:convention 445:Third term 364:First term 328:Transition 240:Early life 94:First term 73:Democratic 15572:timelines 15554:Joe Biden 15548:2017–2021 15538:2009–2017 15528:2001–2009 15518:1993–2001 15508:1989–1993 15498:1981–1989 15488:1977–1981 15478:1974–1977 15468:1969–1974 15458:1963–1969 15448:1961–1963 15438:1953–1961 15428:1945–1953 15418:1933–1945 15408:1929–1933 15398:1923–1929 15388:1921–1923 15378:1913–1921 15368:1909–1913 15358:1901–1909 15348:1897–1901 15338:1893–1897 15328:1889–1893 15318:1885–1889 15308:1881–1885 15288:1877–1881 15278:1869–1877 15268:1865–1869 15258:1861–1865 15248:1857–1861 15238:1853–1857 15228:1850–1853 15218:1849–1850 15208:1845–1849 15198:1841–1845 15178:1837–1841 15168:1829–1837 15158:1825–1829 15148:1817–1825 15138:1809–1817 15128:1801–1809 15118:1797–1801 15108:1789–1797 15004:Primaries 14945:Sectional 14774:Wisconsin 14739:Tennessee 14644:Minnesota 14619:Louisiana 14522:State and 14487:McAuliffe 14315:McCormick 14238:Chairs of 14198:Mansfield 14186:McFarland 14162:Underwood 14156:Hitchcock 14120:Blackburn 14084:Pendleton 14001:McCormack 13752:1941–1945 13748:1933–1941 13735:Cleveland 13705:Van Buren 13675:primaries 13655:primaries 13635:primaries 13615:primaries 13595:primaries 13575:primaries 13555:primaries 13550:Lieberman 13535:primaries 13515:primaries 13495:primaries 13475:primaries 13455:primaries 13435:primaries 13415:primaries 13390:primaries 13370:primaries 13350:primaries 13330:primaries 13310:primaries 13290:primaries 13270:primaries 13261:Roosevelt 13250:primaries 13241:Roosevelt 13230:primaries 13221:Roosevelt 13210:primaries 13201:Roosevelt 13190:primaries 13170:primaries 13150:primaries 13145:Roosevelt 13130:primaries 13110:primaries 13036:Cleveland 13023:Cleveland 13014:Hendricks 13010:Cleveland 12988:Hendricks 12949:Pendleton 12945:McClellan 12854:Van Buren 12841:Van Buren 12832:Van Buren 12803:primaries 12570:Roosevelt 12436:paintings 12422:Roosevelt 12315:FDR Suite 12202:Elections 11988:Hull note 11896:Criticism 11268:. 248 pp. 11246:Criticism 10929:0037-7333 10777:(1948); 10314:(2005) . 9977:145405461 8926:Historian 8810:159727256 8409:Historian 7945:USA TODAY 7768:Prologue, 7725:145557062 5811:, p. 190. 5691:Citations 5510:formed a 5351:, Father 5349:Huey Long 5327:Karl Marx 5110:Attended 5078:Attended 5036:Attended 4880:Attended 4846:Attended 4674:Monterrey 4555:Bathurst 4527:Attended 4350:Eleuthera 4201:Cristóbal 4148:Bonne Bay 4065:Received 3931:Argentina 3701:Lobos Cay 3642:Cartagena 3573:Elbow Cay 3416:With the 3386:Phony War 3341:occupying 3318:Rhineland 3178:Manchukuo 3174:Manchuria 3074:withdrawn 2570:Education 2479:Bonus Act 2389:Fair Deal 2351:workers. 2201:mortgages 1856:The 1933 1851:Dust Bowl 1149:President 1099:to win a 677:Criticism 640:primaries 613:primaries 586:primaries 559:primaries 500:G.I. Bill 250:Paralysis 15707:Category 15609:Coolidge 15584:McKinley 14863:Factions 14834:Congress 14759:Virginia 14709:Oklahoma 14689:New York 14664:Nebraska 14654:Missouri 14639:Michigan 14629:Maryland 14614:Kentucky 14594:Illinois 14569:Delaware 14559:Colorado 14549:Arkansas 14512:Harrison 14473:Grossman 14415:Westwood 14380:Mitchell 14375:McKinney 14360:Hannegan 14320:Cummings 14210:Mitchell 14168:Robinson 14043:Jeffries 14031:Gephardt 13989:Bankhead 13947:Williams 13917:Carlisle 13812:Speakers 13723:Buchanan 13405:Eagleton 13401:McGovern 13381:Humphrey 13365:Humphrey 13325:Kefauver 13305:Sparkman 13185:Robinson 13165:C. Bryan 13161:J. Davis 13125:Marshall 13105:Marshall 13088:W. Bryan 13079:H. Davis 13062:W. Bryan 13049:W. 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Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms

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