455:
mass-produced passenger cars appeared on the Suzuki Cervo in 1988. However, this simple method was not widely adopted by other automakers in the initial years due to the unnatural steering feel of the motor caused by the inertia at the time of rapid steering for danger avoidance in slower speed driving, as well as at the time of faster speed driving in which the electromagnetic clutch makes the steering force smaller, returning to the manual steering mode. In the year 1990, a direct full control system of a rack assist without a clutch was put into practical use in the Honda NSX (initially installed in automatics only). Since then, there has been a transition of trend from brush-attached motors to brushless motors in the rack type for ordinary vehicles and this method has become the mainstream.
182:
427:
response to variable-rate and variable-damping suspension systems, optimizing ride, handling, and steering for each vehicle. This new technological feature also gave engineers the ability to add new driver assistance features. This includes features such as lane assist, wind drift correction, etc. On Fiat group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named "CITY" that switches between two different assist curves, while most other EPS systems have variable assist. These give more assistance as the vehicle slows down, and less at faster speeds.
385:
2114:
1661:
2104:
1681:
1671:
269:
artificial steering feel, there is a separate hydraulically operated system that tries to turn the steering wheel back to centre position. The amount of pressure applied is proportional to road speed, so that at low speeds the steering is very light, and at high speeds it is very difficult to move more than a small amount off centre.
431:
required to steer. This heavy effort is similar to that of an inoperative hydraulic steering assist system. Depending on the driving situation, driving skill and strength of the driver, steering assist loss may or may not lead to a crash. The difficulty of steering with inoperative power steering is compounded by the choice of
268:
In this power steering system, the force steering the wheels comes from the car's high pressure hydraulic system and is always the same no matter what the road speed is. Turning the steering wheel moves the wheels simultaneously to a corresponding angle via a hydraulic cylinder. In order to give some
505:
This system should not be confused with variable assist power steering, which varies steering assist torque, not steering ratios, nor with systems where the gear ratio is only varied as a function of steering angle. These last are more accurately called non-linear types (e.g. Direct-Steer offered by
458:
Other electric power steering systems (including 4WS) later appeared on the Honda NSX after 1990, the Honda
Prelude and the Subaru SVX in 1991, the Nissan 300ZX (Z32; after the Version 3 onwards), Silvia, Skyline, and the Laurel in 1993, the MG F, the FIAT Punto Mk2 in 1999, the Honda S2000 in 1999,
454:
In 1986, NSK put the world’s first electric power steering system for battery forklifts into practical use. In 1988, Koyo Seiko (currently JTEKT) and NSK co-developed a column system exclusively for minicars sold only in the domestic market of Japan. The first-ever electric power steering system for
44:
add controlled energy to the steering mechanism, so the driver can provide less effort to turn the steered wheels when driving at typical speeds, and considerably reduce the physical effort necessary to turn the wheels when a vehicle is stopped or moving slowly. Power steering can also be engineered
430:
A mechanical linkage between the steering wheel and the steering gear is retained in EPS. In the event of component failure or power failure that causes a failure to provide assistance, the mechanical linkage serves as a back-up. If EPS fails, the driver encounters a situation where heavy effort is
446:
because there is no belt-driven hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is a major reason for their introduction. Another major advantage is the elimination of a belt-driven engine accessory, and several high-pressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic
217:
at the lower end of the steering column. As the steering wheel rotates, so does the steering column, as well as the upper end of the torsion bar. Since the torsion bar is relatively thin and flexible, and the bottom end usually resists being rotated, the bar will twist by an amount proportional to
209:
to the steering gear, which in turn steers the roadwheels. The steering wheel operates valves to control flow to the cylinder. The more torque the driver applies to the steering wheel and column, the more fluid the valves allow through to the cylinder, and so the more force is applied to steer the
225:
The steering booster is arranged so that should the booster fail, the steering will continue to work (although the wheel will feel heavier). Loss of power steering can significantly affect the handling of a vehicle. Each vehicle owner's manual gives instructions for inspection of fluid levels and
221:
Since the hydraulic pumps are positive-displacement type, the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds. Because this would be undesirable, a restricting
172:
A study in 1999 on the perceptual fidelity of steering force feedback, found that ordinary real-world truck and car drivers naturally expect an increase in feedback torque as speed increases, and for this reason early forms of power steering, which lacked such effect, were met with disapproval.
426:
exerted inside the steering column, and a computer module applies assistive torque via the motor, which connects either to the steering gear or steering column. This allows varied amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Engineers can therefore tailor steering-gear
79:
Some construction vehicles have a two-part frame with a rugged hinge in the middle; this hinge allows the front and rear axles to become non-parallel to steer the vehicle. Opposing hydraulic cylinders move the halves of the frame relative to each other to steer.
218:
the applied torque. The difference in position between the opposite ends of the torsion bar controls a valve. The valve allows fluid to flow to the cylinder which provides steering assistance; the greater the "twist" of the torsion bar, the greater the force.
59:
Other power steering systems (such as those in the largest off-road construction vehicles) have no direct mechanical connection to the steering linkage; they require electrical power. Systems of this kind, with no mechanical connection, are sometimes called
222:
orifice and flow-control valve direct some of the pump's output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speeds. A pressure relief valve prevents a dangerous build-up of pressure when the hydraulic cylinder's piston reaches the end of its stroke.
52:. These systems have a direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the linkage that steers the wheels. This means that power-steering system failure (to augment effort) still permits the vehicle to be steered using manual effort alone.
88:
The first power steering system on a vehicle was apparently installed in 1876 by a man with the surname of Fitts, but little else is known about him. The next power steering system was put on a
Columbia 5-ton truck in 1903 where a separate
169:, which all increase the required steering effort. Heavier vehicles, as are common in some countries, would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds, while vehicles of lighter weight may not need power assisted steering at all.
291:
Electro-hydraulic power steering systems, sometimes abbreviated EHPS, and also sometimes called "hybrid" systems, use the same hydraulic assist technology as standard systems, but the hydraulic pressure comes from a pump driven by an
55:
Electric power steering systems use electric motors to provide the assistance instead of hydraulic systems. As with hydraulic types, power to the actuator (motor, in this case) is controlled by the rest of the power steering system.
604:
799:
817:
161:
Starting in the mid-1950s
American manufacturers offered the technology as optional or standard equipment while it is widely offered internationally on modern vehicles, owing to the trends toward
324:, with an electric pump. This meant that the power steering would still operate while the engine was stopped by the computer to save fuel. Electro-hydraulic systems can be found in some cars by
1078:
835:
821:
803:
244:
Some modern systems also include an electronic control valve to reduce the hydraulic supply pressure as the vehicle's speed increases; this is variable-assist power steering.
303:
that replaced the conventional large steering wheel with two 5-inch (127 mm) rings, a fast 15:1 gear ratio, and an electric hydraulic pump in case the engine stalled.
317:
with electro-hydraulic power steering. This avoided running hydraulic lines from the engine (which was behind the driver in the MR2) up to the steering rack.
462:
The system has been used by various automobile manufacturers, and most commonly applied for smaller cars to reduce fuel consumption and manufacturing costs.
107:, included a mechanical power steering mechanism as part of his patent (U.S. Patent 646,477) issued on April 3, 1900 for the first four-wheel drive system.
566:
193:
to multiply force applied to the steering wheel inputs to the vehicle's steered (usually front) road wheels. The hydraulic pressure typically comes from a
1108:
96:
1233:
1086:
121:
and refined the hydraulic-assisted power steering system, but the automaker calculated it would be too expensive to produce. Davis then signed up with
110:
117:, began exploring how steering could be made easier, and in 1926 invented and demonstrated the first practical power steering system. Davis moved to
447:
pump, mounted on the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. This greatly simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. By incorporating
769:
436:
310:
was fitted with a unique Cybrid adaptive electro-hydraulic steering system that changed the level of assistance based on the vehicle's speed.
712:
946:
2148:
673:
1034:
143:
under the name "Hydraguide". The
Chrysler system was based on some of Davis' expired patents. General Motors introduced the 1952
977:
1275:
1007:
683:
155:
2153:
1717:
1207:
48:
Hydraulic power steering systems for cars augment steering effort via an actuator, a hydraulic cylinder that is part of a
1177:
1833:
1636:
614:
2163:
1843:
451:
electric power steering systems can instantly vary torque assist levels to aid the driver in corrective maneuvers.
742:
2143:
924:
1790:
114:
1868:
1348:
1237:
529:
499:
2158:
1674:
1308:
510:); a plot of steering-wheel position versus axle steering angle is progressively curved (and symmetrical).
487:
448:
864:
1943:
1590:
1434:
1208:"Honda to Launch S2000 Type V Equipped with the World's First Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGS) System"
147:
with a power steering system using the work Davis had done for the company almost twenty years earlier.
1780:
1480:
1358:
1268:
2079:
1968:
1908:
1873:
1139:
1858:
1710:
1828:
1800:
1313:
865:
Applying driving simulation to quantify steering effort preference as a function of vehicle speed
1818:
1808:
1393:
214:
190:
130:
850:
1495:
1261:
181:
262:
139:
introduced the first commercially available passenger car power steering system on the 1951
1913:
1848:
1128:”NSK Technical Journal 647 Product introduction "Electric Power Steering", September 1987
213:
One design for measuring the torque applied to the steering wheel has a torque sensor – a
8:
2138:
1938:
1918:
1703:
548:
321:
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1989:
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1323:
325:
202:
122:
41:
37:
2103:
1878:
1813:
1765:
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1680:
1600:
1554:
1518:
1079:"Ready for another recall? NHTSA investigating Ford for more power steering problems"
679:
610:
578:
300:
162:
140:
16:
Device that helps steer vehicles by augmenting steering effort of the steering wheel
1953:
1760:
1559:
1490:
1151:
1064:
299:
In 1965, Ford experimented with a fleet of "wrist-twist instant steering" equipped
198:
69:
1011:
1973:
1903:
1138:
Okamoto, Kenjiro; Chikuma, Isamu; Saito, Naoki; Miyazaki, Hiroya (1 April 1989).
637:
524:
495:
443:
389:
230:
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1883:
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1585:
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1429:
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1368:
519:
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411:
293:
129:
for easier steering on heavy vehicles boosted the need for power assistance on
118:
90:
49:
23:
902:
879:
2132:
2117:
2056:
2041:
2021:
1948:
1785:
1755:
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1631:
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1449:
1398:
1318:
851:
Vehicle
Simulation: Perceptual Fidelity in the Design of Virtual Environments
651:
582:
507:
384:
61:
27:
439:
has assisted car manufacturers with recalling EPS systems prone to failure.
349:
283:
in 1970, and was known as 'VariPower' in the UK and 'SpeedFeel' in the U.S.
280:
45:
to provide some artificial feedback of forces acting on the steered wheels.
2026:
1963:
1933:
1928:
1414:
126:
104:
490:
system to alter steering gear ratios and steering assist levels. In 2003,
165:, greater vehicle mass, reduced assembly line production costs, and wider
2107:
2031:
2004:
1999:
1863:
1853:
1684:
1615:
1564:
1549:
1505:
1485:
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471:
238:
65:
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1439:
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1383:
1353:
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475:
361:
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314:
100:
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Toyota Prius in 2000, the BMW Z4 in 2002, and the Mazda RX-8 in 2003.
341:
273:
2046:
2036:
1958:
1923:
1646:
1610:
1595:
1569:
1500:
1475:
820:. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 15 June 2015. Archived from
802:. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 15 June 2015. Archived from
307:
73:
1838:
1523:
1363:
1338:
1155:
1035:"So long, hydraulics - the electronic revolution in power steering"
483:
482:
introduced the "Variable Gear Ratio
Steering" (VGRS) system on the
234:
144:
136:
31:
154:
filed several patents for improvements of power steering with the
1539:
836:"Manual and power actuated steering mechanism for motor vehicles"
800:"Manual and power actuated steering mechanism for motor vehicles"
419:
415:
337:
194:
151:
133:
and tank-recovery vehicles for the
British and American armies.
2009:
1823:
1534:
1424:
1333:
1253:
479:
423:
365:
353:
258:
253:
549:"What is a Power Steering System in Cars? - Explore All Facts"
1994:
1898:
1695:
1419:
373:
369:
206:
125:, a parts manufacturer for automakers. Military needs during
2016:
1137:
925:"Top 5: Citroen SM innovations that saw the future (video)"
465:
357:
345:
333:
166:
93:
was used to assist the driver in turning the front wheels.
1737:
1293:
1140:"Improvement of Driver's Feel of Electric Power Steering"
1109:"Electric power steering: one good turn deserves another"
491:
1210:(Press release). Honda News. 7 July 2000. Archived from
247:
652:"Driving-gear for motor-carriages - US patent 646477 A"
185:
A power steering fluid reservoir and pulley driven pump
838:. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. 15 June 2015.
22:
is a system for reducing a driver's effort to turn a
237:
is transmitted. Common working liquids are based on
1178:"The present and future of electric power steering"
880:"Rack-and-pinion Steering - How Car Steering Works"
486:and Landcruiser Cygnus, and also incorporated the
474:Type V featured the first electric power variable
226:regular maintenance of the power steering system.
64:" or "steer by wire", by analogy with aviation's "
947:"Will a twist of your wrist steer your next car?"
706:
704:
702:
435:in assisted steering gears vs. fully manual. The
313:In 1990, Toyota introduced its second-generation
189:Hydraulic power steering systems work by using a
2130:
201:driven by the vehicle's engine. A double-acting
699:
1711:
1269:
862:Bertollini, G. P., & Hogan, R. M. (1999)
1236:. CanadianDriver. 2003-06-02. Archived from
1175:
609:. University of Michigan Press. p. 23.
414:instead of a hydraulic system to assist the
388:An EPS module with a partially disassembled
286:
1234:"BMW » First Drive: 2004 BMW 5-Series"
603:Wren, James A.; Wren, Genevieve J. (1979).
560:
558:
1718:
1704:
1276:
1262:
868:, (No. 1999-01-0394). SAE Technical Paper.
975:
903:"Power Steering - How Car Steering Works"
818:"Manual and power actuated steering gear"
602:
555:
466:Electrically variable gear ratio systems
383:
279:This system was first introduced in the
180:
1182:International Journal of Vehicle Design
1032:
564:
296:instead of a drive belt at the engine.
113:, an engineer of the truck division of
2131:
671:
442:Electric systems have an advantage in
1699:
1257:
248:DIRAVI variable-assist power steering
156:Canadian Intellectual Property Office
68:". In this context, "wire" refers to
1670:
900:
877:
767:
713:"Mr. Power Steering's Ship Comes In"
710:
261:innovated the now common benefit of
176:
72:that carry power and data, not thin
30:, by using a power source to assist
905:. Auto.howstuffworks.com. p. 4
882:. Auto.howstuffworks.com. p. 2
743:"The Waltham Museum's Hall-of-Fame"
379:
233:" or "oil", is the medium by which
13:
1834:Continuously variable transmission
711:Howe, Hartley E. (February 1956).
675:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
638:"Driving-gear for motor-carriages"
422:. Sensors detect the position and
14:
2175:
1637:Automobile auxiliary power outlet
678:. Elsevier Science. p. 521.
567:"Steering: A Century of Progress"
229:The working liquid, also called "
2149:Automotive steering technologies
2113:
2112:
2102:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1292:Part of a series of articles on
1283:
1085:. 7 January 2015. Archived from
745:. Waltham Museum. Archived from
478:steering (VGS) system. In 2002,
320:In 1994 Volkswagen produced the
1226:
1200:
1176:Nakayama, T.; Suda, E. (1994).
1169:
1131:
1122:
1101:
1071:
1057:
1026:
1000:
969:
939:
917:
894:
871:
856:
842:
828:
810:
792:
1725:
1146:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
1010:. Deylan.co.uk. Archived from
976:Markovich, Alex (April 1965).
761:
735:
672:Nunney, Malcolm James (2006).
665:
644:
630:
596:
541:
1:
1869:Automated manual transmission
1349:Electronic instrument cluster
535:
530:Direct-drive sim racing wheel
1309:Automotive navigation system
1111:. embedded.com. 30 June 2005
768:Lamm, Michael (March 1999).
488:electronic stability control
449:electronic stability control
7:
2154:Vehicle safety technologies
1944:Semi-automatic transmission
1435:Electronic throttle control
901:Nice, Karim (31 May 2001).
878:Nice, Karim (31 May 2001).
513:
404:motor-driven power steering
76:mechanical control cables.
10:
2180:
1781:Internal combustion engine
1481:Automatic vehicle location
1144:SAE Technical Paper 890079
1033:Keebler, Jack (May 1986).
565:Schultz, Mort (May 1985).
251:
83:
2098:
2080:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2067:
1982:
1969:Transmission control unit
1909:Limited-slip differential
1874:Electrorheological clutch
1799:
1746:
1733:
1655:
1624:
1578:
1514:
1468:
1407:
1301:
1289:
1065:"Electric Power Steering"
287:Electro-hydraulic systems
1859:Dual-clutch transmission
1008:"The Golf Ecomatic Page"
263:speed sensitive steering
150:Charles F. Hammond from
2164:19th-century inventions
1829:Constant-velocity joint
1314:Automotive night vision
1150:. SAE Technical Paper.
1083:Newsome Melton law firm
770:"75 years of Chryslers"
606:Motor Trucks of America
396:Electric power steering
2144:Automotive accessories
1809:Automatic transmission
957:(4): 83. February 1984
392:
186:
1496:Remote keyless system
927:. CNET. 5 August 2014
848:Alfred T. Lee (2017)
387:
184:
1914:Locking differential
1849:Direct-shift gearbox
978:"Look, Ma-No Wheel!"
137:Chrysler Corporation
2159:American inventions
1939:Preselector gearbox
1919:Manual transmission
1240:on October 16, 2009
1214:on 6 September 2015
272:It was invented by
2085:Electric generator
1990:Wheel hub assembly
1344:Check engine light
1324:Blind spot monitor
393:
301:Mercury Park Lanes
203:hydraulic cylinder
187:
42:electric actuators
2126:
2125:
1879:Epicyclic gearing
1748:Automotive engine
1693:
1692:
1601:Glove compartment
1555:Child safety lock
1014:on 10 August 2011
982:Popular Mechanics
774:Popular Mechanics
723:(2): 161–164, 270
685:978-0-7506-8037-0
571:Popular Mechanics
322:Golf Mk3 Ecomatic
177:Hydraulic systems
163:front-wheel drive
141:Chrysler Imperial
97:Robert E. Twyford
70:electrical cables
2171:
2116:
2115:
2106:
1983:Wheels and tires
1954:Torque converter
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1560:Rear-view mirror
1491:Power door locks
1278:
1271:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1249:
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1224:
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628:
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625:
623:
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594:
593:
591:
589:
562:
553:
552:
545:
498:" system on the
380:Electric systems
199:rotary vane pump
191:hydraulic system
111:Francis W. Davis
99:, a resident of
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2094:
2063:
1978:
1974:Universal joint
1904:Hotchkiss drive
1795:
1742:
1729:
1724:
1694:
1689:
1651:
1620:
1574:
1528:
1510:
1464:
1403:
1359:Head-up display
1297:
1285:
1282:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1206:
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1201:
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1092:
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1048:
1046:
1039:Popular Science
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
974:
970:
960:
958:
951:Popular Science
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876:
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843:
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833:
829:
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815:
811:
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
766:
762:
752:
750:
749:on 19 July 2010
741:
740:
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724:
717:Popular Science
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601:
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585:
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556:
551:. 7 March 2022.
547:
546:
542:
538:
525:Steering engine
516:
496:active steering
468:
444:fuel efficiency
433:steering ratios
390:steering column
382:
289:
256:
250:
231:hydraulic fluid
179:
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2110:
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2075:Electric motor
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1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Friction drive
1886:
1884:Fluid coupling
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
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1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
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1816:
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1775:Plug-in hybrid
1768:
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1591:Center console
1588:
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1579:Other elements
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1463:
1462:
1460:Steering wheel
1457:
1455:Power steering
1452:
1447:
1445:Manettino dial
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Cruise control
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:Radar detector
1371:
1369:Parking sensor
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
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1199:
1168:
1156:10.4271/890079
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1121:
1100:
1089:on 20 May 2017
1070:
1056:
1025:
999:
968:
938:
916:
893:
870:
855:
841:
827:
824:on 2016-03-04.
809:
806:on 2021-07-26.
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520:Servomechanism
515:
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467:
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412:electric motor
381:
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294:electric motor
288:
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252:Main article:
249:
246:
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119:General Motors
91:electric motor
85:
82:
24:steering wheel
20:Power steering
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1949:Shift-by-wire
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1786:Petrol engine
1784:
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1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
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1756:Diesel engine
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1606:Molded carpet
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1451:
1450:Parking brake
1448:
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1399:Trip computer
1397:
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1320:
1319:Backup camera
1317:
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1307:
1306:
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616:9780472063130
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517:
511:
509:
508:Mercedes-Benz
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:In 2000, the
463:
460:
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452:
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428:
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359:
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331:
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318:
316:
311:
309:
306:In 1988, the
304:
302:
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282:
277:
275:
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266:
264:
260:
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245:
242:
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108:
106:
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81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:drive by wire
57:
53:
51:
46:
43:
39:
35:
33:
29:
28:motor vehicle
25:
21:
2027:Racing slick
1964:Transfer box
1934:Park-by-wire
1929:Parking pawl
1844:Differential
1819:Direct-drive
1801:Transmission
1791:Steam engine
1736:Part of the
1735:
1454:
1415:Bowden cable
1291:
1284:Car interior
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1185:
1181:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1147:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1082:
1073:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1042:
1038:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:the original
1002:
990:. Retrieved
985:
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
954:
950:
941:
929:. Retrieved
919:
907:. Retrieved
896:
884:. Retrieved
873:
863:
858:
849:
844:
830:
822:the original
812:
804:the original
794:
782:. Retrieved
777:
773:
763:
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
737:
725:. Retrieved
720:
716:
689:. Retrieved
674:
667:
655:. Retrieved
646:
632:
620:. Retrieved
605:
598:
586:. Retrieved
574:
570:
543:
504:
494:introduced "
484:Lexus LX 470
469:
461:
457:
453:
441:
429:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:
319:
312:
305:
298:
290:
278:
271:
267:
257:
243:
228:
224:
220:
212:
188:
171:
160:
149:
135:
131:armored cars
127:World War II
115:Pierce-Arrow
109:
105:Pennsylvania
95:
87:
78:
58:
54:
50:servo system
47:
36:
19:
18:
2005:Alloy wheel
1864:Drive wheel
1854:Drive shaft
1814:Chain drive
1625:Convenience
1616:Vehicle mat
1565:Rumble seat
1550:Bucket seat
1506:VIN etching
1486:Immobiliser
1379:Speedometer
1329:Boost gauge
1302:Instruments
1218:8 September
1049:8 September
992:8 September
961:8 September
472:Honda S2000
276:of France.
239:mineral oil
215:torsion bar
66:fly-by-wire
2139:Auto parts
2133:Categories
2090:Alternator
1738:Automobile
1727:Powertrain
1642:Cup holder
1586:Boot liner
1545:Bench seat
1469:Anti-theft
1440:Gear stick
1389:Telematics
1384:Tachometer
1354:Fuel gauge
1244:2009-12-08
1192:8 November
1115:2011-09-07
1045:(5): 50–56
1018:8 November
988:(4): 91–93
753:8 November
622:8 November
588:8 November
536:References
476:gear ratio
410:) uses an
330:Volkswagen
308:Subaru XT6
281:Citroën SM
205:applies a
101:Pittsburgh
1959:Transaxle
1924:Manumatic
1894:Gearshift
1766:Fuel cell
1647:Car phone
1611:Sun visor
1596:Dashboard
1570:Seat belt
1501:Smart key
1394:Tell-tale
1161:4 October
583:0032-4558
577:(5): 59.
158:in 1958.
74:wire rope
38:Hydraulic
2118:Category
2057:Tubeless
2042:Run-flat
2022:Off-road
1839:Coupling
1761:Electric
1665:Category
1408:Controls
1364:Odometer
1339:Carputer
514:See also
500:5 Series
235:pressure
210:wheels.
145:Cadillac
32:steering
1675:Commons
1540:Armrest
1524:Seating
780:(3): 75
691:18 June
420:vehicle
418:of the
342:Citroën
338:Peugeot
274:Citroën
195:gerotor
152:Detroit
84:History
2108:Portal
2068:Hybrid
2032:Radial
2010:Hubcap
1824:Clutch
1771:Hybrid
1740:series
1685:Portal
1535:Airbag
1519:Safety
1425:Clutch
1334:Buzzer
1093:28 May
931:28 May
909:28 May
886:28 May
784:28 May
727:28 May
682:
657:29 May
613:
581:
480:Toyota
424:torque
416:driver
372:, and
366:Toyota
354:Suzuki
259:DIRAVI
254:DIRAVI
123:Bendix
2052:Spare
1995:Wheel
1899:Giubo
1632:Audio
1476:Alarm
1420:Brake
1188:: 243
437:NHTSA
402:) or
374:Mazda
370:Honda
350:Ĺ koda
207:force
167:tires
26:of a
2047:Snow
2037:Rain
2017:Tire
1294:cars
1220:2015
1194:2015
1163:2019
1095:2015
1051:2015
1020:2015
994:2015
963:2015
933:2015
911:2015
888:2015
786:2015
755:2015
729:2015
693:2010
680:ISBN
659:2015
624:2015
611:ISBN
590:2014
579:ISSN
408:MDPS
362:MINI
358:Opel
346:SEAT
334:Audi
326:Ford
2000:Rim
1152:doi
1043:228
986:123
955:186
778:176
721:168
575:162
492:BMW
400:EPS
315:MR2
197:or
40:or
2135::
1186:15
1184:.
1180:.
1142:.
1081:.
1041:.
1037:.
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980:.
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776:.
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719:.
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701:^
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569:.
557:^
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360:,
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406:(
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60:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
