1268:, a small sized Sauropod. Latter works revisited the excepcional preservation of the biota, specially the presence od soft parts. The lithology and sedimentology of the formation was revisited, with several suggestions such as stagnant basin models and restricted open marine ones, all suggested to be deposited on a shallow epicontinental sea. The abundance of organic matter and the composition of the shales, chemically or lithologically, went under diverse renoved works. With the addition of multiple new references, the expansion of information thanks to the revision of profiles, boreholes and other outcrops, new works on the characteristics of the deposition, the type of environment and the conditions that led to the exquisite preservation were produced, where paleocurrents where found to be nfluenced from the North and the South of the Central European Basin. The Black shale deposition was found to be related with changues in the oxygen levels. Thanks to the renewed information, a new cycle of publications reviewing the microfacies took place between 1980-1990. The most important works of the XX century where done by Riegraf in 1985-86, being a complete review of all aspects of this formation, updating multiple points based on all the information compiled throughout the century: lithology, stratigraphy, biota list and ammonite biozonation, followed by a focused work on a complete mapping of the microfacies composition and extent of the shale deposits.
1369:. The black shales characteristic of this unit reveal a shallow marine environment, influenced by arctic and Tethyan waters, with marked episodes of disappearance of benthic biota. Also measure a change in carbon-isotope excursion in marine and terrestrial life, and was probably a perturbator of the carbon cycle. Global seawater has been proved to be approximately, for the interval of the negative carbon-isotope excursion, close to 1.45â°, less than modern values, with estimated 2.34â°. Waters interchange were one of the major effects on the palatine de-oxygenation showed on most of the Lower Toarcian Layers around the word, with the connection with the Viking Corridor as one of the main effects, due to the arctic waters freshening and breaking the oceanic circulation. The effect was consequently negative on the German realm, where the environments expose a tropical fluctuation, with conditions similar to the modern
657:
1231:. The first insight on the flora was done in 1845, with partial leaf fragments. Boué in 1829 did a study of the general geology of the Jurassic along Germany, recovering limestone and shale facies, with a superficial assignation of what he considered most of the main Jurassic Strata, without classifying the layers on a concrete subperiod. Further geological work was then carried out, recovering examples of marine facies representing various biomes, all associated with black shale deposits in other areas, as towards the NW or at Regensburg. The main work that described the facies formally was QuenstedtŽs 1843 one, classifying the levels based on the amount of bitumen, providing a preliminary stratigraphy and lithology, which would be the basis for most subsequent works.
1373:, which hosted a high variety of sea fauna, except on the bottom layers, where only a few genera were able to survive until oxygen conditions got slightly better. The changes on the benthic oxygen where common, with most of the animals dying without being scavenged by bottom-dweller organisms, and sessile life, with this biota limited to "benthic islands" associated with ammonite shells or vertebrate carcasses (Except some Polychaetans on higher oxygen conditions). Towards the middle Toarcian show changes on the environment reflect more oxygenated waters and different depositional settings with the presence of trace fossils such as
844:. This section is marked by pyritized lagerstatten fossils, limited to certain areas (Dotternhausen, Holzmaden), and with now well-layered black-brown in color. The Unteren Schiefern layers (Exaratum) appear next marked by the highest bitumen content and characterized by very fine light/dark stratification, abundance of pyrite, fine-grained weathering and the largely absence of bioturbation derived from anoxic conditions while the accumulation of exceptional preserved fossils indicate very weak water movement. The next, Untere Stein, is the most important level of the formation, specially in southwest Germany, southern France and
1365:. Most of the outcrops (Holzmaden, Dotternhausen, Ohmden or Dormettingen) represent low-energy depositional environments, far from deltaic sediment sources. The Toarcian epicontinental seas of Europe where driven by several global events and changes present on the surface, like the coeval Karoo-Ferrar eruptions in the Southern Hemisphere, what created an enhanced hydrological cycle & oxygen depletion, allowing exceptional preservation. This stage was marked with the presence of a general deposition of shale mudrock along with strong variations on the associated organic matter, associated with extincions such as the
797:
335:
1141:) and several subzones. On the other hand, Black shale formation in the Toarcian of NW Germany is associated with a major turnover in phytoplankton assemblages interpreted as the response to lowered salinities in surface waters of the epicontinental sea. The presence of the Turnover is essential for the datation and the preservation of the fauna of the formation, with detailed index ammonites preserved. The study of the different layers and strata of the Posidonia Shale has given different data about the chronology of the formation.
1628:
1769:
484:
1159:
665:
1644:
highest HI values combined with a thickness of 30 to 40 m at most places. Since the first serious evaluations in the 2000s, different organic samples were extracted to revise the changes and potential presence of the Shale Oil on the main quarries of the southern realm. Based on several core samples with abundant organic material (Dinoflagellate cysts and other microorganism fragments, such as microscopic algae) different thermal maturity has been found, especially on the samples from the
1652:
311:
1281:
359:
817:. Towards the middle they start to include thin disturbed bituminous horizons found throughout southwest Germany. Gradually, the bioturbation of the seegrasschiefer merges into the subsequent ash-gray marls without a sharp facies boundary. The Aschgrauen Mergel (ash-gray marl) mark the start of the Posidonia Shale made by dark gray marl, abundant in pyrite with bituminous marl slate intrusions. This horizon, marks a sea transgression, as it extends from
805:
actively burrowed horizons, approximately 15-20 cm thick with clay marl stone appear in the darker, brownish to gray, bituminous clay marl/marl slate. This initial horizons have abundant foraminifera and ostracods as the medium to light gray color without a brown tint. The
Formation evolves from bottom to top: blue-gray marls of the uppermost Pliensbachian spinatum zone, being medium gray, pyrite-rich clay marl stones that are still part of the
122:
323:
299:
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1640:, when where burned on coal ovens was temporally obtained from the bituminous slate through smoldering and distillation by oil works near Reutlingen; Frommem or Holzheim near Göppingen, yet this turned out to have low profitability and the fact they produced a lot of slag and sulfur-containing exhaust gases, production lasted not long.
1597:, composed mostly by coarse grained sediments, clusters of clay sandstone and sand-lime stone facies (shale, slightly bituminous in layers, and sandstone, older lias sand, sand marl, marl, oolithic limestone and sand-lime banks). This series are coeval with the Posidonienschiefer, marked with more thin outcrops such as the "crassumbank" (
1533:, what suggests that terrestrial inputs of organic matter to be of less importance, although, the main part of OM contained in the basal mudstone, including charred material, was derived from terrestrial sources. This Mudstone contains charred organic material typically connected to Wildfires along with large amounts of expandable
1170:, who interpreted the local ammonites as "metallic things" in rocks and as "miraculous tricks" of nature, while the crinoids where interpreted as either huge flowers or heads of medusa, and evidencie of the biblical flood. Many people did important geological and paleontological research on the Swabian Posidonia Shale, including
1271:
In the 2000ÂŽs the
Posidonienschiefer has seen a series of works, focused on enriching the information previously worked on in depth, revising and updating the deposition models. Likewise, the biota has received multiple updates, with the reclassification of some taxa and the discovery of new ones, as
1111:
According to sedimentologic and palynologic features, a tidally influenced transgressive development within the Lower
Toarcian is inferred with increased continental matter being moved to marine areas causing anoxic conditions, with the Posidonia Shale being the reference formation for this interval.
804:
The bituminous facies overlie the
Pliensbachian, and are mostly clay marl to marl shales with an organic carbon content of over 2%, with some levels referred as âbitumen-freeâ or âbitumen-poorâ. The lowermost sequence is known as Seegrasschiefer (seagrass slate), appearing just above the limit, being
1801:
who wanted to use the layers for industrial production. The Museum was reformed on between the years 1967 and 1971. In the year 2000, an external park with
Dinosaur models was added. The museum has several halls with different kinds of fauna found on the layers of the formation, where the vertebrate
1345:
represent the major emerged units present on the
Central European basin on the Toarcian. The Vindelician Land/High has been represented as a peninsula to the Bohemian Massif, or an isolated landmass, that is due to its connections that had not been recovered in depth, being considered a mostly plain
916:
helped to know the major
Jurassic basin geometry, where on several layers of the same age was complicated due to the posterior Alpine deformation. Correlated Unken and Diessbach basins developed mostly during the Toarcian, with deposition of abundant material from the near Emerged Landmasses. On the
744:
complex of the eastern
Franconian Jura. During the late Pliensbachian, the zone became a relatively narrow, flat deposit area which flooded during the early Toarcian and reemerged during the Bifrons substage with a changing coastline, thanks to rhythmic uplifts and subsidence of older Paleozoic and
716:
continental-marine shelf that, resting over the Keuper, slowly openened towards the southeast into the deeper Tethys Ocean. With the flooding in the Early
Jurassic by marine waters, several islands, submarine sills, and deeper subbasins developed, what contributed and controlled the evolution of the
1643:
Recent studies have shown that the petroleum generation potential of the PS is high in all studied regions due to the high TOC and
Hydrogen Index. However, differences exist which can be expressed by SPI values. The latter are highest for northern Germany, where the PS is richest in TOC and has the
1635:
The posidonia slate has been mined in the Holzmaden area for centuries to make wall, table and window panels. Other uses of the shale included be made into fireplace stones in Gomaringen-Mössingen until was replaced by Eifel pumice stone. At Dotternhausen, the ROHRBACH Zement company uses oil shale
1149:
boundary based on the recent revisions of the Early Jurassic Subperiods. The Toarcian and the Pliensbachian are considered as strongly constrained in terms of chronology, where the deposition has been estimated to have lasted 3.2 Myr in the South Germany Basin with the uppermost sequences estimated
1614:
sandstones at Irlbach (NE Regensburg). These levels lack bituminous facies or are interspersed with them in profiles as one moves westward, indicating that they probably belonged to more coastal sectors with better oxygenated waters, with the full transition from shale to sandstone in Regensburg,
1288:
The Posidonia Shale was located in the SW and NW Germanic basins, as part of a shallow epicontinental sea, surrounded and influenced by various highs and emerged lands that provided most of the terrestrial matter found along the Formation. The main outcrops of the formation are disposed along the
899:
The Sachrang Shales where cited originally on the restudy of the Alpine Upper Black Slate, composed with dark gray, somewhat sandy, disintegrating into thin but large plates of Marl that overlies Pliensbachian breccia. The definition of the Sachrang Shales has been convoluted along its history of
878:
as well foraminifera and ostracods, as well scoria horizons with fish, cephalopod and larger vertebrate remains, as well often contain belemnite rostrums. The last level of the formation is the Wilden Schiefer (probably reaching Bifrons zone) with the presence of "Monotis bank", from Altdorf to
870:
shells, low on bitumen and with biota that marks better oxygenated conditions, such as foraminifera and occasional ostracods. The Obere and Wilder Stein (upper elegans) medium to brown-gray always remain formed as a regular limestone bank of approximately uniform thicknessis, rarely laminated
1453:
relief had very gentle topography, and therefore fine-grained siliciclastic sediments where easily transported and deposited in the nearshore area of the basin, as well long transported driftwood, and the lack of insects or terrestrial vertebrates. In the south-eastern North-German Basin at
691:. It is recovered laterally extensive within Germany belonging to the early Toarcian Central European Epicontinental Basin, that evolved gradually from low tophography tidal flat to floodpains to a shallow shelf sea with intermittent N connection with the Viking Corridor and the Proto-
1150:
to be Bifrons in age. The Posidonienschiefer lasts until the Late Toarcian (Variabilis Biozone) in the NW German Basin with the "Dörntener Schiefer", while it mostly disappears in the SW, substituted by the Jurensismergel Fm, with few deposits where it lasts (Wutach area, NĂŒrtingen).
1386:, surfacing deposit-feeding animals, being adapted for effective nutrient searching, becoming more common on the uppermost layers, yet in some areas, the shale remained until the Late Toarcian. The uppermost layers are marked by regressive sea levels, as it is shown on layers across
1449:. The Bohemian Massif was located in a relatively warm, precipitation-rich climate with Bavarian shallow areas receiving freshwater inflows from the east, which temporarily lowered the salinity of the seawater in the whole basin or in parts. The margins of the SWGB as well as the
890:
is mostly eroded in the profiles to evolve into marlstones. Several outcrops, mostly in the NW (ex. Harz hills), shows that relict levels of the Posidonienschiefer lasted until the Upper Toarcian, contemporaneous with the Jurensismergel Fm, known as "Dörntener Schiefer".
1802:
specimens are exposed on the main parts, including on those Icthyosaur remains and several fishes. The Museum has the world's largest colony of sea lilies, measuring an approximate size of 100 square metres. Rolf Bernhard Hauff is the actual director of the museum.
2339:
1793:. With different expositions, the museum has several spaces for the marine fauna, where it is exposed, including a disposed strata with the layer showing the provenance of every taxon and its fossil. The Museum has been open since 1937-38, and was founded by
958:
march engagements. There is not clear separation between "Manganese Shale" and "Bituminous shale" in the main localities of the formation, because the Bituminous content fluctuates with the manganese contents, that is always high. The Unken Shales on the
1569:), and the Toarcian break-up of the Ligurian-Penninic oceanic realm. There is measurements of reduction of the local salinity on the water where elevated inputs of freshwater due to an accelerated hydrological cycle resulted in a surface-water layer.
687:, that borders to the northeast on the Obermainisches HĂŒgelland and the OberpfĂ€lzisch-Obermainisches HĂŒgelland, tectonically part of the Faulkschollenland. The Franconian Jura rocks recovered are west of the Saxothuringian basement bordering the
598:
is the official name of the Solnhofen Limestone. The Posidonia Shales where stablished as a valid vulgar name for this regions lower Toarcian Black Shales. The name Posidonienschiefer, while valid, represents another vulgar nomination, as
934:, that lies on the profile of the strata, alternated with storage light brown (max. 4 mm) and darker layers (rarely over 2 mm) characteristic. The lighter layers present in the rock get darker while it keeps its fine-plate character. The
825:
to Aalen-Reichenbach and then wedges out to the east from Aalen-Wasseralfingen. This initial sequence is overlied by extremely thin (2-5 cm), unnamed bituminous, seegrasschiefer clay marl, followed then by a darker layers with the same
594:) that characterize the mollusk faunal component of the formation. The name Posidonia Shale has been used for more than a century, until revisions in 2016 proposed the Sachrang Formation as new name for the Germanic unit, in a same way
1537:
possibly derived from alteration of volcanic ash, what indicated a clear contribution of volcanic-derived detritus during deposition. In the Austrian area, the volcanic materials where probably also sourced by the rift history of the
871:(Dotternhausen) and often shows traces of minor bioturbation (Dotternhausen, Mössingen, Gomaringen; Aalen-Wasseralfingen), becoming calcified towards the upper limit between NĂŒrtingen and Holzmaden, marked with increased presence of
703:
to the Tirol Area. The CEB stablished a relatively shallow transcontinental seaway between the Tethyan and Boreal Arctic Sea biota, thus mixing cold and hot waters. In the Mesozoic was marked by the breakup of Pangea during the Late
4528:"Changes of composition and content of tricyclic terpane, hopane, sterane, and aromatic biomarkers throughout the oil window: A detailed study on maturity parameters of Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale of the Hils Syncline, NW Germany"
865:
The Mittleren Schiefer/Schieferklotz (upper exaratum to lower elegans subzones) become increasingly poorly layered until it becomes a small brittle limestone bank, the "Stinkkalkbank" (Dotternhausen to Gomaringen and NĂŒrtingen) with
3363:
3025:
1313:, a hemipelagic deposit, with the influence of open sea currents from the North and the South, with an estimated water depth of 2-100 m, with few deeper shelf environments. Connected to the SW German basin where the
1883:"Lower Jurassic (PliensbachianâToarcian) marine paleoenvironment in Western Europe: sedimentology, geochemistry and organic petrology of the wells Mainzholzen and Wickensen, Hils Syncline, Lower Saxony Basin"
929:
The black shales are the main part of the strata present, with a major composition of bacterial origin. The shale is made represent blackish gray to dark brown bituminous, fine-leaved, somewhat sandy marl
2059:"Le Toarcien inférieur des régions de Bascharage et de Bettembourg (grand-duché du Luxembourg) : évidences paléontologiques et sédimentologiques d'environnements restreints proches de l'émersion"
2465:
1648:
strata. The maturation of this strata has implied losing organic carbon and loss of hydrogen index values. Beyond that, the status of the samples has been stable during at least 40 measured years.
1189:
The first geological studies were carried out, motivated by the extraction of shales in the southern quarries. Several fossils were reported, studied and named at the time from locations such as
3080:
900:
study of the location, where there are works of the North Alpine Mesozoic that prefer before calling these deposits Sachranger Shale to give it a brief different diagnosis. On the Unken
950:
when weathered. The Slate is among the most common mineral on the strata, with an average lime content of 40.2%, where maximum values are at 58% and minimum values at 26%. Bituminous
1543:
1321:, with correlated sedimentation to the Shale deposition on Germany, also sharing a epicontinental sea, bordered by carbonate facies, specially towards the south. At the North, the
1690:, or sea-lilies. The best-preserved fossils found on the Early Jurassic can be the ones from the Posidonia Shale. There are also abundant fish fossils (including genera such as
3700:
Ajuaba, Stephen; Sachsenhofer, Reinhard F.; Galasso, Francesca; Garlichs, Thorsten U.; Gross, Doris; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Misch, David; Oriabure, Jonathan E. (2024-03-27).
215:
1262:. In 1953, an impressive Insect fauna was revised in the Northern outcrops. On 1978, Wild described the First and only know Dinosaur Fossil from the formation, what he named
1063:
solutions as the most probable source, where the high amounts of dissolved manganese of continental origin was translated to the epicontinental margins of the Tethys. On the
1244:). While in 1921, the 1st major fossil inventory was done by Hauff, reporting exquisite specimens, most of them from Holzmaden and some of them nearly complete, including
830:. The next are the called "Koblenzer-Hainzen" clay successions of upper the semicelatum subzone, initially poorly layered and more or less bituminous with abundance of
4333:
Gesteine, B., Schichten, B., Schichten, S., Schichten, H., & Gosau, K. (1988) An Organic Geochemical Study of Austrian Bituminous Rocks.Jb. Geol. B.-A.ISSN 0016-7800
4015:"Formation process of the trace fossil Phymatoderma granulata in the Lower Jurassic black shale (Posidonia Shale, southern Germany) and its paleoecological implications"
879:
Dotternhausen and Göppingen area, with slates getting poorer in bitumen and less layered. The top section is known as "bollensis camp", marked by the mass deposition of
1978:
1422:
1346:
emerged sedimentary structure. Finally, the southernmost part of the Formation, the SWGB was separated from the Tethys Ocean by a series of islands related with the
1171:
1310:
381:
376:
236:
3966:
Dickson, Alexander J.; Gill, Benjamin C.; Ruhl, Micha; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Porcelli, Donald; Idiz, Erdem; Lyons, Timothy W.; van den Boorn, Sander H. J. M. (2017).
3233:
2295:"Lower Toarcian (Upper Liassic) Black Shales of the Central European Epicontinental Basin: A Sequence Stratigraphic Case Study from the Sw German Posidonia Shale"
2681:"Primary productivity and early diagenesis in the Toarcian Tethys on the example of the Mn-rich black shales of the Sachrang Formation, Northern Calcareous Alps"
1450:
737:
4061:"The MonotisâDactylioceras Bed in the Posidonienschiefer Formation (Toarcian, southern Germany): condensed section, tempestite, or tsunami-generated deposit?"
2610:"Fazies, PalÀontologie und organische Geochemie der Sachranger Schiefer (Untertoarcium) im Mittelabschnitt der Nördlichen Kalkalpen zwischen Isar und Saalach"
4583:"Die Landpflanzen-Taphozönose aus dem Posidonienschiefer des Unteren Jura (Schwarzer Jura [Epsilon], Unter-Toarcium) in Deutschland und ihre Deutung"
1325:
report little deeper basinal settings, heavily influenced by continental matter coming from the main continental land present anywhere nearby the formation,
205:
3540:
1789:
The Main Museum with the taxa Found on the Posidonia Shale, the Hauff Museum recovers the best specimens found in the last 150 years, and it is situated on
4735:
1284:
Paleogeography of the Early Toarcian Central European Area, with close panoramic of the Hondelange & Schandelah outcrops and adjacent emerged lands.
231:
157:
1615:
Bruck and Naab areas considered as caused by a major regression of the sea level, marked at Irlbach by white-yellow levels indicating karst funnels or
1342:
575:
1162:
Friedrich August von Quenstedt a German Mineralogist who studied the jurassic strata along Germany, including the Black Shales of the Posidonia Shale.
1502:
1407:
1351:
1167:
210:
938:
has a Dark-Gray to brownish tone, alternated with more rarely light gray shades. There is a relatively common presence of blue fittings, as well as
1794:
1179:
946:
remains (Bones, scales). The younger strata with the fresh outcrops develops on a series of several meters thick wall, that splits into fine paper
1166:
The Posidonia Shale has been a focus of scientific interest for the last 100 years. The first fossils were recorded in 1598 by the medical doctor
4700:
3405:
1645:
1403:
1120:
is well dated on the basis of ammonite and microfossil biostratigraphy. The Lower Toarcian sections are subdivided into three ammonite biozones (
725:
721:
386:
3819:"Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Lower Toarcian epicontinental black shales (Posidonia Shale, SW Germany): global versus regional control"
1411:
1381:
1330:
729:
151:
1145:
shales have been calculated biochronologically and with isochron data, giving an approximate age of 183-181 million years, being close to the
960:
1798:
1322:
832:
589:
3921:"Modeling evidences for global warming, Arctic seawater freshening, and sluggish oceanic circulation during the Early Toarcian anoxic event"
4277:"Latest Pliensbachian to Early Toarcian depositional environment and organo-facies evolution in the North-German Basin (Hondelage Section)"
4158:"The palynology of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Dormettingen, southwest Germany, with emphasis on changes in vegetational dynamics"
3310:"Anatomy and implications of bioturbated beds in" black shale" sequences: Examples from the Jurassic Posidonienschiefer (southern Germany)"
1599:
1361:
The Germanic Epicontinental sea is considered to be an analogue, as compares well to the sedimentation rate in deep-water settings, of the
1008:
4226:
Muscente, A.D.; Vinnes, Olivia; Sinha, Sinjini; Schiffbauer, James D.; Maxwell, Erin E.; Schweigert, GĂŒnter; Martindale, Rowan C. (2023).
4705:
1737:
1454:
Hondelange and Schandelah, the Posidonienschiefer was deposited in the "Oberaller Through", a local depression bordered by the emerged "
1445:. Between the Hettangian-Toarcian, this threshold was perhaps temporarily connected via a land bridge with an island in the area of the
1934:"Oceanic response to Pliensbachian and Toarcian magmatic events: Implications from an organic-rich basinal succession in the NW Tethys"
1035:
derivatives are highly abundant on this level, related to several processes such as sedimentary iron, influenced by anoxic conditions.
3027:
Geognostisches GemĂ€lde von Deutschland: mit RĂŒcksicht auf die Gebirgs-Beschaffenheit nachbarlicher Staaten: mit acht Steindruck-Tafeln
4106:
Lézin, Carine; Andreu, Bernard; Pellenard, Pierre; Bouchez, Jean-Luc; Emmanuel, Laurent; Fauré, Philippe; Landrein, Philippe (2013).
1391:
881:
699:
towards the S, that filled with seawater the area, subdivided in several subasins with heterogeneous conditions and biotas, from the
605:
582:
4345:"Formation, subduction, and exhumation of Penninic oceanic crust in the Eastern Alps: time constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology"
852:. It appears across the area either as a concretionary "laibstein" horizon (Aalen region) or as a uniformly layered limestone bank (
1044:
1466:
Swell closed it at the south, and more towards the E the Bohemian Massif hosted a large delta that discharged towards Oberaller.
4695:
4675:
4202:
TrĂŒmpy, R. (1959). "Hypothesen ĂŒber die Ausbildung von Trias, Lias und Dogger im Untergrund des schweizerischen Molassebeckens".
1107:
The former marl pit of Hondelage, NW Germany. At the bottom of the image there is an 8 m long stretch of Posidonia Shale exposed.
905:
1720:). Most of the fauna is marine, with several terrestrial specimens, and some of them being semiaquatic, such as the sphenodont
656:
3702:"The Toarcian Posidonia Shale at Salem (North Alpine Foreland Basin; South Germany): hydrocarbon potential and paleogeography"
4638:
2952:
4228:"What role does anoxia play in exceptional fossil preservation? Lessons from the taphonomy of the Posidonia Shale (Germany)"
3631:"Biostratigraphy and sedimentary sequences of the Toarcian Hainberg section (Northwestern Harz foreland, Northern Germany)"
3161:
2974:
3289:
Kauffman, E.G. (1981). "Ecological reappraisal of the German Posidonienschiefer (Toarcian) and the stagnant basin model".
2378:"A Geomorphological Map to Accompany Sheet 4325 (Nörten-Hardenberg) of the 1 : 25 000 Geological Map of Lower Saxony"
3194:
Wild, R. (1978). "Ein Sauropoden-Rest (Reptilia, Saurischia) aus dem Posidonienschiefer (Lias, Toarcium) von Holzmaden".
4710:
1437:
on the basis of Palynology. In the east the SW German sub-basin was bounded by the Bohemian-Hercynian landmass (Modern
3444:
Maxwell, Erin E.; Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Mujal, Eudald; Miedema, Feiko; Serafini, Giovanni; Schweigert, GĂŒnter (2022).
483:
2852:
2314:
2109:
1665:
1421:
High/Swell (known thanks to strata containing fine sand in the tenuicostatum Zone, âGlaukonit und viel Feinsandâ, at
1429:
Massif is also suggested to be present (known by the abundant detrital quartz from the EST433 borehole located near
4740:
4406:"Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Toarcian Ludwigskanal section (Franconian Alb, Southern Germany)"
1932:
Neumeister, S.; Gratzer, R.; Algeo, T. J.; Bechtel, A.; Gawlick, H. J.; Newton, R. J.; Sachsenhofer, R. F. (2015).
624:
and crops out in a number of locations in southwestern Germany, although most remains are from near the village of
4343:
Ratschbacher, Lothar; Dingeldey, Christian; Miller, Christine; Hacker, Bradley R.; McWilliams, Michael O. (2004).
3446:"Evaluating the Existence of Vertebrate Deadfall Communities from the Early Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation"
1354:), forming the continuation of the Vindelician High being a small terrestrial setting with similar size to modern
446:
4730:
3968:"Molybdenum-isotope chemostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic)"
2768:
Reinhardt, M.; Duda, J.-P.; Blumenberg, M.; Ostertag-Henning, C.; Reitner, J.; Heim, C.; Thiel, V. (2018-03-22).
2644:"Foraminiferen und Coccolithen aus den Lias-Epsilon-Schiefern der Unkener Mulde (Tirolikum, Nördliche Kalkalpen)"
2643:
1824:"Astronomical timescale for the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Posidonia Shale and global environmental changes"
3418:
2731:"Bio- and chemostratigraphy of the Toarcian organic-rich deposits of some key successions of the Alpine Tethys"
2058:
4725:
1434:
1433:). The Environments of this highs are assumed to have been trought phases os aridity and humidy markedby the
1366:
1007:
is present, such as in the Toarcian deposits of Hungary. Those are completed by the marl levels, composed by
3487:"Deep-water stromatolites and Frutexites Maslov from the early and Middle Jurassic of S-Germany and Austria"
3234:"Zur Kenntnis der organischen Substanz des Posidonienschiefers. I. Untersuchungen ĂŒber den Stickstoffgehalt"
2506:"Analyse des klassischen nordalpinen Mesozoikums. Stratigraphie, fauna und fazies der nošrdlichen kalkalpen"
2004:"An Articulated Dragonfly (Insecta, Odonata) From The Upper Liassic Posidonia Shale Of Northern Switzerland"
3577:"Keys to the depositional history of the Posidonia Shale (Toarcian) in the Hils Syncline, northern Germany"
1402:. There is not major indicative of synsedimentary faulting in South Germany, but is present on the western
439:
4446:"Preparation Techniques for Material From The Posidonienschiefer (Lias Epsilon, Upper Liassic) of Germany"
4320:
4275:
Marten, Tim; Ruebsam, Wolfgang; Mutterlose, Jörg; Wiesenberg, Guido L. B.; Schwark, Lorenz (2024-06-27).
3745:
1918:
3817:
Schmid-Röhl, Annette; Röhl, Hans-Joachim; Oschmann, Wolfgang; Frimmel, Andreas; Schwark, Lorenz (2002).
3576:
3407:
Der Posidonienschiefer: Biostratigraphie, Fauna und Fazies des sĂŒdwestdeutschen Untertoarciums (Lias e)
4157:
2839:, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol. 8, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 267â276,
1933:
1823:
4720:
4715:
4526:
Fang, Ronghui; Littke, Ralf; Zieger, Laura; Baniasad, Alireza; Li, Meijun; Schwarzbauer, Jan (2019).
3675:
3081:"Untersuchung der FossilfundstĂ€tten von Holzmaden im Posidonienschiefer des Oberen Lias WĂŒrttembergs"
2679:
Ebli, Oskar; VetĆ, IstvĂĄn; Lobitzer, Harald; SajgĂł, CsanĂĄd; Attila DemĂ©ny; HetĂ©nyi, Magdolna (1998).
2466:"Untersuchung der FossilfundstĂ€tten von Holzmaden im Posidonienschiefer des Oberen Lias WĂŒrttembergs"
2131:
1425:), located at 70 km at the west and the Ries Swell, W of Regensburg, then far towards the W the
683:
The Posidonia Shale was originally referred to as the Schwarzjura lias was first recovered from the
4483:
Song, Jinli; Littke, Ralf; Weniger, Philipp; Ostertag-Henning, Christian; Nelskamp, Susanne (2015).
3050:
4690:
3364:"Die Holzmadener Posidonienschiefer Entstehung der FossillagerstÀtte und eines Erdölmuttergesteins"
3262:
Blumer, M. (1950). "Porphyrinfarbstoffe und Porphyrin-Metallkomplexe in schweizerischen Bitumina".
1252:
and Marine reptiles, such as Plesiosaurs and Icthyosaurs. Hauff described in 1938 "Acidorhynchus" (
887:
645:
572:, the German translation, takes its name from the ubiquitous fossils of the oyster-related bivalve
200:
163:
4582:
4385:
Krumbeck, L. (1932). "Ăber den Fallaciosus-Horizont im Lias Mittel-ζ von Irlbach bei Regensburg".
4660:
4618:
2433:
Das Flözgebirge WĂŒrtembergs : mit besonderer RĂŒcksicht auf den Jura / von Fr. Aug. Quenstedt
2609:
595:
565:, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles.
4108:"Geochemical disturbance and paleoenvironmental changes during the Early Toarcian in NW Europe"
1578:
806:
226:
4619:"HOLZMADEN: Prehistoric Museum HauffâA Fossil Museum Since 4 Generationsâ(Urweltmuseum Hauff)"
3630:
1577:
Occurs only in the south-east of the northern Bavarian Jura region, as appears on places like
1417:
The main terrestrial environments of the Posidonia Shale are the near emerged lands where the
1390:
where major events set the fate of the nearshore environments. One example is the case of the
1031:
in minor amounts. BĂ€chental bituminous marls consist mainly of quartz and carbonate minerals.
987:
content is also consistently high. Finally, the Unken Shale samples also show minor levels of
4485:"Shale oil potential and thermal maturity of the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale in NW Europe"
4405:
4314:
3739:
1912:
853:
822:
796:
708:, what led to the appearance of the early Atlantic connecting with the Boreal waters of the
4539:
4492:
4284:
4239:
4169:
4119:
4022:
3979:
3932:
3877:
3830:
3772:
3709:
3588:
3498:
3457:
3321:
3119:
2886:
2781:
2692:
2569:
2517:
2240:
2229:"Numerical paleoceanographic study of the Early Jurassic Transcontinental Laurasian Seaway"
2015:
1945:
1890:
1835:
1636:
in the production of binders, mining in the 80ÂŽs up to 1,600 t. Shale oil, specially after
1498:
621:
139:
3866:"Inorganic geochemistry of the German 'Posidonia Shale': palaeoenvironmental consequences"
728:, the main fault in the Regensburg Basin. Developed by the sinking of the southern German
8:
2150:
1674:, the shales contain some spectacularly detailed fossils of other Jurassic sea creaturesâ
1489:
are observed very often. On the bituminous marls there is a great abundance of saturated
669:
529:
187:
4543:
4496:
4288:
4243:
4173:
4123:
4026:
3983:
3936:
3881:
3834:
3776:
3713:
3592:
3502:
3461:
3325:
3123:
2999:
2890:
2833:"Effects and causes in a black shale event â the Toarcian Posidonia Shale of NW Germany"
2785:
2696:
2573:
2521:
2244:
2019:
1949:
1894:
1839:
1463:
4563:
4088:
3901:
3796:
3604:
3514:
3337:
3135:
3107:
2910:
2813:
2264:
2039:
1851:
1722:
1692:
1414:
aiming for the south, where it would have hitten the shoreline of the Bohemian Island.
4527:
3842:
2704:
1548:
1003:. Dinoflagellates are the major organic component and the most abundant microfossils.
983:
is relative with other locations of the same region from also the Toarcian, while the
785:
4634:
4567:
4555:
4551:
4508:
4465:
4364:
4302:
4257:
4135:
4092:
4080:
4038:
3995:
3948:
3905:
3893:
3846:
3800:
3788:
3727:
3608:
3518:
3486:
3414:
3139:
2948:
2914:
2902:
2848:
2805:
2797:
2750:
2708:
2585:
2533:
2529:
2397:
2310:
2268:
2256:
2227:
Bjerrum, Christian J.; Surlyk, Finn; Callomon, John H.; Slingerland, Rudy L. (2001).
2154:
2105:
2043:
2031:
1855:
1406:, with breccias created from earthquakes, present on Toarcian levels of the Austrian
1259:
918:
4252:
4227:
3760:
3541:"Origin and evolution of hydrocarbons in early Toarcian shales, Paris Basin, France"
2770:"The taphonomic fate of isorenieratene in Lower Jurassic shalesâcontrolled by iron?"
2393:
2189:
2089:
1957:
1627:
1309:. The deposition of the shales where delimited to several minibasins, including the
917:
Unken Syncline, the breccias associated with the normal faults were deposited until
4626:
4547:
4500:
4457:
4417:
4356:
4292:
4247:
4181:
4177:
4127:
4107:
4072:
4030:
3987:
3940:
3885:
3865:
3838:
3818:
3784:
3780:
3717:
3642:
3596:
3506:
3465:
3329:
3271:
3127:
2940:
2894:
2840:
2817:
2789:
2742:
2700:
2680:
2577:
2525:
2437:
2389:
2302:
2248:
2185:
2146:
2101:
2097:
2023:
1953:
1898:
1843:
954:
are present in the Edge facies of the Sachrang Shale (="Unken Shales"), with green
712:
Ocean, and several marine to continental subasins locally. The CEB was part of the
4131:
4014:
3889:
3600:
2932:
2874:
2505:
1768:
4630:
4344:
4034:
3647:
2944:
2898:
2173:
1847:
1438:
1338:
1183:
1158:
1088:
1072:
988:
972:
873:
688:
684:
664:
518:
4625:. Natural History Collections (1 ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 325â329.
4484:
4422:
4360:
3470:
3445:
1517:, which may derive from thin-walled planktonic and benthic organisms, including
4504:
4297:
4276:
4060:
3722:
3701:
2377:
1903:
1882:
1704:
1398:
beds, that had an extent of +500 km, that has been linked with a possible
1236:
1195:
1175:
1032:
814:
692:
538:
286:
282:
4076:
2746:
1043:
are present in the manganese levels, while the Black Shale levels are rich in
4684:
4559:
4512:
4469:
4368:
4306:
4261:
4139:
4084:
4042:
3999:
3952:
3897:
3850:
3792:
3731:
3275:
2906:
2801:
2754:
2712:
2589:
2558:"Paleomagnetism and paleogeography of the northern calcareous Alps (Austria)"
2537:
2431:
2401:
2260:
2158:
2035:
2003:
1728:
1610:
1522:
1485:; the Echinoids take their place, where really blossomed at that time, while
1470:
1395:
1370:
1298:
1264:
1254:
1227:
1146:
1113:
1036:
839:
746:
641:
610:
461:
448:
70:
27:
2441:
2294:
2027:
1651:
1280:
2809:
2730:
2306:
1761:
1755:
1716:
1637:
1586:
1486:
1418:
1326:
1142:
1122:
996:
777:
762:
696:
637:
3967:
3920:
3680:
Geologisch-PalÀontologisches Institut der Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart
2875:"Rheniumâosmium geochronology of the Toarcian Posidonia Shale, SW Germany"
2873:
van Acken, D.; TĂŒtken, T.; Daly, J.S.; Schmid-Röhl, A.; Orr, P.J. (2019).
2228:
2057:
Henrotay, M.; Marques, D.; Paicheler, J. C.; Gall, J. C.; Nel, A. (1998).
1594:
644:, or oxygen-depleted, deep water environment, although the details of the
3991:
3944:
3196:
Stuttgarter BeitrÀge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und PalÀontologie)
2252:
1749:
1675:
1518:
1514:
1490:
1441:), with the Vindelician peninsula at the S-SW, reaching the west area of
1430:
1314:
1205:
1028:
818:
709:
700:
562:
550:
340:
316:
252:
45:
4155:
3758:
2832:
2208:
Ziegler, P.A. (1982). "Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe".
1455:
4404:
Arp, G.; GropengieĂer, S.; Schulbert, C.; Jung, D.; Reimer, A. (2021).
3510:
3341:
3309:
3131:
2844:
2769:
2767:
2608:
Ebli, O.; Draxler, I.; Klein, P.; Kodina, L. A.; Lobitzler, H. (1991).
2557:
1797:, using his private collection of fossils as a base, as an opposite to
1743:
1679:
1590:
1582:
1562:
1530:
1375:
1306:
1302:
1190:
1136:
1129:
1117:
1056:
1047:. The lower matrix is composed by clay and carbonate minerals, such as
857:
677:
673:
558:
364:
90:
55:
3213:
Urlichs, M.; Wild, R.; Ziegler, B. (1979). "Fossilien aus Holzmaden".
2793:
2581:
2132:"Der Jura in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland (STD 2016)"
1234:
In the 1900, major paleontological addons included the description of
4387:
Centralblatt fĂŒr Mineralogie, Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie, Abteilung B
2556:
Channell, J. E. T.; Brandner, R.; Spieler, A.; Stoner, J. S. (1992).
1566:
1526:
1482:
1446:
1362:
1290:
1245:
1215:
1092:
1083:(5%). While the Clay mineral distribution includes a large amount of
1048:
1004:
1000:
951:
909:
827:
758:
625:
617:
504:
267:
121:
95:
39:
4445:
3333:
4461:
2831:
Riegel, Walter; Loh, Hartmut; Maul, Bernd; Prauss, Michael (1986),
1698:
1683:
1554:
1534:
1510:
1474:
1442:
1355:
1052:
1024:
1016:
992:
964:
901:
849:
769:
765:
713:
705:
633:
542:
406:
263:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
31:
3575:
Littke, R.; Leythaeuser, D.; Rullkötter, J.; Baker, D. R. (1991).
1301:, and others appearing along the east, such as the related to the
886:, closed at the top by a new seegrasschiefer. The limit with the
4482:
4342:
4274:
4156:
Galasso, F.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Schneebeli-Hermann, E. (2022).
3759:
Galasso, F.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Schneebeli-Hermann, E. (2022).
3699:
3539:
Tissot, B.; Califet-Debyser, Y.; Deroo, G.; Oudin, J. L. (1971).
1781:
1710:
1687:
1558:
1506:
1478:
1459:
1399:
1387:
1221:
1103:
1068:
1060:
1040:
980:
913:
750:
733:
554:
546:
328:
304:
100:
75:
3574:
2729:
Suan, Guillaume; Schlögl, Jan; Mattioli, Emanuela (2016-08-01).
2226:
4623:
Paleontological Collections of Germany, Austria and Switzerland
3538:
2376:
Brunotte, Ernst; Garleff, Karsten; Jordan, Heinz (1985-12-01).
2174:"New aspects about the origin of the Toarcian Posidonia Shales"
1790:
1616:
1539:
1501:
where found along long-chain paraffinic molecules (n-alkanes).
1494:
1426:
1334:
1318:
1294:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1020:
1012:
984:
976:
968:
845:
754:
629:
352:
4225:
3816:
3108:"Ăber Acidorhynchus aus den Posidonienschiefern von Holzmaden"
2872:
1410:. It would start as an initial wave propagation affecting the
648:
are the subject of debate by researchers of the formation.
2555:
1931:
1821:
947:
935:
931:
810:
781:
741:
4403:
3000:"BeitrĂ€ge zur fossilen Flora der Juraformation WĂŒrttembergs"
2301:, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), pp. 165â189,
2178:
Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
2056:
16:
Early Jurassic geological formation of south-western Germany
4105:
1347:
1249:
1203:, being originally identified as a Gharial), the pterosaur
955:
943:
939:
773:
2340:"ErlÀuterungen zur Geologischen Karte von Bayern 1:500000"
761:
exposures on the east, and were deposited on the Jurassic
3443:
1525:, and Bacterial mats. There is a clear low frequency of
809:, which gradually wedge out to the east in the area of
772:
layers. The slopes of the area are partially covered by
4676:
Images of fossils in the Urwelt-Museum Hauff (Holzmaden)
4525:
4054:
4052:
3162:"Die Insektenfauna des Ostniedersachsischen Oberen Lias"
736:, it separates the higher, older crystallization of the
660:
Posidonia slate - outcrop of the Black Jura near Hetzles
1329:. In this area, the main emerged units present was the
3965:
3628:
2607:
1822:
Ruebsam, W.; Schmid-Röhl, A.; Al-Husseini, M. (2023).
1275:
4049:
3761:"Do spores herald the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event?"
3629:
Arp, G.; Balmuk, Y.; Seppelt, S.; Reimer, A. (2023).
3264:
Geochemische Untersuchungen V. Helvetica Chimica Acta
2678:
2375:
2210:
Amsterdam, Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij
1289:
modern southern Germany, recovering the locations of
545:) geological formation of southwestern and northeast
3403:
2933:"Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of Southern Germany"
1979:"TyplokalitÀt der Sachrang-Formation W von Sachrang"
1880:
1358:, with nearby sections like the Salem paleo-swell.
967:
component of the 60% with a pronounced dominance of
768:
nearshore sandstone that evolved gradually into the
757:
resulting from crystallization were eroded from the
4059:Arp, Gernot; GropengieĂer, Sebastian (2015-06-09).
3676:"Die Palaeogeographie der schwÀbischen Jurabeckens"
3439:
3437:
3055:
Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft
2830:
2728:
2382:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft
2337:
2299:
Deposition of Organic-Carbon-Rich Sediments: Models
800:
Lithostratigraphy of the Posidonia Shale in Germany
620:formed of fine-grained sediments intercalated with
616:The formation comprises finely laminated layers of
3212:
1477:locally is observed a significant decrease in the
862:as the character fossil of this limestone bank.
4019:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3231:
2879:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2090:"Exceptional Preservation of Fossil Soft Tissues"
1828:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1071:is the most abundant fraction (49%), followed by
4682:
3870:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3581:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3434:
2939:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183â196,
1193:, Ohmden, Holzmaden or Dotternhausen, including
4058:
2292:
2088:Clements, Thomas; Gabbott, Sarah (2022-04-13).
2087:
1659:
1608:, thus Variabilis in age) at Bodenwöhr, or the
1333:at the west, being a small land of the size of
720:Towards the W is determined by the northâsouth
632:oil shales deposited on a sea floor during the
2338:FREUDENBERGER, WALTER; CHWERD, KLAUSS (1996).
4443:
3918:
3404:Riegraf, W.; Werner, G.; Lörcher, F. (1984).
3307:
2972:
2333:
2331:
1881:Burnaz, L.; Littke, R.; Grohmann, S. (2024).
3919:Dera, Guillaume; Donnadieu, Yannick (2012).
3484:
1462:Swell to the N, while the shallow submerged
1272:well a revision of the biotic interactions.
4736:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
4612:
4610:
4608:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
2651:Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. PalÀont. Hist. Geol
1876:
1874:
1872:
1735:Flora has been found, especially the genus
4616:
4151:
4149:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3074:
3072:
2724:
2722:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2328:
2050:
603:is an invalid genus and junior synonym of
120:
4421:
4380:
4378:
4327:
4296:
4251:
3721:
3646:
3622:
3469:
3361:
3051:"Eine neue Darstellung von Ichthyosaurus"
2866:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2503:
2429:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2001:
1902:
1817:
1815:
1572:
533:in Luxembourg) geologically known as the
4605:
4384:
3863:
3673:
3386:
3368:Klassische Fundstellen der PalÀontologie
3288:
2603:
2601:
2599:
1925:
1869:
1780:
1767:
1650:
1626:
1341:. The Bohemian massif with the Southern
1279:
1157:
1102:
795:
663:
655:
4444:Lorcher, Fritz; Keller, Thomas (1985).
4281:International Journal of Earth Sciences
4146:
3706:International Journal of Earth Sciences
3563:
3478:
3187:
3069:
3004:Gedruckt in der Guttenberg'schen Buchdr
2719:
2674:
2672:
2617:Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt
2480:
2362:
2207:
2171:
1726:or fully terrestrial like the dinosaur
640:are described as being deposited in an
609:. The type profile is still located on
490:
4701:Geologic formations of the Netherlands
4683:
4661:Urweltmuseum Hauff - Jurassic sea life
4375:
4201:
3308:Savrda, C. E.; Bottjer, D. J. (1989).
3261:
3048:
2926:
2924:
2544:
2129:
2118:
2076:
1812:
1785:The exterior of the Urweltmuseum Hauff
1772:The interior of the Urweltmuseum Hauff
4580:
4574:
4489:International Journal of Coal Geology
4221:
4219:
4217:
4162:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
4012:
3812:
3810:
3765:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3669:
3667:
3665:
3105:
3078:
2761:
2635:
2596:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2293:RĂHL, H.-J.; SCHMID-RĂHL, A. (2005),
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2002:Etter, Walter; Kuhn, Olivier (2000).
1995:
1776:
1513:fraction. The main maceral found is
1505:resins are especially strong for the
971:, along with a significant amount of
114:Possible Latest Pliensbachian records
3232:Kroepelin, H.; Wurziger, J. (1949).
3193:
3159:
3153:
3023:
2997:
2930:
2669:
2641:
1481:skeleton elements, also that of the
3215:Stuttgarter BeitrÀge Naturkunde Ser
2921:
1622:
1276:Paleogeography and paleoenvironment
13:
4706:Geologic formations of Switzerland
4214:
3807:
3662:
3485:Böhm, F.; Brachert, T. C. (1993).
2448:
2408:
2275:
2196:
1019:are the main minerals, along with
14:
4752:
4669:
4587:Staatliches Museum fĂŒr Naturkunde
1666:Paleobiota of the Posidonia Shale
908:, basinal deposits with abundant
4617:Hauff, R. B.; Joger, U. (2018).
4552:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.103928
2430:Quenstedt, Fr. Aug. von (1843).
2151:10.1127/0078-0421/2005/0041-0253
1067:had a bulk mineralogy where the
995:. There is a great abundance of
963:locality is layered on a major
672:layer of the Posidonia Shale at
489:
482:
426:Border with Tyrol above Sachrang
357:
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
43:
4654:
4519:
4476:
4437:
4397:
4336:
4268:
4253:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104323
4195:
4099:
4006:
3959:
3912:
3857:
3752:
3693:
3532:
3355:
3301:
3282:
3255:
3225:
3206:
3099:
3042:
3017:
2991:
2966:
2824:
2220:
1958:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.007
1759:and palynomorphs, dominated by
1741:, but also macrofloral remains
1655:Former clay pit in Marloffstein
1493:in the hexanesoluble fraction,
1258:), the latest surviving of the
791:
4696:Geologic formations of Germany
4182:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104701
3785:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104748
2165:
2102:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029468
1971:
507:, location of the main Outcrop
1:
4132:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.01.003
3890:10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.058.01.22
3843:10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00005-0
3601:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.058.01.20
3169:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
2973:Wurstemberger, A. R. (1876).
2705:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00069-2
1805:
1435:Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event
1367:Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event
4631:10.1007/978-3-319-77401-5_31
4204:Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae
4035:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.07.021
3648:10.3897/zitteliana.97.110677
3112:PalÀontologische Zeitschrift
2945:10.1017/cbo9780511626159.025
2899:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109294
2530:10.1016/0012-8252(77)90023-x
2436:. TĂŒbingen: H. Laupp'schen.
1848:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111619
1660:Paleontological significance
1631:Former clay pit in Mistelgau
924:
749:deposits from the east. The
7:
4423:10.3897/zitteliana.95.56222
4361:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.08.003
3471:10.3390/geosciences12040158
3241:Braunschweig. Wissenschaftl
3030:. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung
2735:Newsletters on Stratigraphy
2139:Newsletters on Stratigraphy
1938:Global and Planetary Change
894:
10:
4757:
4505:10.1016/j.coal.2015.08.011
4298:10.1007/s00531-024-02433-7
3864:Brumsack, Hans-J. (1991).
3723:10.1007/s00531-024-02392-z
1904:10.1007/s00531-023-02381-8
1663:
1469:In Microfacies, after the
1458:Island" and the submerged
1153:
1065:BĂ€chental bituminous marls
1055:. The presence of altered
651:
216:Marnes Ă Bifrons Formation
4711:Jurassic System of Europe
4077:10.1007/s12542-015-0271-7
2931:Hess, Hans (1999-10-28),
2394:10.1127/zdgg/136/1985/277
2344:Geol. Kt. Bayern 1:500000
2190:10.1127/njgpa/157/1978/11
1337:, and on the east, the N
1317:, that recovered central
1098:
859:Leptolepis coryphaenoides
498:Posidonia Shale (Germany)
477:
438:
430:
422:
414:
400:
395:
370:
292:
278:
273:
258:
248:
243:
222:
196:
172:
145:
135:
119:
26:
21:
3276:10.1002/hlca.19500330630
2130:Mönnig, Eckhard (2018).
1708:and chondrichthyes like
1581:, the north-east of the
888:Jurensismergel Formation
740:from the Lower Jurassic
646:depositional environment
201:Jurensismergel Formation
164:Northern Calcareous Alps
4741:Paleontology in Germany
4319:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
4013:Izumi, Kentaro (2012).
3744:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
3291:Communities of the Past
2464:Hauff, Rolf B. (1921).
2442:10.5962/bhl.title.45496
2028:10.1111/1475-4983.00157
1917:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
1423:Obereggenen im Breisgau
1182:senior (1866â1950) and
1172:Carl Hartwig von Zieten
1112:The Posidonia Shale of
628:and Dotternhausen. The
382:Southwest German Basins
4731:Source rock formations
3362:Seilacher, A. (1990).
2307:10.2110/pec.05.82.0165
1786:
1773:
1732:and several insects.
1656:
1632:
1579:Bruck in der Oberpfalz
1573:Dactyliocerassandstein
1311:Southwest German Basin
1285:
1163:
1108:
807:Amaltheenton Formation
801:
680:
661:
522:
237:Scheibelberg Formation
227:Amaltheenton Formation
4232:Earth-Science Reviews
3674:Aldinger, H. (1968).
2747:10.1127/nos/2016/0078
2510:Earth-Science Reviews
2504:GLAESSNER, M (1977).
1784:
1771:
1670:In addition to their
1654:
1630:
1604:, latter found to be
1283:
1161:
1106:
799:
667:
659:
622:bituminous limestones
4726:Open marine deposits
4532:Organic Geochemistry
4491:. 150â151: 127â153.
4021:. 353â355: 116â122.
3992:10.1002/2016pa003048
3945:10.1029/2012pa002283
2998:Kurr, J. G. (1845).
2685:Organic Geochemistry
2253:10.1029/2000pa000512
2172:Brenner, K. (1978).
1213:) in 1830, the fish
738:Moldanubian Basement
596:AltmĂŒhltal Formation
140:Geological formation
4544:2019OrGeo.13803928F
4497:2015IJCG..150..127S
4289:2024IJEaS.tmp...81M
4244:2023ESRv..23804323M
4174:2022RPaPa.30404701G
4124:2013ChGeo.341....1L
4027:2012PPP...353..116I
3984:2017PalOc..32..813D
3937:2012PalOc..27.2211D
3882:1991GSLSP..58..353B
3835:2002Geobi..35...13S
3777:2022RPaPa.30604748G
3714:2024IJEaS.tmp...29A
3593:1991GSLSP..58..311L
3503:1993Faci...28..145B
3462:2022Geosc..12..158M
3413:. Berlin: F. Enke.
3326:1989Palai...4..330S
3124:1938PalZ...20..214H
3049:Jaekel, O. (1904).
2891:2019PPP...53409294V
2786:2018Gbio...16..237R
2697:1998OrGeo..29.1635E
2574:1992Tecto..11..792C
2522:1977ESRv...13..192G
2245:2001PalOc..16..390B
2020:2000Palgy..43..967E
1950:2015GPC...126...62N
1895:2024IJEaS.tmp....9B
1840:2023PPP...62311619R
1039:and manganese rich
670:Schistes bitumineux
530:Schistes Bitumineux
458: /
206:Werkendam Formation
188:Schistes bitumineux
178:BĂ€chental Schichten
28:Stratigraphic range
4581:Wilde, V. (2001).
4450:Geological Curator
3511:10.1007/bf02539734
3132:10.1007/BF03041918
3106:Hauff, B. (1938).
3079:Hauff, B. (1921).
2845:10.1007/bfb0010214
2691:(5â7): 1635â1647.
1787:
1777:Urweltmuseum Hauff
1774:
1723:Palaeopleurosaurus
1657:
1633:
1286:
1164:
1109:
975:. The presence of
802:
681:
662:
570:Posidonienschiefer
535:Sachrang Formation
524:Posidonienschiefer
128:Posidonienschiefer
22:Sachrang Formation
4640:978-3-319-77400-8
3160:Bode, A. (1953).
3085:Palaeontographica
3024:Boué, A. (1829).
2976:Ăber lias epsilon
2954:978-0-521-45024-9
2837:Global Bio-Events
2794:10.1111/gbi.12284
2642:Ebli, O. (1989).
2582:10.1029/91tc03089
2470:Palaeontographica
1682:, spiral-shelled
1619:-like depostion.
1260:Saurichthyiformes
1209:(as a species of
717:paleocurrents.
511:
510:
232:Aalburg Formation
158:Schwarzjura Group
126:Posidonia Shale (
115:
4748:
4721:Shale formations
4716:Jurassic Germany
4663:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4614:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4355:(3â4): 155â170.
4340:
4334:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4300:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4223:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4112:Chemical Geology
4103:
4097:
4096:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3972:Paleoceanography
3963:
3957:
3956:
3925:Paleoceanography
3916:
3910:
3909:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3401:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3270:(6): 1627â1637.
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2614:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2501:
2478:
2477:
2476:(1â42): 255â263.
2461:
2446:
2445:
2427:
2406:
2405:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2233:Paleoceanography
2224:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2145:(1â3): 253â261.
2136:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2047:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1819:
1672:Posidonia bronni
1623:Economical value
1552:
1343:Vindelician High
1219:, the selachian
576:Posidonia bronni
493:
492:
486:
473:
472:
470:
469:
468:
463:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
363:
361:
360:
351:
349:
348:
339:
337:
336:
327:
325:
324:
315:
313:
312:
303:
301:
300:
184:Dörnten-Schiefer
124:
113:
112:
42:
19:
18:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4691:Posidonia Shale
4681:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4615:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4579:
4575:
4524:
4520:
4481:
4477:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4402:
4398:
4383:
4376:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4312:
4311:
4273:
4269:
4224:
4215:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4154:
4147:
4104:
4100:
4057:
4050:
4011:
4007:
3964:
3960:
3917:
3913:
3862:
3858:
3815:
3808:
3757:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3672:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3573:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3551:(12): 2177â2193
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3483:
3479:
3442:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3410:
3402:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3334:10.2307/3514557
3306:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3211:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2979:. Schweizerbart
2971:
2967:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2937:Fossil Crinoids
2929:
2922:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2829:
2825:
2766:
2762:
2727:
2720:
2677:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2554:
2545:
2502:
2481:
2462:
2449:
2428:
2409:
2374:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2291:
2276:
2225:
2221:
2206:
2197:
2170:
2166:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2086:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1930:
1926:
1910:
1909:
1887:Int J Earth Sci
1879:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1779:
1668:
1662:
1625:
1575:
1546:
1503:Benzenemethanol
1439:Bohemian Massif
1408:Adnet Formation
1352:Allemanic Swell
1339:Bohemian Massif
1278:
1225:or the crinoid
1184:Adolf Seilacher
1168:Johannes Bauhin
1156:
1101:
1089:Montmorillonite
1073:Phyllosilicates
973:Montmorillonite
927:
897:
794:
786:WĂŒrm glaciation
689:Franconian Line
685:Franconian Jura
654:
636:in the ancient
553:, northwestern
541:(Early to Late
515:Posidonia Shale
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:
466:
464:
462:47.69°N 12.24°W
460:
457:
452:
449:
447:
445:
444:
404:The village of
389:-Northern Tirol
358:
356:
355:
346:
344:
343:
334:
332:
331:
322:
320:
319:
310:
308:
307:
298:
296:
235:
230:
214:
211:Klaus Formation
209:
204:
131:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4754:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4670:External links
4668:
4665:
4664:
4653:
4639:
4604:
4573:
4518:
4475:
4462:10.55468/gc749
4456:(3): 164â168.
4436:
4396:
4374:
4349:Tectonophysics
4335:
4326:
4267:
4213:
4194:
4145:
4098:
4071:(2): 271â286.
4048:
4005:
3978:(8): 813â829.
3958:
3911:
3876:(1): 353â362.
3856:
3806:
3751:
3692:
3661:
3621:
3587:(1): 311â333.
3562:
3531:
3497:(1): 145â168.
3477:
3456:(4): 158â176.
3433:
3419:
3385:
3354:
3320:(4): 330â342.
3300:
3281:
3254:
3224:
3205:
3186:
3152:
3118:(2): 214â248.
3098:
3068:
3041:
3016:
2990:
2965:
2953:
2920:
2865:
2853:
2823:
2780:(3): 237â251.
2760:
2741:(3): 401â419.
2718:
2668:
2634:
2595:
2568:(4): 792â810.
2543:
2516:(2): 192â194.
2479:
2447:
2407:
2388:(1): 277â285.
2361:
2327:
2315:
2274:
2239:(4): 390â404.
2219:
2195:
2164:
2117:
2110:
2075:
2049:
2014:(5): 967â977.
1994:
1970:
1924:
1868:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1795:Bernhard Hauff
1778:
1775:
1705:Strongylosteus
1664:Main article:
1661:
1658:
1624:
1621:
1606:C. raquinianum
1574:
1571:
1277:
1274:
1237:Stenopterygius
1196:Macrospondylus
1186:(1925â2014).
1180:Bernhard Hauff
1176:Eberhard Fraas
1155:
1152:
1100:
1097:
1033:Isorenieratene
997:Foraminiferans
926:
923:
896:
893:
815:Wasseralfingen
793:
790:
693:Atlantic Ocean
653:
650:
634:Early Toarcian
539:Early Jurassic
527:, also called
509:
508:
497:
488:
487:
481:
480:
479:
478:
475:
474:
442:
436:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
402:
398:
397:
393:
392:
391:
390:
384:
379:
372:
368:
367:
294:
290:
289:
287:Central Europe
280:
276:
275:
271:
270:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
241:
240:
224:
220:
219:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
185:
182:
179:
174:
170:
169:
168:
167:
161:
155:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
125:
117:
116:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4753:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4168:(1): 104701.
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3550:
3546:
3545:AAPG Bulletin
3542:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2856:
2854:3-540-17180-0
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2318:
2316:1-56576-110-3
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2216:(2): 145â146.
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2111:9780470016176
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2072:(2): 263â284.
2071:
2067:
2066:Geodiversitas
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Palaeontology
2005:
1998:
1980:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:Ohmdenosaurus
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:Hils Syncline
1641:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:Dactylioceras
1607:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Cyanobacteria
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Pliensbachian
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Tethyan Shelf
1401:
1397:
1396:Dactylioceras
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:Caribbean Sea
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Niedersachsen
1297:, as well at
1296:
1292:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:Ohmdenosaurus
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:Saurorhynchus
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Ichthyosaurus
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1228:Pentacrinites
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:Pterodactylus
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1178:(1862â1915),
1177:
1174:(1785â1846),
1173:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1147:Pliensbachian
1144:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1125:tenuicostatum
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:Dotternhausen
1105:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Rhodochrosite
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
922:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
892:
889:
885:
883:
877:
875:
869:
863:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
840:Dactylioceras
836:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
798:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:siliciclastic
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Keilberg Rift
723:
722:Kilberg Fault
718:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
695:and with the
694:
690:
686:
679:
675:
671:
666:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
611:Dotternhausen
608:
607:
602:
597:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
516:
506:
485:
476:
471:
467:47.69; -12.24
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
394:
388:
387:Bavaric Nappe
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
369:
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
306:
295:
291:
288:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:(Netherlands)
233:
228:
225:
221:
217:
212:
208:(Netherlands)
207:
202:
199:
195:
189:
186:
183:
181:Unkenschiefer
180:
177:
176:
175:
171:
165:
162:
159:
156:
154:(Netherlands)
153:
150:
149:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
129:
123:
118:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:183â178
33:
30:: Early-Late
29:
25:
20:
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4622:
4595:. Retrieved
4590:
4586:
4576:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4488:
4478:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4427:. Retrieved
4413:
4409:
4399:
4390:
4386:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4329:
4315:cite journal
4280:
4270:
4235:
4231:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4165:
4161:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4068:
4064:
4018:
4008:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3829:(1): 13â20.
3826:
3822:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3740:cite journal
3705:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
3652:. Retrieved
3638:
3634:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3584:
3580:
3553:. Retrieved
3548:
3544:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3494:
3490:
3480:
3453:
3449:
3424:. Retrieved
3406:
3376:. Retrieved
3371:
3367:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3317:
3313:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3240:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3172:
3168:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3115:
3111:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3084:
3059:. Retrieved
3054:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3026:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2975:
2968:
2958:, retrieved
2936:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2858:, retrieved
2836:
2826:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2688:
2684:
2659:. Retrieved
2654:
2650:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2620:
2616:
2565:
2561:
2513:
2509:
2473:
2469:
2432:
2385:
2381:
2352:. Retrieved
2347:
2343:
2320:, retrieved
2298:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2184:(3): 11â18.
2181:
2177:
2167:
2142:
2138:
2093:
2069:
2065:
2052:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1941:
1937:
1927:
1913:cite journal
1886:
1859:. Retrieved
1831:
1827:
1788:
1762:Classopollis
1760:
1756:Pagiophyllum
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1717:Palaeospinax
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1676:ichthyosaurs
1671:
1669:
1642:
1638:World War II
1634:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1587:Wittelshofen
1576:
1544:Briançonnais
1491:Hydrocarbons
1487:Pedicellaria
1468:
1419:Black Forest
1416:
1412:Altdorf High
1382:Phymatoderma
1380:
1374:
1360:
1331:Rhenish High
1327:Fennoscandia
1287:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1241:
1240:in 1904 (as
1235:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:Steneosaurus
1200:
1199:in 1824 (As
1194:
1188:
1165:
1143:Dormettingen
1135:
1128:
1123:Dactyloceras
1121:
1110:
1064:
1061:volcanogenic
928:
898:
880:
872:
867:
864:
858:
856:area), with
838:
831:
803:
792:Stratigraphy
730:Jura Plateau
719:
697:Tethys Ocean
682:
638:Tethys Ocean
615:
604:
600:
588:
581:
580:(synonym of
573:
569:
567:
534:
528:
523:
514:
512:
431:Year defined
405:
396:Type section
218:(Luxembourg)
190:(Luxembourg)
152:Altena Group
127:
3450:Geosciences
3426:20 February
2627:13 December
2354:12 December
1963:12 December
1799:Alwin Hauff
1750:Equisetites
1693:Pachycormus
1680:plesiosaurs
1602:cf. crassum
1547: [
1519:Green Algae
1515:Lamalginite
1431:Bure, Meuse
1323:Wenzen Well
1315:Paris Basin
1206:Dorygnathus
1029:plagioclase
1009:lithoclasts
868:Coelodiscus
842:semieelatum
833:Steirmannia
819:Asselfingen
780:rubble and
778:soliflucted
732:during the
710:Panthalassa
701:Netherlands
590:Steinmannia
563:Netherlands
557:, southern
551:Switzerland
549:, northern
465: /
440:Coordinates
418:Jacobshagen
341:Switzerland
317:Netherlands
253:Black shale
4685:Categories
4646:27 January
4538:: 103928.
4429:27 January
4410:Zitteliana
4393:: 499â518.
4238:: 104323.
4210:: 435â448.
3771:: 104748.
3685:27 January
3654:27 January
3635:Zitteliana
3614:27 January
3555:27 January
3420:343294361X
3378:27 January
3347:27 January
3297:: 311â381.
3247:27 January
3243:(1): 28â32
3202:(2): 1â15.
3175:(1): 1â375
3145:27 January
3091:27 January
3061:27 January
3034:27 January
3009:27 January
2983:27 January
2960:2023-12-13
2885:: 109294.
2860:2023-12-13
2774:Geobiology
2657:(1): 61â83
2322:2023-12-12
1987:31 January
1834:: 111619.
1806:References
1744:Otozamites
1600:Coeloceras
1591:Regensburg
1583:Banz Abbey
1563:Sinemurian
1531:Inertinite
1451:hinterland
1376:Chondrites
1307:Regensburg
1305:strata or
1303:Banz Abbey
1191:Banz Abbey
1137:Hildoceras
1132:falciferum
1130:Harpoceras
1118:Schesslitz
1091:(40%) and
1079:(11%) and
1059:, suggest
1057:Celadonite
1001:Coccoliths
952:Claystones
678:Luxembourg
674:Bascharage
618:oil shales
559:Luxembourg
365:Luxembourg
266:, nodular
4593:(2): 1â12
4568:204261799
4560:0146-6380
4513:0166-5162
4470:0144-5294
4416:: 57â94.
4369:0040-1951
4307:1437-3254
4262:0012-8252
4187:3 October
4140:0009-2541
4093:128091360
4085:0031-0220
4043:0031-0182
4000:0883-8305
3953:0883-8305
3906:129835129
3898:0305-8719
3851:0016-6995
3801:251499608
3793:0034-6667
3732:1437-3262
3609:129097635
3519:129365360
3374:: 107â131
3140:128821484
2915:201318850
2907:0031-0182
2802:1472-4677
2755:0078-0421
2713:0146-6380
2623:(1): 5â14
2590:0278-7407
2562:Tectonics
2538:0012-8252
2402:0012-0189
2269:128465643
2261:0883-8305
2159:0078-0421
2044:140165815
2036:0031-0239
1944:: 62â83.
1856:258545235
1738:Xenoxylon
1684:ammonites
1595:Bodenwöhr
1567:Callovian
1561:domains (
1527:Vitrinite
1499:Methylene
1483:Ophiurida
1464:Fallstein
1447:Aarmassif
1384:granulata
1363:Black Sea
1291:Holzmaden
1246:Ammonites
1216:Lepidotes
1093:Kaolinite
1049:muscovite
1005:Manganese
961:BĂ€chental
925:Lithology
919:Oxfordian
910:Aragonite
876:muensteri
874:Cucullaea
828:lithology
784:from the
763:prograded
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