Education in Mexico

1833:'s presidency, secular, public education was a priority for the government, since it was seen as a vehicle for changes in behavior that would benefit the government's commitment to progress. The number of schools expanded and the federal government expanded centralized control. Municipal governments had to yield control to state governments, and the federal bureaucracy for public schooling was established under the Ministry of Education, a cabinet-level position. More money was spent on public schools in this era, increasing faster than other public expenditures. Public schooling was part of Mexico's project of modernization, to create an educated workforce. Those overseeing schools sought to instill the virtues of punctuality, thrift, valuable work habits, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco use, and gambling, along with creating a literate population. Although these were a lofty aim, implementation was hampered by teachers who were poorly trained. Illiteracy was widespread, with the 1910 census indicating only 33% of men and 27% of women were literate. Few students went on to secondary or post-secondary education. "Porfirian schools were more important in their production of middle-class talent for the post-revolutionary educational and cultural efforts than they were in transforming popular behavior and illiteracy." However, the government's commitment to education under 1704: 1989:, who appointed Torres Bodet Minister of Education. Torres Bodet made a comprehensive assessment of Mexican education, which led to the Eleven-Year Plan for Education, attempting to make a commitment that forced the next president to continue implementation. The assessment of Mexican primary-level schools showed that 50% of Mexican children, or 3 million, had access to primary education. Of those, fewer than 25% finished fourth grade. Only about 1,000 of those primary school students would succeed in pursuing a profession. A basic finding was that only 50% of Mexicans could read or write. López Mateos sought reforms to remedy the situation, including training 27,000 more teachers and building more schools. He also created a program to provide free textbooks to students and made their use obligatory in schools. 1934:

socialist education was to create a "useful and efficient worker capable of assuming leadership of the national economy, employing methods of modern science with a profound consciousness of collective responsibility ... an indispensable precondition for the coming of a state in the hands of the working classes." The conflict was violent at the National University in Mexico City, which in 1929 had become autonomous from government control, but there was also conflict at regional universities as well, mainly student strikes. Cárdenas backed away from socialist education. Catholic student groups' mobilization against socialist education had lasting consequences, with leaders in the Catholic Student Union playing an important role in the founding of the conservative, pro-Catholic

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education' is often used to describe the educational system. Implementation of educational integration has taken many years and still continues to face obstacles. Under the current model, students with severe disabilities that would not benefit from inclusion, study the same curriculum as regular classrooms in separate schools called Centros de Atencion Multiple , or CAM. Otherwise, special needs students are placed in regular classrooms and are supported by the Unidades de Servicio y Apoyo a la Educación Regular or the Unit of Support Services for Regular Education, (USAER). This group is made up of special education teachers, speech therapists, psychologists and other professionals to help special needs students in the classroom and minimize barriers to their learning.

991: 608: 3612: 477: 1614: 1898: 5195: 1504:, friars embarked on a widespread program of evangelization of Christianity. In the colonial era, schooling of elite men of European descent was established under the auspices of the Catholic Church. Liberals' attempts to separate church and state in post-independence Mexico included removal of the Catholic Church from education. Education remains an important aspect of Mexican institutional and cultural life, and conflicts continue about how it should be conducted. The history of education in Mexico gives insight into the larger history of the nation. 1045: 1553: 576: 619:

or rural contexts, professionals had four common concerns. First, USAER professionals felt that they lacked preparation for working in the classroom. The second issue was feeling like their role had changed due to more demands being placed on them. The last two concerns were the lack of communication and collaboration between teachers and USAER professionals. Although the two work in the same classroom, they often work independently. However, this creates problems when adjusting the curriculum for special needs students.

746: 1814: 1479: 1067: 1966: 641: 2174: 1057: 37: 1035: 857: 1656:, wrote an account of the university. The institution initially trained in priests, lawyers, and starting in 1579, medical doctors. These were the traditional disciplines of the medieval and early modern eras. The Royal and Pontifical University was the sole institution that could confer academic degrees. With the title of royal and pontifical university, its degrees were titled the same as European degrees. The 2188: 2028: 345: 2024:(soap operas) to shape public understandings, and Mexico became a pioneer in the use of this medium for policy matters. Better health care in earlier years had resulted in a population boom as infant mortality declined and fertility increased. With Catholic Church opposition to birth control, the secular format of telenovela were a means to bring a message of the benefits of family planning to women. 1024: 2076: 1718:

some schools connected to orphanages or confraternities. Private tutors educated girls from wealthy families, but only enough so that they could oversee a household. There were few opportunities for mixed-race boys or girls. "Education was, in short, highly selective as befits a stratified society, and the possibilities of self-realization were a lottery of birth rather than talent."

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to be taught in separate schools in their own languages but taught in Spanish along with non-indigenous, mestizo students. An early program was the formation of "Missionaries of Indigenous Culture and Public Education," which had the aim of imparting a secular worldview emphasizing "community development, modernization, and incorporation into the mestizo mainstream."

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secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation." This definition is used by publications including

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the age of five, the census found 43.7% had not completed one year of school, 50.7% had completed six years or less of school, and only 5.6% had continued their education beyond six years of school. In 2015, 96.2% of six to fourteen year-olds attended school, up from 91.3% in 2000. The state with the highest attendance rate was

496:, and follows "secundaria" comprising grades 10–12, when the student's age is 15 to 18 years old. Students may choose between two main kinds of high school programs: The SEP incorporated, and a University Incorporated one, depending on the state. Another minority of programs are available only for private schools, such as the 2016:(1964–1970) attempted to implement educational reform as part of a wider social reform. The government sought to reach Mexicans who had not had access to education previously and the use of radio and television were seen as ways to do this. Adult education became a focus of the expansion. With the presidency of 2090:

considered the most powerful woman in Mexican politics. The lack of democracy within the teachers' union has been as a source of conflict. Also a source of conflict is union opposition to reforms that undercut union power over teaching positions. In 2012, some teachers from rural areas, specifically,

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became its head in 1921 and proceeded to enact a wide range of educational programs, including indigenous education. The so-called "Indian problem," the lack of incorporation of Mexico's indigenous population into the nation as citizens, was an issue that the SEP tackled. Indigenous children were not

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The combination of USAER professionals and regular teaching working in the same classroom has caused some issues for educational integration. Specifically, there is confusion about the roles of USAER professionals who work in regular classrooms. A study of USAER members found that regardless of urban

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economic policies to promote development, Salinas saw education as a key factor. In an accord with the SNTE, education was decentralized from its control by the Ministry of Public Education (SEP) and came under the control of the Mexican state government. Curriculum reform was also undertaken by the

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In 1968, when Mexico hosted the Olympic Games in the capital, there were widespread demonstrations against spending so much on such an event, when there were higher national priorities. University students participated in a major way in these demonstrations, with the government reacting violently in

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as head of the SEP, government policy sought to raise educational standards and invest in teacher training. Torres Bodet founded the National Institute of Teacher Training. He sought to create a curriculum that was nationalist and democratic. "Education was to be secular, free of religious doctrine,

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of 1910. As the federal government consolidated power through the formation of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) in 1928 and its new iteration in 1936, the Mexican Revolutionary Party (PRM), teachers played an important role in the creation of national worker and national peasant organizations.

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The federal government took over schools run by Mexican states and enrollments for rural primary schools increased significantly. Public schools became a means for the government to directly influence the countryside ideologically through education of the next generations. Public school teachers saw

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Most of the Mexican population was illiterate and entirely unschooled, and there was no priority for the education of girls. A few girls in cities attended schools run by cloistered nuns. Some entered convent schools at around age eight, "to remain cloistered for the rest of their lives." There were

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Finally, training for new teachers doesn't provide them enough experience with special needs students, making the shift to educational integration difficult. A study of 286 pre-service teachers found that a third of didn't have any experience working with special needs students. Additionally, 44% of

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Women entered the teaching profession, which was considered a proper one for women who worked outside the home. Although the schools were aimed at creating an educated populace envisioned by Porfirian elites, quite a number of school teachers were active in opposing the Díaz regime and participated

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shows these two types of schools. Aztec religion was highly complex and priests held a higher status, so that the creation of schools to train them in ritual and other aspects of religion was important. Overseeing an expansionist empire, Aztec rulers needed trained warriors, so that the creation of

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As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC) listed Mexico as having 151 international schools. ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or

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School attendance has increased over the years. In 1950, Mexico had only three million students enrolled in education. In 2011, there were 32 million enrolled students. The 1960 national census illustrates the historically poor performance of the Mexican educational system. As to all Mexicans over

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emerged as an ideology in the post-independence period, with a major tenet being public secular education. Conflict in the realm of education has been an ongoing issue in Mexican history since the Catholic Church sought to retain its role in this sphere, while liberals have sought to undermine the

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established schools for indigenous in the immediate post-conquest years and produced pictorial texts to teach Catholic doctrine. All the mendicant orders in Mexico, the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians, built churches in large indigenous communities as places of worship and to teach the

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In recent years, the progression through Mexican education has come under much criticism. While over 90% of children in Mexico attend primary school, only 62% attend secondary school. Only 45% finish secondary school. After secondary school, only a quarter pass on to higher education. A commonly

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in 1970. It funds fellowships for graduate students to study abroad to increase their specialized knowledge. Despite sustained government efforts over several presidential administrations, Mexican education had not significantly affected low education levels and high levels of illiteracy in the

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enrollment in Mexico is indigenous. In response to this inequality, the General Coordination for Intercultural and Bilingual Education at the Ministry of Education established Intercultural Universities with the active participation of indigenous organizations and academic institutions in each

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When the Mexican government implemented its policy of socialist education, it directly targeted religious-affiliated, private schooling. Students in these schools were barred from receiving valid educational certification, which effectively prevented many from entering professions. The aim of

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Religious orders, particularly the Franciscans, taught indigenous scribes in central Mexico to be literate in their own languages, allowing the creation of documents at the local level for colonial officials and communities to enable crown administration as well as production of last will and

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In 1993, educational integration was formally implemented nationwide through the reform article 41 of the General Education Law. This law mandates the integration of students with special needs into regular classrooms. Although formally, the term 'educational integration' is used, 'inclusive

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Accessibility is another challenge for educational integration. Schools are required to have accessible buildings and classrooms, provide technical support and appropriate materials for special needs students, but a case study found that the school was not equipped for students with sensory

2000:(SNTE), (National Union of Education Workers) was formed as a section within the umbrella organization of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the labor sector of the dominant party. In the late 1930s, teachers had begun to form unions that were eventually brought into the SNTE. 1956:

as his successor, he chose a moderate, particularly on church-state issues where education was contentious. In office, Avila Camacho ended socialist education. Initially, the Ministry of Education continued various policies from the Cárdenas era, but with Avila Camacho's appointment of

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In central Mexico, the history of education stretches back to the Prehispanic era, with the education of Nahuas in schools for elites and commoners. A formal system of writing was created in various parts of central and southern Mexico, with trained experts in its practice. After the

667:, to the central and state governments. Education in Mexico had been controlled by the teachers union and its leaders for many years. Shortly thereafter Gordillo was arrested on racketeering charges. As of 2016 the government continued to struggle with the union and its offshoot, 631:

found that overall most teachers have positive perceptions of inclusive education. However, teachers with more hours of training, more teaching experience, and better knowledge of policies had higher levels of confidence in working with students with disabilities.

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reaffirmed the Liberals principle of separation of church and state, which in the educational sphere meant supplanting the Catholic Church by the Mexican state. Primary education in Mexico was henceforth to be secular, free of fees and tuition, and obligatory.

2063:) in 1980 and then established an independent institute for adult education (Instituto Nacional de Educación para Adultos INEA). With the collapse of the Mexican economy during the oil crisis of 1982, educational reform awaited economic recovery. In 1992, 1751:

in charge of running the government, the vice president created in 1833 a public education system. This preceded the establishment of a Ministry of Public Education. This reform was short-lived, but with the Liberal Reform in the mid-nineteenth century, a

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testaments, petitions to the crown, bills of sale, censuses and other types of legal record to be produced at the local level. The large number of indigenous language documents found in the archives in Mexico and elsewhere have enabled scholars of the

1805:), founded in 1868 in Mexico City, which Barreda directed. Education at the Preparatoria was uniform for all students and "designed to fill what José Díaz Covarrubias identified as the traditional void between primary and professional training." 1678:

In general, educational institutions were urban-based, with the capital Mexico City having the largest concentration. However, there were seminaries to train priests in provincial cities, such as the Colegio de San Nicolás, founded by Bishop

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catechism, so that large outdoor atriums functioned as classrooms. Elite indigenous lads were tapped for training as catechists and helpers to the priests, whose small numbers could in no way minister to large numbers of ordinary indigenous.

2103:, the ability to sell or will their jobs, and the teaching of either English or computer skills. Gordillo, head of the SNTE since 1989, was arrested in 2013 as she got off her private airplane in Toluca airport, and charged with corruption. 1905:'s former rectory, now home to the university's Museum of Art. The university entity underwent a number of reorganizations, but the modern university as it exists today was established in 1925. Some universities in Mexico, such as the 5316: 236:, the second oldest university in the Americas, was founded by royal decree in 1551. Education in Mexico was, until the early twentieth century, largely confined to males from urban and wealthy segments and under the auspices of the 514:

traditionally consists of three years of education, divided into six semesters, with the first semesters having a common curriculum, and the latter ones allowing some degree of specialization, either in physical sciences (physics,

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to analyze life of Mexico's colonial-era indigenous from indigenous perspectives. However, despite the large volume of documentation in indigenous languages, there is no evidence of that even elite indigenous women were literate.

2115:(93%). In the same year, 63% of three to five year-olds attended preschool or kindergarten, up from 52.3% in 2010. Also in 2015, 44% of 15 to 24 year-olds attended secondary or tertiary school, an increase from 32.8% in 2000. 652:

cited reason for this is the lack of infrastructure throughout the rural schools. Moreover, the government has been criticized for investing too little in students, relative to budget. In its 2012 report on education, the

329:). Accreditation of private schools is accomplished by mandatory approval and registration with this institution. Religious instruction is prohibited in public schools; however, religious associations are free to maintain 5296: 1914:

themselves "as part of a mystical crusade for the nation, modernity, and social justice," but SEP personnel often held campesinos and rural culture in contempt. In the 1930s, during the early presidency of

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SEP, which included the creation of new textbooks. Protests resulted in the government's withdrawing the textbooks. A third component of the accord was the creation of a system of merit pay for teachers.

2415: 247:. Control of education was a source of an ongoing conflict between the Mexican state and the Catholic Church, which since the colonial era had exclusive charge of education. The mid-nineteenth-century 336:

In the same fashion as other education systems, education has identifiable stages: primary school, junior high school (or secondary school), high school, higher education, and postgraduate education.

1568:. The first efforts of schooling in Mexico were friars' evangelization of indigenous populations. "Educating the native population was a crucial justification of the colonizing enterprise, and that 1735:

Church's role. Since the 1940s, Catholic universities have re-emerged. Unionized school teachers have become a powerful force in the late twentieth and early twenty-first-century Mexican politics.

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Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys. "Professional Development and Incentives for Teacher Performance in Schools in Mexico." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3236. Washington, DC: World Bank 2004.

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is most commonly used for institutions that offer a three-year education program that "prepares" the student with general knowledge to continue studying at a university. In contrast, the term

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the teachers reported having no formal training in working with this population. A qualitative study on pre-service teachers assessed their attitude towards special needs students and their

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implemented a massive expansion of access to public, secular education and expanded access to secular schooling in rural areas. This work was built on and expanded in the administration of

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Forlin, C., García-Cedillo, I., Romero‐Contreras, S., Fletcher, T., & Rodríguez-Hernández, H.J., (2010) Inclusion in Mexico: ensuring supportive attitudes by newly graduated teachers.

306:(SNTE), founded in the late 1940s, has had significant political power. The Mexican federal government has undertaken measures to reform education, which have been opposed by the SNTE. 2125:

In February 2019, the SEP commemorated the establishment of the program for free textbooks with a publication noting the inclusion of art by Mexicans in successive textbook editions.

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in the country. While an estimated 10% of the population of Mexico is indigenous, it is the least represented in higher education. According to estimates, only between 1% and 3% of

430:, comprising grades 7–9 when the student's age is 12 to 15 years old. It is part of the basic compulsory education system, following primary school and coming before "high school" ( 298:

mandated socialist education in Mexico and there was considerable push back from the Catholic Church. Socialist education was repealed during the 1940s, with the administration of

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Flores Barrera, V.J., & García Cedillo, I. (2016) Apoyos que reciben estudiantes de secundaria con discapacidad en escuelas regulares: ¿Corresponden a lo que dicen las leyes?

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High school campus of the National College of Professional Technical Education, Conalep Ing. Bernardo Quintana Arrioja in the State of Mexico, named after civil Mexican engineer,

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Rincón-Gallardo, Santiago. "Large scale pedagogical transformation as widespread cultural change in Mexican public schools." Journal of Educational Change 17.4 (2016): 411–436.

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Tatto, María Teresa. "Improving teacher education in rural Mexico: The challenges and tensions of constructivist reform." Teaching and teacher education 15.1 (1999): 15–35.

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which carries a completely different system. Nevertheless, in order to be taught, it must include at least one national subject. In addition, there are programs such as

1918:(1934–40) there was a push for "socialist education" at all levels. The policy made public schools sources of anti-religious ideology fueling resistance by Catholics. 4034:"Program Document for a Proposed Loan in the Amount of US$ 300,751,879.70 to the United Mexican States for a Second Upper Secondary Education Development Policy Loan" 2835: 1985:, which saw increased urbanization and industrialization. The idea that education was a determinant of economic development took hold and the government of President 5271: 2697:"Mexico Detains Leader of Dissident Teachers Group in Oaxaca State Rubén Núñez arrested on charges of using illegally obtained funds, Attorney General's Office says" 2585:

Romero-Contreras, S., Garcia-Cedillo, I., Forli, C., & Lomelí-Hernández, K.A., (2013) Preparing teachers for inclusion in Mexico: How effective is this process?

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Depending on the school, bilingual education may be offered from the beginning, where half the day instruction is in Spanish, and the rest is in another language.

1885:(1910–1920), the government made a major commitment to public education under its control. Centralization of education was via the federal Ministry of Education ( 668: 1588:, as well as Spanish and Latin. The Franciscans also founded the school of San José de los Naturales in Mexico City, which taught trades and crafts to boys. The 2118:

In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97% for youth under the age of 14 and 91% for people over 15, placing Mexico at the 24th place in the world rank according to

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Cook, Maria. Organizing Dissent: Unions, the State, and the Democratic Teachers' Movement in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 1996.

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the dominant philosophical school in the late nineteenth century. The Juárez government created a system of secondary education, and a key institution was the

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Ornelas, Carlos. "The Politics of Privatisation, Decentralisation and Education Reform in Mexico." International Review of Education 50 (3–4), 2004: 397–418

3489: 2216: 2079: 1997: 1584:, which was deemed a failure in its goal of training priests, but did create a small cohort of indigenous men who were literate in their native language of 660: 303: 2049: 2032: 564: 481: 409:, comprising grades 1–6, when the students are 6 to 12 years old. It starts the basic compulsory education system. These are the first years of schooling. 2040: 4239: 1557: 1675:, a cloistered nun and intellectual, famous in her lifetime as the "Tenth Muse." Sor Juana was barred from attending the university due to her gender. 4794: 1947: 1703: 2543:

Fletcher, T., Dejud, C., Klingler, C., & Lopez-Marisca, I. (2003) The changing paradigm of special education in Mexico: Voices from the field.

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of October 1968. In June 1971, there was further student activism in Mexico City that resulted in more violent government repression, known as the

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Brescia, Michael M. (July 2004). "Liturgical Expressions of Episcopal Power: Juan de Palafox y Mendoza and Tridentine Reform in Colonial Mexico".

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A program of education reform was enacted in February 2013 which provided for a shift in control of the education system from the teachers union

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as the highest ranked private school in Mexico and 158th worldwide in 2019. Private business schools also stand out in international rankings.

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Hecock, R. Douglas. "Democratization, education reform, and the Mexican Teachers' Union." Latin American Research Review 49.1 (2014): 62–82.

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Hecock, R. Douglas. "Democratization, education reform, and the Mexican Teachers' Union." Latin American Research Review 49.1 (2014): 62–82.

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Spanish as the standard. However, there are courses available in English. Other minority languages are available in their local communities.

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Gabriela Soto Laveaga, "'Let's become fewer': Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world."

2122:. In 2018, Mexico's literacy rate was 94.86%, up from 82.99% in 1980, with the literacy rates of males and females being relatively equal. 1838: 1818: 749: 623:

disabilities. The school lacked accessible furniture, handicapped restrooms or proper modification for students with sensory disabilities.

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McGinn, Noel, and Susan Street. "Has Mexican Education Generated Human or Political Capital?." Comparative Education 20.3 (1984): 323–338.

2498: 4661: 2067:, who became president in the disputed 1988 elections, instituted changes in the organization of Mexico's educational system. Adopting 5321: 4757: 3923:

Meneses Morales, Ernesto. La Universidad Iberoamericana en el Contexto de la Educación Superior Contemporanea. Mexico City: UIA 1979.

1629: 325:). Education standards are set by this Ministry at all levels except in "autonomous" universities chartered by the government (e.g., 233: 5004: 4989: 3359:

Grindle, Merilee S. Despite the Odds: The Contentious Politics of Education Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2004.

2129: 1727: 51: 44: 2810: 5236: 4103: 2211: 1049: 2527: 4916: 4671: 4540: 3688: 3467: 3441: 2627:"Low-Performing Students: Why They Fall Behind and How to Help Them Succeed Country note Mexico" Retrieved June 16, 2016, from 870:

New regulations since 2005 divide postgraduate studies at Mexican universities and research centers into two main categories:

786:) of his or her profession, it is common to use different titles for common professions such as Engineering and Architecture. 4804: 2773: 2362: 686: 2760: 1060: 1038: 4204: 4169: 3848:"Flunking the test: Failing schools pose a big challenge to President Enrique Peña Nieto's vision for modernising Mexico." 2241: 1501: 970: 5079: 4633: 4518: 1581: 3530: 437:

At this level, more specialized subjects may be taught such as Physics, Chemistry, and World History. There is also the

5149: 4535: 4444: 4152: 5251: 4366: 4254: 4194: 3660: 1993: 1668: 2603: 2052:, with its main objective being oriented to the training of technical professionals, graduates of secondary school. 2045: 1580:

In 1536, the Franciscans and the Spanish crown established a school to train an indigenous Catholic priesthood, the

1027: 5169: 5014: 4942: 4361: 4336: 4116: 764: 2012:. Recognizing that failures in the educational system was a cause of the 1968 student activism, the government of 990: 5241: 4859: 4454: 4393: 3493: 1842: 1048:

Metro Area of Monterrey: "Alere flammam veritatis" Monument (Feed the flame of truth), in the main campus of the

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Street, Susan. "El SNTE y la política educativa, 1970–1990." Revista Mexicana de Sociología 54 (2)1992: 45–72.

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Chowning, Margaret. "Culture Wars in the Trenches? Public Schools and Catholic Education in Mexico, 1867–1897".

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Disposiciones para la Operación de Estudios de Posgrado en el Sistema Nacional de Educación Superior Tecnológica

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Rama, A. (2011, April 13). "Factbox: Facts about Mexico's education system." Retrieved November 17, 2014, from

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The government sought to strengthen higher education particularly in the sciences and technology, establishing

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arrived in Mexico in 1571 and rapidly founded schools and colegios, and sought to confer degrees; however, the

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Vaughan, Mary Kay. "Primary Education and Literacy in Nineteenth-Century Mexico: Research Trends, 1968–1988".

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served as rector there until he was relieved of his position. One of his students was insurgent leader Father

607: 4666: 4571: 4326: 4174: 1778: 1601: 1748: 5386: 4982: 4874: 4772: 4676: 4656: 4476: 4459: 4356: 4069:– Contains indicators and information about Mexico and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries 2133: 1972: 974: 17: 4581: 4481: 4408: 4142: 4096: 3580: 1798: 685:

There are both public and private institutions of higher education. Higher education usually follows the

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Sherman, William H. (2010). "Palafoxiana, Biblioteca". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R. (eds.).

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started in Europe in 1999, allowing Mexican students to study abroad and pursue a master's degree after

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Victoria Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico: Historical and Contemporary Educational Systems" in

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countries, the majority of Mexico's public universities do not accredit part-time enrollment programs.

1789:, who chaired Juárez's commission on education in 1867. Barreda was a follower of French intellectual 4789: 4508: 4491: 4413: 4346: 2628: 2064: 1906: 1902: 1688: 645: 587:

in colonial Mexico, and is sometimes considered the first in the Americas. In 2005, it was listed on

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Lorey, David E. "Education and the challenges of Mexican development." Challenge 38.2 (1995): 51–55.

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Lorey, David E. "Education and the challenges of Mexican development." Challenge 38.2 (1995): 51–55.

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for teacher training was established. The Liberals push for public education awaited the end of the

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The Mexican state has been directly involved in education since the nineteenth century, promoting

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Outside of the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) Headquarters building located in Mexico City

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The Myth of the Mexican Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State

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The law foresees a centralised process for hiring, evaluating, promoting and retaining teachers.

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Tamez Guerra, Reyes; Rubio Oca, Julio; Fuentes Lemus, Bulmaro; Valdés Garza, Mario (May 2005).

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Sistema Educativo de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Principales cifras, ciclo escolar 2003–2004

1986: 5216: 5164: 5139: 5114: 5074: 5059: 5029: 4899: 4752: 4742: 4618: 4566: 4496: 4449: 4388: 4209: 3588:

The Wall Street Journal/Harris Interactive survey of corporate recruiters on business schools

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http://www.sep.gob.mx/work/models/sep1/Resource/b490561c-5c33-4254-ad1caad33765928a/07104.pdf

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During the period ca. 1940–1960, Mexico experienced sustained economic growth, the so-called

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Public education "contributed to the consolidation of an authoritarian single-party regime."

1760:

and the ousting of the French Empire in Mexico (1862–67). The restored Republic of President

1661: 1613: 1572:(Spanish American) culture was encouraged as a vehicle for integrating" the indigenous. Fray 1542: 3084:

Lewis, Stephen E. "The Nation, Education, and the 'Indian Problem' in Mexico, 1920–1940" in

2244:[Educational expenditure in the PPEF 2020. Impact of the 2019 Educational Reform.]. 2013: 5226: 5179: 5119: 5094: 5084: 5039: 4911: 4747: 4722: 4717: 4608: 4513: 4147: 4132: 3677: 3624: 3045:

Mary Kay Vaughan, "Nationalizing the Countryside: Schools and Communities in the 1930s" in

2961:

Children of La Frontera: Binational Efforts to Serve Mexican Migrant and Immigrant Students

2266: 2206: 2087: 1953: 1915: 1731: 1648:, the oldest in the United States, was founded in 1636 and the oldest Canadian University, 1365: 664: 295: 4269: 3862:

Gilbert, Dennis. "Rewriting History: Salinas, Zedillo and the 1992 Textbook Controversy".

3088:, Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 180. 3049:, Vaughan, Mary Kay and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 158 2932:,"cap. III. "Casas de recogimiento y de educación para niñas indias", Mexico: Porrúa 1982. 1596:, (also known as Don Domingo Francisco de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin). 1528:. An early post-conquest manuscript prepared by native scribes for the viceroy of Mexico, 8: 5203: 5134: 5104: 5049: 5044: 5034: 4864: 4854: 4643: 4523: 4471: 4294: 4274: 3843:

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico

3292:

Dennis Gilbert, "Rewriting History: Salinas, Zedillo and the 1992 Textbook Controversy",

3176:

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico

2005: 1909:, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in Medicine 1369: 614:

murals in the offices of the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) located in Mexico City

421: 279: 264: 186: 3325: 2669: 2640: 1897: 1890: 1649: 283: 5221: 5109: 5054: 4894: 4869: 4432: 4418: 4234: 3639: 3133: 2814: 2465: 2457: 1958: 1926: 1882: 1862: 1850: 1633: 1439: 942: 714: 694: 268: 196: 3829:

Organizing Dissent: Unions, the State, and the Democratic Teachers' Movement in Mexico

3248: 2017: 1667:

The university retained its premier position. One of its best-known graduates was Don

1490:

Formal education of 15-year-old Aztec boys trained for the military or the priesthood.

1020:

The table below describes the most common patterns for schooling in the state sector:

5144: 5069: 4935: 4819: 4799: 4784: 4681: 4613: 4554: 4528: 4341: 4316: 4306: 4124: 4003:

Cultural Politics in Revolution: Peasants, Teachers, and Schools in Mexico, 1930–1940

3656: 2874: 2769: 2469: 2358: 1757: 1592:

was also founded for the education of indigenous elites, the most famous of whom was

544: 446: 400: 291: 244: 1552: 1044: 302:. A number of private universities have opened since the mid-twentieth century. The 4837: 4591: 4284: 4279: 4179: 3681: 3297: 2449: 2350: 2193: 1680: 1361: 1255: 978: 950: 710: 575: 314: 3886:

Knight, Alan, "Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico, 1910–1940,"

1830: 1761: 1695:. Educated priests were prominent in the movement toward independence from Spain. 563:. An example of an institution that provides this kind of skills in Mexico is the 259:, the expansion of education became a priority under a cabinet-level post held by 256: 252: 4951: 4906: 4889: 4879: 4842: 4777: 4727: 4264: 3402:"Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos" 3369: 2108: 2100: 1982: 1710:(Interior of the Infant College of the Cathedral of Mexico), José Jiménez, 1857, 1664:, the royal entity overseeing the Spanish overseas empire, decided against them. 1645: 722: 702: 771:). According to OECD reports, 23% of Mexicans aged 23–35 have a college degree. 225: 4576: 4398: 4053: 3757:

Crónica de la Real y Pontificia Universidad de México escrita en el siglo XVIII

2221: 1992:

In 1949, Mexican teachers formed a national union that was affiliated with the

1922: 1854: 1786: 1573: 1175: 1171: 584: 548: 353: 330: 3920:. Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Educativos, Universidad Iberoamericana 1988. 3913:. Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Educativos, Universidad Iberoamericana 1986. 2744: 2354: 2342:

Mexico's Transition to a Knowledge-Based Economy: Challenges and Opportunities

278:

strengthened the Mexican state's power in education. During the presidency of

251:

separated church and state, which had a direct impact on education. President

208: 5380: 4956: 4809: 4503: 3138: 3086:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

3047:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

2179: 1790: 1753: 1622: 1529: 1524:

for the training of warriors and schools for the training of priests, called

1482: 1263: 1259: 1003: 628: 361: 4967: 3764:

Creo en los impactos de la revolución mexicana hacia nuestro sistema escolar

3006:

Albert Delmez, "The Positivist Philosophy in Mexican Education, 1867–1873,"

2086:

The SNTE grew to be the largest labor union in Latin America, and its head,

1632:

was founded in September 1551 at the request by Mexico's first viceroy, Don

745: 464:, or within the Spanish-speaking populations of the United States, the term 255:

sought the expansion of public schools. During the long tenure of President

4847: 4648: 4244: 3616: 2201: 1834: 767:, depending on the college or university, and lead to a bachelor's degree ( 611: 260: 73: 3223: 2749:(in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de Educación Superior Tecnológica. 2453: 2242:"Gasto educativo en el PPEF 2020. Impacto de la Reforma Educativa de 2019" 2044:

country, especially in rural areas. In 1978, engineer and Mexican politic

1478: 4832: 3652: 3556:"Nombran al Tec de Monterrey como la mejor universidad privada de México" 1641: 1593: 1564:

The Spanish Crown made a significant commitment to education in colonial

1513: 1310: 1066: 753: 461: 405:

The terms "Primary School" or "Elementary School" usually corresponds to

369: 2461: 2136:, making it the highest ranked university in Mexico, after it comes the 1813: 426:

The terms "Junior High School" or "Middle School" usually correspond to

224:

has a long history. Indigenous peoples created institutions such as the

4229: 4224: 4199: 4184: 4029: 2811:"International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News" 2099:

states, opposed federal regulations that prevented them from automatic

2068: 2021: 1826: 1794: 1671:, a Mexican savant of the seventeenth century, who was a friend of Sor 560: 552: 528: 484:, Conalep Ing. Bernardo Quintana Arrioja located in the State of Mexico 387:, which are compulsory by law, while secondary education only includes 248: 1636:

to the Spanish crown. The university was located in the central core (

973:

were established in 2004 in response to the lack of enrollment of the

5208: 4137: 3808:

La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution in Memory, Myth, and History

3759:. 2 vols. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1931. 2092: 1565: 1460: 1124: 1103: 656:

placed Mexico at below average in mathematics, science, and reading.

556: 516: 78: 4024:

Los libros de texto gratuitos: La disputa por la educación en México

3301: 1965: 1837:

was an important step. He established the secular, state-controlled

640: 5194: 4767: 4249: 2096: 1521: 1056: 760: 759:

Undergraduate studies normally last at least 4 years, divided into

524: 229: 4081: 4075:– Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages. 3901:

The Mexican University and the State: Student Conflicts, 1910–1971

2995:

The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico

2629:

http://www.oecd.org/mexico/PISA-2012-low-performers-Mexico-ENG.pdf

2156:

respectively, were ranked in the top 10 in a survey conducted by

2112: 1684: 1657: 1585: 1560:

UMSNH. The oldest institution of higher education in the Americas

1034: 856: 520: 352:

In Mexico, basic education is normally divided into three steps:

3903:. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press 1982. 3752:. Seville: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 1970. 1726:

During the colonial era, education was under the control of the

1547: 36: 4112: 3857:

Popular Mobilization in Mexico: The Teachers' Movement, 1977–87

3036:. DeKalb IL: Northern Illinois University Press 1982, pp. 74–77 2989: 2987: 2963:, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), 1996, p. 26. 2187: 2119: 2027: 1517: 840:

Licenciate, any degree, especially those from social sciences,

689:

with an at least 4-year bachelor's degree undergraduate level (

588: 3879:

INEE (Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación).

3871:

Despite the Odds: The Contentious Politics of Education Reform

2789: 2726: 2714: 2050:

National College of Professional Technical Education (Conalep)

1507: 1023: 344: 4058: 3946:

Rodríguez, Martha Eugenia. "Escuela Nacional de Medicina" in

3769:

Rodríguez, Martha Eugenia. "Escuela Nacional de Medicina" in

3408: 2903:

Martha Eugenia Rodríguez, "Escuela Nacional de Medicina", in

2145: 2141: 1698: 721:). This structure of education very closely conforms to the 452:

Despite the similarities of the words "Secondary school" and

3831:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 1996. 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3071:

Miller, Francesca, "Feminism and Feminist Organizations" in

2984: 2075: 937:), or a 4-year degree directly after the bachelor's degree ( 547:, in two or three years, so the graduate can get a job as a 3996:

The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928

3626:

Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?

3034:

The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928

958: 734: 653: 3982:

The State, Education and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928

1773: 508:

that prepare students for a particular vocational career.

339: 3387: 3326:"Mexico union head Gordillo charged with organised crime" 3075:, vol. 2, p. 550. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2670:"Mexico union head Gordillo charged with organised crime" 1708:

Interior del Colegio de Infantes de la Catedral de México

532: 3722:

La educación de los marginados durante la època colonial

3134:"'Normalistas' fight changes in Mexico education system" 2930:

La educación de los marginados durante la época colonial

2041:

the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT)

602: 954: 693:), and two degrees at the postgraduate level, a 2-year 3382:

The Population of Mexico: Trends, Issues, and Policies

2154:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

2138:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

1861:. Women school teachers were important in the nascent 862:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

379:

Depending on definitions, primary education comprises

4039:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

3998:. DeKalb IL: Northern Illinois University Press 1982. 3973:

Torres Septién, Valentina. "Education: 1940–1996" in

3834:

Escobar Ohmstede, Antonio. "Education: 1821–1989" in

3251:[Engineer José Antonio Padilla Segura dies]. 3091: 2997:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 140. 282:

in the early 1920s, his Minister of Public Education

3911:

Tendencias educativas oficiales en México, 1911–1934

3792: 3187:

Valentina Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" in

2322:

Valentina Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" in

2296:

Antonio Escobar Ohmstede, "Education: 1821–1989" in

2169: 2033:

National College of Professional Technical Education

1996:(PRI) and came to be a powerful bloc within it. The 1536: 1533:

formal schools for their training was as important.

565:

National College of Professional Technical Education

482:

National College of Professional Technical Education

4012:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 441–445. 3977:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 445–449. 3950:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 458–461. 3918:

Tendencias educativas oficiales en México,1934–1964

3845:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014. 3785:

Ensayos sobre la historia de la educación en México

3773:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 458–461. 3731:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 434–438. 3710:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 434–438. 3678:

International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Mexico

3178:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014. 3119:

Vaughan, "Nationalizing the Countryside" pp. 158–59

2762:

Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?

2641:"Mexico's Peña Nieto enacts major education reform" 2482: 1738: 953:awarded in countries such as Denmark, Ireland, the 3984:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1982. 3962:Primer Congreso Nacional de Instrucción, 1889–1928 3727:Gonzalbo Aizpuru, Pilar. "Education: Colonial" in 3715:La organización de los estudios en la Nueva España 3706:Aizpuru, Pilar Gonzalbo, "Education: Colonial" in 3249:"Fallece el ingeniero José Antonio Padilla Segura" 3200:Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" pp. 446–47. 3073:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 2915: 2913: 2805: 2803: 2246:Centro de Investigación Económica y Presupuestaria 2080:Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación 1998:Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación 1845:under religious authority was suppressed in 1865. 1403:5th and 6th semesters / 7th, 8th and 9th quarters 1392:3rd and 4th semesters / 4th, 5th and 6th quarters 1358:1st and 2nd semesters / 1st, 2nd and 3rd quarters 929:. A 3-year degree after a master's degree (either 309:Education in Mexico is currently regulated by the 3881:La calidad de la educación básica en México, 2004 3873:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2004. 3274:Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" pp. 448–48 3165:. Mexico City: Imprenta Rivadeneyra 1943, p. 166. 2981:Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico", p. 27. 2852:Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial" in 2283:Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial" in 2273:. U. S. Central Intelligence Agency. 15 May 2022. 2059:(1976–1982) created a National Literacy Program ( 1948:Vicente Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum 1721: 1364:at two-year institutions and if four-year then a 860:The Rectorate (left) and the CETEC towers at the 635: 543:is most often used for institutions that provide 5378: 3152:Vaughan, "Nationalizing the Countryside" p. 159. 2972:Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico", p. 27 2732: 2720: 2604:"Factbox: Facts about Mexico's education system" 2574:International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14 2339:Kuznetsov, Yevgeny N.; Dahlman, Carl J. (2008). 2338: 1608: 1558:Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 1512:In central Mexico in the cultural area known as 919:), which awards the title of Master of Science ( 456:, in Mexico the former is usually translated to 4026:. Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara 1988. 3955:Mexico: The Challenge of Poverty and Illiteracy 3684:: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 3371:mexico-education-factbox-idUSTRE73C4UY20110413! 3296:, Vol. 13 No. 2, Summer, 1997; (pp. 271–297) 2910: 2800: 2020:(1970–1976), the expansion included the use of 1785:A key figure in higher education in Mexico was 752:, the main campus of this public university in 3838:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 438–441. 3750:La educación en Nueva España en el siglo XVIII 2738: 2334: 2332: 2326:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 445–449. 2313:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 441–445. 2300:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 438–441. 2287:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 434–438. 488:The term "High School" usually corresponds to 4997: 4983: 4097: 4008:Vaughan, Mary Kay. "Education: 1889–1940" in 3859:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992. 3384:(New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1982), 52. 1970: 1548:Education of the indigenous in Central Mexico 1425:9th and 10th semester (in most of the cases) 965: 915:. A 2-year degree after a bachelor's degree ( 894:. A 2-year degree after a bachelor's degree ( 880:. A 1-year course after a bachelor's degree ( 294:. In the 1930s, the Mexican government under 5317:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3743:Historia comparada de la educacíon in México 3638: 3615: This article incorporates text from a 3060:State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico 2894:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. 2309:Mary Kay Vaughan, "Education: 1889–1940" in 2162:among recruiters outside the United States. 441:which provides vocational training, and the 4634:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 4005:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1997. 3492:. Global Virtual University. Archived from 3127: 3125: 2694: 2329: 1508:Education in Mesoamerica Before the Spanish 391:, which has recently been made compulsory. 4990: 4976: 4104: 4090: 3531:"El arte en los libros de texto gratuitos" 3320: 3318: 2111:(97.8%) and the state with the lowest was 1699:Education of girls and mixed-race children 985: 884:), which awards a Specialization Diploma ( 570: 35: 4073:Diagram of Mexican education system, OECD 4019:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1970. 3957:. San Marino CA: Huntington Library 1963. 3817:. 2 vols. Mexico City: SEP-Setentas 1976. 3810:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000. 3803:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1993. 3801:Historia de la educación en el Porfiriato 3787:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1981. 3780:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1977. 3738:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1990. 3191:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 446. 2907:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 458. 2856:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 435. 2790:"Home - International School Consultancy" 2662: 2633: 2522:Diario Oficial de la Federación. (1993). 1630:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 234:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 4067:Information on education in Mexico, OECD 3699: 3619:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 3122: 2688: 2130:National Autonomous University of Mexico 2074: 2026: 1964: 1896: 1821:established in 1551 and reopened in 1910 1812: 1808: 1772: 1768: 1702: 1612: 1551: 1477: 1065: 1055: 1043: 1033: 1022: 989: 855: 744: 740: 639: 606: 574: 480:Students of a high school campus of the 475: 343: 3938:Educación y revolución social en Mèxico 3315: 2950:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 438. 2941:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 437. 2919:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 436. 2865:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 435. 2439: 2388:"Catálogo de Oferta Educativa Nacional" 2212:List of Mexican states by literacy rate 1941: 1819:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1473: 851: 774:Although in theory every graduate of a 750:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 340:Structure of the basic education system 327:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 14: 5379: 2491: 2259: 4971: 4085: 4054:OECD Education Policy Outlook: Mexico 3131: 2555: 2553: 2539: 2537: 2535: 1414:7th and 8th semesters / 10th quarter 898:), which awards the title of Master ( 874:Targeted at professional development 820:Ingeniero en Sistemas Computacionales 603:Challenges to educational integration 415: 3211:Sexuality Research and Social Policy 1502:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 1010: 971:Intercultural Universities in Mexico 460:, while in other countries, such as 4111: 3888:Hispanic American Historical Review 3822:Hispanic American Historical Review 3783:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida., et al. 3689:Education around the World: Mexico. 3581:"Recruiter's scoreboard Highlights" 3528: 1652:dates from 1663. Its first rector, 1582:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco 941:) for high-achieving students. The 674: 24: 4017:Nacionalismo y educación en México 3930:. New York: Greeenwood Press 1986. 3778:La educación ilustrada (1786–1836) 3694: 3687:US Department of Education (2003) 3294:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3142:. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 4A. 3132:Agren, David (December 10, 2012). 2753: 2550: 2532: 1061:Universidad de las Américas Puebla 1050:Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León 1039:Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana 25: 5398: 4255:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4047: 3960:Secretaría de Educación Pública. 3940:. Mexico City: SEP-Setentas 1976. 3916:Meneses Morales, Ernesto, et al. 3909:Meneses Morales, Ernesto, et al. 3864:Mexican Studies/Esudios Mexicanos 3815:Educación y radicalismo en México 3793:History, Post-independence period 3464:"INEGI literacy report 15+, 2005" 3438:"INEGI literacy report −14, 2005" 3163:La educación socialista en México 2587:Journal of Education for Teaching 2526:retrieved August 10, 2018), from 1994:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1962:and based on scientific truths." 1537:Colonial-era education, 1521–1821 394: 333:, which receive no public funds. 5193: 5160:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3852:, March 7, 2015, pp. 35–36. 3610: 3516:"Mexico Literacy Rate 1980-2021" 3411:. pp. 28–32. Archived from 3021:The Transformation of Liberalism 2485:The Oxford Companion to the Book 2186: 2172: 1739:Post-Independence Era, 1821–1850 908:Targeted at scientific research 65:National education budget (2019) 3573: 3548: 3522: 3508: 3482: 3456: 3430: 3374: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3306: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3241: 3216: 3203: 3194: 3181: 3168: 3155: 3146: 3113: 3078: 3065: 3052: 3039: 3026: 3013: 3000: 2975: 2966: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2922: 2897: 2884: 2868: 2859: 2846: 2828: 2782: 2621: 2596: 2579: 2566: 2516: 2476: 2433: 2408: 1925:for teacher training after the 1887:Secretaria de Educación Pública 1843:Pontifical University of Mexico 1747:put his Liberal vice president 1495:A 15-year-old girl gets married 1015: 583:founded in 1646, was the first 319:Secretaría de Educación Pública 311:Secretariat of Public Education 263:; Sierra also served President 45:Secretariat of Public Education 3989:Latin American Research Review 3824:97:4 (Nov. 2017), pp. 613–650. 3766:-Chilpancingo: Guerrero, 1972. 3755:Plaza y Jaén, Bernardo de la. 3466:. Inegi.gob.mx. Archived from 3440:. Inegi.gob.mx. Archived from 2545:Bilingual Research Journal, 27 2442:The Catholic Historical Review 2380: 2371: 2316: 2303: 2290: 2277: 2234: 1952:When President Cárdenas chose 1839:Universidad Nacional de México 1722:National period – 1821–present 1654:Francisco Cervantes de Salazar 1619:Francisco Cervantes de Salazar 1028:Instituto Politécnico Nacional 681:List of universities in Mexico 636:Quality of education in Mexico 471: 368:), comprising grades 7–9; and 13: 1: 4175:Centralist Republic of Mexico 3717:. Mexico City: Cultura, 1963. 3490:"Mexico: Youth Literacy Rate" 3226:[Conalep (History)]. 3213:September 2007, vol. 4 no. 3. 2892:The Nahuas After the Conquest 2695:Juan Montes (June 12, 2016). 2227: 1803:Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 1779:Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 1609:Education of elite Creole men 729:, or a Doctoral degree after 4604:Institutional stock exchange 4240:Second American intervention 3676:Department of State (2004). 3621:license statement/permission 2881:, New York: Academic Press, 2768:. UNESCO. 2015. p. 47. 2733:Kuznetsov & Dahlman 2008 2721:Kuznetsov & Dahlman 2008 2420:Gobierno de México (Conalep) 2217:Mexican teachers' union SNTE 2134:QS World University Rankings 1876: 1669:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 593:Memory of the World Register 551:, for example, an assistant 523:, etc.) or social sciences ( 376:), comprising grades 10–12. 7: 4805:Water supply and sanitation 4170:Spanish reconquest attempts 4015:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida. 3776:Tanck de Estrada, Dorothy. 3745:. Mexico City: Porrúa 1962. 3736:La educación como conquista 3724:. Mexico City: Porrúa 1982. 2165: 2046:José Antonio Padilla Segura 1799:National Preparatory School 1745:Antonio López de Santa Anna 818:Computer Systems Engineer, 498:International Baccalaureate 10: 5403: 4205:Second French intervention 4153:Control of Central America 3713:Becerra López, José Luis. 3632: 2487:. Oxford University Press. 2148:, the business schools of 1945: 1687:. Insurgent leader Father 1540: 995:Universidad Iberoamericana 966:Intercultural Universities 886:Diploma de Especialización 678: 663:and its political leader, 419: 398: 360:), comprising grades 1–6; 267:in the early years of the 5335: 5302:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5202: 5191: 5003: 4998:Education in the Americas 4929: 4818: 4713: 4704: 4562: 4553: 4440: 4431: 4404:Tropical cyclone rainfall 4302: 4293: 4123: 3629:, 47, UNESCO. UNESCO. 2879:The Inca and Aztec States 2416:"Misión y Visión CONALEP" 2355:10.1596/978-0-8213-6921-0 2065:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1907:University of Guadalajara 1903:University of Guadalajara 1689:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1464: 1459: 1443: 1438: 1373: 1360: 1314: 1309: 1267: 1254: 1179: 1170: 1128: 1123: 1107: 1102: 1088: 646:Bernardo Quintana Arrioja 205: 195: 185: 180: 172: 164: 156: 148: 143: 135: 127: 119: 114: 106: 98: 90: 85: 69: 64: 50: 43: 34: 5322:Turks and Caicos Islands 4445:Administrative divisions 3964:. Mexico City: SEP 1975. 3883:. Mexico City: INEE 2004 3605: 3562:(in Spanish). 2019-06-19 3529:Cultura, Secretaría de. 3257:(in Spanish). 2012-03-02 2877:. "Nahuatl Literacy" in 2524:Ley General de Educación 2499:"Biblioteca Palafoxiana" 2267:"North America – Mexico" 2150:Universidad Panamericana 1921:The government expanded 1829:(1876–1910), the era of 1324:Educación media superior 1130:Kinder / Jardín de Niños 4860:Handcrafts and folk art 4629:National stock exchange 4367:Protected natural areas 4195:Second Mexican Republic 4160:Supreme Executive Power 3734:Kobayashi, José María. 3099:"Health Care in Mexico" 2701:The Wall Street Journal 2347:World Bank Publications 2159:The Wall Street Journal 2010:Corpus Christi massacre 1863:women's rights movement 1683:in the city now called 1590:Colegio de San Gregorio 1073:(The college of Mexico) 986:International education 949:) is equivalent to the 571:Educational integration 304:Mexican Teachers' Union 5237:British Virgin Islands 4672:States by unemployment 4662:Science and technology 4165:First Mexican Republic 4022:Villa Lever, Lorenza. 4010:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3975:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3948:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3836:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3771:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3748:Luque Alcaide, Elisa. 3729:Encyclopedia or Mexico 3708:Encyclopedia or Mexico 3189:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2905:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2854:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2324:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2311:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2298:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2285:Encyclopedia or Mexico 2083: 2036: 1978: 1971: 1910: 1871:Dolores Jiménez y Muro 1822: 1782: 1714: 1712:Museo Nacional de Arte 1642:History of Mexico City 1625: 1561: 1556:Public library of the 1520:set up schools called 1496: 1347:5th and 6th semesters 1336:3rd and 4th semesters 1307:1st and 2nd semesters 1074: 1063: 1053: 1041: 1031: 997: 867: 806:Electronics Engineer, 756: 648: 615: 595: 581:Biblioteca Palafoxiana 485: 468:refers to university. 349: 318: 197:Post-secondary diploma 52:Secretary of Education 5150:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4900:Our Lady of Guadalupe 4394:Territorial evolution 4210:Second Mexican Empire 3953:Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo. 3700:History, Colonial era 2561:Revista Educación, 40 2454:10.1353/cat.2004.0116 2395:ofinac.conalep.edu.mx 2078: 2030: 1968: 1936:National Action Party 1900: 1867:Rita Cetina Gutiérrez 1859:Plutarco Elías Calles 1816: 1809:Porfiriato, 1876–1910 1776: 1769:Reform era, 1850–1876 1749:Valentín Gómez Farías 1706: 1673:Juana Inés de la Cruz 1662:Council of the Indies 1616: 1555: 1543:Academy of San Carlos 1481: 1344:6°/3° de preparatoria 1333:5°/2° de preparatoria 1304:4°/1° de preparatoria 1069: 1059: 1047: 1037: 1026: 993: 975:indigenous population 859: 812:Mechanical Engineer, 808:Ingeniero Electrónico 800:Electrical Engineer, 748: 741:Undergraduate studies 643: 610: 578: 479: 347: 288:Plutarco Elías Calles 210:and the 2020 Census ( 59:Leticia Ramírez Amaya 4917:World Heritage Sites 4332:Environmental issues 4190:Mexican–American War 4148:First Mexican Empire 3869:Grindle, Merilee S. 3741:Larroyo, Francisco. 3720:Gómez Canedo, Lino. 3224:"Conalep (Historia)" 2207:Leopoldo Zea Aguilar 2088:Elba Esther Gordillo 1954:Manuel Avila Camacho 1942:Education, post-1940 1474:History of education 1374:Carrera Técnica and 1134:Educación preescolar 1071:El Colegio de México 935:Maestría en Ciencias 913:Maestría en Ciencias 852:Postgraduate studies 665:Elba Esther Gordillo 300:Manuel Ávila Camacho 5387:Education in Mexico 5327:U.S. Virgin Islands 5170:Trinidad and Tobago 5015:Antigua and Barbuda 4572:Automotive industry 4460:Chamber of Deputies 4143:War of Independence 4001:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 3994:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 3980:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 3926:O'Malley, Irene V. 3640:Tamez Guerra, Reyes 3623:). Text taken from 3418:on 10 December 2015 3161:Alberto Bremauntz, 3032:Vaughan, Mary Kay, 2928:Lino Gómez Canedo, 2842:. 17 December 2014. 2794:www.iscresearch.com 2132:ranks 103th in the 2057:José López Portillo 2006:Tlatelolco massacre 1987:Adolfo López Mateos 1621:by José de Bustos, 921:Maestro en Ciencias 802:Ingeniero Eléctrico 709:), followed by the 545:vocational training 422:Secondary education 265:Francisco I. Madero 222:Education in Mexico 31: 30:Education in Mexico 5080:Dominican Republic 4773:Indigenous peoples 4677:Telecommunications 4536:State legislatures 4477:Federal government 4357:Metropolitan areas 4235:Mexican Revolution 4042:, February 8, 2012 3806:Benjamin, Thomas. 3332:. 28 February 2013 2875:Karttunen, Frances 2676:. 28 February 2013 2647:. 26 February 2013 2271:The World Factbook 2084: 2037: 2014:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1979: 1959:Jaime Torres Bodet 1927:Mexican Revolution 1911: 1883:Mexican Revolution 1851:Mexican Revolution 1823: 1783: 1715: 1693:José María Morelos 1634:Antonio de Mendoza 1626: 1562: 1497: 1380:Educación superior 1264:Junior High School 1075: 1064: 1054: 1042: 1032: 998: 947:Doctor en Ciencias 943:Doctor of Sciences 868: 814:Ingeniero Mecánico 757: 719:Doctor en Ciencias 715:Doctor of Sciences 687:US education model 649: 616: 596: 535:, etc.). The term 486: 416:Junior high school 362:junior high school 350: 269:Mexican Revolution 110:September 25, 1921 29: 5374: 5373: 4965: 4964: 4925: 4924: 4700: 4699: 4549: 4548: 4519:Political parties 4482:Foreign relations 4427: 4426: 4215:Restored Republic 4133:Pre-Columbian era 3899:Mabry, Donald J. 3866:13(2)Summer 1997. 3841:Espinosa, David. 3813:Britton, John A. 3762:Ramìrez, Tàmmas. 3174:Espinosa, David. 2993:Charles A. Hale, 2775:978-92-3-100088-1 2364:978-0-8213-6921-0 2035:, founded in 1978 1781:, founded in 1868 1758:War of the Reform 1644:. By comparison, 1471: 1470: 1366:Bachelor's degree 1176:Elementary school 1011:Educational years 957:, and the former 778:is a Licenciate ( 447:distance learning 401:Primary education 276:1917 Constitution 245:secular education 219: 218: 215: 187:Secondary diploma 91:Primary languages 76:$ 807,305,000,000 16:(Redirected from 5394: 5292:Saint Barthélemy 5252:Falkland Islands 5197: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4945: 4938: 4885:National symbols 4711: 4710: 4652: 4597:Renewable energy 4587:Economic history 4560: 4559: 4438: 4437: 4300: 4299: 4280:Chiapas conflict 4180:Texas Revolution 4106: 4099: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4063: 3855:Foweraker, Joe. 3799:Bazant, Milada. 3682:Washington, D.C. 3673: 3671: 3665:. Archived from 3650: 3614: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3496:on July 19, 2010 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3470:on July 22, 2011 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444:on July 22, 2011 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3398: 3385: 3380:Francisco Alba, 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3129: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3101:. Expatforum.com 3095: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2991: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2890:Lockhart, James 2888: 2882: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813:. Archived from 2807: 2798: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2767: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2541: 2530: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2336: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2238: 2196: 2194:Education portal 2191: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2175: 1976: 1973:Colegio Nacional 1891:José Vasconcelos 1793:who established 1681:Vasco de Quiroga 1650:Université Laval 1485:, Folio 61 recto 1362:Associate degree 1293:3° de secundaria 1282:2° de secundaria 1273:Educación básica 1256:Secondary school 1249:1° de secundaria 1185:Educación básica 1154:3° de preescolar 1143:2° de preescolar 1118:1° de preescolar 1077: 1076: 979:higher education 951:higher doctorate 865:Monterrey Campus 733:. Unlike other 711:higher doctorate 701:), and a 3-year 675:Higher education 284:José Vasconcelos 206: 55:Deputy Secretary 39: 32: 28: 21: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5345:Central America 5331: 5206: 5198: 5189: 5006: 4999: 4996: 4966: 4961: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4921: 4814: 4790:Public holidays 4763:Nationality law 4758:Life expectancy 4696: 4650: 4545: 4509:Law enforcement 4423: 4414:Water resources 4289: 4265:Mexican miracle 4119: 4110: 4077:Also in Spanish 4061: 4050: 4045: 3936:Raby, David L. 3795: 3790: 3702: 3697: 3695:Further reading 3669: 3663: 3648: 3635: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3560:Telediario CDMX 3554: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302:10.2307/1052017 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2847: 2836:"The new local" 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2481: 2477: 2438: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2337: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2278: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2101:lifetime tenure 2018:Luis Echeverría 1983:Mexican Miracle 1950: 1944: 1916:Lázaro Cárdenas 1879: 1811: 1771: 1741: 1728:Catholic Church 1724: 1701: 1646:Harvard College 1611: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1510: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1440:Master's degree 1018: 1013: 988: 968: 878:Especialización 854: 743: 723:Bologna Process 703:Doctoral degree 695:Master's degree 683: 677: 638: 605: 573: 474: 445:which provides 424: 418: 403: 397: 342: 331:private schools 296:Lázaro Cárdenas 238:Catholic Church 115:Literacy (2012) 86:General details 77: 54: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5400: 5390: 5389: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5307:Sint Eustatius 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5242:Cayman Islands 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4692:Water scarcity 4689: 4687:Transportation 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4644:Pension system 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4484: 4479: 4474: 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3674: 3672:on 2006-01-10. 3661: 3634: 3631: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3572: 3547: 3521: 3507: 3481: 3455: 3429: 3386: 3373: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3314: 3305: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3240: 3215: 3202: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3145: 3121: 3112: 3090: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3038: 3025: 3012: 3010:vol. 6, no. 1. 2999: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2921: 2909: 2896: 2883: 2867: 2858: 2845: 2827: 2799: 2781: 2774: 2752: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2687: 2661: 2632: 2620: 2595: 2578: 2565: 2549: 2531: 2515: 2490: 2475: 2448:(3): 497–518. 2432: 2407: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2349:. p. 63. 2328: 2315: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2258: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2222:Telesecundaria 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2183: 2167: 2164: 2048:, founded the 1943: 1940: 1923:normal schools 1881:Following the 1878: 1875: 1855:Pascual Orozco 1810: 1807: 1787:Gabino Barreda 1770: 1767: 1740: 1737: 1723: 1720: 1700: 1697: 1610: 1607: 1574:Pedro de Gante 1549: 1546: 1538: 1535: 1509: 1506: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1372: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1266: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238:6° de primaria 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227:5° de primaria 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216:4° de primaria 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205:3° de primaria 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194:2° de primaria 1192: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1172:Primary school 1169: 1166: 1165:1° de primaria 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 987: 984: 967: 964: 963: 962: 924: 906: 905: 904: 903: 889: 853: 850: 849: 848: 844:, abbreviated 838: 834:, abbreviated 828: 827: 826: 822:, abbreviated 816: 810: 804: 794:, abbreviated 782:, abbreviated 742: 739: 676: 673: 637: 634: 604: 601: 585:public library 572: 569: 555:, a bilingual 549:skilled worker 473: 470: 443:telesecundaria 417: 414: 396: 395:Primary school 393: 354:primary school 341: 338: 280:Álvaro Obregón 249:Liberal Reform 217: 216: 203: 202: 199: 193: 192: 189: 183: 182: 178: 177: 174: 173:Post secondary 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107:Current system 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 83: 82: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5399: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5366: 5365:South America 5362: 5360: 5358: 5357:Latin America 5355: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340:North America 5338: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:French Guiana 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 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