499:
57:. On the same day, Pomgol committees were dissolved and the resolution expressed gratitude to the ARA for donating eighty million gold rubles and for its contribution. The new committee took over Pomgol responsibilities but turned especially toward longer-term projects. Posledgol would engage in food relief only for homeless children and a small number of ill or disabled adults. The new committee was focused on economic reconstruction of the famine regions and its main goal was to reconstruct the economy by repairing the transportation network, rebuilding dilapidated or destroyed machinery, and creating new industries throughout the afflicted region.
30:. It was the successor of Pomgol and was created by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. They collaborated with foreign philanthropic institutions that were allowed to provide relief to the Soviet population. Posledgol mainly planned and supervised relief activities. The commission received resources from state and donations by population. They portended enormous complications and inadequacies in handling the actual situation in the famine areas.
852:
68:. The reorganisation was due to shift in government policy from “struggle against the famine” to “struggle against the consequences of the famine” This new policy covered up the situation when necessary which led to confusion and inadequacies in places where famine was experienced. The commission was formed under the
142:
stopped ARA from selling off the property including empty boxes. However, some typewriters were sold to private individuals and 90,000 arshins (about 70,000 yards) of textiles was turned over to the JDC. Soviet authorities were threatened not to take any measures against typewriter buyers. Therefore,
117:
ordered to not allow ARA to send its medical supplies to hospitals or private individuals and instead hand over all containers and surplus food to
Posledgol. In a letter send to all branches, he told that the Americans were soon going to withdraw and ordered to build a fund of food and medicines
98:
and demanded that the ARA cover its shipping, residence, and fuel expenses, and sign an agreement with Soviet trade unions. They were also forbidden to operate kitchens in areas where government institutions were present. Centers and kitchens were to be administered under the coordination of
645:
45:, ROKK, International Working Committee for Famine Relief, etc. The committee was decentralised as earlier Soviet famine relief suffered from breakdowns in communication. It also set a precedent for a famine relief agency oriented toward agricultural recovery.
133:
ARA then got a copy of Lander's confidential instructions where he ordered to prevent the sale of ARA automobiles. Lander then asked the ARA to donate its motor transport to
Posledgol. In the end, ninety-five vehicles were sold to the Posledgol for $ 100,000.
529:
604:
150:. In the second half of 1923, Posledgol alloted 7,132 pounds of bread and 14,626 arshins of calico for road and reclamation. In total, Dagestan Central Committee of Posledgol alloted 122,285 rubles for road work during its lifetime.
137:
In June 1923, before leaving Soviet Union, the ARA started either selling its property or turned it over to the JDC. Posledgol wanted everything to be turned over to them free of charge. The
Posledgol representative in
327:
106:
In
February 1923, a joint decision was made by the Posledgol and the Children’s Commission to re-evacuation of 200 children. Posledgol send a message to its representative in
292:
700:
246:"Das Volkskommissariat für Außenhandel und seine Nachfolgeorganisationen 1920- 1930. Der Außenhandel als zentrale Frage der sowjetischen Wirtschaftspolitik"
256:
582:
42:
147:
319:
153:
On 1 August 1923, Posledgol was liquidated and was succeeded by
Committee on Foreign Aid (Komitet zagranichnoi pomoshchi, or KZP) led by
110:, it was emphasized that this decision is “final” and “all new petitions of the Czechoslovak Institutions on this issue are useless”.
69:
38:
888:
54:
23:
878:
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By mid-1922, ARA was increasingly seen as a burden by the
Bolsheviks. Posledgol started waging a campaign against the
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22:(Центральная комиссия по борьбе с последствиями Голода, abbreviated as Posledgol) was a Central Commission under the
836:
113:
In April 1923, ARA was ordered to turn over the proceeds from sales of empty grain sacks to
Posledgol. On 26 May,
27:
245:
94:. On 1 October 1922, the campaign to discredit the ARA began. Posledgol started insisting on a revision of the
91:
103:
that
Posledgol must impose regulations on foreign open kitchens, "which must result in closing most of them."
75:
A special
Posledgol 1% tax was levied on population, excluding single housewives households and those without
350:"An Inquiry into the Termination of Soviet Famine Relief Programmes and the Renewal of Grain Export, 1922-23"
554:
431:
208:"Beyond Triumph: The Russian Art Exhibition of 1924–1926 in the United States and Soviet Cultural Diplomacy"
87:
organized the sale of
Russian handicrafts abroad for “the reconstruction of the peasant craft industry”.
774:
838:
Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921-1941
79:, for famine relief. The 0.5% tax was extracted in famine areas. The tax was enacted in November 1922.
53:
On 12 September 1922, Pomgol was ordered to be abolished and replaced by Posledgol by a decree of the
432:"Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development"
702:Советская социальная политика 1920-1930-х годов: идеология и повседневность : сборник статей
555:"Le Comité international de secours à la Russie, l'Action Nansen et les bolcheviks (1921-1924)"
185:
8:
473:
146:
Posledgol organized repair and construction of public road and land reclamation works in
815:"ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СЕТИ В ДАГЕСТАНЕ ПОСЛЕ ОКОНЧАНИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ"
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320:"The famine of 1921–22 in the Crimea and the Volga basin and the relief from Turkey"
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219:
605:"The American Hospital in Moscow: A Lesson in International Cooperation, 1917–23"
129:, government refused to provide rail service for shipping out its motorcars. The
122:
84:
500:"KIRIM'DA VE İDİL-URAL BÖLGESİNDE AÇLIK VE TÜRKİYE'DEN GİDEN YARDIM (1921-1922)"
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In May 1923, ARA was ordered to sell its motor vehicles to the highest bidders.
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blocked the private car sales by ARA by intimidating potential buyer. In
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41:, Children's Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,
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186:"ФИНАНСЫ И ПОЛИТИКА В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ИЗЪЯТЫХ В 1922 Г. ЦЕРКОВНЫХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ"
381:
349:
143:
the authorities delayed the punishment until after the ARA departure.
130:
76:
118:
which were to be held awaiting orders from the Posledgol in Moscow.
72:. Crimean Pomgol changed its name to Posledgol on 19 October 1922.
732:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
728:"Efforts of the Soviet Government to Block American Aid to Russia"
406:
Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917–1953
20:
Central Commission for the Struggle against Consequences of Famine
34:
166:
126:
99:
Posledgol. On 31 October, orders went out to all branches from
61:
282:"Fridtjof Nansens hjelpearbeid iRusslandogUkraina, 1921-1923"
139:
699:Романов, Павел Васильевич; Ярская-Смирнова, Елена (2007).
698:
870:
675:Relief in Days of Trouble: The "Joint" in Russia
779:, Stanford University Press, pp. 452–469,
33:The commission included representatives of the
409:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
64:was reorganized as Posledgol which was led by
475:Humanitarianism and the Greater War, 1914–24
471:
70:All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions
39:All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions
472:Wylie, Neville; Piller, Elisabeth (2023).
26:created to combat the consequences of the
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289:Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies
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55:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
24:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
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822:ВЕСТНИК ДАГЕСТАНСКОГО НАУЧНОГО ЦЕНТРА
773:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2002-11-18),
667:
665:
602:
812:
522:"Aftermath of the Famine: 1922–1923"
314:
312:
43:People's Commissariat of Agriculture
678:. Bloomington: Slavica Publishers.
13:
662:
436:Modernization from the Other Shore
14:
900:
835:David-Fox, Michael (2011-10-01).
430:Engerman, David C. (2009-07-01),
309:
612:Liverpool John Moores University
279:
855:from the original on 2024-04-28
828:
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766:
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692:
651:from the original on 2024-04-15
596:
585:from the original on 2018-06-05
546:
535:from the original on 2024-04-28
513:
492:
478:. Manchester University Press.
330:from the original on 2023-12-03
298:from the original on 2024-04-28
262:from the original on 2024-04-28
889:Government of the Soviet Union
465:
423:
396:
348:Edmondson, Charles M. (1981).
341:
273:
253:Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
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199:
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92:American Relief Administration
1:
879:1922 establishments in Russia
172:
438:, Harvard University Press,
7:
841:. Oxford University Press.
403:Raleigh, Donald J. (2001).
160:
10:
905:
744:10.1177/000271622411400115
48:
785:10.1515/9781503620063-032
705:(in Russian). ANO CSPGS.
559:Relations Internationales
366:10.1080/09668138108411366
884:Russian government stubs
776:The Big Show in Bololand
726:Mathews, Philip (1924).
672:Beizer, Mikhail (2015).
553:Coudreau, Marin (2012).
224:10.1353/imp.2023.a906843
35:State Planning Committee
16:Soviet relief commission
206:Golubev, Pavel (2023).
324:Middle Eastern Studies
603:Grant, Susan (2015).
444:10.4159/9780674036529
60:On 15 October 1922,
624:10.1017/mdh.2015.46
571:10.3917/ri.151.0049
28:famine of 1921-1922
520:Velikanova, Olga.
848:978-0-19-979472-0
794:978-1-5036-2006-3
712:978-5-903360-04-8
685:978-0-89357-920-3
485:978-1-5261-7325-6
453:978-0-674-03652-9
416:978-0-8229-7061-3
123:Plenipotentiaries
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873:Categories
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589:2024-04-28
539:2024-04-28
459:2024-05-06
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302:2024-04-28
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212:Ab Imperio
173:References
752:0002-7162
738:: 85–88.
579:0335-2013
374:0038-5859
232:2164-9731
81:Posledgol
77:livestock
853:Archived
646:Archived
642:26352304
583:Archived
530:Archived
507:Academia
390:11633260
328:Archived
293:Archived
257:Archived
161:See also
148:Dagestan
131:Simbirsk
760:1015355
633:4595960
49:History
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167:Pomgol
140:Odessa
127:Samara
62:Pomgol
818:(PDF)
756:JSTOR
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378:JSTOR
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189:(PDF)
843:ISBN
789:ISBN
748:ISSN
707:ISBN
680:ISBN
638:PMID
575:ISSN
480:ISBN
448:ISBN
411:ISBN
386:PMID
370:ISSN
228:ISSN
216:2023
83:and
781:doi
740:doi
736:114
628:PMC
620:doi
567:doi
563:151
440:doi
362:doi
220:doi
875::
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