648:
287:". Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time between onset and resolution; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months. Others apply "acute" to pain that lasts less than 30 days, "chronic" to pain of more than six months' duration, and "subacute" to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of "chronic pain", involving no arbitrarily fixed duration, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as "
611:
631:
independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by
421:
1524:
though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low, raising issues related to the statistical power to detect group differences, and most lacked credible controls for placebo or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."
9550:
1090:
8358:
8352:
1246:, is pain caused, increased or prolonged by mental, emotional or behavioral factors. Headaches, back pain and stomach pain are sometimes diagnosed as psychogenic. Those affected are often stigmatized, because both medical professionals and the general public tend to think that pain from a psychological source is not "real". However, specialists consider that it is no less actual or hurtful than pain from any other source.
812:
activities may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both the sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate only the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed. (p. 432)
9562:
56:
9108:
1713:, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, wrote that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is unclear.
457:. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.
945:
intermediate descriptors as to avoid marking of scores around a preferred numeric value. When applied as a pain descriptor, these anchors are often 'no pain' and 'worst imaginable pain". Cut-offs for pain classification have been recommended as no pain (0–4mm), mild pain (5–44mm), moderate pain (45–74mm) and severe pain (75–100mm).
1724:, as living beings, can perceive and communicate physical stimuli and damage, they do not feel pain simply because of the lack of any pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, and, by extension, a lack of consciousness. Many plants are known to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli at a cellular level, and some plants such as the
424:
1732:, are known for their "obvious sensory abilities". Nevertheless, no member of the plant kingdom does feel pain notwithstanding their abilities to respond to sunlight, gravity, wind, and any external stimuli such as insect bites since they lack any nervous system. The primary reason for this is that, unlike the members of the
423:
428:
427:
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be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors. This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a
429:
331:
experience several bouts of pain per day, or it may reoccur less often. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb. Phantom limb pain may accompany
568:. Across studies, participants that were subjected to acute physical pain in the laboratory subsequently reported feeling better than those in non-painful control conditions, a finding which was also reflected in physiological parameters. A potential mechanism to explain this effect is provided by the
1515:
effect is more pronounced in people who are prone to anxiety, and so anxiety reduction may account for some of the effect, but it does not account for all of it. Placebos are more effective for intense pain than mild pain; and they produce progressively weaker effects with repeated administration. It
1041:
can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be more emotional and show pain, and men more stoic. As a result, female pain is often stigmatized, leading to less urgent treatment of women based on social expectations of their ability to accurately report it. This leads
1033:
Cultural barriers may also affect the likelihood of reporting pain. Patients may feel that certain treatments go against their religious beliefs. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addiction, and avoid pain treatment so as not to
850:
addresses the question of why pain should have the quality of being painful. He describes the alternative as a mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins argues that drives must compete with one another within living beings. The most "fit" creature would
330:
of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72% of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 67% reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others
4312:
Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M (November 2011). "Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain
Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily
925:
in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by
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is used as retribution for an offence, for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In
Western societies, the intentional infliction of severe pain (torture) was principally used to extract confession prior to its abolition in the
1680:
Beliefs about pain play an important role in sporting cultures. Pain may be viewed positively, exemplified by the 'no pain, no gain' attitude, with pain seen as an essential part of training. Sporting culture tends to normalise experiences of pain and injury and celebrate athletes who 'play hurt'.
1523:
to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain under some conditions,
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are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.
862:
Pain, however, does not only wave a "red flag" within living beings but may also act as a warning sign and a call for help to other living beings. Especially in humans who readily helped each other in case of sickness or injury throughout their evolutionary history, pain might be shaped by natural
370:
evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten percent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the
1716:
Specialists believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, may also. The presence of pain in animals is unknown, but can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions, such as paw withdrawal from various noxious mechanical stimuli in rodents.
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They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but "higher" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive
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theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain. Descartes' work, along with
Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus
349:
saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks, or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from
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A survey of 6,636 children (0–18 years of age) found that, of the 5,424 respondents, 54% had experienced pain in the preceding three months. A quarter reported having experienced recurrent or continuous pain for three months or more, and a third of these reported frequent and intense pain. The
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Pain is a symptom of many medical conditions. Knowing the time of onset, location, intensity, pattern of occurrence (continuous, intermittent, etc.), exacerbating and relieving factors, and quality (burning, sharp, etc.) of the pain will help the examining physician to accurately diagnose the
426:
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The way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the same way that a younger person might. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of
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With a non-communicative person, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding (trying to protect part of the body from being bumped or touched) indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in
944:
The visual analogue scale is a common, reproducible tool in the assessment of pain and pain relief. The scale is a continuous line anchored by verbal descriptors, one for each extreme of pain where a higher score indicates greater pain intensity. It is usually 10 cm in length with no
722:. The paleospinothalamic tract carries the slow, dull, C-fiber pain signal. Some of the paleospinothalamic fibers peel off in the brain stem, connecting with the reticular formation or midbrain periaqueductal gray, and the remainder terminate in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus.
430:
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Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N, Dale O, De Conno F, Fallon M, Hanna M, Haugen DF, Juhl G, King S, Klepstad P, Laugsand EA, Maltoni M, Mercadante S, Nabal M, Pigni A, Radbruch L, Reid C, Sjogren P, Stone PC, Tassinari D, Zeppetella G (February 2012).
1593:
studies have reported widely varying prevalence rates for chronic pain, ranging from 12 to 80% of the population. It becomes more common as people approach death. A study of 4,703 patients found that 26% had pain in the last two years of life, increasing to 46% in the last month.
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be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help, believing the pain should be borne in silence, while other cultures feel they should report pain immediately to receive immediate relief.
920:
A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain. Some health care professionals may underestimate pain severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by
686:) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These A-delta and C fibers enter the spinal cord via
484:
in countries where that disease is prevalent. These individuals are at risk of tissue damage and infection due to undiscovered injuries. People with diabetes-related nerve damage, for instance, sustain poorly-healing foot ulcers as a result of decreased sensation.
815:
The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well." (p. 435)
383:. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time "breaks through" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough
7377:
Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without
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may also indicate the older adult is experiencing pain. They may be reluctant to report pain because they do not want to be perceived as weak, or may feel it is impolite or shameful to complain, or they may feel the pain is a form of deserved punishment.
492:". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced life expectancy. Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five
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pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.
1005:, but lack the language needed to report it, and so communicate distress by crying. A non-verbal pain assessment should be conducted involving the parents, who will notice changes in the infant which may not be obvious to the health care provider.
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retraction from the painful stimulus, and tendencies to protect the affected body part while it heals, and avoid that harmful situation in the future. It is an important part of animal life, vital to healthy survival. People with
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article "Pain
Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that the thin C and A-delta (pain) and large diameter A-beta (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the
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in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet liquid by mouth moderately reduces the rate and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.
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and other interventions. Spinal manipulation produces the same outcome as other treatments, such as general practitioner care, pain-relief drugs, physical therapy, and exercise, for acute (short-term) lower back pain.
4816:
Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (April 2008). "Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes".
425:
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1105:), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g.
159:
is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
6280:
Chang SC, Hsu CH, Hsu CK, Yang SS, Chang SJ (February 2017). "The efficacy of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis".
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The administration of torture on bodies othered by the cultural narrative, those observed as not 'full members of society' met a resurgence in the 20th century, possibly due to the heightened warfare.
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Idiopathic pain (pain that persists after the trauma or pathology has healed, or that arises without any apparent cause) may be an exception to the idea that pain is helpful to survival, although some
7100:
2644:
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (March 1985). "Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain".
542:
If I have matters right, the consequences of pain will include direct physical distress, unemployment, financial difficulties, marital disharmony, and difficulties in concentration and attention…
442:
may occur under special circumstances, such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other severe injury.
345:
injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of
302:
is pain experienced in response to a normally painless stimulus. It has no biological function and is classified by characteristics of the stimuli as cold, heat, touch, pressure or a pinprick.
1577:
The
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) says that due to a lack of evidence from high quality research, it does not endorse the general use of cannabinoids to treat pain.
6681:
Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AA, Hunfeld JA, Bohnen AM, van
Suijlekom-Smit LW, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (July 2000). "Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience".
3942:
663:
along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The "specificity" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which
1269:"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points in the other direction, to chronic pain causing
7475:
3809:
5704:
1657:
Many cultures use painful ritual practices as a catalyst for psychological transformation. The use of pain to transition to a 'cleansed and purified' state is seen in religious
2555:
8839:
1606:
Physical pain is a universal experience, and a strong motivator of human and animal behavior. As such, physical pain is used politically in relation to various issues such as
982:
people cannot use words to tell others that they are experiencing pain. However, they may be able to communicate through other means, such as blinking, pointing, or nodding.
371:
legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.
5551:
2285:
667:
it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.
5450:
Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Kaloukalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH (September 2003).
163:
Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's
595:
and their role in pain, various different body functions were proposed to account for pain. There were several competing early theories of pain among the ancient Greeks:
5908:"Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A Structured Evidence-Based Systematic Review"
4546:
2601:
Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J, Rasmussen P (November 1983). "Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation".
2215:
1536:, published in January 2009, concluded there was little difference in the effect of real, fake and no acupuncture. However, more recent reviews have found some benefit.
639:, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact.
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3004:
263:
Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed. But some painful conditions, such as
4977:
4515:
9803:
5625:
659:, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, send
4766:
1634:, a concept that encompasses the "set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy".
994:
and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline, such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited
894:" is the point at which the subject begins to feel pain, and the "pain threshold intensity" is the stimulus intensity at which the stimulus begins to hurt. The "
155:
to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future. Most pain resolves once the
5574:
842:
4204:
Prkachin KM, Solomon PE, Ross J (June 2007). "Underestimation of pain by health-care providers: towards a model of the process of inferring pain in others".
1012:
Another approach, when pain is suspected, is to give the person treatment for pain, and then watch to see whether the suspected indicators of pain subside.
781:
of the spinal cord, and that A-beta fiber signals acting on inhibitory cells in the dorsal horn can reduce the intensity of pain signals sent to the brain.
737:(thought to embody, among other things, the affective/motivational element, the unpleasantness of pain), and pain that is distinctly located also activates
7261:
Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook FR (January 1995). "The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats".
7072:
4791:
Urch CE, Suzuki R (26 September 2008). "Pathophysiology of somatic, visceral, and neuropathic cancer pain". In Sykes N, Bennett MI & Yuan C-S (ed.).
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to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull.
6933:
1516:
is possible for many with chronic pain to become so absorbed in an activity or entertainment that the pain is no longer felt, or is greatly diminished.
756:, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the much larger, more heavily myelinated A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals.
449:
definition of pain, it is possible in some patients to induce a state known as pain asymbolia, described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness, with
10231:
5659:
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are more likely than others to suffer unnecessarily while in the care of a physician; and women's pain is more likely to be undertreated than men's.
9798:
7200:
4598:
Panju AA, Hemmelgarn BR, Guyatt GH, Simel DL (October 1998). "The rational clinical examination. Is this patient having a myocardial infarction?".
547:
501:
6184:"Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups"
6375:
Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Robbins CB (January 2016). "Herbal
Medicine for Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review".
1372:
1116:
Nociceptive pain may also be classed according to the site of origin and divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain.
691:
446:
229:
137:
7247:
4236:
More recently, McCaffery defined pain as "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does."
3151:
1783:
For example, lack of food, extreme cold, or serious injuries are felt as exceptionally painful, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort.
10031:
2827:
2937:
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage
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5386:
3919:
1254:
493:
5328:
3848:
1923:
748:
Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals to the
6527:
Cordell WH, Keene KK, Giles BK, Jones JB, Jones JH, Brizendine EJ (May 2002). "The high prevalence of pain in emergency medical care".
4670:"Towards a physiology-based measure of pain: patterns of human brain activity distinguish painful from non-painful thermal stimulation"
5867:"Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7646:
2459:
Jensen TS, Finnerup NB (September 2014). "Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms".
1387:. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as
5184:
Jacobson PL, Mann JD (January 2003). "Evolving role of the neurologist in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic noncancer pain".
4736:
3109:
Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, LeFrock JL, Lew DP, Mader JT, Norden C, Tan JS (October 2004).
538:, problem solving, and information processing speed. Pain is also associated with increased depression, anxiety, fear, and anger.
5572:
5515:
2293:
1736:
whose evolutionary successes and failures are shaped by suffering, the evolution of plants are simply shaped by life and death.
986:
vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn
870:
psychologists argue that such pain is psychogenic, enlisted as a protective distraction to keep dangerous emotions unconscious.
10224:
8942:
4538:
3281:
Hart RP, Wade JB, Martelli MF (April 2003). "Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain: the significance of stress".
2223:
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intensity of chronic pain was higher for girls, and girls' reports of chronic pain increased markedly between ages 12 and 14.
678:
fibers. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (
504:). These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalities, particularly of the
175:, problem solving and information processing speed, and are more likely to experience irritability, depression, and anxiety.
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3020:
1067:
825:
6832:
Atkinson M, Young K (2001). "Flesh journeys: neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification".
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neuropathic pain is often described as "burning", "tingling", "electrical", "stabbing", or "pins and needles". Bumping the "
438:
The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury, and recognition of the presence of injury. Episodic
5826:"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ketamine as an Alternative to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department"
5387:"Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment"
4507:
11278:
8683:
8587:
7494:
4265:"The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain"
1128:, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting.
530:
Experimental subjects challenged by acute pain and patients in chronic pain experience impairments in attention control,
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1305:
Pain can be treated through a variety of methods. The most appropriate method depends upon the situation. Management of
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2404:
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1822:"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises"
17:
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Melzack R, Katz J (2004). "The Gate
Control Theory: Reaching for the Brain". In Craig KD, Hadjistavropoulos T (eds.).
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alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.
488:
A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "
10217:
9450:
8797:
5578:
2361:
Turk DC, Okifuji A (2001). "Pain terms and taxonomies of pain". In Bonica JJ, Loeser JD, Chapman CR, Turk DC (eds.).
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1917:
1880:
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argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do.
1300:
647:
4969:
4464:
Encandela JA (1997). "Social
Construction of pain and aging: Individual artfulness within interpretive structures".
1754:, the tendency to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events
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to extended emergency room wait times for women and frequent dismissal of their ability to accurately report pain.
878:
In pain science, thresholds are measured by gradually increasing the intensity of a stimulus in a procedure called
830:
489:
408:
387:
vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of
356:
therapy produces the illusion of movement and touch in a phantom limb which in turn may cause a reduction in pain.
2139:
The Social
Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, & Bullying (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology)
9914:
8671:
1439:
can be used instead of opioids for short-term pain. Pain medications can cause paradoxical side effects, such as
718:. The neospinothalamic tract carries the fast, sharp A-delta signal to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the
3326:"Pain-related effects of trait anger expression: neural substrates and the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms"
2920:
2040:
Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC, Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A (July 2008).
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Smith AK, Cenzer IS, Knight SJ, Puntillo KA, Widera E, Williams BA, Boscardin WJ, Covinsky KE (November 2010).
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which summarized and evaluated numerous studies from various psychological disciplines, found a reduction in
5655:
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Encandela JA (March 1993). "Social science and the study of pain since Zborowski: a need for a new agenda".
3636:
Marchand S (2010). "Applied pain neurophysiology". In Beaulieu P, Lussier D, Porreca F, Dickenson A (eds.).
1113:). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal.
807:"cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion).
508:. A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the
362:, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by
11212:
11078:
10989:
9686:
9445:
9266:
8864:
7639:
4758:
2723:
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (April 1996). "Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors".
879:
738:
379:
Breakthrough pain is transitory pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's regular
183:
6051:"Efficacy of sweet solutions for analgesia in infants between 1 and 12 months of age: a systematic review"
5573:
Delegates to the International Pain Summit of the International Association for the Study of Pain (2010).
1489:
experience less cancer pain, take less pain medication, report less labor pain and are less likely to use
11482:
11411:
9485:
8787:
1440:
1296:
10950:
9151:
7212:
2828:"Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC"
1684:
Pain has psychological, social, and physical dimensions, and is greatly influenced by cultural factors.
212:
meaning "punishment, penalty" (also meaning "torment, hardship, suffering" in Late Latin) and that from
11365:
10701:
9983:
9012:
8935:
8817:
610:
3906:
The neurobiology of pain: Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983
3041:
Nagasako EM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH (February 2003). "Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update".
2238:
11174:
11116:
10927:
10283:
9480:
9455:
9324:
8897:
8792:
8594:
7235:
1710:
1630:. The deliberate infliction of pain and the medical management of pain are both important aspects of
1180:
999:
Changes in behavior may be noticed by caregivers who are familiar with the person's normal behavior.
927:
852:
753:
734:
695:
414:
148:
experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."
5824:
Karlow N, Schlaepfer CH, Stoll CR, Doering M, Carpenter CR, Colditz GA, et al. (October 2018).
3172:
2858:
1503:
can significantly affect pain intensity. About 35% of people report marked relief after receiving a
11472:
11121:
10955:
9952:
9419:
9394:
9319:
9226:
9131:
9027:
8750:
8715:
7756:
7572:
6006:
Lasky RE, van Drongelen W (October 2010). "Is sucrose an effective analgesic for newborn babies?".
3883:(1968). "Sensory, Motivational, and Central Control Determinants of Pain". In Kenshalo, Dan (ed.).
2332:
2326:
1465:
715:
505:
6326:"The Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Sciatica: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
4892:
1662:
1472:, and it is unknown if sugar reduces pain for other procedures. Sugar did not affect pain-related
11101:
10477:
10165:
9256:
8967:
8962:
8892:
8807:
8651:
8374:
7866:
7632:
2165:
Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, Roseen EJ, Atchley RM, Gaylord SA, et al. (January 2020).
1490:
979:
957:
state of a person with chronic pain. Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their
569:
1273:. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and
655:
Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others,
11265:
11096:
10706:
10492:
10311:
9251:
9241:
9032:
8987:
8735:
8678:
8542:
8472:
8324:
8063:
7659:
6562:
Hasselström J, Liu-Palmgren J, Rasjö-Wrååk G (2002). "Prevalence of pain in general practice".
5087:
Cullen L, Greiner J, Titler MG (June 2001). "Pain management in the culture of critical care".
4313:
Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP)".
3699:
3693:
1326:
1220:(but without evidence of real or threatened tissue damage, or without disease or damage in the
1199:
1098:
707:
586:
7612:
7535:
7531:
7527:
6955:"Animal research: a moral science. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research"
6793:"The ritual experience: pain and the transformation of consciousness in ordeals of initiation"
5425:
4633:
Slater EE, DeSanctis RW (May 1976). "The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm".
3991:
3901:
3668:
3662:
2432:
801:"sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain),
560:
Although pain is considered to be aversive and unpleasant and is therefore usually avoided, a
11303:
10293:
10273:
9998:
9886:
9715:
9554:
9314:
9309:
9116:
9007:
8928:
8822:
8467:
8272:
7701:
7480:
5310:
5052:
Brown AK, Christo PJ, Wu CL (December 2004). "Strategies for postoperative pain management".
4232:
Nursing practice theories related to cognition, bodily pain, and man-environment interactions
3159:
1905:
1697:
1551:
1457:
1345:
1318:
1176:
1140:
pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels,
1052:
939:
535:
497:
268:
172:
35:
7157:
DeGrazia D, Rowan A (September 1991). "Pain, suffering, and anxiety in animals and humans".
6649:
6462:
Straube S, Andrew Moore R, Derry S, McQuay HJ (January 2009). "Vitamin D and chronic pain".
3723:
Craig AD (2003). "Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing".
3406:"The effect of acute physical pain on subsequent negative emotional affect: A meta-analysis"
2424:
607:
theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation.
11467:
11164:
11131:
10830:
10545:
10449:
10048:
9909:
9535:
9286:
9126:
9097:
8992:
8834:
8777:
8767:
8755:
8666:
8661:
8646:
8631:
8547:
8497:
8492:
8437:
8297:
8048:
7208:
6049:
Harrison D, Stevens B, Bueno M, Yamada J, Adams-Webber T, Beyene J, Ohlsson A (June 2010).
4681:
3824:
3736:
2732:
1666:
1586:
1384:
1349:
1341:
1314:
1221:
1172:
1070:
brain scanning has been used to measure pain, and correlates well with self-reported pain.
856:
350:
electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.
264:
7304:
Jones JM, Foster W, Twomey CR, Burdge J, Ahmed OM, Pereira TD, et al. (August 2020).
2135:"Why it hurts to be left out: The neurocognitive overlap between physical and social pain"
8:
11462:
10820:
10805:
10691:
10630:
10566:
10170:
10084:
9429:
9329:
9206:
9176:
9161:
8782:
8745:
8730:
8700:
8641:
8626:
8582:
8567:
8462:
8452:
8098:
7561:
3152:"AN INTRODUCTORY APPROACH TO PAIN MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA WITH BRIEF HOLISTIC REVIEW"
2083:"Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain – an overview of Cochrane reviews"
1646:
has been reserved for offences posing a severe threat to the social fabric (for example,
1638:
1547:
1400:
1330:
1195:
863:
selection to be a credible and convincing signal of the need for relief, help, and care.
767:
730:
699:
687:
477:
178:
Simple pain medications are useful in 20% to 70% of cases. Psychological factors such as
4685:
3828:
2736:
1820:
Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. (September 2020).
323:, or from which the brain no longer receives signals. It is a type of neuropathic pain.
11477:
10904:
10856:
10810:
10749:
10734:
10288:
10155:
10064:
9663:
9593:
9505:
9399:
9339:
9062:
9042:
8740:
8720:
8705:
8695:
8636:
8616:
8577:
8572:
8537:
8522:
8482:
8442:
8314:
8053:
8043:
7691:
7416:
7391:
7361:
7332:
7305:
7286:
7182:
7139:
7092:
7050:
6979:
6954:
6910:
6893:
6849:
6814:
6773:
6765:
6706:
6658:
6633:
6587:
6487:
6439:
6414:
6352:
6325:
6306:
6262:
6208:
6183:
6159:
6134:
6115:
6031:
5983:
5958:
5801:
5776:
5752:
5727:
5651:
5543:
5531:
5417:
5405:
5245:
5220:
5020:
4943:
4918:
4850:
4830:
4728:
4704:
4669:
4289:
4264:
4106:
4081:
3805:
3748:
3615:
3485:
3430:
3405:
3375:
3350:
3325:
3306:
3258:
3233:
3214:
3066:
2970:
2885:
2802:
2775:
2756:
2669:
2626:
2583:
2528:
2503:
2484:
2391:
2191:
2166:
2107:
2082:
1848:
1821:
1763:
1751:
1408:
1334:
1038:
991:
763:
729:(thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other
619:
469:
109:
87:
31:
6694:
6575:
6019:
5135:
5100:
3054:
2846:
2571:
2556:"Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study"
2472:
2014:
1987:
11360:
11329:
11106:
11053:
10984:
10825:
10815:
10571:
10561:
10530:
10434:
10336:
10252:
10175:
10114:
10094:
10074:
9988:
9968:
9861:
9424:
9359:
9334:
9186:
9146:
8725:
8552:
8527:
8504:
8477:
8292:
8282:
8139:
8129:
7996:
7923:
7856:
7826:
7583:
7443:
7421:
7337:
7278:
7274:
7174:
7042:
6984:
6936:
6915:
6872:
6853:
6761:
6698:
6663:
6614:
6579:
6544:
6479:
6444:
6413:
Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (September 2012).
6392:
6357:
6298:
6254:
6213:
6164:
6107:
6072:
6023:
5988:
5927:
5888:
5847:
5806:
5757:
5682:
5605:
5547:
5535:
5484:
5471:
5409:
5367:
5318:
5291:
5250:
5201:
5166:
5139:
5104:
5069:
5027:
5004:
4948:
4884:
4842:
4796:
4709:
4650:
4646:
4615:
4433:
4429:
4396:
4368:
4358:
4330:
4294:
4243:
4213:
4184:
4159:
4134:
4111:
4057:
3995:
3984:
3950:
3909:
3884:
3840:
3783:
3740:
3703:
3672:
3641:
3607:
3564:
3539:
3511:
3435:
3384:
3355:
3298:
3263:
3218:
3206:
3132:
3089:
3070:
3058:
3010:
2962:
2958:
2900:
2850:
2807:
2748:
2703:
2661:
2657:
2618:
2614:
2575:
2533:
2476:
2436:
2425:
2400:
2366:
2336:
2266:
2258:
2196:
2142:
2112:
2063:
2019:
1968:
1913:
1886:
1876:
1853:
1757:
1658:
1520:
1504:
1361:
1281:, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved.
1056:
1022:
970:
891:
771:
703:
473:
465:
71:
7566:
7306:"A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales"
7290:
7186:
7096:
6777:
6491:
6310:
6266:
6119:
6035:
5421:
4854:
3752:
3619:
3341:
3310:
2974:
2673:
2630:
2488:
2331:(2 nd ed.). Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain. pp.
2182:
2167:"Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
1838:
1702:
1589:
in more than 50% of cases, and is present in 30% of family practice visits. Several
953:
The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the
804:"affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and
627:
615:
11146:
11091:
11023:
10840:
10783:
10686:
10681:
10591:
10540:
10535:
10497:
10444:
10439:
9826:
9676:
9465:
9349:
9276:
9191:
9072:
9022:
8882:
8688:
8656:
8329:
8287:
8203:
8198:
7411:
7403:
7327:
7317:
7270:
7166:
7131:
7084:
7054:
7034:
6974:
6966:
6905:
6841:
6809:
6804:
6792:
6757:
6710:
6690:
6653:
6645:
6571:
6536:
6471:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6384:
6347:
6337:
6290:
6244:
6203:
6195:
6154:
6146:
6103:
6099:
6062:
6015:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5919:
5878:
5837:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5694:
5527:
5476:
5466:
5401:
5359:
5281:
5240:
5232:
5193:
5131:
5096:
5061:
4973:
4938:
4930:
4834:
4826:
4699:
4689:
4642:
4607:
4493:
Chronic Pain Management in the Long Term Care Setting: Clinical Practice Guidelines
4473:
4425:
4322:
4284:
4276:
4101:
4093:
4028:
3880:
3832:
3775:
3766:
Romanelli P, Esposito V (July 2004). "The functional anatomy of neuropathic pain".
3732:
3597:
3477:
3425:
3417:
3345:
3337:
3290:
3253:
3245:
3198:
3122:
3050:
2954:
2842:
2797:
2787:
2760:
2740:
2653:
2610:
2587:
2567:
2523:
2515:
2468:
2250:
2186:
2178:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2053:
2009:
1999:
1958:
1843:
1833:
1353:
1233:
1211:
1162:
1025:. Depression may also keep older adult from reporting they are in pain. Decline in
883:
794:
711:
683:
660:
342:
284:
156:
113:
7122:
Lockwood JA (1987). "The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction".
6934:"The ethics of research involving animals. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics."
6591:
6233:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture to reduce cancer-related pain"
5602:
Cousins and Bridenbaugh's Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
4156:
Fundamentals of nursing : the art and science of person-centered nursing care
4050:
239:
System whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal)
11063:
11004:
10976:
10792:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10716:
10525:
10482:
10429:
10056:
9929:
9896:
9881:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9404:
9344:
9281:
9196:
9156:
9141:
9092:
9082:
9037:
8844:
8812:
8710:
8517:
8509:
8447:
8334:
7953:
7577:
7470:
6388:
5777:"Single dose oral ibuprofen plus caffeine for acute postoperative pain in adults"
4934:
4694:
3836:
3640:. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain Press. pp. 3–26.
3602:
3585:
2554:
Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (July 2000).
2311:
1693:
1627:
1607:
1590:
1357:
1322:
1310:
1290:
1262:
995:
987:
922:
907:
847:
834:
565:
380:
164:
5699:
4097:
2776:"Breakthrough cancer pain: review of prevalence, characteristics and management"
346:
11381:
11232:
11184:
10919:
10899:
10625:
10576:
10512:
10460:
10416:
10278:
10160:
10147:
10137:
10040:
9973:
9876:
9743:
9490:
9460:
9389:
9364:
9354:
9201:
9181:
9171:
9057:
8977:
8869:
8802:
8621:
8302:
8262:
8188:
7836:
7407:
6845:
6475:
5452:"The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain"
5286:
5269:
5221:"Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature"
5122:
Rupp T, Delaney KA (April 2004). "Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine".
4999:
Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "The classification of pain". In Weiner RS (ed.).
3876:
3801:
1793:
1706:
1619:
1567:
1486:
1453:
1388:
1352:, in the management of all forms of chronic pain including cancer pain, and in
1266:
1191:
1168:
1002:
974:
895:
790:
759:
726:
531:
461:
404:
213:
179:
168:
7588:
7088:
7038:
6150:
5883:
5866:
5350:
Cleeland CS (June 1998). "Undertreatment of cancer pain in elderly patients".
5065:
3779:
3294:
2519:
2254:
1379:, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that
11457:
11451:
11401:
11396:
11350:
11288:
11273:
11169:
10891:
10835:
10650:
10617:
10601:
10520:
10464:
10424:
10373:
10364:
10321:
9871:
9836:
9788:
9748:
9586:
9414:
9409:
9374:
9271:
9261:
9221:
9067:
9002:
8997:
8877:
8562:
8246:
8112:
7964:
7933:
7861:
7766:
7465:
7025:
Griffin DR, Speck GB (January 2004). "New evidence of animal consciousness".
7012:
What animals want: expertise and advocacy in laboratory animal welfare policy
6970:
5363:
5157:
Smith GF, Toonen TR (April 2007). "Primary care of the patient with cancer".
4611:
4495:. Baltimore, Maryland: American Medical Directors Association. pp. 1–27.
4477:
4372:
4033:
4016:
2262:
1890:
1729:
1725:
1615:
1543:
1380:
1133:
1129:
1051:
problem. For example, chest pain described as extreme heaviness may indicate
1006:
867:
671:
561:
454:
367:
80:
7551:
6540:
6067:
6050:
5236:
2792:
2081:
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015).
1766:, the legal term for the physical and emotional stress caused from an injury
186:, excitement, or distraction can affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness.
11355:
11334:
11319:
11293:
11111:
10932:
10909:
10881:
10876:
10800:
10739:
10502:
10487:
10209:
10198:
9783:
9768:
9763:
9500:
9495:
9379:
9211:
9136:
9087:
9077:
9052:
9047:
9017:
8951:
8849:
8762:
8606:
8058:
7986:
7873:
7736:
7489:
7425:
7392:"Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness"
7341:
7046:
6988:
6919:
6726:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78
6702:
6667:
6618:
6583:
6548:
6483:
6448:
6396:
6361:
6302:
6258:
6217:
6168:
6111:
6076:
6027:
5992:
5931:
5907:
5892:
5851:
5810:
5761:
5539:
5488:
5413:
5295:
5254:
5205:
5170:
5143:
5108:
5073:
4952:
4888:
4846:
4713:
4334:
4298:
4217:
4115:
3787:
3744:
3611:
3439:
3359:
3302:
3267:
3210:
3136:
3062:
2854:
2811:
2744:
2579:
2537:
2480:
2270:
2200:
2116:
2067:
2023:
1972:
1857:
1571:
1555:
1469:
1461:
1306:
1250:
1125:
1110:
954:
636:
316:
311:
280:
258:
167:
and general functioning. People in pain experience impaired concentration,
7282:
7178:
6342:
5371:
4654:
4619:
4437:
3844:
3202:
2752:
2665:
2622:
2423:
Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002). "Classification of pain". In Weiner R (ed.).
1963:
1946:
1253:
frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the
1167:
Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the
1144:
and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include
136:
is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The
11416:
11324:
11298:
11283:
11245:
11068:
11043:
11038:
11028:
11014:
10640:
10596:
10472:
10401:
10129:
9993:
9919:
9904:
9866:
9821:
9778:
9773:
9671:
9645:
9369:
9216:
8416:
8389:
8228:
8166:
8038:
8006:
7928:
7908:
7801:
7607:
6680:
5480:
4280:
3189:
Axelrod FB, Hilz MJ (December 2003). "Inherited autonomic neuropathies".
2966:
2058:
2041:
1643:
1611:
1533:
1376:
1278:
1270:
1217:
1120:(e.g., the heart, liver and intestines) are highly sensitive to stretch,
1084:
915:
911:
664:
600:
596:
384:
363:
288:
272:
7322:
6943:. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
6769:
5959:"Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures"
5923:
5516:"The girl who cried pain: a bias against women in the treatment of pain"
4355:
Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems
11436:
11391:
11255:
11250:
11222:
11202:
11126:
11086:
11033:
11018:
10942:
10406:
10396:
10303:
10244:
10119:
9942:
9856:
9694:
9630:
9530:
9231:
8854:
8213:
8083:
7893:
7786:
7781:
7681:
7676:
7170:
7143:
5842:
5825:
4838:
3489:
3421:
1500:
1424:
1404:
1190:
Some manifestations of neuropathic pain include: traumatic neuropathy,
1184:
1102:
1009:
are more sensitive to painful stimuli than those carried to full term.
890:, or chemical stimuli applied to the subject to evoke a response. The "
656:
632:
359:
353:
336:
327:
276:
199:
120:
64:
30:
This article is about physical pain. For mental or emotional pain, see
6818:
6294:
6249:
6232:
6199:
4326:
3561:
Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function
1637:
In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of
1539:
Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicines.
1340:
Inadequate treatment of pain is widespread throughout surgical wards,
11048:
10994:
10861:
10391:
10381:
10326:
10316:
10193:
9978:
9947:
9937:
9831:
9758:
9738:
9730:
9702:
9653:
9640:
9475:
9166:
8404:
8379:
8366:
8309:
8255:
8149:
8124:
8093:
8001:
7958:
7938:
7888:
7883:
7821:
7816:
7791:
7731:
7711:
7696:
7686:
6746:"The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis"
5957:
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, Haliburton S, Shorkey A (July 2016).
3249:
2991:"International Association for the Study of Pain | Pain Definitions".
2924:
2160:
2158:
1760:, the branch of philosophy concerned with suffering and physical pain
1670:
1563:
1532:
An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with
1432:
1420:
1396:
1392:
1026:
702:. Before reaching the brain, the spinothalamic tract splits into the
439:
332:
320:
299:
125:
76:
10009:
7510:
7135:
5197:
3481:
1101:
that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (
670:
The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along
279:
pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called "
11217:
11207:
11197:
11136:
11009:
10866:
10664:
9635:
9384:
8399:
8394:
8384:
8319:
8156:
8078:
8068:
8033:
8020:
7903:
7846:
7796:
7776:
6090:
Wark DM (July 2008). "What we can do with hypnosis: a brief note".
3127:
3110:
2921:"International Association for the Study of Pain: Pain Definitions"
2004:
1988:"What should be the core outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials?"
1631:
1508:
1436:
1428:
1258:
1121:
1089:
887:
886:, thermal (heat or cold), mechanical (pressure, touch, vibration),
749:
719:
604:
450:
392:
152:
7624:
7073:"Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is argument-by-analogy?"
6561:
6506:"IASP Position Statement on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Pain"
3538:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). London: Lea & Febiger. p. 7.
2155:
2134:
1642:
latter part of the 19th century. Torture as a means to punish the
11386:
11240:
11192:
11154:
11058:
10999:
10331:
9707:
8829:
8409:
8357:
8351:
8277:
8237:
8223:
8218:
8208:
8119:
7979:
7878:
7841:
7811:
7806:
7771:
7751:
7741:
7726:
7668:
7655:
7205:
The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs
6412:
2039:
1745:
1647:
1623:
1512:
1449:
1274:
675:
481:
232:
recommends using specific features to describe a patient's pain:
145:
7004:
The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science
3455:
Linton. Models of Pain Perception. Elsevier Health, 2005. Print.
460:
Insensitivity to pain may also result from abnormalities in the
10645:
10635:
10341:
8920:
8859:
8193:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8025:
7972:
7831:
7746:
7546:
7522:
7484:
6139:
The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
5599:
5270:"Assessment and management of pain in palliative care patients"
4080:
Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR (September 2016).
3468:
Dallenbach KM (July 1939). "Pain: History and present status".
2722:
2553:
1733:
1721:
1145:
1141:
1117:
1106:
679:
592:
515:
388:
8840:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
7390:
Draguhn, Andreas; Mallatt, Jon M.; Robinson, David G. (2021).
6461:
5956:
4668:
Brown JE, Chatterjee N, Younger J, Mackey S (September 2011).
4082:"Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms"
1554:, short-term improvements in pain and function, compared with
1309:
can be difficult and may require the coordinated efforts of a
961:
is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.
898:
threshold" is reached when the subject acts to stop the pain.
434:
A patient and doctor discuss congenital insensitivity to pain.
10871:
10673:
10586:
10581:
10355:
10265:
10240:
8341:
8267:
8161:
8134:
8013:
7948:
7943:
7913:
7851:
7721:
7716:
6374:
4357:(10th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 126.
1792:
Rollin drafted the 1985 Health Research Extension Act and an
510:
283:" or "persistent", and pain that resolves quickly is called "
206:
141:
55:
6885:
5823:
5728:"Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults"
5219:
Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G (December 2008).
5218:
4667:
4352:
3534:
Bonica JJ (1990). "History of pain concepts and therapies".
2774:
Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Chaudhary P, Rana SP (January 2009).
2773:
1947:"Caring for patients with chronic pain: pearls and pitfalls"
1375:
advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a
11406:
11159:
8144:
8105:
8088:
7991:
7918:
7898:
6932:
Working party of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2005).
4079:
3086:
The gift of pain: why we hurt & what we can do about it
2643:
2600:
9107:
6634:"The epidemiology of pain during the last 2 years of life"
6181:
6048:
5600:
Horlocker TT, Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, Carr DL (2008).
5449:
4815:
4597:
4311:
1873:
Understanding Pain : Exploring the Perception of Pain
1443:(severe generalized pain caused by long-term opioid use).
10386:
8073:
7761:
6631:
6607:
Le Journal Medical Libanais. The Lebanese Medical Journal
4870:"Mechanisms and management of neuropathic pain in cancer"
3586:"Nociceptors – noxious stimulus detectors"
2824:
2164:
1562:
There has been some interest in the relationship between
1473:
1037:
Gender can also be a perceived factor in reporting pain.
797:
described chronic pain in terms of its three dimensions:
752:
have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as
9804:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
7440:
Chasing Pain: The Search for a Neurobiological Mechanism
6866:
6739:
6737:
6735:
3908:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 106.
3759:
3510:. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
3040:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2314:
on 28 July 2011 – via Online Etymology Dictionary.
220:), generally meaning "price paid, penalty, punishment".
9578:
7303:
7260:
6408:
6406:
6182:
Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009).
3108:
2501:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2080:
1419:
Acute pain is usually managed with medications such as
824:
Pain is part of the body's defense system, producing a
694:. These spinal cord fibers then cross the cord via the
236:
Region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs)
7389:
7006:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118.
6526:
6324:
Ji M, Wang X, Chen M, Shen Y, Zhang X, Yang J (2015).
5054:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
4395:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 180–192.
3410:
Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
2940:
1179:, or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pain.
843:
The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution
6894:"Culture's effects on pain assessment and management"
6869:
Pain and injury in sport: Social and ethical analysis
6732:
6415:"Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain"
6330:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
6132:
5604:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5317:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
4795:(2d ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. pp. 3–12.
4353:
Lewis SM, Bucher L, Heitkemper MM, Harding M (2017).
3376:"The History of Psychoanalytic Ideas Concerning Pain"
3323:
3111:"Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections"
2680:
2365:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1979:
1819:
1356:. This neglect extends to all ages, from newborns to
1055:, while chest pain described as tearing may indicate
725:
Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the
7500:
6605:
Abu-Saad Huijer H (2010). "Chronic pain: a review".
6403:
5864:
4158:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 241.
4052:
The divided mind: the epidemic of mindbody disorders
3324:
Bruehl S, Burns JW, Chung OY, Chont M (March 2009).
2384:
2382:
2349:
2132:
1216:
Nociplastic pain is pain characterized by a changed
1175:). Neuropathic pain may be divided into peripheral,
445:
Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the
5086:
5003:. American Academy of Pain Management. p. 29.
4964:
4962:
4203:
4017:"An Evolutionary Perspective on Pain Communication"
2986:
2984:
2502:Lolignier S, Eijkelkamp N, Wood JN (January 2015).
2296:
on 13 May 2011 – via Perseus Digital Library.
2226:
on 13 May 2011 – via Perseus Digital Library.
1951:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
1944:
1875:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. Chapter 1.
1493:during childbirth, or suffer from chest pain after
819:
651:
Regions of the cerebral cortex associated with pain
6871:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 17–20.
6784:
6005:
5950:
5683:"A review of ketorolac as a prehospital analgesic"
5650:
5593:
5019:
4049:
3983:
3374:
2884:
2390:
2128:
2126:
964:
948:
7066:
7064:
6867:Loland S, Skirstad B, Waddington I, eds. (2006).
6135:"Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain"
5674:
5267:
5001:Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians
4490:
4041:
3765:
3403:
3381:Personality Characteristics of Patients With Pain
3366:
2945:Bonica JJ (June 1979). "The need of a taxonomy".
2495:
2427:Pain management: a practical guide for clinicians
2379:
2237:Lavoie, Anne; Toledo, Paloma (1 September 2013).
930:indicating which words best describe their pain.
690:and connect with spinal cord nerve fibers in the
555:
319:is pain felt in a part of the body that has been
11449:
9799:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
8235:
7240:Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal
5774:
5313:. In Henretig FM, Fleisher GR, Ludwig S (eds.).
4959:
3940:
3280:
2981:
1945:Debono DJ, Hoeksema LJ, Hobbs RD (August 2013).
1815:
1813:
502:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
6825:
6604:
6279:
6133:Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007).
5905:
5725:
5513:
5038:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach.
4729:"Tool That Measures Pain Objectively Under Way"
4632:
4237:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2549:
2547:
2123:
1373:International Association for the Study of Pain
692:central gelatinous substance of the spinal cord
413:"Painless" redirects here. For other uses, see
230:International Association for the Study of Pain
138:International Association for the Study of Pain
8110:
7061:
6323:
5089:Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
5051:
5022:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach
4539:"How Doctors Take Women's Pain Less Seriously"
3685:
3501:
3499:
3231:
2458:
2397:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach
2318:
2141:. East Sussex: Psychology Press. p. 210.
522:) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli.
398:
10225:
10025:
9594:
8936:
7640:
7156:
7018:
6831:
6674:
6598:
6555:
6230:
6083:
5865:Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K (June 2019).
5726:Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014).
5017:
4998:
4916:
4386:
4384:
4382:
3949:. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 191.
3463:
3461:
3009:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
2422:
2418:
2416:
2324:
2035:
2033:
1810:
1748:, a perceptual state of conscious experience.
1187:" elicits acute peripheral neuropathic pain.
1097:Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of
494:hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies
10239:
9471:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
8414:
8253:
8244:
8011:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7254:
7024:
5507:
5183:
4393:Physical examination & health assessment
4197:
4075:
4073:
3934:
3875:
3563:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 149.
3383:. American Psychological Association (APA).
3317:
3225:
3102:
3027:
2899:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. p. 7.
2544:
2245:. Pain Management in the Peripartum Period.
2239:"Multimodal Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia"
2236:
1062:
855:. This may have maladaptive results such as
599:believed that it was due to an imbalance in
194:First attested in English in 1297, the word
8913:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
7977:
7359:
7014:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 150.
6926:
6419:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6126:
5963:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5781:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5732:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5156:
5121:
4626:
4591:
4131:Health & physical assessment in nursing
3975:
3800:
3794:
3654:
3631:
3629:
3505:
3496:
3232:Raouf R, Quick K, Wood JN (November 2010).
3188:
3083:
2894:
2716:
2697:
2637:
2594:
2360:
2087:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1985:
1255:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
1015:
784:
682:), it carries its signal faster (5–30
92:Unpleasant sensory and emotional sensations
10232:
10218:
10032:
10018:
9601:
9587:
8943:
8929:
7647:
7633:
6995:
6625:
6529:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
5775:Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (July 2015).
5308:
4790:
4569:"Stories of Misunderstanding Women's Pain"
4379:
4183:. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 1716.
3889:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
3871:
3869:
3716:
3691:
3660:
3529:
3527:
3467:
3458:
3184:
3182:
3077:
2413:
2388:
2030:
1132:is diffuse, difficult to locate and often
591:Before the relatively recent discovery of
54:
7415:
7348:
7331:
7321:
6978:
6909:
6808:
6657:
6438:
6351:
6341:
6248:
6231:Chiu HY, Hsieh YJ, Tsai PS (March 2017).
6207:
6158:
6092:The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
6066:
5982:
5882:
5841:
5800:
5751:
5698:
5680:
5520:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
5470:
5394:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
5285:
5244:
4942:
4861:
4703:
4693:
4463:
4415:
4288:
4105:
4070:
4032:
4014:
4008:
3601:
3451:
3449:
3429:
3349:
3257:
3126:
2996:
2801:
2791:
2702:(2nd ed.). New York: Penguin Books.
2527:
2190:
2106:
2057:
2013:
2003:
1962:
1938:
1847:
1837:
7474:) is being considered for deletion. See
7121:
6723:
6455:
5906:Fishbain DA, Pulikal A (November 2019).
5349:
5315:Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine
4206:The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research
3893:
3635:
3626:
3274:
2283:
1796:amendment to the 1985 Food Security Act.
1585:Pain is the main reason for visiting an
1088:
933:
646:
609:
514:gene, which codes for a sodium channel (
419:
366:at the level of the spinal cord damage,
7070:
7009:
6891:
6790:
6650:10.7326/0003-4819-153-9-201011020-00005
4726:
4536:
4505:
3981:
3866:
3583:
3524:
3372:
3179:
2913:
2882:
1897:
1870:
1570:for such a relationship, other than in
1566:and pain, but the evidence so far from
1527:
1435:, may provide some additional benefit.
1431:when added to pain medications such as
252:
14:
11450:
7001:
6952:
6743:
5656:"Tens of Millions Face Death in Agony"
5626:"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"
5384:
4917:Campbell JN, Meyer RA (October 2006).
4809:
4739:from the original on 25 September 2017
4390:
4153:
3737:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131022
3558:
3552:
3533:
3446:
3330:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
3150:Raina*, Triveni; Dash, Bhagya Ranjan.
3149:
3088:. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Publ.
3002:
2944:
2392:"General considerations of acute pain"
2213:
1601:
1456:undergoing some medical procedures (a
1109:in a cut or chemicals released during
10450:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
10213:
10039:
10013:
9582:
8924:
7628:
7442:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7437:
7236:"A Question of Pain in Invertebrates"
7233:
5662:from the original on 1 September 2013
4867:
4793:Clinical pain management: Cancer pain
4759:"Feeling pain? The computer can tell"
4348:
4346:
4344:
4262:
4181:Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary
4178:
4128:
4047:
3768:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
3722:
3379:. In Weisberg JN, Gatchel RJ (eds.).
3238:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2454:
2452:
1906:"Taxonomy and classification of pain"
1519:A number of meta-analyses have found
1068:Functional magnetic resonance imaging
525:
10435:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
9561:
7250:from the original on 8 October 2011.
6089:
5938:from the original on 18 January 2021
5554:from the original on 1 November 2019
4784:
4508:"When Doctors Don't Listen to Women"
4454:. 1969, San Francisco, CA:Josey-Bass
3899:
3404:Bresin K, Kling L, Verona E (2018).
2891:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2399:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
2133:Eisenberger NI, Lieberman M (2005).
1770:
7654:
7495:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4234:. Los Angeles: UCLA Students Store.
2887:Measurement of subjective responses
1903:
1468:). Sugar does not remove pain from
958:
24:
10430:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
6911:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000370157.33223.6d
5532:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00037.x
5495:from the original on 30 March 2021
5406:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00039.x
4877:The Journal of Supportive Oncology
4831:10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59
4579:from the original on 15 April 2019
4341:
3963:from the original on 30 March 2021
3943:"The neuroevolution of motivation"
3922:from the original on 30 March 2021
2449:
2431:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.
2395:. In Panswick CC, Main CJ (eds.).
1926:from the original on 30 March 2021
242:Duration and pattern of occurrence
25:
11494:
10445:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
10440:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
9451:Development of the nervous system
7478:to help reach a consensus. ›
7457:
7103:from the original on 7 March 2022
5331:from the original on 11 June 2016
5268:Perron V, Schonwetter RS (2001).
5136:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019
4980:from the original on 14 July 2011
4769:from the original on 17 June 2015
4549:from the original on 17 July 2019
3945:. In Gardner WL, Shah JY (eds.).
3941:Bernston GG, Cacioppo JT (2007).
3904:. In Winlow W, Holden AV (eds.).
3698:. Chichester, UK: Wiley. p.
3283:Current Pain and Headache Reports
2780:Indian Journal of Palliative Care
1661:practices (particularly those of
1383:should have the full status of a
1301:Pain management during childbirth
1171:involved in bodily feelings (the
1045:
223:
10697:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
9794:Congenital insensitivity to pain
9754:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
9560:
9549:
9548:
9106:
8950:
8356:
8350:
7383:
7297:
7227:
7193:
7150:
7115:
6946:
6860:
6762:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x
6728:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1.
6717:
6520:
6498:
6368:
6317:
6273:
6224:
6175:
6055:Archives of Disease in Childhood
6042:
5999:
5899:
5858:
5817:
5768:
5719:
5707:from the original on 5 June 2018
5644:
5618:
5566:
5514:Hoffmann DE, Tarzian AJ (2001).
5472:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x
4919:"Mechanisms of neuropathic pain"
4635:The American Journal of Medicine
4491:Lawhorne L, Passerini J (1999).
4133:. Boston: Pearson. p. 173.
3508:Pain: psychological perspectives
2725:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1992:Arthritis Research & Therapy
1910:In: The Handbook of Chronic Pain
1786:
1480:
926:having the patient complete the
831:congenital insensitivity to pain
820:Evolutionary and behavioral role
490:congenital insensitivity to pain
464:. This is usually the result of
409:Congenital insensitivity to pain
10425:Visual system (sense of vision)
6898:The American Journal of Nursing
6237:European Journal of Cancer Care
5443:
5378:
5343:
5302:
5261:
5212:
5177:
5150:
5115:
5080:
5045:
4992:
4910:
4751:
4727:Paddock C (15 September 2011).
4720:
4661:
4561:
4530:
4518:from the original on 9 May 2019
4499:
4484:
4457:
4444:
4409:
4305:
4256:
4224:
4172:
4147:
4122:
3810:"Pain mechanisms: a new theory"
3577:
3397:
3342:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12.003
3143:
2876:
2818:
2767:
2300:
2277:
2230:
2207:
2183:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917
1839:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
1777:
1580:
1313:team, which typically includes
965:Assessment in non-verbal people
959:IASP five-category pain profile
949:Multidimensional pain inventory
882:which involves such stimuli as
374:
140:defines pain as "an unpleasant
6810:10.1525/eth.1985.13.2.02a00040
6431:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2
6104:10.1080/00029157.2008.10401640
5975:10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5
5871:British Journal of Anaesthesia
5793:10.1002/14651858.CD011509.pub2
5744:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3
5018:Main CJ, Spanswick CC (2000).
4238:Pasero C, McCaffery M (1999).
3947:Handbook of Motivation Science
3584:Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007).
3470:American Journal of Psychology
3006:Feeling pain and being in pain
2328:Classification of Chronic Pain
2099:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2
2074:
2046:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1864:
1507:injection they believed to be
1495:coronary artery bypass surgery
1452:) when taken by mouth reduces
1277:fall, often to normal levels.
1238:Psychogenic pain, also called
1227:
1205:
1156:
1078:
743:secondary somatosensory cortex
556:On subsequent negative emotion
468:damage to the nerves, such as
100:Typically depends on the cause
13:
1:
10567:Auditory perception (hearing)
9292:Social cognitive neuroscience
7463:
7360:Petruzzello, Melissa (2016).
7201:"Do Invertebrates Feel Pain?"
6695:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4
6576:10.1016/S1090-3801(02)00025-3
6020:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61358-X
5687:Journal of Paramedic Practice
5101:10.1016/S0899-5885(18)30046-7
4537:Fasslet J (15 October 2015).
4418:Social Science & Medicine
4315:Arthritis Care & Research
3725:Annual Review of Neuroscience
3055:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00482-7
2847:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70040-2
2572:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5
2473:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70102-4
1803:
1687:
1675:neo-primitive body suspension
1414:
1284:
1093:Mechanism of nociceptive pain
1073:
901:
873:
733:such as itch and nausea) and
580:
11213:Olfactory reference syndrome
10990:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
9267:Molecular cellular cognition
8865:Social emotional development
7275:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V
7071:Sherwin CM (February 2001).
6389:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001310
6283:Neurourology and Urodynamics
5124:Annals of Emergency Medicine
4935:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.021
4695:10.1371/journal.pone.0024124
4647:10.1016/0002-9343(76)90496-4
4430:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90039-7
3837:10.1126/science.150.3699.971
3603:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016
3115:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2993:. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
2959:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0
2658:10.1016/0304-3959(85)90090-9
2615:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90097-0
2325:Merskey H, Bogduk N (1994).
1986:Turk DC, Dworkin RH (2004).
880:quantitative sensory testing
294:
189:
184:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
11412:Sensory processing disorder
10582:Gustation (taste or flavor)
10572:Equilibrioception (balance)
9486:Neurodevelopmental disorder
9461:Neural network (biological)
9456:Neural network (artificial)
8111:
6638:Annals of Internal Medicine
5830:Academic Emergency Medicine
5700:10.12968/jpar.2017.9.12.522
5309:Selbst SM, Fein JA (2006).
4506:Epstein R (19 March 2018).
4098:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.010
3667:. New York: Wiley. p.
3084:Brand PW, Yancey P (1997).
2895:Melzack R, Wall PD (1996).
2698:Wall PD, Melzack R (1996).
2389:Coda BA, Bonica JJ (2000).
2363:Bonica's management of pain
1739:
1441:opioid-induced hyperalgesia
1297:Pain management in children
399:Asymbolia and insensitivity
27:Type of distressing feeling
10:
11499:
11366:Supernumerary phantom limb
10702:Infrared sensing in snakes
10562:Visual perception (vision)
9013:Computational neuroscience
7408:10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9
6846:10.1080/016396201750065018
6476:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.010
5287:10.1177/107327480100800103
4269:Emergency Medicine Journal
3986:The Greatest Show on Earth
1691:
1294:
1288:
1231:
1209:
1160:
1082:
990:and possibly experience a
968:
937:
905:
754:wide dynamic range neurons
584:
412:
402:
309:
305:
256:
29:
11429:
11374:
11343:
11312:
11264:
11231:
11183:
11145:
11117:Microwave auditory effect
11077:
10975:
10968:
10941:
10918:
10890:
10849:
10791:
10780:
10748:
10725:
10672:
10663:
10616:
10554:
10511:
10458:
10415:
10372:
10363:
10354:
10302:
10284:Transduction (physiology)
10264:
10251:
10186:
10146:
10128:
10105:
10047:
9961:
9928:
9895:
9849:
9814:
9729:
9685:
9662:
9623:
9616:
9544:
9481:Neurodegenerative disease
9438:
9325:Evolutionary neuroscience
9300:
9240:
9115:
9104:
8976:
8958:
8908:
8427:
8365:
8348:
7667:
7598:
7504:
7089:10.1017/S0962728600023551
7039:10.1007/s10071-003-0203-x
6892:Narayan MC (April 2010).
6151:10.1080/00207140701338621
5884:10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019
5575:"Declaration of Montreal"
5159:American Family Physician
5066:10.1016/j.bpa.2004.05.004
5026:. Churchill Livingstone.
4015:Steinkopf L (June 2016).
3780:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.010
3295:10.1007/s11916-003-0021-5
3234:"Pain as a channelopathy"
2520:10.1007/s00424-014-1532-0
2255:10.1016/j.clp.2013.05.008
1912:. Nova Biomedical Books.
1711:Colorado State University
1063:Physiological measurement
928:McGill Pain Questionnaire
892:pain perception threshold
735:anterior cingulate cortex
696:anterior white commissure
642:
575:
415:Painless (disambiguation)
119:
104:
96:
86:
70:
62:
53:
48:
11122:Music-specific disorders
10478:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
9608:
9446:Brain–computer interface
9395:Neuromorphic engineering
9320:Educational neuroscience
9227:Nutritional neuroscience
9132:Clinical neurophysiology
9028:Integrative neuroscience
8798:in virtual communication
7476:templates for discussion
7402:(2). Springer: 239–248.
7124:The Florida Entomologist
6971:10.1038/sj.embor.7400996
6564:European Journal of Pain
5364:10.1001/jama.279.23.1914
5311:"Sedation and analgesia"
4612:10.1001/jama.280.14.1256
4478:10.1525/si.1997.20.3.251
4056:. New York: ReganBooks.
4034:10.1177/1474704916653964
2137:. In Williams KD (ed.).
1552:clinically insignificant
1542:For chronic (long-term)
1466:intramuscular injections
1317:, clinical pharmacists,
1016:Other reporting barriers
785:Three dimensions of pain
716:paleospinothalamic tract
506:autonomic nervous system
11102:Auditory verbal agnosia
10956:Juxtacapillary receptor
10166:Intrafusal muscle fiber
9915:Posteromarginal nucleus
9850:Measurement and testing
9257:Behavioral neuroscience
7366:Encyclopedia Britannica
6953:Rollin BE (June 2007).
6541:10.1053/ajem.2002.32643
6068:10.1136/adc.2009.174227
5186:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
4021:Evolutionary Psychology
3990:. Free Press. pp.
3902:"Cutaneous nociceptors"
2793:10.4103/0973-1075.53506
2290:A Greek-English Lexicon
2243:Clinics in Perinatology
1327:occupational therapists
603:. In the 11th century,
570:opponent-process theory
532:working memory capacity
11097:Auditory hallucination
10707:Surface wave detection
10312:Multimodal integration
9252:Affective neuroscience
9033:Molecular neuroscience
8988:Behavioral epigenetics
8415:
8254:
8245:
8236:
8012:
7978:
7362:"Do Plants Feel Pain?"
3692:Skevington SM (1995).
3536:The management of pain
3167:Cite journal requires
2745:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058
2504:"Mechanical allodynia"
2171:JAMA Internal Medicine
1485:Individuals with more
1454:pain in newborn babies
1319:clinical psychologists
1200:postherpetic neuralgia
1094:
708:neospinothalamic tract
652:
623:
587:History of pain theory
553:
435:
34:. For other uses, see
11356:Phantom limb syndrome
11304:Tactile hallucination
10493:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
10294:Active sensory system
9999:Drug-seeking behavior
9887:Visual analogue scale
9315:Cultural neuroscience
9310:Consumer neuroscience
9152:Neurogastroenterology
9008:Cellular neuroscience
5681:Mallinson TE (2017).
5237:10.1093/annonc/mdn419
4765:. 13 September 2011.
4263:Kelly AM (May 2001).
4240:Pain: clinical manual
4230:McCaffery M. (1968).
3661:Skevington S (1995).
3203:10.1055/s-2004-817722
3191:Seminars in Neurology
3023:on 27 September 2008.
2897:The challenge of pain
2700:The challenge of pain
2461:The Lancet. Neurology
2284:Liddell HG, Scott R.
1964:10.7556/jaoa.2013.023
1698:Pain in invertebrates
1346:emergency departments
1315:medical practitioners
1295:Further information:
1092:
1053:myocardial infarction
940:Visual analogue scale
934:Visual analogue scale
650:
613:
540:
498:familial dysautonomia
433:
269:peripheral neuropathy
36:Pain (disambiguation)
11165:Labyrinthine fistula
11132:Spatial hearing loss
10831:Campaniform sensilla
10546:Somatosensory cortex
9910:Anterolateral system
9287:Sensory neuroscience
9127:Behavioral neurology
9098:Systems neuroscience
8835:Group affective tone
7209:Parliament of Canada
7159:Theoretical Medicine
4466:Symbolic Interaction
4281:10.1136/emj.18.3.205
4242:. St. Louis: Mosby.
3638:Pharmacology of pain
2835:The Lancet. Oncology
2042:"Assessment of pain"
1587:emergency department
1528:Alternative medicine
1360:elderly. In the US,
1342:intensive care units
1331:physician assistants
1222:somatosensory system
1173:somatosensory system
1099:sensory nerve fibers
1003:Infants do feel pain
731:homeostatic emotions
265:rheumatoid arthritis
253:Chronic versus acute
10951:Nociceptin receptor
10821:Merkel nerve ending
10806:Mechanotransduction
10171:Nuclear chain fiber
10085:Merkel nerve ending
9430:Social neuroscience
9330:Global neurosurgery
9207:Neurorehabilitation
9177:Neuro-ophthalmology
9162:Neurointensive care
8993:Behavioral genetics
8888:constructed emotion
8558:functional accounts
7323:10.7554/eLife.57258
6724:Foucault M (2007).
6343:10.1155/2015/192808
6014:(9748): 1201–1203.
4686:2011PLoSO...624124B
4092:(9 Suppl): T10–20.
4086:The Journal of Pain
3829:1965Sci...150..971M
2883:Beecher HK (1959).
2737:1996RSPSB.263..377R
2214:Lewis CT, Short C.
1639:corporal punishment
1602:Society and culture
1574:, is inconclusive.
1548:spinal manipulation
1491:epidural anesthesia
1474:electrical activity
1401:palliative medicine
1344:, and accident and
1335:nurse practitioners
1196:diabetic neuropathy
1150:Superficial somatic
1118:Visceral structures
857:supernormal stimuli
768:gate control theory
700:spinothalamic tract
635:and experiments by
478:diabetic neuropathy
63:An illustration of
11483:Symptoms and signs
11313:Nociception (pain)
10905:Olfactory receptor
10857:Photoreceptor cell
10811:Lamellar corpuscle
10735:Photomorphogenesis
10597:nociception (pain)
10289:Sensory processing
10065:Lamellar corpuscle
9989:Philosophy of pain
9664:Respiratory system
9506:Neuroimmune system
9400:Neurophenomenology
9340:Neural engineering
9063:Neuroendocrinology
9043:Neural engineering
8788:in decision-making
8029:(sense of purpose)
7599:External resources
7171:10.1007/BF00489606
7010:Carbone L (2004).
6791:Morinis A (1985).
5843:10.1111/acem.13502
5652:Human Rights Watch
5385:Bonham VL (2001).
5225:Annals of Oncology
4970:"Psychogenic Pain"
4733:Medical News Today
4512:The New York Times
3982:Dawkins R (2009).
3854:on 14 January 2012
3695:Psychology of pain
3664:Psychology of pain
3422:10.1037/per0000248
3373:Merskey H (2000).
2927:on 13 January 2015
2864:on 19 October 2014
2220:A Latin Dictionary
2059:10.1093/bja/aen103
1871:Cervero F (2012).
1764:Pain and suffering
1752:Hedonic adaptation
1409:Human Rights Watch
1366:Hispanic Americans
1148:and broken bones.
1095:
1039:Gender differences
992:decreased appetite
698:and ascend in the
653:
624:
620:Jan Baptist Weenix
536:mental flexibility
526:Functional effects
470:spinal cord injury
436:
173:mental flexibility
32:Psychological pain
18:Postoperative pain
11445:
11444:
11430:Biases and errors
11425:
11424:
11361:Somatoparaphrenia
11330:Pain dissociation
11175:Ménière's disease
11107:Cortical deafness
10985:Visual impairment
10964:
10963:
10826:Bulbous corpuscle
10816:Tactile corpuscle
10784:sensory receptors
10776:
10775:
10659:
10658:
10612:
10611:
10577:Olfaction (smell)
10531:Vestibular cortex
10513:Cerebral cortices
10350:
10349:
10337:Motion perception
10207:
10206:
10176:Nuclear bag fiber
10115:Free nerve ending
10095:Bulbous corpuscle
10075:Tactile corpuscle
10041:Sensory receptors
10007:
10006:
9862:Cold pressor test
9845:
9844:
9576:
9575:
9425:Paleoneurobiology
9360:Neuroepistemology
9335:Neuroanthropology
9301:Interdisciplinary
9187:Neuropharmacology
9147:Neuroepidemiology
8918:
8917:
8505:Appeal to emotion
8283:Social connection
7622:
7621:
7234:Smith JA (1991).
7215:on 6 January 2010
7002:Rollin B (1989).
6744:Einolf C (2007).
6295:10.1002/nau.22958
6250:10.1111/ecc.12457
6200:10.1136/bmj.a3115
5924:10.1093/pm/pny231
5918:(11): 2179–2197.
5836:(10): 1086–1097.
5358:(23): 1914–1915.
5231:(12): 1985–1991.
4898:on 7 January 2010
4868:Paice JA (2003).
4825:(18): 1630–1635.
4606:(14): 1256–1263.
4575:. 15 March 2016.
4391:Jarvis C (2007).
4327:10.1002/acr.20543
4321:(S11): S240–252.
4154:Taylor C (2015).
4048:Sarno JE (2006).
3823:(3699): 971–979.
3808:(November 1965).
3559:Finger S (2001).
3244:(11): 3745–3752.
3003:Grahek N (2007).
2731:(1369): 377–386.
1771:Explanatory notes
1758:Pain (philosophy)
1659:self-flagellation
1568:controlled trials
1521:clinical hypnosis
1385:medical specialty
1261:, depression and
1057:aortic dissection
971:Pain and dementia
766:introduced their
474:diabetes mellitus
431:
131:
130:
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
11490:
11092:Auditory agnosia
11024:Optic neuropathy
10973:
10972:
10841:Stretch receptor
10789:
10788:
10687:Magnetoreception
10682:Electroreception
10670:
10669:
10592:mechanoreception
10541:Gustatory cortex
10536:Olfactory cortex
10370:
10369:
10361:
10360:
10279:Sensory receptor
10262:
10261:
10234:
10227:
10220:
10211:
10210:
10034:
10027:
10020:
10011:
10010:
9962:Related concepts
9953:Pain eradication
9711:
9698:
9649:
9621:
9620:
9617:By region/system
9603:
9596:
9589:
9580:
9579:
9564:
9563:
9552:
9551:
9466:Detection theory
9350:Neurocriminology
9277:Neurolinguistics
9192:Neuroprosthetics
9110:
9073:Neuroinformatics
9023:Imaging genetics
8945:
8938:
8931:
8922:
8921:
8893:discrete emotion
8793:in the workplace
8689:Empathy quotient
8420:
8360:
8354:
8259:
8250:
8241:
8116:
8017:
7983:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7626:
7625:
7502:
7501:
7453:
7438:Casey K (2019).
7430:
7429:
7419:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7357:
7346:
7345:
7335:
7325:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7211:. Archived from
7197:
7191:
7190:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7027:Animal Cognition
7022:
7016:
7015:
7007:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6982:
6950:
6944:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6834:Deviant Behavior
6829:
6823:
6822:
6812:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6741:
6730:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6661:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6345:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6252:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6211:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5986:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5877:(6): e114–e126.
5862:
5856:
5855:
5845:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5755:
5738:(12): CD009281.
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5702:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5628:. Archived from
5622:
5616:
5615:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5577:. Archived from
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5474:
5456:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5424:. Archived from
5391:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5165:(8): 1207–1214.
5154:
5148:
5147:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5025:
5014:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4974:Cleveland Clinic
4966:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4891:. Archived from
4874:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4388:
4377:
4376:
4350:
4339:
4338:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4179:Venes D (2013).
4176:
4170:
4169:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4129:Amico D (2016).
4126:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3989:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3847:. Archived from
3814:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3605:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3465:
3456:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3250:10.1172/JCI43158
3229:
3223:
3222:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3019:. Archived from
3000:
2994:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2923:. Archived from
2917:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2857:. Archived from
2832:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2678:
2677:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2430:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2310:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2297:
2292:. Archived from
2281:
2275:
2274:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2222:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2093:(11): CD010794.
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1832:(9): 1976–1982.
1817:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1354:end of life care
1350:general practice
1323:physiotherapists
1234:Psychogenic pain
1212:Nociplastic pain
1163:Neuropathic pain
884:electric current
688:Lissauer's tract
551:
496:(which includes
432:
343:Local anesthetic
157:noxious stimulus
58:
46:
45:
21:
11498:
11497:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11473:Sensory systems
11448:
11447:
11446:
11441:
11421:
11370:
11339:
11308:
11260:
11227:
11179:
11141:
11073:
11064:Stereoblindness
11005:Color blindness
10960:
10937:
10914:
10886:
10845:
10793:Mechanoreceptor
10782:
10772:
10768:Machine hearing
10763:Computer vision
10758:Robotic sensing
10744:
10721:
10655:
10608:
10550:
10526:Auditory cortex
10507:
10454:
10417:Sensory systems
10411:
10346:
10298:
10256:
10254:
10247:
10238:
10208:
10203:
10182:
10142:
10138:Thermoreceptors
10124:
10101:
10057:Mechanoreceptor
10043:
10038:
10008:
10003:
9957:
9924:
9897:Pathophysiology
9891:
9882:Tail flick test
9841:
9810:
9725:
9709:
9696:
9687:Musculoskeletal
9681:
9658:
9647:
9612:
9607:
9577:
9572:
9540:
9526:Neurotechnology
9521:Neuroplasticity
9516:Neuromodulation
9511:Neuromanagement
9434:
9405:Neurophilosophy
9302:
9296:
9282:Neuropsychology
9243:
9236:
9197:Neuropsychiatry
9157:Neuroimmunology
9142:Neurocardiology
9118:
9111:
9102:
9093:Neurophysiology
9083:Neuromorphology
9038:Neural decoding
8979:
8972:
8954:
8949:
8919:
8914:
8904:
8845:Jealousy in art
8588:in conversation
8510:Amygdala hijack
8423:
8361:
8355:
8346:
8335:sense of wonder
7663:
7653:
7623:
7618:
7617:
7594:
7593:
7513:
7479:
7460:
7450:
7434:
7433:
7388:
7384:
7370:
7368:
7358:
7349:
7302:
7298:
7259:
7255:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7216:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7155:
7151:
7136:10.2307/3495093
7120:
7116:
7106:
7104:
7069:
7062:
7023:
7019:
7000:
6996:
6951:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6865:
6861:
6830:
6826:
6789:
6785:
6742:
6733:
6722:
6718:
6679:
6675:
6630:
6626:
6603:
6599:
6560:
6556:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6460:
6456:
6425:(9): CD008880.
6411:
6404:
6373:
6369:
6322:
6318:
6278:
6274:
6229:
6225:
6180:
6176:
6131:
6127:
6088:
6084:
6047:
6043:
6004:
6000:
5969:(2): CD001069.
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5904:
5900:
5863:
5859:
5822:
5818:
5787:(7): CD011509.
5773:
5769:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5693:(12): 522–526.
5679:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5431:on 19 July 2011
5428:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5325:
5307:
5303:
5266:
5262:
5217:
5213:
5198:10.4065/78.1.80
5182:
5178:
5155:
5151:
5120:
5116:
5085:
5081:
5050:
5046:
5034:
5011:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4789:
4785:
4772:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4725:
4721:
4666:
4662:
4631:
4627:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4504:
4500:
4489:
4485:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4389:
4380:
4365:
4351:
4342:
4310:
4306:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4127:
4123:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4046:
4042:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3916:
3900:Lynn B (1984).
3898:
3894:
3886:The Skin Senses
3877:Melzack, Ronald
3874:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3812:
3799:
3795:
3764:
3760:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3634:
3627:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3504:
3497:
3482:10.2307/1416740
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3371:
3367:
3322:
3318:
3279:
3275:
3230:
3226:
3187:
3180:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3082:
3078:
3039:
3028:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2982:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2772:
2768:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2696:
2681:
2642:
2638:
2599:
2595:
2552:
2545:
2508:Pflügers Archiv
2500:
2496:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2282:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2212:
2208:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2131:
2124:
2079:
2075:
2038:
2031:
1984:
1980:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1904:Raj PP (2007).
1902:
1898:
1883:
1869:
1865:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1742:
1700:
1694:Pain in animals
1692:Main articles:
1690:
1669:), or personal
1628:pain compliance
1608:pain management
1604:
1591:epidemiological
1583:
1550:produces tiny,
1544:lower back pain
1530:
1483:
1417:
1358:medically frail
1311:pain management
1303:
1293:
1291:Pain management
1287:
1263:hypochondriasis
1244:somatoform pain
1236:
1230:
1214:
1208:
1165:
1159:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1065:
1048:
1018:
1007:Pre-term babies
996:range of motion
988:social behavior
977:
967:
951:
942:
936:
923:Margo McCaffery
918:
908:Pain assessment
904:
876:
848:Richard Dawkins
835:life expectancy
822:
787:
645:
589:
583:
578:
566:negative affect
558:
552:
546:
528:
519:
420:
418:
411:
403:Main articles:
401:
381:pain management
377:
314:
308:
297:
291:" or "benign."
261:
255:
226:
205:, in turn from
198:comes from the
192:
165:quality of life
151:Pain motivates
79:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11496:
11486:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11433:
11431:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11378:
11376:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11347:
11345:
11344:Proprioception
11341:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11270:
11268:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11237:
11235:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11189:
11187:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11083:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10981:
10979:
10970:
10966:
10965:
10962:
10961:
10959:
10958:
10953:
10947:
10945:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10930:
10924:
10922:
10920:Thermoreceptor
10916:
10915:
10913:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10900:Taste receptor
10896:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10853:
10851:
10847:
10846:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10797:
10795:
10786:
10778:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10754:
10752:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10742:
10737:
10731:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10678:
10676:
10667:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10626:Proprioception
10622:
10620:
10614:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10558:
10556:
10552:
10551:
10549:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10517:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10500:
10498:Trigeminal (V)
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10469:
10467:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10421:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10410:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10378:
10376:
10374:Sensory organs
10367:
10358:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10308:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10270:
10268:
10259:
10249:
10248:
10237:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10214:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10190:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10161:Muscle spindle
10158:
10152:
10150:
10148:Proprioception
10144:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10134:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10111:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10097:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10059:
10053:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10037:
10036:
10029:
10022:
10014:
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9974:Pain tolerance
9971:
9969:Pain threshold
9965:
9963:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9934:
9932:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9901:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9877:Hot plate test
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9818:
9816:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9744:Pain asymbolia
9741:
9735:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9705:
9700:
9691:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9668:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9651:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9627:
9625:
9618:
9614:
9613:
9606:
9605:
9598:
9591:
9583:
9574:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9558:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9536:Self-awareness
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9491:Neurodiversity
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9390:Neuromarketing
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9365:Neuroesthetics
9362:
9357:
9355:Neuroeconomics
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9306:
9304:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9248:
9246:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9202:Neuroradiology
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9182:Neuropathology
9179:
9174:
9172:Neuro-oncology
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9123:
9121:
9113:
9112:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9058:Neurochemistry
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8984:
8982:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8948:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8925:
8916:
8915:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8898:somatic marker
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8872:
8870:Stoic passions
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8818:social sharing
8815:
8810:
8808:self-conscious
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8760:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8751:thought method
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8716:lateralization
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8676:
8675:
8674:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8602:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8543:classification
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8495:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8457:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8263:Sentimentality
8260:
8251:
8242:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8108:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8099:at first sight
8096:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8023:
8018:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7975:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7837:Disappointment
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7652:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7629:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7580:
7569:
7554:
7539:
7538:(phantom pain)
7514:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:Classification
7499:
7498:
7487:
7459:
7458:External links
7456:
7455:
7454:
7449:978-0190880231
7448:
7432:
7431:
7382:
7347:
7296:
7253:
7226:
7192:
7165:(3): 193–211.
7149:
7114:
7083:(1): 103–118.
7077:Animal Welfare
7060:
7017:
6994:
6965:(6): 521–525.
6945:
6941:978-1904384106
6925:
6884:
6878:978-0415357043
6877:
6859:
6840:(2): 117–146.
6824:
6803:(2): 150–174.
6783:
6756:(2): 101–121.
6731:
6716:
6673:
6644:(9): 563–569.
6624:
6597:
6570:(5): 375–385.
6554:
6535:(3): 165–169.
6519:
6497:
6470:(1–2): 10–13.
6454:
6402:
6383:(2): 116–133.
6367:
6316:
6289:(2): 474–481.
6272:
6223:
6174:
6145:(3): 275–287.
6125:
6082:
6061:(6): 406–413.
6041:
5998:
5949:
5898:
5857:
5816:
5767:
5718:
5673:
5643:
5632:on 16 May 2008
5617:
5611:978-0781773881
5610:
5592:
5581:on 13 May 2011
5565:
5506:
5465:(3): 277–294.
5442:
5377:
5342:
5324:978-1605471594
5323:
5301:
5274:Cancer Control
5260:
5211:
5176:
5149:
5130:(4): 494–503.
5114:
5095:(2): 151–166.
5079:
5060:(4): 703–717.
5044:
5042:
5041:
5033:978-0443056833
5032:
5010:978-0849322624
5009:
4991:
4958:
4909:
4883:(2): 107–120.
4860:
4808:
4802:978-0340940075
4801:
4783:
4750:
4719:
4660:
4641:(5): 625–633.
4625:
4590:
4560:
4529:
4498:
4483:
4472:(3): 251–273.
4456:
4452:People in Pain
4443:
4424:(6): 783–791.
4408:
4402:978-1455728107
4401:
4378:
4364:978-0323328524
4363:
4340:
4304:
4275:(3): 205–207.
4255:
4249:978-0815156093
4248:
4223:
4196:
4190:978-0803629776
4189:
4171:
4165:978-1451185614
4164:
4146:
4140:978-0133876406
4139:
4121:
4069:
4063:978-0061174308
4062:
4040:
4007:
4001:978-1416594789
4000:
3974:
3956:978-1593855680
3955:
3933:
3915:978-0719009969
3914:
3892:
3881:Casey, Kenneth
3865:
3793:
3774:(3): 257–268.
3758:
3715:
3709:978-0471957737
3708:
3684:
3678:978-0471957737
3677:
3653:
3647:978-0931092787
3646:
3625:
3596:(3): 353–364.
3576:
3570:978-0195146943
3569:
3551:
3545:978-0812111224
3544:
3523:
3517:978-0415650618
3516:
3495:
3476:(3): 331–347.
3457:
3445:
3416:(3): 273–283.
3396:
3390:978-1557986467
3389:
3365:
3336:(3): 475–491.
3316:
3289:(2): 116–126.
3273:
3224:
3197:(4): 381–390.
3178:
3169:|journal=
3142:
3128:10.1086/424846
3121:(7): 885–910.
3101:
3095:978-0310221449
3094:
3076:
3049:(3): 213–219.
3026:
3016:978-0262517324
3015:
2995:
2980:
2953:(3): 247–248.
2912:
2906:978-0140256703
2905:
2875:
2817:
2766:
2715:
2709:978-0140256703
2708:
2679:
2652:(3): 267–278.
2636:
2609:(3): 243–256.
2593:
2543:
2514:(1): 133–139.
2494:
2467:(9): 924–935.
2448:
2442:978-0849322624
2441:
2412:
2406:978-0443056833
2405:
2378:
2372:978-0781768276
2371:
2348:
2342:978-0931092053
2341:
2317:
2299:
2276:
2249:(3): 443–455.
2229:
2206:
2154:
2147:
2122:
2073:
2029:
2005:10.1186/ar1196
1978:
1937:
1918:
1896:
1881:
1863:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:animal welfare
1785:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1734:animal kingdom
1707:Bernard Rollin
1703:René Descartes
1689:
1686:
1620:animal welfare
1603:
1600:
1582:
1579:
1529:
1526:
1487:social support
1482:
1479:
1416:
1413:
1389:anesthesiology
1289:Main article:
1286:
1283:
1267:neurotic triad
1251:long-term pain
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1192:tic douloureux
1169:nervous system
1161:Main article:
1158:
1155:
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1047:
1046:Diagnostic aid
1044:
1017:
1014:
975:Pain in babies
966:
963:
950:
947:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
903:
900:
896:pain tolerance
875:
872:
821:
818:
809:
808:
805:
802:
791:Ronald Melzack
786:
783:
760:Ronald Melzack
727:insular cortex
644:
641:
628:René Descartes
616:René Descartes
582:
579:
577:
574:
557:
554:
548:Harold Merskey
544:
527:
524:
517:
462:nervous system
405:Pain asymbolia
400:
397:
376:
373:
310:Main article:
307:
304:
296:
293:
289:cancer-related
257:Main article:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
225:
224:Classification
222:
191:
188:
180:social support
169:working memory
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
74:
68:
67:
60:
59:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11495:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11428:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11402:Hallucination
11400:
11398:
11397:Derealization
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11351:Asomatognosia
11349:
11348:
11346:
11342:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11311:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11289:Hyperesthesia
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11274:Astereognosis
11272:
11271:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11234:
11230:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11182:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11170:Labyrinthitis
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:
11144:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10971:
10967:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10921:
10917:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10892:Chemoreceptor
10889:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:Photoreceptor
10848:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10836:Slit sensilla
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10779:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10747:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10730:
10728:
10724:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10662:
10652:
10651:Visceral pain
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10615:
10603:
10602:thermoception
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10553:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10521:Visual cortex
10519:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10510:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10483:Olfactory (I)
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10465:spinal nerves
10462:
10457:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10414:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10353:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10322:Consciousness
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10301:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10267:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10235:
10230:
10228:
10223:
10221:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10030:
10028:
10023:
10021:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9872:Grimace scale
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9848:
9838:
9837:Low back pain
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9789:Referred pain
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9749:Pain disorder
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9721:Delayed-onset
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9688:
9684:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9624:Head and neck
9622:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9604:
9599:
9597:
9592:
9590:
9585:
9584:
9581:
9569:
9568:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9420:Neurotheology
9418:
9416:
9415:Neurorobotics
9413:
9411:
9410:Neuropolitics
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9375:Neuroethology
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9272:Motor control
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9262:Chronobiology
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9222:Neurovirology
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9114:
9109:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9068:Neurogenetics
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9003:Brain-reading
9001:
8999:
8998:Brain mapping
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8946:
8941:
8939:
8934:
8932:
8927:
8926:
8923:
8912:
8907:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8652:dysregulation
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8600:interpersonal
8598:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8453:in psychology
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8438:consciousness
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8353:
8343:
8340:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8247:Schadenfreude
8243:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8113:Mono no aware
8109:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7965:Joie de vivre
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7934:Gratification
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7862:Embarrassment
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7767:Belongingness
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7645:
7643:
7638:
7636:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7436:
7435:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7367:
7363:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7269:(1): 91–102.
7268:
7264:
7257:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7230:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7065:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7013:
7005:
6998:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6929:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6750:Social Theory
6747:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6507:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6243:(2): e12457.
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5912:Pain Medicine
5909:
5902:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5481:2027.42/73822
5478:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5459:Pain Medicine
5453:
5446:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4680:(9): e24124.
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4450:Zborowski M.
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4212:(2): 88–106.
4211:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3161:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3033:
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1677:experiences.
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455:psychosurgery
453:injection or
452:
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390:
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368:visceral pain
365:
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270:
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11335:Phantom pain
11320:Hyperalgesia
11294:Hypoesthesia
11112:Hearing loss
10933:TRP channels
10910:Osmoreceptor
10877:Photopigment
10801:Baroreceptor
10740:Gravitropism
10712:Frog hearing
10692:Echolocation
10488:Facial (VII)
10199:Baroreceptor
10106:
10071:Light touch
9784:Phantom pain
9769:Hyperalgesia
9764:Chronic pain
9648:(swallowing)
9646:Odynophagia
9609:
9565:
9553:
9501:Neuroimaging
9496:Neurogenesis
9380:Neurohistory
9345:Neurobiotics
9244:neuroscience
9212:Neurosurgery
9137:Epileptology
9119:neuroscience
9088:Neurophysics
9078:Neurometrics
9053:Neurobiology
9048:Neuroanatomy
9018:Connectomics
8952:Neuroscience
8910:
8850:Meta-emotion
8763:Emotionality
8736:responsivity
8684:and bullying
8679:intelligence
8489:Affectivity
8473:neuroscience
8443:in education
8026:
7987:Homesickness
7963:
7889:Enthrallment
7874:Emotion work
7737:Anticipation
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7365:
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7229:
7217:. Retrieved
7213:the original
7204:
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7130:(1): 70–89.
7127:
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7117:
7105:. Retrieved
7080:
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6959:EMBO Reports
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5690:
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5664:. Retrieved
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5630:the original
5620:
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5583:. Retrieved
5579:the original
5568:
5556:. Retrieved
5526:(1): 13–27.
5523:
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5497:. Retrieved
5462:
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5433:. Retrieved
5426:the original
5400:(1): 52–68.
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5333:. Retrieved
5314:
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4984:25 September
4982:. Retrieved
4929:(1): 77–92.
4926:
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4900:. Retrieved
4893:the original
4880:
4876:
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4773:25 September
4771:. Retrieved
4762:
4753:
4743:25 September
4741:. Retrieved
4732:
4722:
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4673:
4663:
4638:
4634:
4628:
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4599:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4573:The Atlantic
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4543:The Atlantic
4542:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4511:
4501:
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4465:
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3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3946:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3905:
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3885:
3856:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3820:
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3767:
3761:
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3079:
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3021:the original
3005:
2998:
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2946:
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2929:. Retrieved
2925:the original
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2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2838:
2834:
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2786:(1): 14–18.
2783:
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2279:
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2219:
2209:
2174:
2170:
2138:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2052:(1): 17–24.
2049:
2045:
1998:(4): 151–4.
1995:
1991:
1981:
1957:(8): 620–7.
1954:
1950:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1909:
1899:
1872:
1866:
1829:
1825:
1788:
1779:
1730:touch-me-not
1719:
1715:
1701:
1683:
1679:
1663:Christianity
1656:
1652:
1636:
1612:drug control
1605:
1596:
1584:
1581:Epidemiology
1576:
1572:osteomalacia
1561:
1556:sham therapy
1541:
1538:
1531:
1518:
1499:
1484:
1470:circumcision
1462:venipuncture
1447:
1445:
1418:
1370:
1339:
1307:chronic pain
1304:
1249:People with
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1215:
1189:
1166:
1149:
1138:Deep somatic
1137:
1126:inflammation
1115:
1111:inflammation
1096:
1066:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1019:
1011:
1001:
984:
978:
955:psychosocial
952:
943:
919:
877:
865:
861:
846:, biologist
841:
839:
823:
814:
810:
788:
772:
770:in the 1965
764:Patrick Wall
758:
747:
724:
669:
665:ion channels
654:
637:Max von Frey
625:
614:Portrait of
601:vital fluids
590:
559:
541:
529:
509:
487:
459:
444:
437:
391:, including
378:
375:Breakthrough
358:
352:
341:
325:
317:Phantom pain
315:
312:Phantom pain
298:
262:
259:Chronic pain
227:
217:
209:
202:
195:
193:
177:
162:
150:
133:
132:
40:
11468:Nociception
11417:Synesthesia
11325:Hypoalgesia
11299:Paresthesia
11284:Formication
11279:CMT disease
11246:Hypergeusia
11069:Visual snow
11044:Photophobia
11039:Papilledema
11029:Oscillopsia
11015:Hemeralopia
10882:Aureochrome
10717:Toad vision
10641:Suffocation
10555:Perceptions
10156:Golgi organ
10130:Temperature
10120:Nociceptors
9994:Cancer pain
9920:Substance P
9905:Nociception
9867:Dolorimeter
9822:Pelvic pain
9779:Hyperpathia
9774:Hypoalgesia
9695:Arthralgia
9677:Pleurodynia
9672:Sore throat
9370:Neuroethics
9217:Neurotology
8778:and culture
8583:recognition
8568:homeostatic
8468:forecasting
8417:Weltschmerz
8390:Misanthropy
8167:grandiosity
8049:Inspiration
8039:Infatuation
8007:Humiliation
7929:Frustration
7802:Contentment
7608:MedlinePlus
7530:(chronic),
7464:‹ The
7428:. 32880005.
7396:Protoplasma
7107:22 December
7033:(1): 5–18.
6508:. iasp-pain
5942:19 February
5499:2 September
4839:11573/97043
3967:18 November
1534:acupuncture
1425:anesthetics
1407:. In 2011,
1377:human right
1279:Self-esteem
1271:neuroticism
1228:Psychogenic
1218:nociception
1206:Nociplastic
1157:Neuropathic
1103:nociceptors
1085:Nociception
1079:Nociceptive
916:Pain ladder
912:Pain scales
779:dorsal horn
657:nociceptors
622:, 1647–1649
597:Hippocrates
385:cancer pain
364:girdle pain
114:psychogenic
11463:Acute pain
11452:Categories
11437:Pareidolia
11392:Allochiria
11375:Multimodal
11256:Parageusia
11251:Hypogeusia
11223:Phantosmia
11203:Hyperosmia
11147:Vestibular
11127:Palinopsia
11087:Amblyaudia
11034:Palinopsia
11019:Nyctalopia
10943:Nociceptor
10750:Artificial
10473:Optic (II)
10304:Perception
10253:Processes
10245:perception
10194:Hair cells
10061:Vibration
9943:Anesthesia
9930:Management
9857:Pain scale
9827:Proctalgia
9731:Neurologic
9631:Eye strain
9531:Neurotoxin
9232:Psychiatry
8855:Pathognomy
8756:well-being
8672:and gender
8667:expression
8662:exhaustion
8647:detachment
8632:competence
8613:Emotional
8595:regulation
8578:perception
8573:in animals
8523:and memory
8459:Affective
8367:Worldviews
8229:melancholy
8214:Resentment
8084:Loneliness
8059:Irritation
8044:Insecurity
8034:Indulgence
7909:Excitement
7894:Enthusiasm
7827:Depression
7787:Confidence
7782:Compassion
7757:Attraction
7682:Admiration
7677:Acceptance
7584:DiseasesDB
7316:: e57258.
6336:: 192808.
5335:3 February
4027:(2): 100.
3926:3 February
2931:12 January
1930:3 February
1804:References
1688:Non-humans
1501:Suggestion
1421:analgesics
1415:Medication
1405:psychiatry
1285:Management
1257:scales of
1240:psychalgia
1194:, painful
1185:funny bone
1181:Peripheral
1074:Mechanisms
1023:medication
980:Non-verbal
969:See also:
906:See also:
902:Assessment
874:Thresholds
633:Henry Head
585:See also:
581:Historical
360:Paraplegia
354:Mirror box
347:hypertonic
337:defecation
328:prevalence
277:idiopathic
200:Old French
121:Medication
108:Physical,
65:wrist pain
11478:Suffering
11233:Gustatory
11185:Olfactory
11049:Photopsia
10995:Amaurosis
10969:Disorders
10862:Cone cell
10781:Types of
10392:Inner ear
10327:Cognition
10317:Awareness
10266:Sensation
10241:Sensation
10081:Pressure
9979:Suffering
9948:Cordotomy
9938:Analgesia
9759:Allodynia
9739:Neuralgia
9703:Bone pain
9654:Toothache
9476:Neurochip
9242:Cognitive
9167:Neurology
8883:appraisal
8823:sociology
8774:Emotions
8746:symbiosis
8731:reasoning
8701:isolation
8642:contagion
8627:blackmail
8553:expressed
8548:evolution
8538:and sleep
8528:and music
8463:computing
8410:Reclusion
8405:Pessimism
8380:Defeatism
8310:Suffering
8256:Sehnsucht
8199:Rejection
8150:self-pity
8125:Nostalgia
8094:limerence
8064:Isolation
8002:Hostility
7959:Happiness
7939:Gratitude
7884:Emptiness
7867:vicarious
7817:Curiosity
7792:Confusion
7732:Annoyance
7712:Amusement
7702:Agitation
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7687:Adoration
7534:(acute),
7371:8 January
7008:cited in
6854:146525156
6194:: a3115.
5666:26 August
5548:219952180
4902:8 January
4819:Neurology
4779:Editorial
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3802:Melzack R
3219:260317729
3071:206055264
2893:cited in
2333:3 & 4
2263:0095-5108
1891:809043366
1671:catharsis
1564:vitamin D
1433:ibuprofen
1397:neurology
1393:physiatry
1027:self-care
826:reflexive
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295:Allodynia
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153:organisms
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11218:Parosmia
11208:Hyposmia
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11137:Tinnitus
11079:Auditory
11054:Polyopia
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5540:11521267
5493:Archived
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5422:18257031
5414:11521272
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4516:Archived
4335:22588748
4299:11354213
4218:17679587
4116:27586827
3961:Archived
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3788:15246335
3753:12387848
3745:12651967
3731:: 1–30.
3620:13576368
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3360:19146872
3311:14104974
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1437:Ketamine
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8224:Sadness
8219:Revenge
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8140:Passion
8130:Outrage
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7980:Hiraeth
7879:Empathy
7857:Ecstasy
7842:Disgust
7812:Cruelty
7807:Courage
7772:Boredom
7752:Arousal
7742:Anxiety
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5753:6485702
5636:7 March
5585:7 March
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5435:7 March
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4944:1810425
4763:Reuters
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4682:Bibcode
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4620:9786377
4583:20 July
4553:20 July
4522:20 July
4438:8480223
4290:1725574
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3992:392–395
3858:7 March
3845:5320816
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2308:"Pain"
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2015:464897
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