140:
days or weeks for players to consider moves or turns and players never run out of opponents to face. If desired, some PBM games can be played for years. Additionally, the complexity of PBM games can be far beyond that allowed by a board game in an afternoon, and pit players against live opponents in these conditions—a challenge some players enjoy. PBM games allow the number of opponents or teams in the dozens—with some previous examples over a thousand players. PBM games also allow gamers to interact with others globally. Games with low turn costs compare well with expensive board or video games. Drawbacks include the price for some PBM games with high setup and/or turn costs, and the lack of the ability for face-to-face roleplaying. Additionally, for some players, certain games can be overly complex, and delays in turn processing can be a negative.
679:
300:
403:
176:
987:
159:. In the 1970s and 1980s, some games involved turn results adjudicated completely by humans. Over time, partial or complete turn adjudication by computer became the norm. Games also involve open- and closed-end variants. Open-ended games do not normally end and players can develop their positions to the fullest extent possible; in closed-end games, players pursue victory conditions until a game conclusion. PBM games enable players to explore a diverse array of roles, such as characters in fantasy or medieval settings,
1224:
861: – once they're over, they're over". Loth notes that most players in closed end games start equally and the games are "faster paced, usually more intense... presenting frequent player confrontation; the game terminates when a player or alliance of players has achieved specific conditions or eliminated all opposition". Townsend stated in 1990 that closed-end games can have as few as ten and as many as eighty turns. Examples of closed-end games are
577:—stated that "most turn-based games are now available by email and online". The online Suspense & Decision Games Index, as of June 2021, listed 72 active PBM, PBEM, and turn-based games. In a multiple-article examination of various online turn-based games in 2004 titled "Turning Digital", Colin Forbes concluded that "the number and diversity of these games has been enough to convince me that turn-based gaming is far from dead".
558:
publishers out of business." The
Internet also enabled PBM to globalize between the 1990s and 2000s. Early PBM professional gaming typically occurred within single countries. In the 1990s, the largest PBM games were licensed globally, with "each country having its own licensee". By the 2000s, a few major PBM firms began operating globally, bringing about "The Globalisation of PBM" according to Sam Roads of
1545:, a PBM game that reviewer Jim Townsend described in 1988 as "the most complex game system on Earth" with some turn results for large positions at 1,000 pages in length. According to Townsend, in those cases there was a significant investment in time to understand what happened on a turn as well as to fill out future turn orders. He said a player without a spreadsheet was "nearly doomed from the outset".
838:
tends to attract players more interested in role-playing, and
Townsend echoes that open-ended games are similar to long-term RPG campaigns. A drawback of this type is that mature games have powerful groups that can pose an unmanageable problem for the beginner – although some may see this situation as a challenge of sorts. Examples of open ended games are
33:
1066:. These sources were solely focused on play-by-mail gaming. Additional PBM information sources included company-specific publications, although Rick Loomis stated that interest was limited to individual companies". Finally, play-by-mail gamers could also draw from "alliances, associations, and senior players" for information.
387:, stated that "recently there has been a rapid diffusion throughout continental Europe where now there are now thousands of players". In 1992, Jon Tindall stated that the number of Australian players was growing, but limited by a relatively small market base. In a 2002 listing of 182 primarily European PBM game publishers and
670:, used email as options for a portion of turn transmittal, with postal service for the remainder. Other games use digital media or web applications to allow players to make turns at speeds faster than postal mail. Given these changes, the term "turn-based games" is now being used by some commentators.
658:
PBM Games vary in the size of the games, turn around time, length of time a game lasts, and prices. An average PBM game has 10–20 players in it, but there are also games that have hundreds of players. Turn around time is the length of time it takes to get your turn back from a company. ... Some games
647:
PBM games can include Combat, Diplomacy, Politics, Exploration, Economics, and Role-Playing, with combat a usual feature and open-ended games typically the most comprehensive. Jim
Townsend identifies the two key figures in PBM games as the players and the moderators, the latter of which are companies
534:
editor in chief expressed concern about disappointing growth in the PBM community and a reduction in play by established gamers. At the same time, he noted that his analysis indicated that more PBM gamers were playing less, giving the example of an average drop from 5–6 games per player to 2–3 games,
139:
Play-by-mail games (which became known as "turn-based games" in the digital age) have a number of advantages and disadvantages compared to other kinds of gaming. PBM games have wide ranges for turn lengths. Some games allow turnaround times of a day or less—even hourly. Other games structure multiple
837:
According to John Kevin Loth III, open-ended games do not end and there is no final objective or way to win the game. Jim
Townsend adds that, "players come and go, powers grow and diminish, alliances form and dissolve and so forth". Since surviving, rather than winning, is primary, this type of game
780:
Eric Stehle, owner and operator of Empire Games in 1997, stated that some games cannot be won alone and require diplomacy. He suggested considering the following diplomatic points during gameplay: (1) "Know Your
Neighbors", (2) "Make Sure Potential Allies Share Your Goals", (3) "Be A Good Ally", (4)
663:
The earliest PBM games were played using the postal services of the respective countries. In 1990, the average turn-around time for a turn was 2–3 weeks. However, in the 1990s, email was introduced to PBM games. This was known as play-by-email (PBEM). Some games used email solely, while others, such
713:
that the complexity of PBM games is much higher than other types on the average. He noted that PBM games at the extreme high end can have a thousand or more players as well as thousands of units to manage, while turn printouts can range from a simple one-page result to hundreds of pages (with three
557:
affected the PBM world in various ways. Rick Loomis stated in 1999 that, "With the growth of the
Internet, seems to have shrunk and a lot of companies dropped out of the business in the last 4 or 5 years." Shannon Appelcline agreed, noting in 2014 that, "The advent of the Internet knocked most PBM
491:
Paul Brown, the president of
Reality Simulations, Inc., estimated in 1988 that there were about 20,000 steady play-by-mail gamers, with potentially another 10–20,000 who tried PBM gaming but did not stay. Flying Buffalo Inc. conducted a survey of 167 of its players in 1984. It indicated that 96% of
802:
Jim
Townsend noted in 1990 that hundreds of PBM games were available, ranging from "all science fiction and fantasy themes to such exotics as war simulations (generally more complex world war games than those which wargamers play), duelling games, humorous games, sports simulations, etc". In 1993,
363:
magazine warning those thinking of entering the professional PBM field of the importance of playtesting games to mitigate the risk of failure. By the late 1980s, of the more than one hundred play-by-mail companies operating, the majority were hobbies, not run as businesses to make money. Townsend
107:
pioneered the first commercially available PBM game in 1970. A small number of PBM companies followed in the 1970s, with an explosion of hundreds of startup PBM companies in the 1980s at the peak of PBM gaming popularity, many of them small hobby companies—more than 90 percent of which eventually
776:
article echoed this advice, recommending that players get to know their opponents. He also recommended asking direct questions of opponents on their future intentions, as their responses, true or false, provide useful information. However, he advises players to be truthful in PBM diplomacy, as a
603:
Judith
Proctor noted that play-by-mail games have a number of advantages. These include (1) plenty of time—potentially days—to plan a move, (2) never lacking players to face who have "new tactics and ideas", (3) the ability to play an "incredibly complex" game against live opponents, (4) meeting
351:
In the late 70's and all of the 80's, many small PBM firms have opened their doors and better than 90% of them have failed. Although PBM is an easy industry to get into, staying in business is another thing entirely. Literally hundreds of PBM companies have come and gone, most of them taking the
638:
Greenberg identified a number of drawbacks for play-by-mail games. He stated that the clearest was the cost, because most games require a setup cost and a fee per turn, and some games can become expensive. Another drawback is the lack of face-to-face interaction inherent in play-by-mail games.
319:
game in the United States in approximately 1971, Rick Loomis suggested that he run the game in the UK with Flying
Buffalo providing the computer moderation. ICBM Games led the industry in the UK as a result of this proxy method of publishing Flying Buffalo's PBM games, along with KJC games and
323:
In the early 1980s, the field of PBM players was growing. Individual PBM game moderators were plentiful in 1980. However, the PBM industry in 1980 was still nascent: there were still only two sizable commercial PBM companies, and only a few small ones. The most popular PBM games of 1980 were
977:
Game turns can be processed simultaneously or serially. In simultaneously processed games, the publisher processes turns from all players together according to an established sequence. In serial-processed games, turns are processed when received within the determined turn processing window.
634:
noted in 2005 that "It's normal to play these ... games with international firms and a global player base. Games have been designed that can involve large numbers of players – much larger than can gather for face-to-face gaming." Finally, some PBM games can be played for years, if desired.
890:
In the 1980s, PBM companies began using computers to moderate games. This was in part for economic reasons, as computers allowed the processing of more turns than humans, but with less of a human touch in the prose of a turn result. According to John Kevin Loth III, one hundred percent
429:
to publish turn results. The 1980s were also noteworthy in that PBM games designed and published in this decade were written specifically for the genre versus adapted from other existing games. Thus they tended to be more complicated and gravitated toward requiring computer assistance.
828:
indicates an unusual role as players struggle "in a 3D pool of primordial ooze the evolution of a legion of micro-organisms". Loth advises that closer identification with a role increases enjoyment, but prioritizing this aspect requires more time searching for the right PBM game.
692:
After the initial setup of a PBM game, players begin submitting turn orders. In general, players fill out an order sheet for a game and return it to the gaming company. The company processes the orders and sends back turn results to the players so they can make subsequent moves.
718:
with its 100-page instruction manual and 255 possible orders. A.D. Young stated in 1982 that computers could assist PBM gamers in various ways including accounting for records, player interactions, and movements, as well as computation or analysis specific to individual games.
414:
PBM games up to the 1980s came from multiple sources: some were adapted from existing games and others were designed solely for postal play. In 1985, Pete Tamlyn stated that most popular games had already been attempted in postal play, noting that none had succeeded as well as
1164:
magazine stated in 1994 that it had begun carrying a 16-page PBM section. This section, called "Post Marque", was discontinued after the March/April 1995 issue (#18), after which PBM coverage was integrated into other magazine sections. In its January–February 1995 issue,
286:. Schubel & Son introduced fee structure innovations which allowed players to pay for additional options or special actions outside of the rules. For players with larger bankrolls, this provided advantages and the ability to game the system. The next big entrant was
891:
computer-moderated games would also kill a player's character or empire emotionlessly, regardless of the effort invested. Alternatively, Loth noted that those preferring exquisite pages of prose would gravitate toward one hundred percent human moderation. Loth provided
487:
In 1984, the PBM industry created a Play-by-Mail Association. This organization had multiple charter members by early 1985 and was holding elections for key positions. One of its proposed functions was to reimburse players who lost money after a PBM business failed.
764:
assistant editor Jim Townsend, "The most important aspect of PBM games is the diplomacy. If you don't communicate with the other players you will be labeled a 'loner', 'mute', or just plain 'dead meat'. You must talk with the others to survive". The editors of
356:
Townsend emphasized the risks for the PBM industry in that "The new PBM company has such a small chance of surviving that no insurance company would write a policy to cover them. Skydivers are a better risk." W.G. Armintrout wrote a 1982 article in
433:
The proliferation of PBM companies in the 1980s supported the publication of a number of newsletters from individual play-by-mail companies as well as independent publications which focused solely on the play-by-mail gaming industry. As of 1983,
659:
never end. They can go on virtually forever or until you decide to drop. Many games have victory conditions that can be achieved within a year or two. Prices vary for the different PBM games, but the average price per turn is about $ 5.00.
777:
reputation for honesty is useful in the long-term. Chapman notes that "everything is negotiable" and advises players to "Keep your plans flexible, your options open – don't commit yourself, or your forces, to any long term strategy".
499:
The 1990s brought changes to the PBM world. In the early 1990s, trending PBM games increased in complexity. In this period, email also became an option to transmit turn orders and results. These are called play-by-email (PBEM) games.
952:
stated that the average turn processing time in 1987 was two weeks, and Loth noted that this was also the most common. Some companies offered longer turnaround times for overseas players or other reasons. In 1985, the publisher for
512:
stated in 2005 that "play-by-mail games are often called turn-based games now that most of them are played via the internet". In the 2023 issues of Suspense & Decision, the publisher used the term "Turn Based Distance Gaming".
696:
R. Danard further separates a typical PBM turn into four parts. First, the company informs players on the results of the last turn. Next players conduct diplomatic activities, if desired. Then, they send their next turns to the
1278:
John W. Kelly, Jr. and Mike Scheid also noted that Jim Dutton "decided to write a short story for each turn and the narrative game was born". Kelley and Scheid did not identify the timeframe or which company Dutton worked
347:, which became "immensely popular". In the same way, many people launched PBM companies, trying their hand at finding the right mix of action and strategy for the gaming audience of the period. According to Jim Townsend:
1191:
Besides articles and reviews on PBM games, authors have also published PBM fiction articles according to Shannon Muir. An early example called "Scapegoat" by Mike Horn appeared in the May–June 1984 issue of
936:
noted that there were games with a mix of computer and hand moderation, where games "would have the numbers run by the computer and special actions in the game would receive attention from the game master".
1447:
This selection does not include two listed U.S. Zines, nor does it account for countries of PBM game publishers with no listed physical address—only a web address with a .com-based URL. In a 1995 issue of
456:
first issue was published in the United States. In the mid-1980s, general gaming magazines also began carrying articles on PBM and ran PBM advertisements. PBM games were featured in magazines like
803:
Steve Pritchard described PBM game types as ancient wargames, diplomacy games, fantasy wargames, power games, roleplaying games, and sports games. Some PBM games defy easy categorization, such as
508:. One publisher in 2002 called PBM games "Interactive Strategy Games". Turn around time ranges for modern PBM games are wide enough that PBM magazine editors now use the term "turn-based games".
421:. Tamlyn added that there was significant experimentation in adapting games to postal play at the time and that most games could be played by mail. These adapted games were typically run by a
790:
205:
manages the game, receiving moves and publishing adjudications. According to Shannon Appelcline, there was some PBM play in the 1960s, but not much. For example, some wargamers began playing
143:
Play-by-mail games are multifaceted. In their earliest form they involved two players mailing each other directly by postal mail, such as in correspondence chess. Multi-player games, such as
530:
stated that "For the past several years, PBM gaming has increased in popularity." That year, there were a few hundred PBM games available for play globally. However, in 1994, David Webber,
960:
In 1986, play-by-email was a nascent service only being offered by the largest PBM companies. By the 1990s, players had more options for online play-by-mail games. For example, in 1995,
228:, which launched in 1970. This began the professional PBM industry in the United States. Professional game moderation started in 1971 at Flying Buffalo which added games such as
624:, costing $ 189. Andrew Greenberg pointed to the high number of players possible in a PBM game, comparing it to his past failure at attempting once to host a live eleven-player
714:
to seven as the average). According to John Kevin Loth, "Novices should appreciate that some games are best played by veterans." In 1986, he highlighted the complexity of
535:
suggesting it could be due to financial reasons. In early 1997, David Webber stated that multiple PBM game moderators had noted a drop in players over the previous year.
1063:
878:
Companies in the early 1990s also offered games with both open- and closed-ended versions. Additionally, games could have elements of both versions; for example, in
735:
287:
296:
in 1978. Reviewer Jim Townsend asserted that it was "the most complex game system on Earth" with some large position turn results 1,000 pages in length.
945:
Loth noted that, in 1986, $ 3–5 per turn was the most prevalent cost. At the time, some games were free, while others cost as much as $ 100 per turn.
5093:
818:. These include "trader, fighter, explorer, diplomat". Roles range from pirates to space characters to "previously unknown creatures". In the game
1204:, and Chris Harvey's "It Was the Only Thing He Could Do...", about a conglomeration of PBM games. Simon Williams, the gamemaster of the PBM game
1429:
Roads did not give an exact year, but discussed a period prior to widespread use of email when PBM players used telephones to conduct diplomacy.
195:
are among the oldest examples of this. In these two-player games, players sent moves directly to each other. Multi-player games emerged later:
911:
is an example of a game where the company transitioned from human- to computer-moderated to mitigate issues related to a growing player base.
4177:
Mills, Craig William (July–August 1994). "How Will You Keep Them Down on the Farm? Or Why My Mail Fix Doesn't Thrill Me the Way it Used To".
341:
5190:
914:
In 1984, there was a shift toward mixed moderation—human moderated games with computer-moderated aspects such as combat. Examples included
312:
678:
5059:
569:—which began publication in November 2013. The PBM genre has also morphed from its original postal mail format with the onset of the
5076:
4616:
4050:
3407:
376:
similarly assessed the state of the PBM industry in its early days while also noting the existence of few non-English companies.
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estimated that, in 1988, there were about a dozen profitable PBM companies in the United States—with an additional few in the
6327:
5533:
5326:
6127:
5519:
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in the U.S. were out of print. John Kevin Loth identified that, in 1986, the "three major information sources in PBM" were
379:
By the 1980s, interest in PBM gaming in Europe increased. The first UK PBM convention was in 1986. In 1993, the founder of
1629:
The editor, Bob Bost, noted that this magazine had mainly Simcoarum Games-related content, but also some broader PBM news.
5431:
5287:
867:
335:
Some players, unhappy with their experiences with Schubel & Son and Superior Simulations, launched their own company—
3921:
1334:
magazine published their 1980 Game Survey results, listing the following PBM games in order of reader ranking from 1–9:
516:
In the early 1990s, the PBM industry still maintained some of the player momentum from the 1980s. For example, in 1993,
402:
183:
The earliest play-by-mail games developed as a way for geographically separated gamers to compete with each other using
6605:
6377:
5933:
5438:
961:
820:
795:
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entries, to include one each from Austria and France, six from Germany, one from Greece, and one from the Netherlands.
151:
who receives and processes orders and adjudicates turn results for players. These games also introduced the element of
4958:
1073:
began a regular PBM column beginning in issue #11 as well as publishing an annual PBM issue beginning with issue #16.
4477:
Popolizio, Mike; LeBlanc, Liz; Popolizio, Marti (January–February 1990). "Revamping a Classic! The Redesign of BSE".
701:(GM). Finally, the turns are processed and the cycle is repeated. This continues until the game or a player is done.
6355:
6120:
6113:
5699:
5512:
5484:
5403:
5183:
4934:
4099:
1517:
Jim Townsend stated in 1990 that PBM game participation at the high end could involve more than a thousand players.
922:
1319:"first annual survey of play-by-mail companies" stated that "ndividual moderators are much too numerous to list".
824:, players assume the role of a monster which explores a massive island (see image). And the title of the PBM game
299:
5677:
5273:
1032:
463:
6390:
5955:
5778:
5477:
5470:
5418:
1387:
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also carried PBM articles and reviews. Additional minor information sources included gaming magazines such as "
229:
4270:
6397:
6229:
6141:
5319:
1303:, stated in June 2021 that, "gamers have hated pay-to-win mechanics since the 1970s, when serious players of
17:
639:
Finally, game complexity in some cases and occasional turn processing delays can be negatives in the genre.
6383:
6187:
5969:
5684:
3663:
882:, an open-ended PBM game published by Graaf Simulations, a player could win by accumulating 50,000 points.
1641:
also stated in its January–February 1995 issue that Shadis's "Post Marque" section was about to be closed.
1127:, which closed in 1985, also featured PBM games. Other PBM magazines in the late 1980s in the UK included
604:
diverse gamers from far-away locations, and (5) relatively low costs. In 2019, Rick McDowell, designer of
273:
For approximately five years, Flying Buffalo was the single dominant company in the US PBM industry until
6615:
6610:
6236:
6215:
5948:
5743:
5596:
5561:
5425:
5176:
781:"Coordinate Carefully With Your Allies", (5) "Be A Vicious Enemy", and (6) "Fight One Enemy At A Time".
6574:
6511:
6194:
6064:
5035:
5024:
5013:
1237:
1001:
436:
132:. These magazines eventually went out of print, replaced in the 21st century by the online PBM journal
110:
6595:
6209:
5898:
5604:
5589:
5044:
Myers, David (November 1982). "The Worm: Or, Why Do I Doubt It? Because I Keep My Own Promises...".
4379:
4329:
175:
6000:
5610:
5498:
4990:
Armintrout, W.G. (November 1982). "The Great Buffalo Hunt: Heroic Fantasy vs. Catacombs of Chaos".
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was available to play with hourly turns. In the 21st century, many games of this genre are called
6625:
6620:
6446:
6292:
6264:
6044:
4260:
Muir, Shannon (September–October 1994). "PBM Fiction: Why Write It, Why Read It, Who Needs It?".
1360:
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ran into the 21st century, but ceased publication in 2010. In November 2013, online PBM journal
565:
By 2014 the PBM community had shrunk compared to previous decades. A single PBM magazine exists—
6405:
6202:
4355:
3845:
Greenberg, Andrew (May–June 1993). "PBM Corner: A Beginning in Play-By-Mail; Is It Worth It?".
3823:
Gray, Mike (April 1983). "The PBM Scene: Facts You Can Use When YOU Choose What Game to Play".
1096:
99:
3911:
Helzer, Herb (January–February 1993). "Monster Island: Just One Destination for PBM Company".
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5912:
5849:
5692:
1114:
626:
593:
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Kelly, Jr, John W.; Scheid, Mike (May–June 1985). "Prehistoric PBM: First World in Review".
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PBM commentator Patrick Rogers stated that PBM popularity was highest in the US at the time.
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5843:
5835:
5341:
4909:
4563:
4445:
3888:
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Freitas, Werner (August–September 1990). "PBM Corner: Role Playing in Play-by-Mail Games".
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in 1984. In the early 1990s, Martin Popp also began publishing a quarterly PBM magazine in
206:
90:
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8:
6553:
6489:
6149:
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4624:
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Rodgers, Patrick M. (January–February 1995). "Post Marque Special Play-By-Mail Section".
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3788:
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1038:
850:. Townsend noted in 1990 that some open-ended games had been in play for up to a decade.
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447:
282:
224:
219:
128:
104:
5094:"Small Starts: A Look into a 1980s Play-by-Mail Magazine—the Nuts & Bolts of Gaming"
4755:
Townsend, Jim (January–February 1987). "How to Win in PBM—An Organizational Viewpoint".
587:"PBM games blow the doors off of anything in the face-to-face or computer game market."
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1984 article on the prospects of PBEM with assembled evidence from PBM figures such as
4061:
3418:
1541:
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magazine's webpage lists its most recent issue (No. 130) with a copyright date of 2010.
1404:
730:
724:
336:
292:
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3459:
Browning, Joey (November–December 1993). "Firebreather: High Quality, Low Challenge".
738:' had four difficulty levels: easy, moderate, hard, and difficult, with games such as
6630:
6460:
6348:
6286:
6258:
5811:
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5214:
4586:
Rodgers, Patrick M. (September 1993). "Welcome to the World of Play-by-Mail Gaming".
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3825:
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1108:
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In the mid-1980s, other gaming magazines also began venturing into PBM. For example,
815:
615:
32:
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Derbacher, C.L. (1983). "PBM Game Players: Who Are They? What Games Do They Play?".
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103:
has been played by mail since 1963, introducing a multi-player aspect to PBM games.
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6533:
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stated that it was the only German-language PBM magazine. In its March 1992 issue,
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986:
417:
274:
197:
116:
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folded. A number of independent PBM magazines also started in the 1980s, including
4890:
Young, A.D. (September 1982). "Deus Ex Machina: Utility Programs for PBM Gamers".
4051:"Letter from Rick Loomis to the Play By Mail/Email/Web/Turn Based Games Community"
1138:
In the early 1990s, Martin Popp also began publishing a quarterly PBM magazine in
222:, began a number of multi-player play-by-mail games; these included games such as
6543:
6440:
6072:
5749:
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Early reviews of one game each by two of the larger PBM publishers of the period.
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1009:) was the first PBM magazine not published by a PBM company. The name changed to
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in which participants can discuss gameplay with each other, strategize, and form
4597:
Rodgers, Patrick M. (July–August 1994). "Welcome to Play-by-Mail (PBM) Gaming".
4271:"Using Play By Mail in a Novel's Plot: The Story Behind for the Love of Airagos"
4137:"What's Your Game? Top Tier Episodic Strategy Game (PBEM) Design Considerations"
3395:
Armintrout, W.G. (January–February 1984). "A Gentle Art: Human-Moderated PBMs".
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5721:
5568:
5397:
4836:
Proctor, Judith (March–April 1993). "PBM Corner: Not Just for a Dull Evening".
4421:
Paduch, Sally (June 27, 1993). "Email Brings Immediacy to Play-By-Mail Games".
3536:
1462:
1370:
1299:
1196:
magazine. Examples include "A Loaf of Bread" by Suzanna Y. Snow about the game
1026:
744:
457:
396:
365:
236:
4026:
3572:
6589:
6223:
6163:
6093:
5871:
5632:
5333:
4935:"Be More than a Player: Learning by Teaching in SuperNova & Middle-Earth"
3562:
Dias, Dan (December 1997 – January 1998). "Bring Me the Head of Paul Brown".
1595:
164:
86:
37:
5153:
4402:
3369:
Designers & Dragons: The 70s: A History of the Roleplaying Game Industry
1452:, its "Galactic View" list of PBM game companies listed a Brazilian company.
6504:
6426:
6412:
6314:
5940:
5785:
5645:
5527:
5221:
4966:
3439:
1563:
1410:
1342:
1229:
992:
769:
add that "The interaction with other players is what makes PBM enjoyable."
684:
666:
650:
538:
By the end of the 1990s, the number of PBM publications had also declined.
442:
122:
3553:
Dag Weber Briefspiele (January–February 1995). "You Still Have to Wait!".
1223:
957:
scheduled three month turn processing times after a break in operations.
682:
Example player orders in email format for a portion of a turn in the game
452:
began publication in the United Kingdom in October 1983, the month before
440:
was the primary magazine in this market. In July 1983, the first issue of
6454:
6156:
5313:
5281:
4437:
1382:
1336:
854:
654:—a magazine for play-by-mail gamers—described play-by-mail games thusly:
648:
that charge "turn fees" to players—the cost for each game turn. In 1993,
611:
570:
526:
magazine that the United States had over 300 PBM games. And in 1993, the
446:
was published. The first issue was a newsletter with a print run of 100.
384:
256:
215:
202:
184:
160:
148:
5117:
3647:
520:
listed 185 active play-by-mail games. Patrick M. Rodgers also stated in
163:, inner city gangs, or more unusual ones such as assuming the role of a
5962:
4126:
McClain, Bob (May–June 1985). "The Rise and Fall of Gaming Universal".
3376:
1247:
734:
began simply and gradually increased in complexity. As of August 2021,
698:
505:
492:
its players were male with most in their 20s and 30s. Nearly half were
422:
201:
is an early example of this type, emerging in 1963, in which a central
5057:
4686:"Suspense and Decision Magazine: A PBM Magazine for the 21st Century!"
4670:"Suspense and Decision Magazine: A PBM Magazine for the 21st Century!"
618:, with many of the latter going for about $ 70, and a top-rated game,
496:
workers, 28% were students, and the remainder engineers and military.
6548:
6370:
6335:
6321:
6251:
6107:
6100:
5878:
5857:
5715:
5625:
5464:
5228:
5168:
5136:
5002:
Brown, Jean (January–February 1991). "What is Play-By-Mail Gaming?".
4542:
1013:
and it eventually went out of print. In 1983, the U.S. PBM magazines
928:
369:
192:
152:
94:
4669:
3597:
DuBois, Steven (January–February 1997). "Monster Island: A Review".
1504:
final issue had been previously published without providing a date.
6468:
6300:
5976:
5235:
5060:"Paper Mayhem: A Critical Resource During the Heyday of PBM Gaming"
4764:
Townsend, Jim (March–April 1987). "A Real Look at Heroic Fantasy".
4660:
Stehle, Eric (May–June 1997). "Play-By-Mail Diplomacy Strategies".
4337:
1025:
in the UK. Also in 1983, PBM games were featured in magazines like
971:
554:
156:
406:
List of PBM Game Ratings from the November–December 1993 issue of
6419:
5457:
5249:
5077:"Flagship Magazine: Spanning Two Millenia of Play-by-Mail Gaming"
4809:
Townsend, Jim (June–July 1990). "PBM Corner: PBM For Beginners".
4486:
Pritchard, Steve (May 1993). "There's No Way I'm Playing That!".
1354:
606:
426:
315:
with a company called ICBM. After Harvey played Flying Buffalo's
242:
42:
4016:
Loomis, Rick (July–August 1985). "Rick Loomis on Play-By-Mail".
3525:. No. 16. White Wolf Publishing. June–July 1989. p. 1.
1581:
Games with unusual player types have mixed success in PBM, with
6433:
5927:
5793:
4588:
3922:"Remember When Multiplayer Gaming Needed Envelopes and Stamps?"
3490:
Capps, Jon (January–February 2023). "Suspense & Decision".
3479:
Browning, Joey (January–February 1995). "The Spokesmen Speak".
1160:
907:
as one hundred percent human-moderated examples of the period.
728:
was "the most complex game system on Earth". Other games, like
522:
5137:"Suspense & Decision: A PBM Magazine for the 21st Century"
4704:
Tamlyn, Pete (Spring 1985). "Adapting Games for Postal Play".
3664:"Flagship: The Independent Magazine for Gamers; Issue 130 PDF"
546:
ceased publication unexpectedly in 1998 after Webber's death.
476:. The PBM genre's two preeminent magazines of the period were
27:
Games played through postal mail, email or other digital media
5983:
5022:
Derbacher, C.L. (1983). "What Makes a PBM Gamemaster Tick?".
3716:
Flagship Editors (Summer 1985). "The Gaming Universal Fold".
1438:
Flagship listed 19 Australian PBM companies in the same year.
1348:
580:
259:
is generally recognized as the founder of the PBM industry."
188:
82:
4872:
Webber, David (March–April 1997). "Where We're Heading...".
4516:
3606:
Editors (July–August 1985). "Rick Loomis on Play-By-Mail ".
1269:(TBGs) that evolved from the PBM genre are a subset of TBGs.
1119:
magazines provided PBM coverage along with Flying Buffalo's
999:
Rick Loomis of Flying Buffalo Games stated in 1985 that the
4321:
Games Mastership: How to Design and Run a Play-By-Mail Game
4190:"An Open Invitation To the Player Base of Turn-Based Games"
4007:
Loomis, Rick (October 1984). "Survey Results from FBQ#49".
3949:
Kaiser, Mark (November–December 1983). "Behind the Lines".
3736:
Flagship Editors (January–February 1995). "Galactic View".
3384:
Armintrout, W.G. (September 1982). "Playtesting Your PBM".
388:
78:
74:
5118:"Play by Email (PBeM) & Play by Mail (PBM) List Index"
4845:
Webber, David (July–August 1987). "Where We're Heading…".
3468:
Browning, Joey (July–August 1994). "The Spokesmen Speak".
5058:
Spencer, David and Shannon Muir Broden (April 16, 2021).
4089:
Loth III, John Kevin (March–April 1986). "A PBM Primer".
4080:
Loth III, John Kevin (March–April 1986). "A PBM Primer".
3834:
Gray, Mike (April 1985). "PBM Update: News & Views".
814:
Play-by-mail games also provide a wide array of possible
504:
reported in 1992 that they knew of 40 PBM gamemasters on
4854:
Webber, David (March–April 1988). "Where We're Headed".
4651:
Snow, Suzanne Y. (March–April 1995). "A Loaf of Bread".
3993:
Play by Email (PBeM) & Play by Mail (PBM) List Index
3973:
Play by Email (PBeM) & Play by Mail (PBM) List Index
2406:
2404:
2238:
2236:
311:
Chris Harvey started the commercial PBM industry in the
1539:
Vern Holford, owner of Superior Simulations, developed
4827:
Paper Mayhem (January–February 1993). "Front Matter".
4722:
Thomas, Cameron (March 1992). "Warriors and Wizards".
4504:
Proctor, Judith (March 1992). "You Bash the Balrog!".
4495:
Proctor, Judith (March–April 1993). "The PBM Corner".
3516:. No. 11. White Wolf Publishing. 1988. p. 2.
2521:
2519:
2265:
2263:
1212:
about the possibility of writing a PBM fiction novel.
3628:
Editors (September–October 1985). "PBM News Briefs".
3437:
Bennett, Dave (March–April 1995). "Dark Beginnings".
2401:
2233:
610:, compared PBM costs favorably with the high cost of
5050:
Fiction article about a space-based PBM game called
4863:
Webber, David (Mar–Apr 1994). "Where We're Headed".
3792:. No. 99. October–November 2002. pp. 50–51
1288:
Schubel and Son first entered the PBM field in 1974.
1219:
278:
247:
5011:Cate III, Henry (1983). "Starting a PBM Business".
4468:Pehr, Ronald (November 1980). "Fantasies By Mail".
2516:
2260:
1169:editor noted that their "main European competitor"
899:as popular computer-moderated examples in 1986 and
4903:. No. 68. September–October 1994. p. 42.
4733:Tindall, Jon (March 1992). "The Spokesmen Speak".
4315:Interview with John C. Muir, long-time PBM author.
3854:Harvey, Chris (Spring 1984). "The Future of PBM".
3617:Editors (April 1981). "1980 Game Survey Results".
3494:. No. 23. Talisman Consulting. p. Cover.
1500:, noted in its November 2013 inaugural issue that
885:
853:Townsend states that "closed-ended games are like
4800:Townsend, Jim (February 1989). "The PBM Corner".
4534:The Journal of the PBM Gamer: What is PBM Gaming?
3775:. No. 26. September–October 1987. p. 1.
3499:Chapman, Rob (Winter 1983). "How to Win at PBM".
147:or more complex games available today, involve a
6587:
4592:. No. 9. The Alderac Group. pp. 40–42.
4027:"The History of Play-by-Mail and Flying Buffalo"
3725:Flagship Editors (March 1992). "Galactic View".
3637:Editors (May–June 1995). "The Spokesmen Speak".
3261:
3259:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1465:began a "Best PBM Game" category in this period.
940:
3818:(7th ed.). Paper Mayhem. 1993. p. 21.
3448:Bost, Bob (March 1992). "The Spokesmen Speak".
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1037:in 1984 as well as Australia's gaming magazine
246:, and others, which by the late 1980s were all
179:Postcard for international correspondence chess
5151:
4536:(7th ed.). Paper Mayhem. 1993. p. 4.
4293:Muir, Shannon; Muir, John C. (November 2001).
3592:(4th ed.). Paper Mayhem. 1990. p. 3.
3463:. No. 46 (U.S. ed.). pp. 13–14.
2623:
2621:
2619:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
1683:
1681:
807:, which Joey Browning, the editor of the U.S.
784:
752:—a military strategy game—rated as difficult.
5184:
4944:. No. 19. playbymail.net. pp. 35–40
4601:. No. 14. The Alderac Group. p. 91.
4113:. No. 18. playbymail.net. pp. 42–43
3454:. No. 36 (U.S. ed.). pp. 9–12.
3256:
2986:
2316:
2314:
1927:
1925:
1834:
1832:
1819:
1817:
5115:
4818:"TSG Surveys: Play-By-Mail Game Companies".
4728:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. pp. 21–24.
4717:. No. 85. July–August 1997. p. 27.
4247:. No. 1. PlayByMail.net. pp. 29–34
3809:. No. 6. May–June 1984. pp. 18–20.
3742:. No. 53. U.S. Edition. pp. 48–50.
3102:
3100:
3098:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1729:
1599:(as a computer) proving unsuccessful, while
6180:
5028:. Vol. 3, no. 16. pp. 26–27.
5017:. Vol. 3, no. 14. pp. 16–17.
4319:Mulholland, Carol; Mulholland, Ken (1989).
2797:
2795:
2616:
2589:
2567:
2565:
2331:
2329:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1678:
832:
811:described as a "Fantasy Exploration" game.
277:entered the field in roughly 1976 with the
5191:
5177:
4929:Magazine date: December–January 2003/2004.
4881:Woods, John (October 1989). "PBM Update".
4512:Article about PBM on email and Compuserve.
4214:"Hyborian War: A Mindblowing Experience?!"
4183:. No. 50. U.S. Edition. pp. 4–5.
3474:. No. 50. U.S. Edition. pp. 6–9.
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2715:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2311:
2050:
2048:
1956:
1922:
1861:
1859:
1829:
1814:
1496:Charles Mosteller, the editor in chief of
1328:In their April 1981 issue, the editors of
1200:, "Dark Beginnings" by Dave Bennett about
581:Advantages and disadvantages of PBM gaming
573:. In 2010, Carol Mulholland—the editor of
214:In the early 1970s, in the United States,
5032:
5021:
4959:"The Suspense & Decision Games Index"
4822:. No. 33. November 1980. p. 13.
4158:"Play By Mail: The Infancy of Cyberspace"
3940:Horn, Mike (May–June 1984). "Scapegoat".
3095:
2773:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2221:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1937:
1876:
1874:
266:The Editors of Space Gamer Magazine, 1985
5010:
4791:Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner".
4782:Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner".
4773:Townsend, Jim (1988). "The PBM Corner".
4750:. No. 35. January 1992. p. 14.
4739:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. p. 12.
4646:. No. 55. U.S. Edition. p. 47.
4510:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. p. 37.
4223:. No. 1. PlayByMail.net. p. 24
4060:. No. 2. p. 38. Archived from
3731:. No. 36. U.S. Edition. p. 54.
3692:Flagship Editors (February–March 2005).
3557:. No. 53. U.S. Edition. p. 29.
3417:. No. 2. p. 16. Archived from
2792:
2562:
2326:
2091:
2060:
2028:
1666:
985:
788:
677:
401:
298:
174:
31:
5091:
5074:
5039:. Vol. 3, no. 17. p. 15.
4389:. No. 130. TimePatterns. p. 3
3747:Forbes, Colin (October–November 2004).
3485:. No. 53. U.S. Edition. p. 7.
2998:
2543:
2045:
1856:
1655:
709:Jim Townsend stated in a 1990 issue of
14:
6588:
5993:
5198:
2692:
2132:
1881:Popolizio, Leblanc, and Popolizio 1990
1871:
1307:dropped hundreds of dollars on turns".
981:
352:money of would-be-customers with them.
5172:
5043:
5001:
4562:Roads, Sam (September–October 2003).
4430:Palmer, Nicky (Autumn 1984). "PBEM".
3989:"PBM / PBEM List Index: Closed-Ended"
2275:
542:final publication run ended in 1988.
4623:. The PBM Locomotive. Archived from
4519:. Rick Loomis PBM Games. August 2021
4446:"Flagship 100: A Founder's Memories"
4236:Mosteller, Charles (November 2013).
4212:Mosteller, Charles (November 2013).
722:Reviewer Jim Townsend asserted that
5075:Spencer, David (4 September 2022).
4691:. www.playbymail.net. November 2013
24:
6378:Star Trek: The Correspondence Game
4983:
4640:Shadis (May–June 1995). "Shadis".
4295:"Thoughts on the Evolution of PBM"
1208:in 2004, also wrote an article in
772:Commentator Rob Chapman in a 1983
25:
6642:
5109:
4933:Zachary, Raven (September 2019).
4380:"In this Issue... (Front matter)"
4102:Is the Future of this Hobby Past?
4965:. playbymail.net. Archived from
4957:Zachary, Raven (June 27, 2021).
4908:Williams, Simon (January 2004).
4615:Saligari (July–September 1993).
4188:Mosteller, Charles (June 2014).
3863:Harvey, Chris (April–May 2003).
3406:Babcock, Chris (December 2013).
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
1632:
1623:
1610:
1575:
1548:
1222:
793:Example character from the game
97:were among the first PBM games.
5116:Greg Lindahl (10 August 2020).
4269:Muir, Shannon (December 2013).
4100:"Why Should We Care About PBM?
3359:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2645:
2633:
2577:
2531:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2416:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2299:
2287:
2248:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2120:
2108:
2079:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1844:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1607:enjoyed more favorable results.
1533:
1530:had over 1,800 players in 2001.
1520:
1511:
1490:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1322:
1310:
1291:
1282:
1272:
886:Computer versus human moderated
550:also later ceased publication.
307:could be 1,000 pages in length.
5419:Victory! The Battle for Europe
5048:. No. 57. pp. 12–15.
4894:. No. 55. pp. 36–37.
4813:. No. 21. pp. 18–19.
4490:. No. 43. pp. 31–32.
4444:Palmer, Nicky (January 2003).
4264:. No. 68. pp. 29–30.
4156:McLain, Bob (August 1, 1993).
4130:. No. 74. pp. 38–39.
4098:McDowell, Rick (August 2019).
4049:Loomis, Rick (December 2013).
4020:. No. 75. pp. 35–36.
3840:. No. 96. pp. 38–41.
3829:. No. 72. pp. 30–36.
3758:. No. 110. pp. 14–15
3443:. No. 71. pp. 57–58.
3401:. No. 67. pp. 42–43.
3390:. No. 55. pp. 31–32.
3203:Post & Play Unlimited 1995
1766:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1616:The magazine was published in
1474:The magazine was published in
1260:
1243:Play-by-post role-playing game
990:Logo of play-by-mail magazine
642:
13:
1:
6601:History of role-playing games
4481:. No. 40. pp. 8–10.
4434:. No. 4. pp. 23–24.
3953:. No. 1. pp. 25–26.
3944:. No. 6. pp. 13–14.
3887:Harvey, Chris (Summer 1984).
3805:"Gameline News and Updates".
3371:. Evil Hat Productions, LLC.
1648:
1021:began publication as well as
955:Angrelmar: The Court of Kings
941:Cost and turn processing time
848:SuperNova: Rise of the Empire
704:
4996:. No. 57. pp. 2–5.
4313:– via Wayback Machine.
3920:Hill, Mark (June 20, 2021).
3849:. No. 36. pp. 8–9.
3816:The Journal of the PBM Gamer
3590:The Journal of the PBM Gamer
3367:Appelcline, Shannon (2014).
3278:Suspense & Decision 2013
2922:Suspense & Decision 2019
755:
673:
7:
6512:The Nuts & Bolts of PBM
5949:Realms of Sword and Thunder
5744:Strategic Imperial Conquest
4844:
4835:
4772:
4763:
4743:
4617:"Interview with a Reporter"
4543:"Hyborian War E-Mail Turns"
4531:
4517:"PBM &/or E-Mail Games"
4467:
4353:
4238:"A Journey Together Awaits"
4235:
4211:
4135:McDowell, Rick (May 2014).
4088:
4036:. No. 79. pp. 2–5
3813:
3779:
3770:
3735:
3724:
3616:
3587:
3530:Croft, Martin (June 1985).
3190:
3029:
3017:
2956:
2944:
2897:
2767:
2525:
2510:
2474:
2462:
2410:
2320:
2114:
2085:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1892:
1461:Loomis also noted that the
1215:
1198:A Duel of a Different Color
1007:Nuts & Bolts of Starweb
785:Game types and player roles
437:The Nuts & Bolts of PBM
111:The Nuts & Bolts of PBM
40:-winning play-by-mail game
10:
6647:
6575:List of play-by-mail games
5036:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming
5025:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming
5014:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming
4989:
4956:
4932:
4919:. No. 105. p. 39
4907:
4899:"You're An Amoeba, GO! ".
4898:
4889:
4885:. No. 23. p. 63.
4880:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4840:. No. 35. p. 51.
4826:
4817:
4808:
4804:. No. 14. p. 55.
4799:
4795:. No. 12. p. 19.
4790:
4786:. No. 11. p. 20.
4781:
4768:. No. 23. p. 24.
4759:. No. 22. p. 29.
4754:
4732:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4684:
4672:. www.playbymail.net. 2019
4668:
4659:
4655:. No. 71. p. 56.
4650:
4639:
4614:
4610:. No. 17. p. 93.
4605:
4596:
4585:
4573:. No. 104. p. 40
4564:"The Globalisation of PBM"
4561:
4540:
4515:
4503:
4499:. No. 35. p. 51.
4494:
4485:
4476:
4472:. No. 33. p. 12.
4443:
4429:
4420:
4401:
4378:Mulholland, Carol (2010).
4377:
4365:. No. 129. p. 42
4354:Mulholland, Carol (2010).
4341:. No. 130. p. 43
4328:Mulholland, Carol (2010).
4327:
4318:
4292:
4268:
4259:
4187:
4176:
4155:
4143:. No. 7. pp. 4–6
4134:
4125:
4097:
4093:. No. 17. p. 43.
4084:. No. 17. p. 42.
4079:
4048:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3986:
3966:
3962:. No. 12. p. 26.
3957:
3948:
3939:
3919:
3915:. No. 58. p. 12.
3910:
3886:
3874:. No. 102. p. 26
3862:
3853:
3844:
3833:
3822:
3804:
3746:
3715:
3691:
3687:. No. 22. p. 47.
3682:
3662:
3645:
3636:
3632:. No. 76. p. 47.
3627:
3612:. No. 75. p. 35.
3605:
3596:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3529:
3520:
3509:
3498:
3489:
3478:
3467:
3458:
3447:
3436:
3405:
3394:
3383:
3366:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2786:
2755:
2744:Rick Loomis PBM Games 2021
2743:
2731:
2719:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2610:
2583:
2571:
2556:
2537:
2498:
2486:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2254:
2242:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2126:
2102:
2073:
2054:
2039:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1931:
1916:
1904:
1880:
1865:
1850:
1838:
1823:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1672:
1661:
1238:List of play-by-mail games
1186:
1048:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming
1011:Nuts & Bolts of Gaming
932:. In 1990, the editors of
170:
6606:Play-by-email video games
6567:
6554:Reality Simulations, Inc.
6521:
6482:
6210:Beyond the Stellar Empire
6022:
5970:Trajan's Treacherous Trap
5821:
5803:
5771:
5656:
5605:Quest of the Great Jewels
5449:
5298:
5266:
5206:
5096:. Suspense & Decision
5079:. Suspense & Decision
5062:. Suspense & Decision
4876:. No. 83. p. 4.
4867:. No. 65. p. 2.
4858:. No. 29. p. 2.
4849:. No. 25. p. 2.
4831:. No. 58. p. 1.
4777:. No. 9. p. 47.
4708:. No. 6. p. 33.
4664:. No. 84. p. 7.
4541:Reality Simulations Inc.
4455:. No. 100. p. 4
4025:Loomis, Rick (May 1999).
4011:. No. 50. p. 4.
3858:. No. 2. p. 21.
3720:. No. 7. p. 44.
3703:. No. 112. p. 5
3641:. No. 55. p. 9.
3623:. No. 38. p. 8.
3601:. No. 82. p. 4.
3566:. No. 15. p. 3.
3505:. No. 1. p. 12.
3030:Paper Mayhem Sep/Oct 1987
2652:Reality Simulations, Inc.
2628:Paper Mayhem Jan/Feb 1993
1148:Post & Play Unlimited
343:Beyond the Stellar Empire
71:interactive strategy game
5154:"About Turn-Based Games"
5006:. No. 2. p. 6.
4199:. No. 8. p. 76
4034:Flying Buffalo Quarterly
4009:Flying Buffalo Quarterly
3898:. No. 3. p. 26
3573:"Play-by-mail: Overview"
3540:. No. 3. p. 42
3018:John Kevin Loth III 1986
2720:John Kevin Loth III 1986
1253:
1064:Play By Mail Association
833:Closed versus open ended
528:Journal of the PBM Gamer
211:by mail in this period.
67:turn based distance game
5152:Talisman Games (2021).
5092:Spencer, David (2022).
4744:"The Spokesmen Speak".
4713:"The Land of Karrus ".
4141:Suspense & Decision
3492:Suspense & Decision
1181:Suspense & Decision
1173:had gone out of print.
1154:stated that it checked
1101:". Dragon Publishing's
1002:Nuts & Bolts of PBM
970:and are played via the
6406:Stars of the Dark Well
6203:Beyond the Quadra Zone
6143:Tactical Assault Group
1773:Kelley and Scheid 1985
1202:Darkness of Silverfall
1133:Warped Sense of Humour
996:
893:Beyond the Quadra Zone
799:
689:
661:
627:Dungeons & Dragons
589:
411:
354:
308:
261:
180:
77:played through postal
46:
5693:Conquest of Insula II
4963:Suspense and Decision
4942:Suspense and Decision
4549:. Reality Simulations
4407:Rick Loomis PBM Games
4403:"Nuclear Destruction"
4278:Suspense and Decision
4245:Suspense and Decision
4221:Suspense and Decision
4197:Suspense and Decision
4111:Suspense and Decision
4058:Suspense and Decision
3814:"Graaf Simulations".
3668:Skeletal Software Ltd
3415:Suspense and Decision
3191:Flagship Editors 1992
3167:Flagship Editors 1985
2115:Flagship Editors 1992
2023:Flagship Editors 1995
2011:Flagship Editors 2020
1999:Flagship Editors 1992
1605:You're An Amoeba, GO!
1498:Suspense and Decision
1183:, began publication.
1121:Sorcerer's Apprentice
989:
909:Borderlands of Khataj
826:You're An Amoeba, GO!
792:
736:Rick Loomis PBM Games
681:
656:
585:
567:Suspense and Decision
405:
349:
302:
253:
178:
134:Suspense and Decision
35:
6539:Flying Buffalo, Inc.
6045:The Assassin's Quest
5865:Delenda est Carthago
5342:Dawn of the Ancients
4532:"PBM Game Listing".
3648:"Star Fleet Warlord"
3532:"Play-By-Mail Games"
1893:The Space Gamer 1981
1866:The Space Gamer 1980
1361:The Assassin's Quest
1116:Strategy and Tactics
917:Delenda est Carthago
748:on the easy end and
288:Superior Simulations
91:Correspondence chess
6150:The Tribes of Crane
5640:War of the Dark God
5384:Nuclear Destruction
5257:Gladiators of Death
5052:Star Battle Forever
4838:White Wolf Magazine
4811:White Wolf Magazine
4802:White Wolf Magazine
4793:White Wolf Magazine
4784:White Wolf Magazine
4497:White Wolf Magazine
4299:Sabledrake Magazine
3889:"Turn-Based Gaming"
3847:White Wolf Magazine
3694:"Turn-Based Gaming"
3685:White Wolf Magazine
3571:Danard, R. (2022).
3523:White Wolf Magazine
3513:White Wolf Magazine
1399:The Tribes of Crane
1377:Nuclear Destruction
1156:Simcoarum Bimonthly
1071:White Wolf Magazine
982:Information sources
740:Nuclear Destruction
711:White Wolf Magazine
317:Nuclear Destruction
225:Nuclear Destruction
220:Flying Buffalo Inc.
105:Flying Buffalo Inc.
6616:Role-playing games
6611:Play-by-mail games
6529:Adventures by Mail
6364:Star Fleet Warlord
6245:Empyrean Challenge
6171:Warp Force Empires
6136:Survival Challenge
6080:Galactic Prisoners
6052:Battle of the Gods
5830:Catacombs of Chaos
5772:Political/Intrigue
5709:The Glory of Kings
5619:Swords of the Gods
5584:Lords of the Earth
5556:The Land of Karrus
5535:Kings & Things
5412:Strategic Conflict
5363:The Final Campaign
5243:Death by Starlight
5200:Play-by-mail games
3865:"My Life in Games"
3650:. Agents of Gaming
1542:Empyrean Challenge
1405:Empyrean Challenge
1366:Star Cluster Omega
1123:. Gaming magazine
997:
800:
731:Galactic Prisoners
725:Empyrean Challenge
690:
616:Barnes & Noble
540:Gaming Universal's
454:Gaming Universal's
412:
337:Adventures by Mail
309:
305:Empyrean Challenge
293:Empyrean Challenge
248:computer moderated
181:
47:
6583:
6582:
6559:Schubel & Son
6478:
6477:
6287:Infinite Conflict
6259:Galactic Conflict
6018:
6017:
6002:Stand and Deliver
5844:Crasimoff's World
5812:Continental Rails
5767:
5766:
5612:Realms of Fantasy
5328:Company Commander
5215:Adventurers Guild
4883:The Games Machine
4356:"Carol's Logbook"
4330:"Carol's Logbook"
3749:"Turning Digital"
2957:Paper Mayhem 1993
2945:Paper Mayhem 1993
2862:Paper Mayhem 1994
2768:Paper Mayhem 1990
2321:Paper Mayhem 1993
1797:Paper Mayhem 1984
1593:(as an ant), and
1589:(as a consumer),
1554:Browning likened
1317:The Space Gamer's
1142:, Germany called
472:, Germany called
303:Turn results for
275:Schubel & Son
53:(also known as a
51:play-by-mail game
16:(Redirected from
6638:
6596:Game terminology
6534:Agents of Gaming
6498:Gaming Universal
6448:The Orion Nebula
6343:Star Cluster One
6294:Lords of Destiny
6266:Galactic Empires
6178:
6177:
6129:Starship Command
6087:The Keys of Bled
6059:Cosmic Crusaders
5991:
5990:
5921:Lords of Valetia
5907:Lands of Elvaria
5665:Adventurer Kings
5591:Middle Earth PBM
5542:Kings of Karadon
5521:Forgotten Realms
5447:
5446:
5370:Global Supremacy
5356:Empires for Rent
5307:Balance of Power
5193:
5186:
5179:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5156:. Talisman Games
5148:
5146:
5144:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5049:
5040:
5029:
5018:
5007:
4997:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4969:on June 10, 2021
4953:
4951:
4949:
4939:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4823:
4814:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4740:
4729:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4627:on 18 April 2001
4611:
4602:
4593:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4537:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4511:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4450:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4334:
4324:
4323:. Time Patterns.
4314:
4312:
4310:
4305:on June 17, 2002
4301:. Archived from
4289:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4131:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4108:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4031:
4021:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3916:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3830:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3785:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3753:
3743:
3732:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3646:Editors (2002).
3642:
3633:
3624:
3613:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3575:. jpc.danard.net
3567:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3526:
3517:
3506:
3495:
3486:
3475:
3464:
3455:
3444:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3402:
3391:
3380:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1785:The Editors 1985
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1585:(as dinosaurs),
1579:
1573:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1417:Lords of Valetia
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:Turn-based games
1264:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1125:Micro Adventurer
1082:Different Worlds
1052:Gaming Universal
1019:Gaming Universal
968:turn-based games
599:
368:and the same in
339:—with the game,
269:
117:Gaming Universal
21:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6563:
6544:Harlequin Games
6517:
6474:
6441:The Next Empire
6176:
6073:Fleet Maneuvers
6023:Science fiction
6014:
5989:
5817:
5799:
5763:
5652:
5577:Loot the Castle
5445:
5433:World Campaigns
5294:
5262:
5202:
5197:
5159:
5157:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5112:
5099:
5097:
5082:
5080:
5065:
5063:
5046:The Space Gamer
4993:The Space Gamer
4986:
4984:Further reading
4981:
4972:
4970:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4892:The Space Gamer
4820:The Space Gamer
4694:
4692:
4688:
4675:
4673:
4630:
4628:
4621:Agonistika News
4576:
4574:
4566:
4552:
4550:
4522:
4520:
4470:The Space Gamer
4458:
4456:
4448:
4425:. p. RC21.
4411:
4409:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4308:
4306:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4167:
4165:
4146:
4144:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4070:
4068:
4067:on July 4, 2021
4064:
4053:
4039:
4037:
4029:
4018:The Space Gamer
3997:
3995:
3987:Lindahl, Greg.
3977:
3975:
3967:Lindahl, Greg.
3930:
3928:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3795:
3793:
3783:
3781:"Galactic View"
3761:
3759:
3751:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3673:
3671:
3653:
3651:
3630:The Space Gamer
3620:The Space Gamer
3609:The Space Gamer
3578:
3576:
3543:
3541:
3427:
3425:
3424:on July 4, 2021
3421:
3410:
3398:The Space Gamer
3387:The Space Gamer
3362:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3143:White Wolf 1989
3141:
3137:
3131:White Wolf 1988
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
2999:
2993:Mulholland 1989
2991:
2987:
2981:Armintrout 1984
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2663:danard.net 2020
2661:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2475:Mulholland 2010
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2451:Appelcline 2014
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2255:Mulholland 2010
2253:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1963:Mulholland 1989
1961:
1957:
1949:
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1331:The Space Gamer
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1305:Tribes of Crane
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560:Harlequin Games
395:listed ten non-
374:Harlequin Games
372:. Sam Roads of
360:The Space Gamer
330:Tribes of Crane
283:Tribes of Crane
279:human-moderated
271:
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63:turn-based game
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1570:Lost Knowledge
1560:Monster Island
1558:to games like
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1463:Origins Awards
1454:
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1371:Warp Force One
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1300:Wired Magazine
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1234:
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1158:for PBM news.
1005:(first called
983:
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963:World Conquest
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844:Monster Island
840:Heroic Fantasy
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796:Monster Island
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745:Heroic Fantasy
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592:Jim Townsend,
584:
582:
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532:Paper Mayhem's
366:United Kingdom
313:United Kingdom
290:with its game
252:
237:Heroic Fantasy
172:
169:
167:or a monster.
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6280:Galaxy: Alpha
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4973:September 28,
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4910:"PBM Fiction"
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4369:September 29,
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4164:. sjgames.com
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3951:PBM Universal
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3902:September 26,
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3866:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3588:"Diplomacy".
3586:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3351:
3350:Williams 2004
3346:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3266:Browning 1995
3262:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:McDowell 2014
3086:
3079:
3078:McDowell 2014
3074:
3067:
3066:Flagship 2005
3062:
3055:
3054:Browning 1995
3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2969:Browning 1994
2965:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2898:Townsend 1987
2894:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2826:Browning 1993
2822:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2756:Townsend 1987
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2675:Townsend 1990
2671:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:Townsend 1990
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2572:Townsend 1990
2568:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2538:McDowell 2019
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2511:Townsend 1988
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:Flagship 2010
2424:
2423:Flagship 2011
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2270:Flagship 2005
2266:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:Townsend 1988
1928:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1905:Townsend 1989
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1761:Townsend 1988
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:Warboid World
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1526:The PBM game
1523:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:Mark Hill of
1294:
1285:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Postspielbote
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
988:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:
958:
956:
951:
948:PBM magazine
946:
938:
935:
931:
930:
925:
924:
919:
918:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
883:
881:
876:
874:
870:
869:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
830:
827:
823:
822:
817:
816:roles to play
812:
810:
806:
798:
797:
791:
782:
778:
775:
770:
768:
763:
760:According to
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
726:
720:
717:
712:
702:
700:
694:
687:
686:
680:
671:
669:
668:
660:
655:
653:
652:
640:
636:
633:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
608:
600:
597:
596:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:Postspielbote
471:
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
438:
431:
428:
424:
420:
419:
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
361:
353:
348:
346:
345:
344:
338:
333:
331:
327:
321:
318:
314:
306:
301:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
280:
276:
270:
267:
260:
258:
251:
249:
245:
244:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
221:
217:
212:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
186:
177:
168:
166:
165:microorganism
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
135:
131:
130:
125:
124:
119:
118:
113:
112:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
88:
87:digital media
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
44:
39:
38:Origins Award
34:
30:
19:
18:Postal gaming
6510:
6505:Paper Mayhem
6503:
6496:
6490:
6467:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6439:
6432:
6427:Supernova II
6425:
6418:
6413:Star Venture
6411:
6404:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6357:Star Empires
6356:
6349:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6320:
6315:Pellic Quest
6313:
6307:
6299:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6271:
6265:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6222:
6216:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6188:
6181:Space Operas
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6142:
6134:
6128:
6122:Space Combat
6121:
6115:Space Battle
6114:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6057:
6051:
6043:
6036:
6030:
6008:
6001:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5919:
5913:
5905:
5899:
5891:
5886:Firebreather
5885:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5828:
5810:
5792:
5786:
5779:
5756:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5707:
5701:Feudal Lords
5700:
5698:
5691:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5663:
5646:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5611:
5603:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5575:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5548:
5540:
5534:
5528:Hyborian War
5526:
5520:
5514:Fall of Rome
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5486:DungeonWorld
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5456:
5439:
5432:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5405:State of War
5404:
5396:
5390:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5348:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5306:
5289:It's a Crime
5288:
5280:
5274:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5222:Arena Combat
5220:
5213:
5207:Arena combat
5199:
5160:November 22,
5158:. Retrieved
5141:. Retrieved
5125:. Retrieved
5121:
5098:. Retrieved
5083:September 5,
5081:. Retrieved
5064:. Retrieved
5051:
5045:
5034:
5023:
5012:
5003:
4991:
4971:. Retrieved
4967:the original
4962:
4946:. Retrieved
4941:
4921:. Retrieved
4916:
4901:Paper Mayhem
4900:
4891:
4882:
4874:Paper Mayhem
4873:
4865:Paper Mayhem
4864:
4856:Paper Mayhem
4855:
4847:Paper Mayhem
4846:
4837:
4829:Paper Mayhem
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4766:Paper Mayhem
4765:
4757:Paper Mayhem
4756:
4745:
4734:
4723:
4715:Paper Mayhem
4714:
4705:
4693:. Retrieved
4674:. Retrieved
4662:Paper Mayhem
4661:
4653:Paper Mayhem
4652:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4625:the original
4620:
4607:
4598:
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4570:
4551:. Retrieved
4546:
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4505:
4496:
4487:
4479:Paper Mayhem
4478:
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4452:
4431:
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:
4391:. Retrieved
4386:
4367:. Retrieved
4362:
4343:. Retrieved
4336:
4320:
4307:. Retrieved
4303:the original
4298:
4284:February 15,
4282:. Retrieved
4280:. No. 5
4277:
4262:Paper Mayhem
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4244:
4225:. Retrieved
4220:
4201:. Retrieved
4196:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4161:
4145:. Retrieved
4140:
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4110:
4101:
4091:Paper Mayhem
4090:
4082:Paper Mayhem
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4057:
4038:. Retrieved
4033:
4017:
4008:
3996:. Retrieved
3992:
3976:. Retrieved
3972:
3960:Paper Mayhem
3959:
3950:
3942:Paper Mayhem
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3913:Paper Mayhem
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3895:
3876:. Retrieved
3871:
3855:
3846:
3835:
3824:
3815:
3807:Paper Mayhem
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3787:
3773:Paper Mayhem
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3755:
3737:
3726:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3700:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3667:
3652:. Retrieved
3638:
3629:
3618:
3607:
3599:Paper Mayhem
3598:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3535:
3522:
3511:
3510:"Contents".
3500:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3460:
3449:
3440:Paper Mayhem
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3419:the original
3414:
3396:
3385:
3368:
3360:Bibliography
3345:
3333:
3328:. pp. 57–58.
3326:Bennett 1995
3321:
3309:
3304:. pp. 13–14.
3297:
3292:. pp. 29–30.
3285:
3273:
3251:Rodgers 1995
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3042:Editors 1985
3037:
3025:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2934:Lindahl 2020
2929:
2924:. pp. 35–40.
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2874:Editors 1995
2869:
2857:
2845:
2838:Freitas 1990
2833:
2821:
2809:
2787:Chapman 1983
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2687:Lindahl 2022
2682:
2670:
2658:
2647:
2635:
2579:
2533:
2526:Procter 1993
2506:
2501:. pp. 14–15.
2494:
2487:Zachary 2021
2482:
2470:
2458:
2453:. loc. 2706.
2446:
2434:
2418:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2306:Rodgers 1994
2301:
2294:Procter 1993
2289:
2277:
2250:
2228:Editors 2002
2223:
2216:Proctor 1992
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2122:
2110:
2081:
2074:McClain 1985
2040:Tamlyn 19853
2018:
2013:. pp. 50–51.
2006:
1994:
1987:Tindall 1992
1982:
1970:
1958:
1919:. pp. 31–32.
1912:
1900:
1888:
1846:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1690:. loc. 2353.
1673:Babcock 2013
1668:
1657:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1587:Mall Maniacs
1586:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1556:Firebreather
1555:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1415:
1411:Arena Combat
1409:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1343:Pellic Quest
1341:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1262:
1230:Games portal
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:Paper Mayhem
1193:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1056:Paper Mayhem
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:Paper Mayhem
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
993:Paper Mayhem
991:
976:
967:
962:
959:
954:
950:Paper Mayhem
949:
947:
944:
934:Paper Mayhem
933:
927:
923:Star Empires
921:
915:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:
879:
877:
872:
868:It's a Crime
866:
863:Hyborian War
862:
852:
847:
843:
839:
836:
825:
819:
813:
808:
805:Firebreather
804:
801:
794:
779:
773:
771:
767:Paper Mayhem
766:
762:Paper Mayhem
761:
759:
749:
743:
739:
729:
723:
721:
715:
710:
708:
695:
691:
685:Hyborian War
683:
667:Hyborian War
665:
662:
657:
651:Paper Mayhem
649:
646:
637:
631:
625:
619:
605:
602:
598:No. 9. 1988.
594:
590:
586:
574:
566:
564:
552:
547:
544:Paper Mayhem
543:
539:
537:
531:
527:
521:
517:
515:
509:
501:
498:
494:white collar
490:
486:
482:Paper Mayhem
481:
477:
473:
464:
458:
453:
448:
443:Paper Mayhem
441:
435:
432:
416:
413:
408:Paper Mayhem
407:
392:
380:
378:
358:
355:
350:
342:
340:
334:
329:
325:
322:
320:Mitregames.
316:
310:
304:
291:
281:
272:
265:
262:
254:
241:
235:
230:
223:
213:
207:
196:
182:
144:
142:
138:
133:
127:
123:Paper Mayhem
121:
115:
109:
98:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
48:
41:
29:
6455:Universe II
6157:Vorcon Wars
5914:Logan's Run
5822:Roleplaying
5737:Renaissance
5730:Moneylender
5391:Realpolitik
5314:Battle Plan
5282:Family Wars
5275:Crime Lords
5127:November 7,
5122:www.pbm.com
4923:October 22,
4676:January 21,
4577:October 16,
4553:January 16,
4547:Reality.com
4459:October 15,
4438:Rick Loomis
4345:October 11,
4227:January 15,
4128:Space Gamer
3878:October 15,
3762:December 4,
3707:October 27,
3670:. 2007–2011
3521:"Credits".
3408:"Diplomacy"
3338:Harvey 1984
3239:Shadis 1994
3119:Thomas 1992
3107:Loomis 1985
2910:DuBois 1997
2850:Helzer 1993
2802:Stehle 1997
2640:Paduch 1993
2584:Kaiser 1983
2499:Forbes 2004
2439:Loomis 1999
2384:Webber 1988
2372:Webber 1997
2360:Webber 1994
2348:Webber 1994
2336:Rogers 1993
2204:Palmer 1984
2180:Paduch 1993
2168:Loomis 1984
2127:Paduch 1993
2103:Loomis 1985
2086:Webber 1987
1975:Palmer 1993
1851:Harvey 1984
1839:Palmer 2003
1824:Harvey 2003
1724:McLain 1993
1700:Loomis 2013
1662:McLain 1993
1591:Subterranea
1414:(3.8), and
1389:Star Master
1383:Battle Plan
1337:Universe II
1206:Chaos Trail
1146:. In 1995,
1098:White Dwarf
905:Sword Lords
643:Description
612:board games
571:digital age
385:Nick Palmer
257:Rick Loomis
216:Rick Loomis
203:game master
185:postal mail
161:space opera
149:game master
85:, or other
6590:Categories
6462:The Weapon
6392:Starmaster
6350:Spiral Arm
5963:Silverdawn
5956:Saturnalia
5780:Illuminati
5679:Austerlitz
5657:Historical
5479:Domination
5472:Battle Cry
4775:White Wolf
4147:October 4,
3931:October 1,
3579:January 4,
3544:August 19,
3377:B00R8RB656
3179:Woods 1989
3092:. pp. 4–5.
2995:. pp. 8–9.
2886:Croft 1985
2732:Young 1982
2574:pp. 18–19.
2282:Capps 2023
2192:Mills 1994
2129:. p. RC21.
2055:Croft 1985
1951:Roads 2003
1649:References
1502:Flagship's
1171:PBM Scroll
1167:Flagship's
1062:, and the
901:Silverdawn
750:Battleplan
705:Complexity
699:gamemaster
595:White Wolf
506:Compuserve
423:gamemaster
383:magazine,
231:Battleplan
208:Stalingrad
36:Four-time
6549:KJC Games
6522:Companies
6483:Magazines
6399:Star Saga
6371:Starglobe
6336:Space 101
6322:Rimworlds
6308:New Order
6252:Galac-Tac
6231:Continuum
6108:Raumkrieg
6101:Portinium
6009:Westworld
5879:En Garde!
5858:Darkworld
5716:LandLords
5626:Talwaithe
5549:Krahlizek
5493:Earthwood
5465:Atlantrix
5349:Diplomacy
5321:Centurion
5229:Blood Pit
5143:March 11,
4309:April 19,
4071:March 20,
4040:April 17,
3969:"Eressea"
3796:April 10,
3654:21 August
3564:D2 Report
3428:March 20,
3314:Snow 1995
3302:Horn 1984
3290:Muir 1994
3227:Bost 1992
3215:Bost 1992
3155:Gray 1983
2559:. p. 8–9.
2396:Muir 2013
2156:Dias 1988
2144:Gray 1985
1809:Hill 2021
1394:Galaxy II
1046:By 1985,
1043:in 1992.
929:Starglobe
897:Earthwood
756:Diplomacy
674:Mechanics
418:Diplomacy
370:Australia
198:Diplomacy
157:alliances
153:diplomacy
145:Diplomacy
100:Diplomacy
59:PBEM game
6631:Wargames
6491:Flagship
6469:Zorphwar
6385:Starlord
6301:Mobius I
6189:Ad Astra
5977:TribeNet
5804:Railroad
5751:Terra II
5686:Conquest
5672:Aegyptus
5507:EverMoor
5299:Wargames
5236:CTF 2187
5100:July 20,
4948:April 4,
4917:Flagship
4747:Flagship
4736:Flagship
4725:Flagship
4706:Flagship
4695:April 4,
4643:Flagship
4571:Flagship
4507:Flagship
4488:Flagship
4453:Flagship
4432:Flagship
4412:April 4,
4387:Flagship
4363:Flagship
4338:Flagship
4180:Flagship
3978:July 10,
3896:Flagship
3872:Flagship
3856:Flagship
3789:Flagship
3756:Flagship
3739:Flagship
3728:Flagship
3718:Flagship
3701:Flagship
3639:Flagship
3555:Flagship
3502:Flagship
3482:Flagship
3471:Flagship
3461:Flagship
3451:Flagship
3352:. p. 39.
3340:. p. 26.
3316:. p. 56.
3253:. p. 93.
3241:. p. 47.
3229:. p. 10.
3205:. p. 29.
3193:. p. 14.
3181:. p. 63.
3169:. p. 44.
3157:. p. 30.
3121:. p. 21.
3109:. p. 36.
3020:. p. 43.
2983:. p. 43.
2959:. p. 21.
2900:. p. 24.
2888:. p. 42.
2864:. p. 42.
2852:. p. 12.
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2828:. p. 13.
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2789:. p. 12.
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2677:. p. 18.
2586:. p. 25.
2540:. p. 42.
2528:. p. 51.
2513:. p. 47.
2477:. p. 42.
2413:. p. 29.
2338:. p. 40.
2308:. p. 91.
2296:. p. 51.
2284:. Cover.
2257:. p. 43.
2245:. p. 76.
2218:. p. 23.
2206:. p. 23.
2158:. p. 33.
2146:. p. 38.
2117:. p. 14.
2105:. p. 35.
2076:. p. 38.
2057:. p. 41.
2042:. p. 33.
2025:. p. 48.
2001:. p. 53.
1989:. p. 12.
1953:. p. 40.
1934:. p. 19.
1907:. p. 55.
1868:. p. 13.
1853:. p. 21.
1826:. p. 26.
1799:. p. 18.
1787:. p. 35.
1775:. p. 26.
1763:. p. 20.
1702:. p. 38.
1675:. p. 16.
1639:Flagship
1583:Dinowars
1506:Flagship
1450:Flagship
1216:See also
1210:Flagship
1177:Flagship
1152:Flagship
1140:Sulzberg
1087:Game New
1060:Flagship
1040:Breakout
1023:Flagship
972:Internet
859:Monopoly
809:Flagship
774:Flagship
632:Flagship
575:Flagship
555:Internet
548:Flagship
518:Flagship
510:Flagship
502:Flagship
478:Flagship
470:Sulzberg
449:Flagship
425:using a
410:magazine
393:Flagship
381:Flagship
129:Flagship
73:.) is a
69:, or an
55:PBM game
6420:Starweb
6238:Eclipse
6217:Capitol
5994:Western
5723:Midgard
5598:Odyssey
5570:Lizards
5563:Legends
5458:Alamaze
5450:Fantasy
5426:Warlord
5250:Duel II
5066:May 11,
4631:13 July
4393:July 7,
4251:July 4,
4203:May 30,
4162:Pyramid
3998:July 4,
3674:July 7,
3268:. p. 7.
3217:. p. 9.
3145:. p. 1.
3133:. p. 2.
3080:. p. 5.
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2912:. p. 4.
2876:. p. 9.
2804:. p. 7.
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2642:. p. 2.
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2398:. p. 14
2374:. p. 4.
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2170:. p. 4.
2088:. p. 2.
1965:. p. 1.
1895:. p. 9.
1883:. p. 8.
1841:. p. 4.
1601:Lizards
1528:Eressea
1408:(4.7),
1402:(5.0),
1396:(5.0),
1392:(5.1),
1386:(5.1),
1380:(5.5),
1374:(5.7),
1368:(6.0),
1364:(6.0),
1355:Starweb
1352:(6.3),
1346:(6.3),
1340:(7.2),
1187:Fiction
1113:, and
1092:Imagine
880:Kingdom
873:Starweb
716:Midgard
621:Nemesis
607:Alamaze
427:fanzine
326:Starweb
243:Starweb
171:History
43:Starweb
6434:Takamo
6196:Belter
6066:Cyborg
5928:Midhir
5794:SpyKor
5335:Crisis
5139:. 2021
4608:Shadis
4599:Shadis
4589:Shadis
4168:May 5,
4117:May 3,
3837:Dragon
3826:Dragon
3375:
3044:p. 47.
2613:p. 19.
2429:. p. 3
2386:. p. 2
1618:German
1568:, and
1476:German
1420:(1.8).
1358:(6.2)
1161:Shadis
1131:, and
1129:Thrust
1110:Dragon
1095:, and
1034:Analog
926:, and
871:, and
846:, and
630:Game.
523:Shadis
465:Analog
6568:Other
5984:Wofan
5942:Quest
5900:Kings
5787:Power
5647:Venom
5267:Crime
4938:(PDF)
4913:(PDF)
4689:(PDF)
4567:(PDF)
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4383:(PDF)
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4274:(PDF)
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4065:(PDF)
4054:(PDF)
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3926:Wired
3892:(PDF)
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3411:(PDF)
3068:p. 5.
3056:p. 6.
2194:p. 4.
2182:p. 2.
1565:Quest
1349:Wofan
1254:Notes
1028:Games
459:Games
389:Zines
218:, of
189:Chess
83:email
5500:Epic
5162:2021
5145:2022
5129:2020
5102:2022
5085:2022
5068:2021
4975:2021
4950:2020
4925:2020
4697:2020
4678:2020
4633:2022
4579:2021
4555:2020
4525:2021
4461:2021
4414:2023
4395:2020
4371:2021
4347:2020
4311:2010
4286:2020
4253:2020
4229:2020
4205:2020
4170:2020
4149:2022
4119:2020
4073:2020
4042:2020
4000:2020
3980:2022
3933:2021
3904:2021
3880:2021
3798:2020
3771:"".
3764:2021
3709:2020
3676:2020
3656:2023
3581:2022
3546:2020
3430:2020
3373:ASIN
2350:p. 2
1603:and
1279:for.
1104:Ares
1085:...
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