Prehistoric Egypt - Knowledge

2050: 1531: 1693:. It was the next stage in Egyptian cultural development, and it was during this time that the foundation of Dynastic Egypt was laid. Gerzean culture is largely an unbroken development out of Amratian Culture, starting in the delta and moving south through upper Egypt, but failing to dislodge Amratian culture in Nubia. Gerzean pottery is assigned values from S.D. 40 through 62, and is distinctly different from Amratian white cross-lined wares or black-topped ware. Gerzean pottery was painted mostly in dark red with pictures of animals, people, and ships, as well as geometric symbols that appear derived from animals. Also, "wavy" handles, rare before this period (though occasionally found as early as S.D. 35) became more common and more elaborate until they were almost completely ornamental. 1091: 46: 792:. Halfan sites are found in the far north of Sudan, whereas Kubbaniyan sites are found in Upper Egypt. For the Halfan, only four radiocarbon dates have been produced. Schild and Wendorf (2014) discard the earliest and latest as erratic and conclude that the Halfan existed c. 22.5-22.0 ka cal BP. People survived on a diet of large herd animals and the Khormusan tradition of fishing. Greater concentrations of artifacts indicate that they were not bound to seasonal wandering, but settled for longer periods. The Halfan culture was derived in turn from the Khormusan, which depended on specialized hunting, fishing, and collecting techniques for survival. The primary material remains of this culture are stone tools, flakes, and a multitude of rock paintings. 1764: 1169: 4779:"There is no evidence, no archaeological signal, for a mass migration (settler colonization)" into Egypt from southwest Asia at the time of the writing. Core Egyptian culture was well established. A total peopling of Egypt at this time from the Near East would have meant the mass migration of Semitic speakers. The ancient Egyptian language – using the usual academic language taxonomy – is a branch within Afroasiatic with one member (not counting place of origin/urheimat is within Africa, using standard linguistic criteria based on the locale of greatest diversity, deepest branches, and least moves accounting for its five or six branches or sevem, if Ongota is counted". 1250: 6524:"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. The distribution of population characteristics seems to follow a clinal pattern from south to north, which may be explained by natural selection as well as gene flow between neighboring populations. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas". 1682: 5912:"When Mahalanobis D2 was used, the Naqadan and Badarian Predynastic samples exhibited more similarity to Nubian, Tigrean, and some more southern series than to some mid- to late Dynasticseries from northern Egypt (Mukherjee et al., 1955). The Badarian have been found to be very similar to a Kerma sample (Kushite Sudanese), using both the Penrose statistic (Nutter, 1958) and DFA of males alone (Keita, 1990). Furthermore, Keita considered that Badarian males had a southern modal phenotype, and that together with a Naqada sample, they formed a southern Egyptian cluster as tropical variants together with a sample from Kerma". 5590:"When Mahalanobis D2 was used,the Naqadan and Badarian Predynastic samples exhibited more similarity to Nubian, Tigrean, and some more southern series than to some mid- to late Dynasticseries from northern Egypt (Mukherjee et al., 1955). The Badarian have been found to be very similar to a Kerma sample (Kushite Sudanese), using both the Penrose statistic (Nutter, 1958) and DFA of males alone (Keita, 1990). Furthermore, Keita considered that Badarian males had a southern modal phenotype, and that together with a Naqada sample, they formed a southern Egyptian cluster as tropical variants together with a sample from Kerma". 1952: 1736: 2034: 1834: 1138: 1238: 1339: 679:, at the Arkin 8 site. Chmielewski dated the structures to 100,000 BC. The remains of the structures are oval depressions about 30 cm deep and 2 × 1 meters across. Many are lined with flat sandstone slabs which served as tent rings supporting a dome-like shelter of skins or brush. This type of dwelling provided a place to live, but if necessary, could be taken down easily and transported. They were mobile structures—easily disassembled, moved, and reassembled—providing hunter-gatherers with semi-permanent habitation. 1120:, a large settlement site at the edge of the Western Delta, flourished in Lower Egypt. The culture has strong connections to the Faiyum A culture as well as the Levant. People lived in small huts, produced a simple undecorated pottery and had stone tools. Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were held. Wheat, sorghum and barley were planted. The Merimde people buried their dead within the settlement and produced clay figurines. The first life-sized Egyptian head made of clay comes from Merimde. 1226: 664: 1577:. However, they found the skeletal samples from the Naqada cemeteries to be significantly different to protodynastic populations in northern Nubia and predynastic Egyptian samples from Badari and Qena, which were also significantly different to northern Nubian populations. Overall, both the elite and nonelite individuals in the Naqada cemeteries were more similar to each other than they were to the samples in northern Nubia or to samples from Badari and Qena in southern Egypt. 11270: 10843: 7362: 2014: 1324:. Archaeological evidence has suggested that the Tasian and Badarian Nile Valley sites were a peripheral network of earlier African cultures that featured the movement of Badarian, Saharan, Nubian and Nilotic populations. Bruce Williams, Egyptologist, has argued that the Tasian culture was significantly related to the Sudanese-Saharan traditions from the Neolithic era which extended from regions north of Khartoum to locations near Dongola in Sudan. 1033: 11280: 10853: 7314: 140: 7351: 7382: 1620: 541: 2084: 781: 976: 10863: 7392: 1281: 10873: 7372: 2049: 45: 810:

culture began around 13,000 BC and vanished around 10,000 BC. In Egypt, analyses of pollen found at archaeological sites indicate that the people of the Sebilian culture (also known as the Esna culture) were gathering grains, though domesticated seeds were not found. It has been hypothesized that the

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Nancy Lovell had stated that there is a sufficient body of morphological evidence to indicate that ancient southern Egyptians had physical characteristics "within the range of variation" of both ancient and modern indigenous peoples in the Sahara and tropical Africa. She summarised that "In general,

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Morphological and post-cranial data has linked the earliest farming populations at Fayum, Merimde, and El-Badari, to Near Eastern populations. The archaeological data also suggests that Near Eastern domesticates were incorporated into a pre-existing foraging strategy and only slowly developed into a

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period c. 3000 BC. The dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt took place, and recent finds indicating very gradual Predynastic development have led to controversy over when exactly the Predynastic period ended. Thus, various terms such

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Settler colonists from the Near East would most likely have merged with the indigenous cultures resulting in a mixed economy with the agricultural aspect of the economy increasing in frequency through time, which is what the archaeological record more precisely indicates. Both pottery, lithics, and

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that lead to the Red Sea may indicate some amount of trade via the Red Sea (though Byblian trade potentially could have crossed the Sinai and then taken the Red Sea). Also, it is considered unlikely that something so complicated as recessed panel architecture could have worked its way into Egypt by

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Although archaeological sites reveal very little about this time, an examination of the many Egyptian words for "city" provides a hypothetical list of causes of Egyptian sedentarism. In Upper Egypt, terminology indicates trade, protection of livestock, high ground for flood refuge, and sacred sites

1056:, archaeological and genetic data which does not support the hypothesis of a mass migration from the Levant during the prehistoric period. According to historian William Stiebling and archaeologist Susan N. Helft, this view posits that the ancient Egyptians are the same original population group as 3999:

Falkenburger also notes a great heterogeneity in the measurements taken on 1,800 Egyptian skulls. From indices expressing the shape of the face, nose and orbits, Falkenburger divides the ancient Egyptians into four types - Cro-Magnon type, Negroid type, Mediterranean type and mixed type, resulting

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Frederick Falkenburger in 1947, based on a sample set of around 1,800 prehistoric Egyptian crania, noted great heterogeneity amongst his samples. Falkenburger categorized them based on the nasal index, overall head and face form, taking into account width, eye socket structure, amongst other given

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According to scholarly opinion the Harifian culture is derived from the Natufian culture in which the only characteristic that distinguishes it from the Natufian is the Harif point. It is viewed as an adaptation of Natufian hunter gatherers to the Negev and Sinai. The Harifian are thought to have

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In 1996, Lovell and Prowse also reported the presence of individuals buried at Naqada in what they interpreted to be elite, high status tombs, showing them to be an endogamous ruling or elite segment of the local population at Naqada, which is more closely related to populations in northern Nubia

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crania. He found that the predynastic Badarian series clustered much closer with the tropical African series. Although, no Asian or other North African samples were included in the study as the comparative series were selected based on "Brace et al.'s (1993) comments on the affinities of an upper

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Table 3 presents the MMD data for Badari, Qena, and Nubia in addition to Naqada and shows that these samples are all significantly different from each other. ... 1) the Naqada samples are more similar to each other than they are to the samples from the neighbouring Upper Egyptian or Lower Nubian

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groups who have known to have settled in Egypt during its long history. On the other hand, Stiebling and Helft acknowledge that the genetic studies of North African populations generally suggest a big influx of Near Eastern populations during the Neolithic Period or earlier. They also added that

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As the Predynastic period progressed, the handles on pottery evolved from functional to ornamental. The degree to which any given archaeological site has functional or ornamental pottery can also be used to determine the relative date of the site. Since there is little difference between Tasian

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The El Omari culture is known from a small settlement near modern Cairo. People seem to have lived in huts, but only postholes and pits survive. The pottery is undecorated. Stone tools include small flakes, axes and sickles. Metal was not yet known. Their sites were occupied from 4000 BC to the

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The Predynastic period is generally divided into cultural eras, each named after the place where a certain type of Egyptian settlement was first discovered. However, the same gradual development that characterizes the Protodynastic period is present throughout the entire Predynastic period, and

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sites. The Nabta Playa archaeological site, one of the earliest of the Egyptian Neolithic Period, is dated to circa 7500 BC. Also, excavations from Nabta Playa, located about 100 km west of Abu Simbel for example, suggest that the Neolithic inhabitants of the region included migrants from both

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site near Der Tasa. It followed the Tasian culture, but was so similar that many consider them one continuous period. The Badarian Culture continued to produce the kind of pottery called blacktop-ware (albeit much improved in quality) and was assigned Sequence Dating numbers 21–29. The primary

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The Fakhurian late Paleolithic industry in Upper Egypt, showed that a homogenous population existed in the Nile-Valley during the late Pleistocene. Studies of the skeletal material showed they were in the range of variation found in the Wadi Halfa, Jebel Sahaba and fragments from the Kom Ombo

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In addition, Egyptian objects are created which clearly mimic Mesopotamian forms, although not slavishly. Cylinder seals appear in Egypt, as well as recessed paneling architecture, the Egyptian reliefs on cosmetic palettes are clearly made in the same style as the contemporary Mesopotamian

962:, the peopling of the Egyptian Nile Valley from archaeological and biological data, was the result of a complex interaction between coastal northern Africans, “neolithic” Saharans, Nilotic hunters, and riverine proto-Nubians with some influence and migration from the Levant (Hassan, 1988). 4532:

Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological evidence for admixture between populations in the southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third millennia BC. In: Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the Early 3rd Millennium BC, London–New York: Leicester University Press,

5762:"Keita (1992), using craniometrics, discovered that the Badarian series is distinctly different from the later Egyptian series, a conclusion that is mostly confirmed here. In the current analysis, the Badari sample more closely clusters with the Naqada sample and the Kerma sample". 1249: 4881:, connects the predominant Y chromosome lineage found in Africa overall after the modern human left Africa. P2/M215-55 is found from the Horn of Africa up through the Nile Valley and west to the Maghreb, and P2/V38/M2 is predominant in most of infra-Saharan tropical Africa". 1639:

continues to appear, but white cross-line ware, a type of pottery which has been decorated with close parallel white lines being crossed by another set of close parallel white lines, is also found at this time. The Amratian period falls between S.D. 30 and 39 in Petrie's

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The first tombs in classic Egyptian style were also built, modeled after ordinary houses and sometimes composed of multiple rooms. Although further excavations in the Delta are needed, this style is generally believed to originate there and not in Upper Egypt.

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People lived in small huts, partly dug into the ground. The dead were buried in cemeteries, but with few burial goods. The Maadi culture was replaced by the Naqada III culture; whether this happened by conquest or infiltration is still an open question.

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New innovations appeared in Amratian settlements as precursors to later cultural periods. For example, the mud-brick buildings for which the Gerzean period is known were first seen in Amratian times, but only in small numbers. Additionally, oval and

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skeleton was found in 1980 and given an age of 33,000 years in 1982, based on nine samples ranging between 35,100 and 30,360 years old. This specimen is the only complete modern human skeleton from the earliest Late Stone Age in Africa.

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to a little north of Abydos. It appears that the Fayum A culture and the Badarian and Tasian Periods overlapped significantly; however, the Fayum A culture was considerably less agricultural and was still Neolithic in nature. Several

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Newly excavated objects attest to increased trade between Upper and Lower Egypt at this time. A stone vase from the north was found at el-Amra, and copper, which is not mined in Egypt, was imported from the Sinai, or possibly Nubia.

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reported that the physical anthropological findings from the "major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the fourth millennium BCE, notably El-Badari as well as Naqada, show no demographic indebtedness to the

1165:, but is also attested in many other places in the Delta to the Faiyum region. This culture was marked by development in architecture and technology. It also followed its predecessor cultures when it comes to undecorated ceramics. 6930:"Iron beads were worn in Egypt as early as 4000 B.C., but these were of meteoric iron, evidently shaped by the rubbing process used in shaping implements of stone", quoted under the heading "Columbia Encyclopedia: Iron Age" at 1593:". He further commented that "members of this population did not come from somewhere else but were descendants of the long-term inhabitants of these portions of Africa going back many millennia". Ehret also cited existing, 4782: 3406:

Michalec, Grzegorz; Cendrowska, Marzena; Andrieux, Eric; Armitage, Simon J.; Ehlert, Maciej; Kim, Ju Yong; Sohn, Young Kwan; Krupa-Kurzynowska, Joanna; Moska, Piotr; Szmit, Marcin; Masojć, Mirosław (17 November 2021).

1635:. El-Amra is the first site where this culture group was found unmingled with the later Gerzean culture group, but this period is better attested at the Naqada site, so it also is referred to as the Naqada I culture. 3256:

The Khormusan is defined as a Middle Palaeolithic industry while the Halfan is defined as an Epipalaeolithic industry. According to scholarly opinion, the Khormusan and the Halfan are viewed as separate and distinct

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does not predate the early dynastic, so it is usually assumed to have been conducted over water. During the time when the Dynastic Race Theory was still popular, it was theorized that Uruk sailors circumnavigated

1308:, a type of red and brown pottery that is colored black on the top portion and interior. This pottery is vital to the dating of Predynastic Egypt. Because all dates for the Predynastic period are tenuous at best, 1589:". Ehret specified that these studies revealed cranial and dental affinities with "closest parallels" to other longtime populations in the surrounding areas of northeastern Africa "such as Nubia and the northern 890:

independently to aid in the collecting and processing of these plant foods prior to consumption. However, there are no indications of the use of these tools after 10,000 BC, when hunter-gatherers replaced them.

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of early Egyptians were according to the physician and anthropologist Eugene Strouhal in 1971, designated as either Cro-Magnon of North Africa, Mediterranean, "Negroid" of East Africa, and intermediate/mixed.

640:) for over a million (and probably over 2 million) years, though the evidence for early occupation of Egypt is sparse and fragmentary. The oldest archaeological finds in Egypt, stone tools belonging to the 11245: 655:, when Egypt was occupied by modern humans, several archaeological industries are recognised including the Silsilian, Fakhurian, Afian, Kubbaniyan, Idfuan-Shuwikhatian, and the Isnan industries. 1320:

ceramics and Badarian pottery, the Tasian Culture overlaps the Badarian range significantly. From the Tasian period onward, it appears that Upper Egypt was influenced strongly by the culture of

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Possible prisoners and wounded men of the Buto-Maadi culture devoured by animals, while one is led by a man in long dress, probably an Egyptian official (fragment, top right corner).

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is evidenced for the first time during the Faiyum A Period. People of this period, unlike later Egyptians, buried their dead very close to, and sometimes inside, their settlements.

6628: 2033: 11240: 4271:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004" 1902:, and the ceremonial mace heads which turn up from the late Gerzean and early Semainean are crafted in the Mesopotamian "pear-shaped" style, instead of the Egyptian native style. 11199: 1700:, and farming along the Nile now produced the vast majority of food, though contemporary paintings indicate that hunting was not entirely forgone. With increased food supplies, 1195:

The developments in Lower Egypt in the times previous to the unification of the country have been the subject of considerable disputes over the years. The recent excavations at

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The period from 9000 to 6000 BC has left very little in the way of archaeological evidence. Around 6200 BC, Neolithic settlements appear all over Egypt. Some studies based on

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Keita, S.O.Y. (2005). "Early Nile Valley Farmers from El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data".

11044: 11039: 917:) culture, whose tool assemblage resembles that of the Harifian. This assimilation led to the Circum-Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex, a group of cultures that invented 11139: 9720: 9715: 6941:—"Around 4000 BC small items, such as the tips of spears and ornaments, were being fashioned from iron recovered from meteorites" – attributed to R. F. Tylecote, 98: 1826:

handle, which has patently Mesopotamian relief carvings on it, have been found in Egypt, and the silver which appears in this period can only have been obtained from

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with her inward curving horns. Another hypothesis is that the raised arms symbolize wings and that the figure is an early version of the white vulture goddess

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sites and 2) the Naqada samples are more similar to the Lower Nubian protodynastic sample than they are to the geographically more proximate Egyptian samples.

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Y-chromosome lineage – also accords with just this kind of demographic history. This lineage had its origins broadly in the Horn of Africa and East Africa."

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The Maadi culture (also called Buto Maadi culture) is the most important Lower Egyptian prehistoric culture dated about 4000–3500 BC, and contemporary with

6205:... the Naqada samples are more similar to each other than they are to the samples from the neighbouring Upper Egyptian or Lower Nubian sites ... 1188:

indicate contact with the Naqada sites in the south. Many imported vessels from Palestine have also been found. Black basalt stone vessels were also used.

609:", "Zero Dynasty" or "Dynasty 0" are used to name the part of the period which might be characterized as Predynastic by some and Early Dynastic by others. 3540: 6094:. Egypt at its Origins 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference "Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt". Vienna: Peeters. 1718:

construction to ripple-flaked construction. Copper was used for all kinds of tools, and the first copper weaponry appears here. Silver, gold, lapis, and

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regions were uninhabitable. Since the Harifian culture ended c. 12,000 BP there could be no possible connection with the PPNB which began c. 10,500 BP.

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individual "cultures" must not be interpreted as separate entities but as largely subjective divisions used to facilitate study of the entire period.

10247: 6218: 6106: 5812: 4715: 7428: 5840:"Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-Badari: Aboriginals or 'European' Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data" 5633:"Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-Badari: Aboriginals or 'European' Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data" 1214:

have clarified this picture to some extent. As a result, the Chalcolithic Lower Egyptian culture is now emerging as an important subject of study.

1196: 852:) approximately 15,000 years ago. The Qadan subsistence mode is estimated to have persisted for approximately 4,000 years. It was characterized by 3448:"Technological variability in the Late Palaeolithic lithic industries of the Egyptian Nile Valley: The case of the Silsilian and Afian industries" 860:. Systematic efforts were made by the Qadan people to water, care for, and harvest local plant life, but grains were not planted in ordered rows. 9494: 9186: 8927: 8523: 2961: 1211: 455: 7008: 5479:

Williams, Bruce (1996). "The Qustul Incense Burner and the Case for a Nubian Origin of Ancient Egyptian Kingship". In Celenko, Theodore (ed.).

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Despite this evidence of foreign influence, Egyptologists generally agree that the Gerzean Culture is still predominantly indigenous to Egypt.

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Distinctly foreign objects and art forms entered Egypt during this period, indicating contacts with several parts of Asia. Objects such as the

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have been found. The end of the Khormusan industry came around 16,000 B.C. with the appearance of other cultures in the region, including the

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appear in this period, but the workmanship is very rudimentary and the relief artwork for which they were later known is not yet present.

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populations of Algeria as well as Bedouin groups in Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, followed by other Afroasiatic-speaking populations in the

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Artifacts of Egypt from the Prehistoric period, from 4400 to 3100 BC. First row from top left: a Badarian ivory figurine, a Naqada jar, a

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R. Schild; F. Wendorf (2014). "Late Palaeolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Nile Valley of Nubia and Upper Egypt". In E A. A. Garcea (ed.).

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were used ornamentally, and the grinding palettes used for eye-paint since the Badarian period began to be adorned with relief carvings.

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give evidence for the existence of the Qadan culture's grain-grinding culture. Its makers also practiced wild grain harvesting along the

5370:"On the Transition Between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in Lower Egypt and the Origins of the Lower Egyptian Culture: a Pottery Study" 9742: 9710: 8974: 8425: 6192: 6149: 1293: 569: 6981: 4946:"A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms" 10571: 10099: 9581: 7106: 5456:

Egypt in its African context: proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2–4 October 2009

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Egypt in its African context: proceedings of the conference held at the Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009

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Zvelebil, M. (1989). "On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)".

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Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006).

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Lower Nubia is located within the borders of modern-day Egypt but is south of the border of Ancient Egypt, which was located at the

1565:(A-Group) than to neighbouring populations in southern Egypt. Specifically, they stated the Naqda samples were "more similar to the 10583: 9974: 6016: 5380: 3894: 3211: 1512:. The Late Roman era Badarian skeletons from Kellis were also phenotypically distinct from those belonging to other populations in 1354:

difference that prevents scholars from merging the two periods is that Badarian sites use copper in addition to stone and are thus

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Some of the oldest known structures were discovered in Egypt by archaeologist Waldemar Chmielewski along the southern border near

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by which the relative date, if not the absolute date, of any given Predynastic site can be ascertained by examining its pottery.

11159: 9295: 6607: 2123:, the material cultural indicators correspond with the conclusion that the inhabitants of the wider Nabta Playa region were a 10820: 6850: 6814: 6785: 6758: 6723: 6228: 6116: 5822: 5408: 5078: 4928: 4725: 3318: 3288:

economy with Near Eastern characteristics, and lithics with North African characteristics are present in the Fayum A culture.

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Fragment of a ceremonial palette illustrating a man and a type of staff. Circa 3200–3100 BC, Predynastic, Late Naqada III.

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Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: A Thematic Study

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and the eastern deserts of Egypt (including Sinai) during the late Mesolithic to merge with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (

225: 6978:- A comprehensive and concise educational website focusing on the basic and the advanced in all aspects of Ancient Egypt 10756: 10687: 10566: 10188: 10065: 9732: 9613: 9540: 9528: 9489: 7001: 5488: 5463: 5051: 4892: 4858: 2900: 2378: 1225: 1090: 856:, as well as a unique approach to food gathering that incorporated the preparation and consumption of wild grasses and 733: 492: 445: 245: 205: 17: 6043:"An examination of Nubian and Egyptian biological distances: support for biological diffusion or in situ development?" 5766:"An examination of Nubian and Egyptian biological distances: support for biological diffusion or in situ development?" 10291: 9820: 8552: 7458: 7118: 6698: 6671: 6395: 5526: 5352: 5214: 5181: 5144: 4107: 3736: 3701: 3599: 3351: 5688:"A biological perspective of the relationship between Egypt, Nubia, and the Near East during the Predynastic period" 2187:

c. 8000 BC: Migration of peoples to the Nile, developing a more centralized society and settled agricultural economy

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Dental trait analysis of Badarian fossils conducted in a thesis study found that they were closely related to other

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full-blown lifestyle. Finally, the names for the Near Eastern domesticates imported into Egypt were not Sumerian or

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Lovell, Nancy C. (1999). "Egyptians, physical anthropology of". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (eds.).

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Lovell, Nancy C. (1999). "Egyptians, physical anthropology of". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (eds.).

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The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference

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A biological perspective of the relationship between Egypt, Nubia, and the Near East during the Predynastic period

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Ehret, C; Keita, SOY; Newman, P (2004). "The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003)".

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At the end of prehistory, "Predynastic Egypt" is traditionally defined as the period from the final part of the

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Brooks, Nick (2006). "Cultural responses to aridity in the Middle Holocene and increased social complexity".

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Brovarski, Edward (2016). "Reflections on the Battlefield and Libyan Booty Palettes". In Vandijk, J. (ed.).

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lasted only about three hundred years, then vanishing, followed by a thousand year hiatus during which the

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caused residents of the Libyan oases to retreat into the Nile valley. Among the Qadan culture sites is the

255: 7468: 11314: 10866: 10778: 10620: 10362: 10252: 10075: 9870: 9737: 9680: 9576: 9451: 7745: 7293: 7256: 7204: 7123: 5275: 1785: 522: 6503: 2239:: furniture, tableware, models of rectangular houses, pots, dishes, cups, bowls, vases, figurines, combs 1168: 11309: 11304: 11154: 11119: 11074: 10773: 10578: 10475: 10458: 10441: 10382: 10208: 10163: 10094: 10033: 10006: 9650: 9509: 9288: 9047: 8848: 7143: 5311: 4800:

Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014).

3881:

Bar Yosef, Ofer (1998). "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture".

1398:

Egyptian/Nubian epipaleolithic series". Keita further noted that additional analysis and material from

5068: 1569:

protodynastic sample than they are to the geographically more proximate southern Egyptian samples" in

1284:

Tasian beaker, found in a Badarian grave at Qau; tomb 569, around 4000 BC; Upper Egypt; British Museum

1097:

clay head, circa 5,000 BC. This is one of the earliest known representations of a human head in Egypt.

10934: 10739: 10682: 10649: 10414: 10324: 10286: 10281: 10269: 10168: 9860: 9830: 9815: 9567: 8853: 8668: 7266: 7234: 7219: 7214: 7113: 7067: 3643:

Bouchneba, L.; Crevecoeur, I. (2009). "The inner ear of Nazlet Khater 2 (Upper Paleolithic, Egypt)".

3408: 1681: 555: 119: 5238: 2646: 11164: 11054: 11034: 10984: 10954: 10944: 10926: 10902: 10815: 10795: 10603: 10429: 10225: 10213: 10050: 10028: 9695: 9645: 9586: 9545: 9421: 9416: 9382: 9343: 9042: 8134: 7679: 7385: 7261: 7182: 7133: 6177:"Concordance of cranial and dental morphological traits and evidence for endogamy in ancient Egypt" 6134:"Concordance of cranial and dental morphological traits and evidence for endogamy in ancient Egypt" 4244:"Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004" 3237: 1951: 328: 176: 8206: 8201: 3958:

Juris, Zarins (November 1990). "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia".

11250: 11129: 11124: 11004: 10724: 10347: 10082: 9934: 9907: 9892: 9887: 9623: 9523: 9159: 9069: 8241: 8008: 7827: 7760: 7492: 6958: 5004: 4589:

The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic

4463:

Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. (1961). "Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments".

4125:"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form" 2759: 2624: 2566: 2200:

deep year-round water wells dug, and large organized settlements designed in planned arrangements

1558: 1379: 1053: 483: 215: 1711:

and began mass-producing mud bricks, first found in the Amratian Period, to build their cities.

11144: 11099: 11079: 11069: 10969: 10876: 10805: 10734: 10556: 10524: 10218: 10156: 10151: 9865: 9330: 9247: 9121: 8727: 8618: 8606: 8302: 8043: 7882: 7519: 7453: 7437: 7365: 7298: 7138: 5344: 5206: 5173: 4247: 2991: 1962:

The Naqada III period, from about 3200 to 3000 BC, is generally taken to be identical with the

837: 590: 91: 6661: 5398: 3618: 1389:

In 2005, Keita examined Badarian crania from predynastic upper Egypt in comparison to various

1369:

Badarian flint tools continued to develop into sharper and more shapely blades, and the first

950:

type, and mixed types resulting from the mixture of the aforementioned groups. Similarly, the

11169: 11084: 11064: 10939: 10810: 10702: 10672: 10561: 10541: 10487: 10399: 10038: 9996: 9991: 9969: 9777: 9767: 9552: 9431: 9399: 9281: 8986: 8922: 8796: 8489: 8415: 8189: 8184: 8122: 8061: 7998: 7946: 7939: 7485: 7330: 6688: 6385: 5915: 5593: 4742: 4634:"Genetics, Egypt and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of a Y-Chromosome Variation" 3343: 2408: 1422: 8371: 5839: 5334: 5306: 5198: 5165: 5136: 4918: 4099: 3580:. Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Wealth, Geological Survey of Egypt and Mining Authority. 11214: 11149: 11114: 11049: 11029: 11019: 10979: 10959: 10677: 10627: 10497: 9601: 9591: 9252: 9203: 9198: 9181: 9176: 9154: 8944: 8658: 8511: 8403: 8307: 8100: 7785: 7584: 7527: 7355: 7313: 7170: 7079: 7072: 6905: 4957: 4387: 4197: 4138: 3830: 3652: 3459: 2974: 1812: 1697: 1636: 1534:

Evolution of Egyptian prehistoric pottery styles, from Naqada I to Naqada II and Naqada III

1305: 1185: 1022: 1002: 235: 195: 7755: 1811:, interpreted in previous years as evidence of a Mesopotamian ruling class, the so-called 8: 11224: 11174: 11134: 11109: 11089: 11024: 10999: 10989: 10974: 10895: 10788: 10768: 10588: 10536: 10531: 10470: 10372: 10055: 9986: 9981: 9700: 9404: 9242: 8907: 8712: 8545: 8078: 7951: 7832: 7807: 7175: 7096: 5518: 5512: 4376:"Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene" 1823: 1777: 1742: 1561:

studies have found Naqada skeletal remains to have clear, Northeast African affinities.

1256: 1142: 1117: 918: 425: 59: 6909: 4961: 4391: 4201: 4142: 3834: 3656: 3463: 1799:

Although the Gerzean Culture is now clearly identified as being the continuation of the

11094: 11059: 11014: 11009: 10918: 10598: 10509: 10409: 10276: 10104: 10070: 10023: 10001: 9897: 9799: 9670: 9557: 9504: 9193: 9096: 8998: 8811: 7993: 7723: 7689: 7229: 7192: 7091: 6865: 5990: 5982: 5867: 5745: 5668: 5660: 4980: 4945: 4831: 4696: 4653: 4560: 4515: 4480: 4344: 4295: 4270: 4161: 4124: 3940: 3898: 3853: 3818: 3490: 3447: 3232: 2871: 2460: 2279: 1735: 1513: 1137: 947: 502: 465: 337: 5258:

Another Mouthful of Dust: Egyptological Studies in Honour of Geoffrey Thorndike Martin

4335: 4220: 4185: 3917: 2690: 1833: 1627:

The Amratian culture lasted from about 4000 to 3500 BC. It is named after the site of

788:

The Halfan and Kubbaniyan, two closely related industries, flourished along the Upper

648:

industry. The youngest Achulean sites in Egypt date to around 400-300,000 years ago.

27:

Period starting at the first human settlement and ending at the First Dynasty of Egypt

11279: 10852: 10746: 10546: 10453: 10404: 10357: 10342: 10257: 10173: 10060: 9958: 9939: 9772: 9446: 9441: 9372: 9355: 9235: 9225: 9215: 9164: 8821: 8739: 8033: 8018: 8003: 7983: 7874: 7853: 7664: 7507: 7187: 6846: 6810: 6781: 6754: 6719: 6694: 6667: 6556: 6531: 6391: 6224: 6196: 6153: 6112: 6089: 6070: 6062: 5994: 5974: 5935: 5916:"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state" 5871: 5859: 5818: 5793: 5785: 5737: 5729: 5710:"Temporal variation in phenetic affinity of early Upper Egyptian male cranial series" 5687: 5672: 5652: 5613: 5594:"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state" 5522: 5484: 5459: 5404: 5348: 5335: 5210: 5199: 5177: 5166: 5140: 5129: 5074: 5047: 5024: 4985: 4924: 4912: 4888: 4854: 4823: 4762: 4743:"Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state" 4721: 4688: 4657: 4564: 4519: 4484: 4415: 4410: 4375: 4349: 4300: 4225: 4166: 4103: 4092: 4072: 4033: 3990: 3944: 3858: 3732: 3668: 3595: 3495: 3477: 3428: 3388: 3347: 3336: 3314: 3077: 3060: 2889: 2878: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2828: 2813: 2787: 2772: 2417: 2363: 2120: 2020: 1773: 1581: 1546: 1201: 1184:

have been found. The pottery is hand-made; it is simple and undecorated. Presence of

934: 387: 377: 357: 347: 290: 10608: 6690:

Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa

6613: 6577: 5749: 4835: 3902: 1081:

there have only been a few studies on ancient Egyptian DNA to clarify these issues.

10707: 10664: 10634: 10482: 10264: 10193: 10135: 9850: 9845: 9825: 9747: 9562: 9463: 9394: 9377: 9318: 9230: 9137: 8880: 8663: 8463: 8383: 8339: 8139: 7961: 7812: 7772: 7244: 7158: 6913: 6746: 6629:"Satellite Imagery Measures of the Astronomically Aligned Megaliths at Nabta Playa" 6188: 6145: 6054: 5966: 5927: 5851: 5777: 5721: 5644: 5605: 5016: 4975: 4965: 4908: 4878: 4813: 4754: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4645: 4552: 4507: 4472: 4405: 4395: 4339: 4331: 4290: 4282: 4215: 4205: 4156: 4146: 4064: 4025: 3982: 3932: 3890: 3848: 3838: 3660: 3485: 3467: 3420: 3380: 3190: 3064: 2808: 2743: 2657: 2610: 2547: 2465: 2321: 2310: 2221: 2209:

c. 5500 BC: Stone-roofed subterranean chambers and other subterranean complexes in

2024: 1987: 1719: 1664: 1628: 1614: 1554: 1426: 1415: 1383: 1370: 1350: 1333: 1014: 652: 641: 512: 407: 128: 63: 10519: 8722: 8678: 6750: 5892:"Dental Morphological Analysis of Roman Era Burials from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt" 3424: 1497:. Among the recent groups, the Badari markers were morphologically closest to the 1338: 10697: 10514: 10465: 10367: 10183: 9919: 9902: 9533: 9458: 9111: 9081: 8843: 8771: 8749: 8707: 8602: 8572: 8437: 8432: 8083: 7966: 7537: 6968: 6917: 6775: 5161: 4970: 4874: 3664: 3575: 3472: 3275: 3103: 3082: 3017: 2967: 2777: 2703: 2095: 2004: 1891: 1676: 1641: 1474: 1466: 1462: 1411: 1394: 1313: 1111: 1094: 397: 6609:

Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt

2638: 1656:

were both definitely imported from Nubia. Trade with the oases also was likely.

1382:

studies have shown strong biological affinities between the Badarians and other

1145:

may be the people of the Buto-Maadi culture subjected by the Egyptian rulers of

589:

was the period of time starting at the first human settlement and ending at the

10846: 10800: 10654: 10593: 10377: 10178: 9690: 9618: 9477: 9411: 9220: 9147: 8969: 8934: 8865: 8754: 8626: 8334: 7919: 7909: 7730: 7711: 7224: 6603: 6058: 5781: 4130:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3975:"Noirs ou blancs : une histoire de l'anthropologie biologique de l'Égypte" 3368: 3194: 3121: 3041: 2894: 2748: 2335: 2236: 2115: 2066: 1837: 1594: 1590: 1539: 1525: 1509: 1438: 1275: 1154: 887: 775: 637: 310: 280: 6982:

Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization - Oriental Institute

6809:, vol. 2, New York: Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 1079–1091, 5400:

Masking the Blow: The Scene of Representation in Late Prehistoric Egyptian Art

4818: 4801: 4511: 4029: 3936: 3384: 2642: 2265:

tomb-building, including underground rooms and burial of furniture and amulets

11298: 11273: 10729: 10717: 10712: 10392: 9482: 9106: 9091: 9037: 9015: 8912: 8900: 8816: 8685: 8567: 8528: 8516: 8504: 8216: 8127: 8056: 7797: 7740: 7718: 7627: 7559: 7554: 7532: 7017: 6830: 6802: 6481: 6066: 5978: 5863: 5855: 5789: 5733: 5656: 5648: 4827: 4556: 4076: 4037: 3994: 3481: 3432: 3392: 2946: 2269: 2099: 1915: 1841: 1754: 1746: 1502: 1498: 1486: 1470: 1442: 1434: 1173: 1077: 1042: 922: 828: 819:, which was detrimental to sedentary life and brought this period to an end. 757: 435: 51: 7647: 6047:

Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen

6042: 5770:

Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die vergleichende Forschung am Menschen

5765: 5709: 5020: 4577:

Kemp, B. 2005 "Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation". Routledge. p. 52–60

4400: 4320:"Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool" 4151: 3843: 1689:

The Gerzean culture, from about 3500 to 3200 BC, is named after the site of

871:

during the beginning of the Sahaba Daru Nile phase, when desiccation in the

10856: 10446: 9855: 9514: 9025: 8981: 8962: 8917: 8717: 8641: 8398: 8393: 8349: 7976: 7858: 7822: 7802: 7654: 7632: 7544: 7286: 6599: 6176: 6133: 6074: 5939: 5797: 5741: 5617: 5028: 4989: 4766: 4692: 4304: 4229: 4210: 4170: 3974: 3862: 3672: 3499: 3199: 3166: 3152: 3146: 3035: 3023: 2865: 2802: 2797: 2663: 2286: 2124: 2114:, 22.51° north, 30.73° east. Today the region is characterized by numerous 1955: 1899: 1708: 1704:

adopted a much more sedentary lifestyle and cities grew as large as 5,000.

1543: 1494: 1446: 1355: 1073: 980: 959: 876: 737: 545: 9074: 6200: 6193:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<237::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Z

6157: 6150:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199610)101:2<237::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Z

5288: 4907:"Moreover, the available genetic evidence – relating in particular to the 4649: 4419: 4353: 3705: 2203:

c. 6000 BC: Rudimentary ships (rowed, single-sailed) depicted in Egyptian

1623:

Ovoid Naqada I (Amratian) black-topped terracotta vase, (c. 3800–3500 BC).

994:

more permanently and adopt an increasingly sedentary lifestyle during the

11283: 9875: 9606: 9596: 9389: 9064: 9054: 9010: 9005: 8957: 8895: 8858: 8831: 8732: 8702: 8577: 8499: 8420: 8408: 8169: 8154: 8144: 8115: 8073: 7988: 7956: 7904: 7837: 7674: 7549: 7406: 4435:

Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming

2883: 2683: 2482: 2327: 2294: 2229: 2210: 2197: 2182: 2140: 2091: 2078: 1992: 1970: 1816: 1804: 1788:, and the state of Mesopotamian royal iconography during the Uruk period. 1769: 1661: 1566: 1458: 1450: 1403: 1321: 1289: 1026: 1010: 951: 864: 845: 841: 789: 753: 617: 300: 6932: 5664: 5632: 3688:

South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples Between 130,000 and 10,000 years ago

1557:. It is divided in three sub-periods: Naqada I, II and III. A number of 1157:

I and II phases in Upper Egypt. The culture is best known from the site

663: 644:, are poorly dated. These tools are succeeded by those belonging to the 9924: 9882: 9208: 9101: 9059: 8875: 8838: 8801: 8697: 8284: 8196: 8023: 7924: 7897: 7817: 7615: 7569: 7480: 7448: 7325: 6986: 6975: 6739:

McKim Malville, J. (2015). "Astronomy at Nabta Playa, Southern Egypt".

5986: 5954: 5931: 5609: 4885:

Ancient Egyptian society: challenging assumptions, exploring approaches

4758: 4068: 3158: 3109: 2979: 2905: 2717: 2633: 2304: 2153: 2107: 1946: 1934:

proxy, and at least a small contingent of migrants is often suspected.

1827: 1598: 1146: 1116:

From about 5000 to 4200 BC the Merimde culture, so far only known from

1049: 939: 834: 729: 717: 672: 625: 621: 601: 6425:

What do the Figurines of "Bird Ladies" in Predynastic Egypt represent?

6309:

Newell, G. D., "The Relative chronology of PNC I" (Academia.Edu: 2012)

4633: 3895:

10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::aid-evan4>3.0.co;2-7

3729:

The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharohs

1977:, the first irrigation, and the first appearance of royal cemeteries. 1707:

It was in this time that Egyptian city dwellers stopped building with

1465:

and Pharaonic era skeletons excavated in Lower Nubia, followed by the

1032: 10887: 10763: 10235: 9116: 8885: 8870: 8468: 8453: 8378: 8361: 8279: 8164: 8105: 8095: 8090: 8013: 7892: 7780: 7706: 7473: 7463: 5483:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 95–97. 4883:

Shomarka, Keita (2022). "Ancient Egyptian 'Origins' and 'Identity'".

4052: 4014:"Evidence of the early penetration of Negroes into prehistoric Egypt" 2721: 2492: 2394: 2317: 2290: 2252: 2214: 2167: 1701: 1433:. Among the ancient populations, the Badarians were nearest to other 1363: 1359: 1018: 995: 987: 938:

indicators. He divided and characterized the skulls into four types:

812: 713: 709: 645: 597: 139: 6740: 6361: 6359: 5970: 5891: 5256: 5113: 4591:. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Leiden University Press. 4437:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–15, 167–188. 3986: 1905:

The route of this trade is difficult to determine, but contact with

986:

Continued expansion of the desert forced the early ancestors of the

9436: 8890: 8826: 8673: 8631: 8366: 8274: 8149: 7971: 7934: 7914: 7197: 5955:"Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships" 4476: 4286: 3172: 2921: 2911: 2730: 2725: 2575: 2455: 2225: 2204: 2159: 2087:

Nabta Playa "calendar circle", reconstructed at Aswan Nubia museum.

1800: 1649: 1619: 1602: 1349:

The Badarian culture, from about 4400 to 4000 BC, is named for the

1006: 906: 900: 807: 801: 725: 616:

The vast majority of Predynastic archaeological finds have been in

367: 4617:

Rahmani, N. (2003). "Le Capsien typique et le Capsien supérieur".

3405: 1414:"show the Badarian series to be most similar to a series from the 8952: 8744: 8690: 8636: 8458: 8264: 8174: 8028: 7929: 7887: 7750: 7669: 7622: 7610: 7239: 6971:: from This Is Egypt | Information about Ancient Egyptian History 6801:

Malville, J. McKim (2015), "Astronomy at Nabta Playa, Egypt", in

6718:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 489–502. 6356: 4943: 3367:

Bakry, Aboualhassan; Saied, Ahmed; Ibrahim, Doaa (21 July 2020).

3176: 3092: 3054: 3002: 2781: 2707: 2696: 2629: 2606: 2469: 2350: 2273: 2262: 2146: 2083: 1845: 1808: 1505: 1482: 1430: 1304:. The Tasian culture group is notable for producing the earliest 1084: 1057: 975: 943: 853: 816: 697: 692: 55: 5377:

Desert and the Nile. Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara

5197:

Mortensen, Bodil (1999). "el-Omari". In Bard, Kathryn A. (ed.).

4944:

Trombetta, B.; Cruciani, F.; Sellitto, D.; Scozzari, R. (2011).

1890: in (29.2 cm × 14.0 cm × 5.7 cm), 1373:

was developed. Distinctly Badarian sites have been located from

1280: 628:, completely burying most Delta sites long before modern times. 9468: 9426: 9273: 9020: 8557: 8535: 8388: 8324: 8269: 7659: 7637: 7605: 7579: 3139: 3096: 3007: 2837: 2833: 2752: 2475: 2450: 2436: 2342: 2178: 2000: 1974: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1715: 1690: 1632: 1586: 1574: 1550: 1490: 1454: 1390: 1374: 1343: 1301: 1069: 1065: 1061: 910: 883: 872: 857: 780: 4183: 1984:

suburb of Cairo is built over the original Naqada stronghold.

1780:. This work of art both shows the influence of Mesopotamia on 9499: 9304: 9086: 8806: 8540: 8494: 8356: 8211: 8159: 7735: 7701: 6223:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 82–85, 97. 3271: 3047: 3029: 2792: 2712: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2446: 2441: 2346: 2300: 2243: 2111: 2103: 1996: 1981: 1781: 1750: 1478: 1399: 1297: 1158: 849: 676: 4186:"Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model" 2119:

Sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean area. According to

1973:(though this is disputed by some), the first regular use of 1013:

data have attributed these settlements to migrants from the

9912: 9032: 8993: 8473: 8329: 8259: 8179: 8051: 7564: 5397:

Davis, Whitney; Davis, George C.; Pardee, Helen N. (1992).

4184:

Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002).

3577:

The Fakhurian: A Late Paleolithic Industry from Upper Egypt

2939: 2498: 2487: 2331: 2174: 2102:, located approximately 800 kilometers south of modern-day 1930: 1653: 1570: 1407: 1342:

Ancient Badarian mortuary figurine of a woman, held at the

1207: 1181: 1162: 991: 914: 868: 721: 3446:

Leplongeon, Alice (27 December 2017). Pinhasi, Ron (ed.).

8344: 8110: 8068: 6693:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 51–53. 6111:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 84–85. 5817:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 84–85. 5726:

10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[141:TVIPAO]2.0.CO;2

5067:

Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (3 July 2023).

4799: 4720:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 82–85. 4269:

Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004).

2282:

in the Sahara leads to human migration to the Nile Valley

1929:

The fact that so many Gerzean sites are at the mouths of

1048:

However, some scholars have disputed this view and cited

2193:

c. 7000 BC: Agriculture—animal and cereal—in East Sahara

2177:, grain-grinding culture creates world's earliest stone 1605:

data which he argued supported the demographic history.

6010:"Analysis of Naqada Predynastic Crania: a brief report" 2007:" but exhibited local variation in an African context. 1840:

figure of a woman interpreted to represent the goddess

1292:. This culture group is named for the burials found at 4887:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 111–122. 4602:

Wetterstrom, W. (1993). Shaw, T.; et al. (eds.).

4122: 3876: 3874: 3872: 2393: 1999:

had the greatest biological affinity to people of the

909:(8,800 – 8,000 BC) are viewed as migrating out of the 712:

industry in Egypt began between 42,000 and 32,000 BP.

5894:. Institute of Archaeology, University College London 5237:. Mankato: Minnesota State University. Archived from 3960:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3311:

The great name : ancient Egyptian royal titulary

1714:

Egyptian stone tools, while still in use, moved from

921:, and may have been the original culture that spread 4450:

First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies

practiced by these grain gatherers led to increased

6829:Belmonte, Juan Antonio (2010), "Ancient Egypt", in 3869: 3685: 3642: 1969:Naqada III is notable for being the first era with 5160:Eiwanger, Josef (1999). "Merimde Beni-salame". In 5128: 4268: 4091: 3335: 2039:Protodynastic sceptre fragment with royal couple. 1922:, is more likely, as evidenced by the presence of 879:cemetery, which has been dated to the Mesolithic. 667:Aterian point from Zaccar, Djelfa region, Algeria. 3366: 2190:c. 7500 BC: Importing animals from Asia to Sahara 1819:. This idea no longer attracts academic support. 1243:Carved catfish bones, and jar discovered in Maadi 11296: 6594: 6592: 6553:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 6528:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 5396: 5341:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 5201:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 5168:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 4670: 1418:quadrant of Africa and then to other Africans". 769: 158: 6807:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy 6742:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5403:. University of California Press. p. 264. 5250: 5248: 5092: 5090: 2320:, donkey domestication, (meteoric) iron works, 1807:influence worked its way into Egypt during the 6738: 6666:(in French). Hachette Éducation. p. 380. 6450: 6448: 6446: 6345: 6343: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6315: 5458:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2011. pp. 43–54. 4462: 4317: 2173:c. 10,500 BC: Wild grain harvesting along the 1670: 1608: 1288:The Tasian culture appeared around 4500 BC in 928: 636:Egypt has been inhabited by humans (including 600:period beginning c. 6200 BC to the end of the 10903: 9289: 7422: 7002: 6686: 6612:, Comparative Archaeology Web, archived from 6598: 6589: 6414:(London: British Museum Press, 1995), p. 109. 6175:Lovell, Nancy; Prowse, Tracy (October 1996). 6132:Lovell, Nancy; Prowse, Tracy (October 1996). 5707: 5066: 3819:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 3770: 3768: 3541:"Ancient Egyptian Culture: Paleolithic Egypt" 2379: 2313:, world's earliest-known glazed ceramic beads 563: 6839:International Council on Monuments and Sites 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6237: 6174: 6131: 5553: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5417: 5245: 5087: 4787:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 4621:(57). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3805:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 6939:History of ferrous metallurgy#Meteoric iron 6889: 6780:. Princeton University Press. p. 107. 6777:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 6626: 6471:(Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 20. 6469:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. 6461: 6458:(Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 22. 6456:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. 6443: 6440:(Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 18. 6438:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. 6430: 6353:(Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 17. 6351:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. 6340: 6337:(Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 16. 6335:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. 6312: 6220:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 6108:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 5814:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5003:Cruciani, Fulvio; et al. (June 2007). 4920:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 4853:. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28. 4717:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 4601: 3265: 3263: 1848:, c. 3500–3400 B.C.E. terracotta, painted, 1489:period inhabitants of Lower Nubia, and the 10910: 10896: 9296: 9282: 7436: 7429: 7415: 7009: 6995: 6959:Information about Ancient Egyptian History 6716:Holocene settlement of the Egyptian Sahara 6636:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 6285:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 5913: 5591: 5579:"A re-examination of the Badarian Culture" 5131:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 5073:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 209–212. 4923:. Princeton University Press. p. 97. 4740: 4631: 4094:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 3794:, p. 136. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002. 3778:p. 149. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 3765: 3445: 3338:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 2386: 2372: 1231:Clapper discovered in Maadi, Louvre Museum 1064:populations, with some genetic input from 833:The Qadan culture (13,000–9,000 BC) was a 570: 556: 44: 6659: 6277: 6257: 6254:(Oxford: University Press, 1964), p. 390. 6181:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6138:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5920:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5885: 5883: 5881: 5598:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5568:(Oxford: University Press, 1964), p. 391. 5535: 5432:(Oxford: University Press, 1964), p. 389. 5367: 5254: 5196: 5120: 4979: 4969: 4817: 4747:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4409: 4399: 4343: 4294: 4219: 4209: 4160: 4150: 4083: 3880: 3852: 3842: 3489: 3471: 3369:"The Oldowan in the Egyptian Nile Valley" 3327: 1549:(c. 4000–3000 BC), named for the town of 1172:Ancient Egypt Predynastic Stone Vessels. 925:languages across much of Southwest Asia. 7016: 6828: 6800: 6620: 5497: 5478: 5270: 5268: 5159: 5101:. Oxford: University Press. p. 388. 5096: 5070:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 5046:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 43–54. 5002: 4882: 4851:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 4497: 4447: 4432: 4246:. Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from 4011: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3308: 3281: 3260: 2082: 2041:Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst 1966:period, during which Egypt was unified. 1950: 1832: 1680: 1618: 1529: 1337: 1279: 1167: 1136: 1089: 1031: 979:Map of Lower Egypt, and location of the 974: 882:Qadan peoples were the first to develop 779: 700:tool-making reached Egypt c. 40,000 BC. 662: 6713: 6687:Wendorf, Fred; Schild, Romuald (2013). 6575: 6555:. London: Routledge. pp. 328–331. 6530:. London: Routledge. pp. 328–331. 6274:. p. 28. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988 5343:. London/New York: Routledge. pp. 5205:. London/New York: Routledge. pp. 5172:. London/New York: Routledge. pp. 5135:. Princeton: University Press. p. 5126: 5041: 4848: 4616: 4098:. Princeton: University Press. p. 4089: 3972: 3915: 3797: 3786: 3784: 3761:. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. p. 21. 3342:. Princeton: University Press. p. 3333: 3250: 1685:A typical Naqada II pot with ship theme 1296:, on the east bank of the Nile between 756:in Egypt started around 30,000 BC. The 14: 11297: 10917: 6895: 6569: 6550: 6525: 6383: 5889: 5878: 5708:S. O. Y., Keita; A. J., Boyce (2008). 5571: 5332: 4632:Keita, S. O. Y.; Boyce, A. J. (2005). 4606:. London: Routledge. pp. 165–226. 4586: 4373: 4050: 3756: 3726: 3617:. Anthropology.osu.edu. Archived from 3573: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 2359: 863:Around twenty archaeological sites in 10891: 10322: 10133: 9956: 9797: 9316: 9277: 8600: 8239: 7505: 7410: 6990: 6773: 6663:Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques 6216: 6104: 6087: 6040: 6007: 5952: 5890:Haddow, Scott Donald (January 2012). 5837: 5810: 5763: 5630: 5445:p.35. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988. 5265: 5111: 4916: 4780: 4713: 4542: 3957: 3916:Richter, Tobias; et al. (2011). 3816: 3745: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 2933: 2367: 1918:route, probably by middlemen through 1784:at an early date, during a period of 703: 10872: 8601: 7371: 6627:Brophy, T. G.; Rosen, P. A. (2005). 6287:. Princeton: University Press, p. 7. 5550:p.24. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988 5510: 5390: 5304: 4000:from the mixture of the first three. 3973:Boëtsch, Gilles (31 December 1995). 3781: 1023:Egyptian and North African Neolithic 10862: 7391: 6774:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 6680: 6584:Archaeological Institute of America 6300:. Oxford: University Press, p. 393. 6217:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 6105:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 5914:Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (April 2007). 5811:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 5592:Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (April 2007). 5517:. Oxford University Press. p. 5514:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 5305:Mark, Joshua J. (18 January 2016). 4917:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 4741:Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (April 2007). 4714:Ehret, Christopher (20 June 2023). 4619:Cambridge Monographs in Archaeology 1327: 1161:near Cairo, as well as the site of 1123: 970: 894: 795: 747: 686: 24: 6576:Slayman, Andrew L. (27 May 1998), 6367:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 5261:. Leiden: Peeters. pp. 81–89. 4781:Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022). 4012:Strouhal, Eugen (1 January 1971). 3506: 3313:. Society of Biblical Literature. 2395:Chronology of the Neolithic period 1728:Gebel el-Arak knife (3450-3400 BC) 1362:Tasian sites are still considered 1180:Copper was known, and some copper 1105: 624:was more heavily deposited at the 25: 11331: 10243:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 8553:Megalithic architectural elements 7119:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 6952: 6410:Shaw, Ian & Nicholson, Paul, 5838:Keita, S. O. Y. (November 2005). 5685: 1941:Protodynastic Period (Naqada III) 1696:Gerzean culture coincided with a 1519: 1425:-speaking populations inhabiting 1269: 844:evidence suggests, originated in 11278: 11269: 11268: 10871: 10861: 10851: 10842: 10841: 10100:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 9303: 8240: 7390: 7380: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7349: 7312: 6924: 6880: 6858: 6843:International Astronomical Union 6822: 6794: 6767: 6745:. Springer. pp. 1080–1090. 6732: 6707: 6653: 6544: 6518: 6496: 6474: 6417: 6404: 6377: 6303: 5114:"Naqada IId, Birth of an Empire" 4051:Hassan, Fekri A. (1 June 1988). 3925:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2106:or about 100 kilometers west of 2048: 2032: 2012: 1762: 1734: 1542:is an archaeological culture of 1477:populations in Upper Nubia, the 1248: 1236: 1224: 1132: 822: 539: 138: 96: 10584:Identification card controversy 9172:Evolutionary origin of religion 7381: 6660:Margueron, Jean-Claude (2012). 6412:The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt 6390:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 10–14. 6290: 6210: 6168: 6125: 6098: 6081: 6034: 6001: 5946: 5906: 5831: 5804: 5756: 5701: 5679: 5624: 5584: 5472: 5448: 5435: 5361: 5326: 5298: 5281: 5223: 5190: 5153: 5105: 5060: 5035: 5009:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4996: 4937: 4901: 4867: 4842: 4793: 4773: 4734: 4707: 4664: 4625: 4610: 4595: 4580: 4571: 4536: 4526: 4491: 4456: 4441: 4426: 4367: 4311: 4262: 4236: 4177: 4116: 4044: 4005: 3966: 3951: 3909: 3817:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). 3810: 3727:Reynes, Midant-Beatrix (2000). 3720: 3694: 3690:. Oxbow Books. pp. 89–125. 3679: 3636: 2258:c. 4000 BC: early Naqadan trade 1698:significant decline in rainfall 11236:British Indian Ocean Territory 9490:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 4685:10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c 4018:The Journal of African History 3604: 3584: 3567: 3439: 3399: 3373:Journal of African Archaeology 3360: 3302: 2678: 2158:Tools made from animal bones, 2072: 2060: 1264: 965: 716:developed tools not only from 631: 13: 1: 9798: 8785:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 8315:British megalith architecture 6751:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_101 5368:Mączyńska, Agnieszka (2018). 5339:. In Bard, Kathryn A. (ed.). 5307:"Predynastic Period in Egypt" 5278:", University College London. 4336:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1 3704:. Numibia.net. Archived from 3425:10.1080/00934690.2021.1993618 3295: 2353:unified Upper and Lower Egypt 2303:, world's oldest (confirmed) 770:Halfan and Kubbaniyan culture 764: 658: 10117:Twin towns and sister cities 9957: 9629:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 8780:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 8320:Nordic megalith architecture 6918:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.01.013 4971:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 3665:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.12.003 3473:10.1371/journal.pone.0188824 3413:Journal of Field Archaeology 3309:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). 3212:Historical Ancient Near East 2152:Semi-permanent dwellings in 1469:bearers of Lower Nubia, the 728:. They also developed small 7: 10645:Vehicle registration plates 10323: 10299:Water supply and sanitation 10134: 9317: 7304:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 7124:Population history of Egypt 6945:(2nd edition, 1992), p. 3. 6506:. University College London 6283:Redford, Donald B. (1992). 5548:A History of Ancient Egypt. 5443:A History of Ancient Egypt. 5127:Redford, Donald B. (1992). 4057:Journal of World Prehistory 3981:(in French) (24): 113–138. 3792:A Dictionary of Archaeology 3594:. p. 20. Blackwell (1994). 3590:Nicolas-Christophe Grimal. 3334:Redford, Donald B. (1992). 3226: 2130: 1786:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 1671:Gerzean culture (Naqada II) 1609:Amratian culture (Naqada I) 1129:Archaic Period (3,100 BC). 929:Neolithic to Proto-Dynastic 10: 11336: 10304:Water resources management 8928:British Isles and Brittany 8849:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6642:(1): 15–24. Archived from 6384:Cooper, Jerrol S. (1996). 6272:A History of Ancient Egypt 6059:10.1016/j.jchb.2009.08.003 5782:10.1016/j.jchb.2009.08.003 5312:World History Encyclopedia 5042:Anselin, Alain H. (2011). 4190:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 4090:Redford, Donald B (1992). 4053:"The Predynastic of Egypt" 3790:Shaw, I & Jameson, R: 3759:A History of Ancient Egypt 3645:Journal of Human Evolution 3592:A History of Ancient Egypt 3549:Minnesota State University 3120: 2170:, from 11th millennium BC 2143:, from 40th millennium BC 2134: 2076: 1944: 1674: 1612: 1559:biological anthropological 1523: 1380:biological anthropological 1331: 1312:developed a system called 1273: 1217: 1109: 898: 826: 799: 773: 690: 620:, because the silt of the 11264: 11223: 11183: 10925: 10837: 10663: 10335: 10331: 10318: 10199:Impact on the environment 10189:Entrepreneurship policies 10142: 10129: 9965: 9952: 9806: 9793: 9761: 9663: 9329: 9325: 9312: 9130: 8943: 8770: 8617: 8613: 8596: 8482: 8446: 8295: 8252: 8248: 8235: 8042: 7873: 7846: 7771: 7697: 7688: 7593: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7501: 7444: 7344: 7321: 7310: 7048: 7025: 4877:(PN2) marker, within the 4819:10.1017/S0003598X00050249 4587:Shirai, Noriyuki (2010). 4512:10.1017/S0003598X00076110 4030:10.1017/S0021853700000037 3937:10.1017/S0959774311000060 3883:Evolutionary Anthropology 3385:10.1163/21915784-20200010 3208: 3198: 3165: 3136: 3132: 3075: 3021: 2990: 2965: 2944: 2932: 2898: 2887: 2876: 2858: 2841: 2826: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2785: 2770: 2757: 2741: 2729: 2711: 2702: 2689: 2676: 2650: 2637: 2622: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2425: 2401: 2242:c. 4400 BC: finely-woven 2181:blades roughly at end of 2135:All dates are approximate 301:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 71: 43: 34: 10985:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9970:Administrative divisions 9646:2011 Egyptian revolution 9587:1952 Egyptian revolution 9383:Lighthouse of Alexandria 7356:Ancient Egypt portal 6976:Ancient Egyptian History 6898:Quaternary International 6868:. Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk 6833:; Cotte, Michel (eds.), 6423:Christiansen, S. U.2023 6008:Keita, Shomarka (1996). 5953:Keita, S. O. Y. (1993). 5856:10.1177/0021934704265912 5844:Journal of Black Studies 5649:10.1177/0021934704265912 5637:Journal of Black Studies 5631:Keita, S. O. Y. (2005). 4849:Redford, Donald (2001). 4557:10.1177/0021934704265912 4545:Journal of Black Studies 4452:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 3757:Grimal, Nicolas (1988). 3243: 3238:Prehistoric North Africa 2251:From 4th millennium BC, 2096:internally drained basin 1980:The relatively affluent 1631:, about 120 km south of 1054:physical anthropological 1036:Arrowheads from Al Fayum 886:and they also developed 54:figurine. Second row: a 11246:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 10174:Egyptian stock exchange 9160:Evolutionary musicology 8563:Oldest extant buildings 8490:Archaeological features 8009:Prepared-core technique 6943:A History of Metallurgy 6296:Gardiner, Alan (1964), 5511:Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). 5336:"Ma'adi and Wadi Digla" 5333:Seeher, Jürgen (1999). 5097:Gardiner, Alan (1964). 4401:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053 4374:Chikhi (21 July 1998). 4318:Cavalli-Sforza (1997). 4152:10.1073/pnas.0509801102 3844:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 2760:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C 2625:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 2567:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 1815:, coming to power over 1358:settlements, while the 958:According to professor 246:3rd Intermediate Period 226:2nd Intermediate Period 206:1st Intermediate Period 10505:International rankings 9510:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 9122:Unchambered long cairn 8970:Mound Builders culture 8303:Neolithic architecture 7438:Prehistoric technology 6714:Wendorf, Fred (2001). 6088:Godde, Kanya (2020) . 5577:Newell, G. D. (2012). 4211:10.1073/pnas.162158799 3574:Lubell, David (1974). 2992:Linear Pottery culture 2127:-speaking population. 2088: 1959: 1894: 1686: 1652:and a small amount of 1624: 1535: 1346: 1285: 1177: 1150: 1098: 1037: 983: 785: 668: 591:First Dynasty of Egypt 92:First Dynasty of Egypt 11320:Prehistory by country 10110:Terrorism and tourism 9568:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9400:Library of Alexandria 8797:List of Stone Age art 7999:Microblade technology 7947:Langdale axe industry 7545:Ard / plough 7030:Glossary of artifacts 6933:Iron Age, Answers.com 6579:Neolithic Skywatchers 6298:Egypt of the Pharaohs 6252:Egypt of the Pharaohs 5566:Egypt of the Pharaohs 5430:Egypt of the Pharaohs 5099:Egypt of the Pharaohs 5021:10.1093/molbev/msm049 4650:10.1353/hia.2005.0013 4604:Archaeology of Africa 4448:Bellwood, P. (2005). 4433:Zvelebil, M. (1986). 3702:"Prehistory of Nubia" 3612:"Dental Anthropology" 2409:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 2255:has become prevalent 2086: 1954: 1836: 1741:Egyptian prehistoric 1684: 1622: 1533: 1341: 1283: 1186:black-topped red pots 1171: 1141:The prisoners on the 1140: 1093: 1035: 1021:returning during the 990:to settle around the 978: 783: 720:but also from animal 666: 186:Early Dynastic Period 11160:United Arab Emirates 10821:World Heritage Sites 10640:Units of measurement 10095:Proposed new capital 9841:Environmental issues 9602:United Arab Republic 9495:Muhammad Ali dynasty 9204:Prehistoric medicine 9199:Prehistoric counting 9182:Prehistoric religion 9177:Paleolithic religion 9155:Behavioral modernity 8512:Causewayed enclosure 8404:Abri de la Madeleine 7528:Neolithic Revolution 6967:14 June 2020 at the 6845:, pp. 119–129, 6649:on 29 February 2008. 6606:(26 November 2000), 5293:Ancient Egypt Online 5289:Buto – Maadi Culture 4465:Current Anthropology 2975:Tepe Muhammad Djafar 2341:c. 3100 BC: Pharaoh 2220:c. 5000 BC: Alleged 1803:period, significant 732:resembling those of 607:Protodynastic period 456:Muhammad Ali dynasty 11187:limited recognition 10919:Prehistory of Asia 10493:Freedom of religion 10388:Mass sexual assault 9753:Timekeeping devices 9651:2013 Rabaa massacre 9624:Egyptian–Libyan War 9243:Prehistoric warfare 7989:Magdalenian culture 7952:Levallois technique 7883:Earliest toolmaking 7176:Cursive hieroglyphs 6910:2006QuInt.151...29B 6467:Redford, Donald B. 6454:Redford, Donald B. 6436:Redford, Donald B. 6349:Redford, Donald B. 6333:Redford, Donald B. 4962:2011PLoSO...616073T 4392:1998PNAS...95.9053C 4202:2002PNAS...9911008C 4196:(17): 11008–11013. 4143:2006PNAS..103..242B 3835:2005PNAS..10215294K 3776:African Archaeology 3731:. Wiley-Blackwell. 3657:2009JHumE..56..257B 3464:2017PLoSO..1288824L 2360:Relative chronology 2280:aridification event 2268:4th millennium BC: 2261:4th millennium BC: 2222:archaeoastronomical 1991:the inhabitants of 1824:Gebel el-Arak knife 1778:Gebel el-Arak Knife 1743:Gebel el-Arak Knife 1257:Battlefield Palette 1143:Battlefield Palette 1118:Merimde Beni Salama 919:nomadic pastoralism 848:(present-day south 813:sedentary lifestyle 291:Ptolemaic dynasties 11315:Prehistoric Africa 10683:Art (contemporary) 10363:Capital punishment 10253:Telecommunications 9930:Towns and villages 9898:Qattara Depression 9711:Muslim Brotherhood 9681:Cigarette industry 9541:British occupation 9452:Crusader invasions 9422:Rashidun Caliphate 9194:Origin of language 9187:Spiritual drug use 9097:Rectangular dolmen 8999:Dartmoor kistvaens 8812:Carved stone balls 8524:Circular enclosure 8483:Other architecture 8426:Alp pile dwellings 8014:Solutrean industry 7925:Gravettian culture 7575:Secondary products 7149:Funerary practices 6886:Shaw (2000), p. 61 6371:cartelfr.louvre.fr 6041:Godde, K. (2009). 6022:on 5 December 2022 5932:10.1002/ajpa.20569 5764:Godde, K. (2009). 5610:10.1002/ajpa.20569 4759:10.1002/ajpa.20569 4069:10.1007/BF00975416 3979:Égypte/Monde arabe 3708:on 29 October 2013 3624:on 29 October 2013 3233:5.9 kiloyear event 2679:Egyptian Neolithic 2213:containing buried 2162:, and other stones 2089: 1960: 1926:objects in Egypt. 1895: 1687: 1625: 1536: 1514:Sub-Saharan Africa 1493:population in the 1406:(Gizeh), Somalia, 1347: 1286: 1178: 1151: 1099: 1038: 984: 786: 704:Khormusan industry 669: 503:Sultanate of Egypt 493:British occupation 466:Khedivate of Egypt 338:Rashidun caliphate 159:Predynastic Period 36:Prehistoric Egypt/ 18:Predynastic Period 11310:Predynastic Egypt 11305:Prehistoric Egypt 11292: 11291: 11229:other territories 10885: 10884: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10757:Football stadiums 10688:Botanical gardens 10567:Catholic dioceses 10459:Gender inequality 10383:Human trafficking 10314: 10313: 10248:Tallest buildings 10209:Military industry 10125: 10124: 10066:Political parties 10019:Islamic extremism 10007:Foreign relations 9948: 9947: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9529:French occupation 9447:Fatimid Caliphate 9442:Ikhshidid dynasty 9271: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9216:Prehistoric music 9165:music archaeology 8822:Cup and ring mark 8647:Clothing/textiles 8592: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8034:Yubetsu technique 8019:Striking platform 7984:Lithic technology 7869: 7868: 7854:Game drive system 7773:Projectile points 7665:Mortar and pestle 7404: 7403: 7159:Great Royal Wives 7129:Prehistoric Egypt 6852:978-2-918086-07-9 6816:978-1-4614-6140-1 6787:978-0-691-24409-9 6760:978-1-4614-6140-1 6725:978-0-306-46612-0 6270:Grimal, Nicolas. 6230:978-0-691-24409-9 6118:978-0-691-24409-9 5959:History in Africa 5824:978-0-691-24409-9 5546:Grimal, Nicolas. 5441:Grimal, Nicolas. 5410:978-0-520-07488-0 5386:on 27 March 2023. 5112:Josephson, Jack. 5080:978-1-000-88066-3 4930:978-0-691-24410-5 4727:978-0-691-24409-9 4638:History in Africa 4386:(15): 9053–9058. 4275:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3320:978-1-58983-735-5 3223: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3078:Pottery Neolithic 2901:Pottery Neolithic 2890:Pottery Neolithic 2879:Pottery Neolithic 2861:Pottery Neolithic 2844:Pottery Neolithic 2829:Pottery Neolithic 2809:Pottery Neolithic 2788:Pottery Neolithic 2773:Pottery Neolithic 2652:Initial Neolithic 2418:Pottery Neolithic 2121:Christopher Ehret 2094:was once a large 2021:Scorpion Macehead 1774:Master of Animals 1665:cosmetic palettes 1637:Black-topped ware 1582:Christopher Ehret 1547:Predynastic Egypt 1441:, Hierakonpolis, 1435:ancient Egyptians 1384:Northeast African 935:natural scientist 587:Predynastic Egypt 583:Prehistoric Egypt 580: 579: 531: 530: 484:Late Modern Egypt 474: 473: 446:French occupation 416: 415: 378:Ikhshidid dynasty 348:Umayyad caliphate 319: 318: 273:Greco-Roman Egypt 264: 263: 167: 166: 150:Prehistoric Egypt 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 38:Predynastic Egypt 16:(Redirected from 11327: 11282: 11272: 11271: 11241:Christmas Island 10927:Sovereign states 10912: 10905: 10898: 10889: 10888: 10875: 10874: 10865: 10864: 10855: 10845: 10844: 10650:Waste management 10415:Academic grading 10333: 10332: 10320: 10319: 10292:Railway stations 10270:Cultural tourism 10169:Economic regions 10131: 10130: 9954: 9953: 9795: 9794: 9464:Mamluk Sultanate 9395:Diocese of Egypt 9378:Battle of Actium 9327: 9326: 9314: 9313: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9275: 9274: 9231:Divje Babe flute 9138:Archaeoastronomy 8881:Petrosomatoglyph 8615: 8614: 8598: 8597: 8447:Water management 8250: 8249: 8237: 8236: 8140:Denticulate tool 7962:Lithic reduction 7695: 7694: 7516: 7515: 7503: 7502: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7394: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7374: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7316: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6946: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6866:"linen fragment" 6862: 6856: 6855: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6616:on 6 August 2011 6596: 6587: 6586: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6363: 6354: 6347: 6338: 6331: 6310: 6307: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6255: 6250:Gardiner, Alan, 6248: 6235: 6234: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6015:. Archived from 6014: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5887: 5876: 5875: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5564:Gardiner, Alan, 5562: 5551: 5544: 5533: 5532: 5508: 5495: 5494: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5428:Gardiner, Alan, 5426: 5415: 5414: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5379:. Archived from 5374: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5338: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5302: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5241:on 15 June 2010. 5227: 5221: 5220: 5204: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5171: 5162:Bard, Kathryn A. 5157: 5151: 5150: 5134: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5015:(6): 1300–1311. 5000: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4973: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4821: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4506:(239): 379–383. 4495: 4489: 4488: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4403: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4347: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4250:on 11 March 2007 4240: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4213: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4154: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3878: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3846: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3779: 3774:Phillipson, DW: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3551:. Archived from 3537: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3475: 3458:(12): e0188824. 3443: 3437: 3436: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3341: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3306: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3267: 3258: 3254: 3187: 3130: 3073: 3065:Hajji Firuz Tepe 2988: 2930: 2824: 2744:Neolithic Europe 2739: 2674: 2620: 2611:Tell Abu Hureyra 2603: 2558: 2522: 2466:Sinjar Mountains 2433: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2330:instruments and 2322:mortar (masonry) 2052: 2036: 2025:Ashmolean Museum 2016: 1988:Bioarchaeologist 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1876: in × 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1862: in × 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1766: 1738: 1615:Amratian culture 1555:Qena Governorate 1427:Northeast Africa 1402:, late dynastic 1395:tropical African 1334:Badarian culture 1328:Badarian culture 1252: 1240: 1228: 1205: 1124:El Omari culture 1015:Fertile Crescent 971:Faiyum A culture 960:Fekhri A. Hassan 895:Harifian culture 796:Sebilian culture 748:Late Paleolithic 734:Native Americans 687:Aterian industry 653:Late Pleistocene 642:Oldowan industry 593:around 3100 BC. 572: 565: 558: 546:Egypt portal 544: 543: 542: 513:Kingdom of Egypt 489: 488: 432: 431: 334: 333: 277: 276: 182: 181: 155: 154: 142: 132: 114: 113: 100: 99: 88: 87: 73: 72: 64:cosmetic palette 48: 32: 31: 21: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11260: 11228: 11219: 11200:Northern Cyprus 11186: 11179: 10921: 10916: 10886: 10881: 10825: 10816:Public holidays 10806:National anthem 10659: 10572:Coptic Churches 10515:Egyptian Arabic 10425:Medical schools 10327: 10310: 10226:Nuclear program 10138: 10121: 10051:Nationality law 10044:Supreme Council 10029:Law enforcement 9961: 9944: 9920:Sinai Peninsula 9903:Red Sea Riviera 9802: 9781: 9757: 9659: 9546:1919 revolution 9534:Revolt of Cairo 9459:Ayyubid dynasty 9437:Tulunid dynasty 9321: 9308: 9302: 9272: 9259: 9126: 9112:Stone box grave 9082:Megalithic tomb 8987:Cotswold-Severn 8939: 8844:Guardian stones 8772:Prehistoric art 8766: 8609: 8584: 8573:Timber trackway 8478: 8442: 8438:Wattle and daub 8291: 8270:Standing stones 8244: 8223: 8038: 7865: 7842: 7767: 7684: 7594:Food processing 7589: 7538:New World crops 7510: 7497: 7440: 7435: 7405: 7400: 7350: 7348: 7340: 7317: 7308: 7044: 7021: 7015: 6969:Wayback Machine 6955: 6950: 6949: 6929: 6925: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6803:Ruggles, C.L.N. 6799: 6795: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6604:Schild, Romuald 6597: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6504:"Maadi Culture" 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6365: 6364: 6357: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6258: 6249: 6238: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6173: 6169: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6086: 6082: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5971:10.2307/3171969 5951: 5947: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5888: 5879: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5809: 5805: 5761: 5757: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5629: 5625: 5589: 5585: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5529: 5509: 5498: 5491: 5481:Egypt in Africa 5477: 5473: 5466: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5286: 5282: 5273: 5266: 5253: 5246: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5125: 5121: 5110: 5106: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5001: 4997: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4847: 4843: 4812:(339): 95–111. 4798: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4669: 4665: 4630: 4626: 4615: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4496: 4492: 4461: 4457: 4446: 4442: 4431: 4427: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4316: 4312: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4182: 4178: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4088: 4084: 4049: 4045: 4010: 4006: 3987:10.4000/ema.643 3971: 3967: 3956: 3952: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3879: 3870: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3766: 3755: 3746: 3739: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3684: 3680: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3539: 3538: 3507: 3444: 3440: 3404: 3400: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3162: 3156: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3115: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3063: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2995:(5500–4500 BC) 2994: 2986: 2971:(6000–4800 BC) 2970: 2966: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2928: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2893: 2882: 2872:Tell el-'Oueili 2869: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2817:(7000–5000 BC) 2816: 2812: 2791: 2780: 2778:Tell Sabi Abyad 2776: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2724: 2720: 2706: 2704:Tell Sabi Abyad 2699: 2695: 2693: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2667:(8500–8000 BC) 2666: 2662: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2556: 2550: 2520: 2507: 2490: 2481: 2468: 2449: 2431: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2362: 2278:c. 3900 BC: An 2196:c. 7000 BC: in 2136: 2133: 2081: 2075: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2044: 2037: 2028: 2017: 2005:southerly areas 1949: 1943: 1892:Brooklyn Museum 1886: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1739: 1730: 1729: 1679: 1677:Gerzean culture 1673: 1642:Sequence Dating 1617: 1611: 1528: 1522: 1467:A-Group culture 1412:Pacific Islands 1336: 1330: 1314:sequence dating 1278: 1272: 1267: 1260: 1253: 1244: 1241: 1232: 1229: 1220: 1199: 1135: 1126: 1114: 1112:Merimde culture 1108: 1106:Merimde culture 1095:Merimde culture 1029:to the region. 973: 968: 931: 903: 897: 888:grinding stones 831: 825: 804: 798: 778: 772: 767: 750: 706: 695: 689: 661: 634: 576: 540: 538: 533: 532: 486: 476: 475: 429: 418: 417: 398:Ayyubid dynasty 388:Fatimid dynasty 368:Tulunid dynasty 358:Abbasid dynasty 331: 321: 320: 274: 266: 265: 179: 169: 168: 152: 130: 123: 97: 67: 39: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11333: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11276: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11189: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10892: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10869: 10859: 10849: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10752:Football clubs 10744: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10727: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10669: 10667: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10559: 10554: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10507: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10348:Animal welfare 10345: 10339: 10337: 10329: 10328: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10231:Power stations 10228: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10179:Egyptian pound 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10083:Prime Minister 10080: 10079: 10078: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9888:Northern coast 9885: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9619:Yom Kippur War 9611: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9502: 9497: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9414: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9341: 9335: 9333: 9323: 9322: 9310: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9221:Alligator drum 9213: 9212: 9211: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9157: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9148:lunar calendar 9145: 9134: 9132: 9131:Other cultural 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9035: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8935:Venus figurine 8932: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8866:Megalithic art 8863: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8824: 8819: 8817:Cave paintings 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8700: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8623: 8621: 8619:Material goods 8611: 8610: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8418: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8342: 8337: 8335:Cliff dwelling 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8246: 8245: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7920:Fire hardening 7917: 7912: 7910:Clovis culture 7907: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7833:Manis Mastodon 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7777: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7712:throwing stick 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7524: 7522: 7512: 7511: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7434: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7378: 7368: 7358: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6954: 6953:External links 6951: 6948: 6947: 6923: 6888: 6879: 6857: 6851: 6831:Ruggles, Clive 6821: 6815: 6793: 6786: 6766: 6759: 6731: 6724: 6706: 6699: 6679: 6672: 6652: 6619: 6588: 6568: 6561: 6543: 6536: 6517: 6495: 6473: 6460: 6442: 6429: 6416: 6403: 6396: 6376: 6355: 6339: 6311: 6302: 6289: 6276: 6256: 6236: 6229: 6209: 6187:(2): 237–246. 6167: 6144:(2): 237–246. 6124: 6117: 6097: 6080: 6053:(5): 389–404. 6033: 6000: 5945: 5926:(4): 501–509. 5905: 5877: 5850:(2): 191–208. 5830: 5823: 5803: 5776:(5): 389–404. 5755: 5720:(2): 141–159. 5700: 5686:Godde, Kanya. 5678: 5643:(2): 191–208. 5623: 5604:(4): 501–509. 5583: 5570: 5552: 5534: 5527: 5496: 5490:978-0936260648 5489: 5471: 5465:978-1407307602 5464: 5447: 5434: 5416: 5409: 5389: 5360: 5353: 5325: 5297: 5280: 5264: 5244: 5222: 5215: 5189: 5182: 5152: 5145: 5119: 5116:. p. 173. 5104: 5086: 5079: 5059: 5053:978-1407307602 5052: 5034: 4995: 4936: 4929: 4900: 4894:978-0367434632 4893: 4866: 4860:978-0195102345 4859: 4841: 4792: 4772: 4753:(4): 501–509. 4733: 4726: 4706: 4679:(5702): 1680. 4663: 4624: 4609: 4594: 4579: 4570: 4551:(2): 191–208. 4535: 4525: 4490: 4477:10.1086/200228 4471:(5): 455–477. 4455: 4440: 4425: 4366: 4324:Am J Hum Genet 4310: 4287:10.1086/386295 4281:(5): 1023–34. 4261: 4235: 4176: 4137:(1): 242–247. 4115: 4108: 4082: 4063:(2): 135–185. 4043: 4004: 3965: 3950: 3908: 3889:(5): 159–177. 3868: 3809: 3796: 3780: 3764: 3744: 3737: 3719: 3693: 3678: 3651:(3): 257–262. 3635: 3603: 3583: 3566: 3555:on 1 June 2010 3505: 3438: 3419:(8): 513–533. 3398: 3379:(2): 229–241. 3359: 3352: 3326: 3319: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3259: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3210:Succeeded by: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122:Kul Tepe Jolfa 3119: 3113: 3101: 3090: 3086: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3058: 3051: 3042:Hadji Muhammed 3020: 3014: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2897: 2895:Sang-i Chakmak 2886: 2875: 2857: 2854:Sha'ar HaGolan 2840: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2784: 2769: 2756: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2715: 2710: 2701: 2688: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2649: 2636: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2501: 2496: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2349:, or possibly 2339: 2336:Music of Egypt 2324: 2314: 2307: 2297: 2289:imported from 2283: 2276: 2272:imported from 2266: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2218: 2207: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2132: 2129: 2116:archaeological 2077:Main article: 2074: 2071: 2067:first cataract 2062: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2018: 2011: 1945:Main article: 1942: 1939: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1595:archaeological 1591:Horn of Africa 1540:Naqada culture 1526:Naqada culture 1524:Main article: 1521: 1520:Naqada culture 1518: 1510:Horn of Africa 1404:northern Egypt 1332:Main article: 1329: 1326: 1276:Tasian culture 1274:Main article: 1271: 1270:Tasian culture 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1197:Tell el-Farkha 1134: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1110:Main article: 1107: 1104: 1011:archaeological 972: 969: 967: 964: 930: 927: 899:Main article: 896: 893: 842:archaeological 827:Main article: 824: 821: 800:Main article: 797: 794: 776:Halfan culture 774:Main article: 771: 768: 766: 763: 749: 746: 705: 702: 691:Main article: 688: 685: 660: 657: 638:archaic humans 633: 630: 578: 577: 575: 574: 567: 560: 552: 549: 548: 535: 534: 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 499: 498: 495: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 471: 468: 462: 461: 458: 452: 451: 448: 442: 441: 438: 430: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 413: 410: 408:Mamluk dynasty 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 390: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 370: 364: 363: 360: 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 340: 332: 329:Medieval Egypt 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 316: 313: 311:Sasanian Egypt 307: 306: 303: 297: 296: 293: 287: 286: 283: 281:Argead dynasty 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 261: 258: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 218: 216:Middle Kingdom 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 188: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165: 164: 161: 153: 148: 147: 144: 143: 135: 134: 125: 124: 117: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 94: 85: 82: 81: 76: 69: 68: 49: 41: 40: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11332: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11275: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11226: 11222: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:South Ossetia 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10901: 10899: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10878: 10870: 10868: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10678:Art (ancient) 10676: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10557:Blasphemy law 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10525:Sign Language 10523: 10521: 10520:Saʽidi Arabic 10518: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10321: 10317: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10157:National Bank 10155: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10132: 10128: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9483:Ottoman Egypt 9481: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9299: 9294: 9292: 9287: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9107:Simple dolmen 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Passage grave 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9038:Gallery grave 9036: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8953:Burial mounds 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8913:Statue menhir 8911: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8901:Stone carving 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8740:Sewing needle 8738: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568:Timber circle 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8517:Tor enclosure 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8505:fulacht fiadh 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7741:spear-thrower 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719:Bow and arrow 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7628:Grinding slab 7626: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:Domestication 7558: 7556: 7555:Digging stick 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533:Founder crops 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7474:New Stone Age 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7397: 7389: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7369: 7367: 7359: 7357: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7331:Egyptologists 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7019: 7018:Ancient Egypt 7012: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6883: 6867: 6861: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6700:9781461506539 6696: 6692: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6673:9782011400963 6669: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6600:Wendorf, Fred 6595: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6505: 6499: 6483: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6439: 6433: 6426: 6420: 6413: 6407: 6399: 6397:9780931464966 6393: 6389: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714:Human Biology 5711: 5704: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5580: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5528:0-19-815034-2 5524: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5354:9780415185899 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5329: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5216:9780415185899 5212: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5185: 5183:9780415185899 5179: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5146:9780691036069 5142: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5123: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956:(1): e16073. 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4583: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330:(1): 247–54. 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 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Minnesota: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3353:9780691036069 3349: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3284: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2962:Umm Dabaghiya 2960: 2958: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2548:Early Pottery 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 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1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1386:populations. 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:blacktop-ware 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1277: 1258: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1212:Tell el-Iswid 1209: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1174:Louvre Museum 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1133:Maadi culture 1130: 1121: 1119: 1113: 1103: 1102:for deities. 1096: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078:Indo-European 1075: 1074:North African 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1043:Proto-Semitic 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:morphological 999: 997: 993: 989: 982: 977: 963: 961: 956: 953: 952:craniometrics 949: 948:Mediterranean 945: 941: 936: 926: 924: 923:Proto-Semitic 920: 916: 912: 908: 902: 892: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836: 830: 829:Qadan culture 823:Qadan culture 820: 818: 814: 809: 803: 793: 791: 782: 777: 762: 759: 758:Nazlet Khater 755: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 701: 699: 694: 684: 683:populations. 680: 678: 674: 665: 656: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 629: 627: 623: 619: 614: 610: 608: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 573: 568: 566: 561: 559: 554: 553: 551: 550: 547: 537: 536: 526: 524: 521: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 504: 501: 500: 496: 494: 491: 490: 485: 480: 479: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 447: 444: 443: 439: 437: 436:Ottoman Egypt 434: 433: 427: 422: 421: 411: 409: 406: 405: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 379: 376: 375: 371: 369: 366: 365: 361: 359: 356: 355: 351: 349: 346: 345: 341: 339: 336: 335: 330: 325: 324: 314: 312: 309: 308: 304: 302: 299: 298: 294: 292: 289: 288: 284: 282: 279: 278: 270: 269: 259: 257: 254: 253: 249: 247: 244: 243: 239: 237: 234: 233: 229: 227: 224: 223: 219: 217: 214: 213: 209: 207: 204: 203: 199: 197: 194: 193: 189: 187: 184: 183: 178: 177:Ancient Egypt 173: 172: 162: 160: 157: 156: 151: 146: 145: 141: 137: 136: 133: 127: 126: 121: 116: 115: 95: 93: 90: 89: 86: 84: 83: 80: 77: 75: 74: 70: 65: 61: 57: 53: 47: 42: 33: 30: 19: 11225:Dependencies 11155:Turkmenistan 11120:Saudi Arabia 10703:Coat of arms 10673:Architecture 10562:Christianity 10542:Prostitution 10488:Human rights 10447:Abaza family 10435:Universities 10400:Demographics 10353:Billionaires 9997:Constitution 9992:Conscription 9975:Governorates 9856:Halfaya Pass 9726:1954–present 9686:Constitution 9641:2010s Crisis 9553:World War II 9515:Urabi revolt 9432:Islamization 9366:31st Dynasty 9361:27th Dynasty 9338: 9048:wedge-shaped 9033:Funeral pyre 9026:Great dolmen 8982:Chamber tomb 8963:Round barrow 8918:Stone circle 8790:Blombos Cave 8718:Grooved ware 8642:Chalcolithic 8546:Thornborough 8464:Flush toilet 8399:Blombos Cave 8394:Rock shelter 8350:Quiggly hole 8242:Architecture 8217:illustration 7859:Buffalo jump 7680:Storage pits 7643:Aşıklı Höyük 7633:Ground stone 7469:Subdivisions 7128: 7058:Architecture 6963: 6960: 6942: 6931: 6926: 6904:(1): 29–49. 6901: 6897: 6891: 6882: 6870:. Retrieved 6860: 6834: 6824: 6806: 6796: 6776: 6769: 6741: 6734: 6715: 6709: 6689: 6682: 6662: 6655: 6644:the original 6639: 6635: 6622: 6614:the original 6608: 6578: 6571: 6552: 6546: 6527: 6520: 6508:. Retrieved 6498: 6486:. Retrieved 6484:. Faiyum.com 6482:"Naqada III" 6476: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6437: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6386: 6379: 6370: 6350: 6334: 6305: 6297: 6292: 6284: 6279: 6271: 6251: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6161: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6107: 6100: 6090: 6083: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6024:. Retrieved 6017:the original 6003: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5923: 5919: 5908: 5896:. Retrieved 5847: 5843: 5833: 5813: 5806: 5773: 5769: 5758: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5691:. Retrieved 5681: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5601: 5597: 5586: 5581:. MA thesis. 5573: 5565: 5547: 5513: 5480: 5474: 5455: 5450: 5442: 5437: 5429: 5399: 5392: 5381:the original 5376: 5363: 5340: 5328: 5316:. 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7459:Outline 7386:Outline 7376:Commons 7336:Museums 7272:Scribes 7262:Pottery 7193:Demotic 7183:History 7134:Cuisine 7063:Revival 6906:Bibcode 6805:(ed.), 6510:3 April 6427:(OAJAA) 6201:8893087 6158:8893087 5987:3171969 5235:EMuseum 5164:(ed.). 4981:3017091 4958:Bibcode 4701:8057990 4673:Science 4533:118–128 4420:9671803 4388:Bibcode 4354:9246011 4345:1715849 4296:1181965 4198:Bibcode 4162:1325007 4139:Bibcode 3854:1266108 3831:Bibcode 3653:Bibcode 3545:Emuseum 3491:5744920 3460:Bibcode 3177:Susiana 3134:Amuq D 3104:Hassuna 3093:Hacilar 3089:Amuq C 3083:Merimde 3055:Susiana 3050:14–12) 3018:Hassuna 3013: 3003:Hacilar 2999:Amuq B 2968:Samarra 2782:Bouqras 2708:Bouqras 2697:Hacilar 2658:Pottery 2630:Jericho 2607:Jericho 2582: 2474:Middle 2470:Assyria 2351:Hor-Aha 2311:Faience 2274:Lebanon 2263:Gerzean 2147:Aterian 2098:in the 1975:serekhs 1924:Byblian 1885:⁄ 1871:⁄ 1857:⁄ 1846:Nekhbet 1809:Gerzean 1776:on the 1720:faience 1629:El-Amra 1603:genetic 1483:X-Group 1463:C-Group 1461:), and 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