Posidonia Shale - Knowledge

1279:, a small sized Sauropod. Latter works revisited the excepcional preservation of the biota, specially the presence od soft parts. The lithology and sedimentology of the formation was revisited, with several suggestions such as stagnant basin models and restricted open marine ones, all suggested to be deposited on a shallow epicontinental sea. The abundance of organic matter and the composition of the shales, chemically or lithologically, went under diverse renoved works. With the addition of multiple new references, the expansion of information thanks to the revision of profiles, boreholes and other outcrops, new works on the characteristics of the deposition, the type of environment and the conditions that led to the exquisite preservation were produced, where paleocurrents where found to be nfluenced from the North and the South of the Central European Basin. The Black shale deposition was found to be related with changues in the oxygen levels. Thanks to the renewed information, a new cycle of publications reviewing the microfacies took place between 1980-1990. The most important works of the XX century where done by Riegraf in 1985-86, being a complete review of all aspects of this formation, updating multiple points based on all the information compiled throughout the century: lithology, stratigraphy, biota list and ammonite biozonation, followed by a focused work on a complete mapping of the microfacies composition and extent of the shale deposits. 1380:. The black shales characteristic of this unit reveal a shallow marine environment, influenced by arctic and Tethyan waters, with marked episodes of disappearance of benthic biota. Also measure a change in carbon-isotope excursion in marine and terrestrial life, and was probably a perturbator of the carbon cycle. Global seawater has been proved to be approximately, for the interval of the negative carbon-isotope excursion, close to 1.45‰, less than modern values, with estimated 2.34‰. Waters interchange were one of the major effects on the palatine de-oxygenation showed on most of the Lower Toarcian Layers around the word, with the connection with the Viking Corridor as one of the main effects, due to the arctic waters freshening and breaking the oceanic circulation. The effect was consequently negative on the German realm, where the environments expose a tropical fluctuation, with conditions similar to the modern 668: 1242:. The first insight on the flora was done in 1845, with partial leaf fragments. Boué in 1829 did a study of the general geology of the Jurassic along Germany, recovering limestone and shale facies, with a superficial assignation of what he considered most of the main Jurassic Strata, without classifying the layers on a concrete subperiod. Further geological work was then carried out, recovering examples of marine facies representing various biomes, all associated with black shale deposits in other areas, as towards the NW or at Regensburg. The main work that described the facies formally was Quenstedt´s 1843 one, classifying the levels based on the amount of bitumen, providing a preliminary stratigraphy and lithology, which would be the basis for most subsequent works. 1384:, which hosted a high variety of sea fauna, except on the bottom layers, where only a few genera were able to survive until oxygen conditions got slightly better. The changes on the benthic oxygen where common, with most of the animals dying without being scavenged by bottom-dweller organisms, and sessile life, with this biota limited to "benthic islands" associated with ammonite shells or vertebrate carcasses (Except some Polychaetans on higher oxygen conditions). Towards the middle Toarcian show changes on the environment reflect more oxygenated waters and different depositional settings with the presence of trace fossils such as 855:. This section is marked by pyritized lagerstatten fossils, limited to certain areas (Dotternhausen, Holzmaden), and with now well-layered black-brown in color. The Unteren Schiefern layers (Exaratum) appear next marked by the highest bitumen content and characterized by very fine light/dark stratification, abundance of pyrite, fine-grained weathering and the largely absence of bioturbation derived from anoxic conditions while the accumulation of exceptional preserved fossils indicate very weak water movement. The next, Untere Stein, is the most important level of the formation, specially in southwest Germany, southern France and 1376:. Most of the outcrops (Holzmaden, Dotternhausen, Ohmden or Dormettingen) represent low-energy depositional environments, far from deltaic sediment sources. The Toarcian epicontinental seas of Europe where driven by several global events and changes present on the surface, like the coeval Karoo-Ferrar eruptions in the Southern Hemisphere, what created an enhanced hydrological cycle & oxygen depletion, allowing exceptional preservation. This stage was marked with the presence of a general deposition of shale mudrock along with strong variations on the associated organic matter, associated with extincions such as the 808: 346: 1152:) and several subzones. On the other hand, Black shale formation in the Toarcian of NW Germany is associated with a major turnover in phytoplankton assemblages interpreted as the response to lowered salinities in surface waters of the epicontinental sea. The presence of the Turnover is essential for the datation and the preservation of the fauna of the formation, with detailed index ammonites preserved. The study of the different layers and strata of the Posidonia Shale has given different data about the chronology of the formation. 1639: 1780: 495: 1170: 676: 1655:

highest HI values combined with a thickness of 30 to 40 m at most places. Since the first serious evaluations in the 2000s, different organic samples were extracted to revise the changes and potential presence of the Shale Oil on the main quarries of the southern realm. Based on several core samples with abundant organic material (Dinoflagellate cysts and other microorganism fragments, such as microscopic algae) different thermal maturity has been found, especially on the samples from the

1663: 322: 1292: 370: 828:. Towards the middle they start to include thin disturbed bituminous horizons found throughout southwest Germany. Gradually, the bioturbation of the seegrasschiefer merges into the subsequent ash-gray marls without a sharp facies boundary. The Aschgrauen Mergel (ash-gray marl) mark the start of the Posidonia Shale made by dark gray marl, abundant in pyrite with bituminous marl slate intrusions. This horizon, marks a sea transgression, as it extends from 816:

actively burrowed horizons, approximately 15-20 cm thick with clay marl stone appear in the darker, brownish to gray, bituminous clay marl/marl slate. This initial horizons have abundant foraminifera and ostracods as the medium to light gray color without a brown tint. The Formation evolves from bottom to top: blue-gray marls of the uppermost Pliensbachian spinatum zone, being medium gray, pyrite-rich clay marl stones that are still part of the

133: 334: 310: 1115: 1793: 358: 502: 1651:, when where burned on coal ovens was temporally obtained from the bituminous slate through smoldering and distillation by oil works near Reutlingen; Frommem or Holzheim near Göppingen, yet this turned out to have low profitability and the fact they produced a lot of slag and sulfur-containing exhaust gases, production lasted not long. 1608:, composed mostly by coarse grained sediments, clusters of clay sandstone and sand-lime stone facies (shale, slightly bituminous in layers, and sandstone, older lias sand, sand marl, marl, oolithic limestone and sand-lime banks). This series are coeval with the Posidonienschiefer, marked with more thin outcrops such as the "crassumbank" ( 1544:, what suggests that terrestrial inputs of organic matter to be of less importance, although, the main part of OM contained in the basal mudstone, including charred material, was derived from terrestrial sources. This Mudstone contains charred organic material typically connected to Wildfires along with large amounts of expandable 1181:, who interpreted the local ammonites as "metallic things" in rocks and as "miraculous tricks" of nature, while the crinoids where interpreted as either huge flowers or heads of medusa, and evidencie of the biblical flood. Many people did important geological and paleontological research on the Swabian Posidonia Shale, including 1282:

In the 2000´s the Posidonienschiefer has seen a series of works, focused on enriching the information previously worked on in depth, revising and updating the deposition models. Likewise, the biota has received multiple updates, with the reclassification of some taxa and the discovery of new ones, as

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According to sedimentologic and palynologic features, a tidally influenced transgressive development within the Lower Toarcian is inferred with increased continental matter being moved to marine areas causing anoxic conditions, with the Posidonia Shale being the reference formation for this interval.

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The bituminous facies overlie the Pliensbachian, and are mostly clay marl to marl shales with an organic carbon content of over 2%, with some levels referred as “bitumen-free” or “bitumen-poor”. The lowermost sequence is known as Seegrasschiefer (seagrass slate), appearing just above the limit, being

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who wanted to use the layers for industrial production. The Museum was reformed on between the years 1967 and 1971. In the year 2000, an external park with Dinosaur models was added. The museum has several halls with different kinds of fauna found on the layers of the formation, where the vertebrate

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represent the major emerged units present on the Central European basin on the Toarcian. The Vindelician Land/High has been represented as a peninsula to the Bohemian Massif, or an isolated landmass, that is due to its connections that had not been recovered in depth, being considered a mostly plain

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helped to know the major Jurassic basin geometry, where on several layers of the same age was complicated due to the posterior Alpine deformation. Correlated Unken and Diessbach basins developed mostly during the Toarcian, with deposition of abundant material from the near Emerged Landmasses. On the

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complex of the eastern Franconian Jura. During the late Pliensbachian, the zone became a relatively narrow, flat deposit area which flooded during the early Toarcian and reemerged during the Bifrons substage with a changing coastline, thanks to rhythmic uplifts and subsidence of older Paleozoic and

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continental-marine shelf that, resting over the Keuper, slowly openened towards the southeast into the deeper Tethys Ocean. With the flooding in the Early Jurassic by marine waters, several islands, submarine sills, and deeper subbasins developed, what contributed and controlled the evolution of the

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Recent studies have shown that the petroleum generation potential of the PS is high in all studied regions due to the high TOC and Hydrogen Index. However, differences exist which can be expressed by SPI values. The latter are highest for northern Germany, where the PS is richest in TOC and has the

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The posidonia slate has been mined in the Holzmaden area for centuries to make wall, table and window panels. Other uses of the shale included be made into fireplace stones in Gomaringen-Mössingen until was replaced by Eifel pumice stone. At Dotternhausen, the ROHRBACH Zement company uses oil shale

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boundary based on the recent revisions of the Early Jurassic Subperiods. The Toarcian and the Pliensbachian are considered as strongly constrained in terms of chronology, where the deposition has been estimated to have lasted 3.2 Myr in the South Germany Basin with the uppermost sequences estimated

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sandstones at Irlbach (NE Regensburg). These levels lack bituminous facies or are interspersed with them in profiles as one moves westward, indicating that they probably belonged to more coastal sectors with better oxygenated waters, with the full transition from shale to sandstone in Regensburg,

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The Posidonia Shale was located in the SW and NW Germanic basins, as part of a shallow epicontinental sea, surrounded and influenced by various highs and emerged lands that provided most of the terrestrial matter found along the Formation. The main outcrops of the formation are disposed along the

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The Sachrang Shales where cited originally on the restudy of the Alpine Upper Black Slate, composed with dark gray, somewhat sandy, disintegrating into thin but large plates of Marl that overlies Pliensbachian breccia. The definition of the Sachrang Shales has been convoluted along its history of

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as well foraminifera and ostracods, as well scoria horizons with fish, cephalopod and larger vertebrate remains, as well often contain belemnite rostrums. The last level of the formation is the Wilden Schiefer (probably reaching Bifrons zone) with the presence of "Monotis bank", from Altdorf to

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shells, low on bitumen and with biota that marks better oxygenated conditions, such as foraminifera and occasional ostracods. The Obere and Wilder Stein (upper elegans) medium to brown-gray always remain formed as a regular limestone bank of approximately uniform thicknessis, rarely laminated

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relief had very gentle topography, and therefore fine-grained siliciclastic sediments where easily transported and deposited in the nearshore area of the basin, as well long transported driftwood, and the lack of insects or terrestrial vertebrates. In the south-eastern North-German Basin at

702:. It is recovered laterally extensive within Germany belonging to the early Toarcian Central European Epicontinental Basin, that evolved gradually from low tophography tidal flat to floodpains to a shallow shelf sea with intermittent N connection with the Viking Corridor and the Proto- 1161:

to be Bifrons in age. The Posidonienschiefer lasts until the Late Toarcian (Variabilis Biozone) in the NW German Basin with the "Dörntener Schiefer", while it mostly disappears in the SW, substituted by the Jurensismergel Fm, with few deposits where it lasts (Wutach area, Nürtingen).

1397:, surfacing deposit-feeding animals, being adapted for effective nutrient searching, becoming more common on the uppermost layers, yet in some areas, the shale remained until the Late Toarcian. The uppermost layers are marked by regressive sea levels, as it is shown on layers across 1460:. The Bohemian Massif was located in a relatively warm, precipitation-rich climate with Bavarian shallow areas receiving freshwater inflows from the east, which temporarily lowered the salinity of the seawater in the whole basin or in parts. The margins of the SWGB as well as the 901:

is mostly eroded in the profiles to evolve into marlstones. Several outcrops, mostly in the NW (ex. Harz hills), shows that relict levels of the Posidonienschiefer lasted until the Upper Toarcian, contemporaneous with the Jurensismergel Fm, known as "Dörntener Schiefer".

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specimens are exposed on the main parts, including on those Icthyosaur remains and several fishes. The Museum has the world's largest colony of sea lilies, measuring an approximate size of 100 square metres. Rolf Bernhard Hauff is the actual director of the museum.

2350: 1804:. With different expositions, the museum has several spaces for the marine fauna, where it is exposed, including a disposed strata with the layer showing the provenance of every taxon and its fossil. The Museum has been open since 1937-38, and was founded by 969:

march engagements. There is not clear separation between "Manganese Shale" and "Bituminous shale" in the main localities of the formation, because the Bituminous content fluctuates with the manganese contents, that is always high. The Unken Shales on the

1580:), and the Toarcian break-up of the Ligurian-Penninic oceanic realm. There is measurements of reduction of the local salinity on the water where elevated inputs of freshwater due to an accelerated hydrological cycle resulted in a surface-water layer. 698:, that borders to the northeast on the Obermainisches Hügelland and the Oberpfälzisch-Obermainisches Hügelland, tectonically part of the Faulkschollenland. The Franconian Jura rocks recovered are west of the Saxothuringian basement bordering the 609:

is the official name of the Solnhofen Limestone. The Posidonia Shales where stablished as a valid vulgar name for this regions lower Toarcian Black Shales. The name Posidonienschiefer, while valid, represents another vulgar nomination, as

945:, that lies on the profile of the strata, alternated with storage light brown (max. 4 mm) and darker layers (rarely over 2 mm) characteristic. The lighter layers present in the rock get darker while it keeps its fine-plate character. The 836:

to Aalen-Reichenbach and then wedges out to the east from Aalen-Wasseralfingen. This initial sequence is overlied by extremely thin (2-5 cm), unnamed bituminous, seegrasschiefer clay marl, followed then by a darker layers with the same

605:) that characterize the mollusk faunal component of the formation. The name Posidonia Shale has been used for more than a century, until revisions in 2016 proposed the Sachrang Formation as new name for the Germanic unit, in a same way 1548:

possibly derived from alteration of volcanic ash, what indicated a clear contribution of volcanic-derived detritus during deposition. In the Austrian area, the volcanic materials where probably also sourced by the rift history of the

882:(Dotternhausen) and often shows traces of minor bioturbation (Dotternhausen, Mössingen, Gomaringen; Aalen-Wasseralfingen), becoming calcified towards the upper limit between Nürtingen and Holzmaden, marked with increased presence of 714:

to the Tirol Area. The CEB stablished a relatively shallow transcontinental seaway between the Tethyan and Boreal Arctic Sea biota, thus mixing cold and hot waters. In the Mesozoic was marked by the breakup of Pangea during the Late

4539:"Changes of composition and content of tricyclic terpane, hopane, sterane, and aromatic biomarkers throughout the oil window: A detailed study on maturity parameters of Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale of the Hils Syncline, NW Germany" 876:

The Mittleren Schiefer/Schieferklotz (upper exaratum to lower elegans subzones) become increasingly poorly layered until it becomes a small brittle limestone bank, the "Stinkkalkbank" (Dotternhausen to Gomaringen and Nürtingen) with

3374: 3036: 1324:, a hemipelagic deposit, with the influence of open sea currents from the North and the South, with an estimated water depth of 2-100 m, with few deeper shelf environments. Connected to the SW German basin where the 1894:"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian–Toarcian) marine paleoenvironment in Western Europe: sedimentology, geochemistry and organic petrology of the wells Mainzholzen and Wickensen, Hils Syncline, Lower Saxony Basin" 940:

The black shales are the main part of the strata present, with a major composition of bacterial origin. The shale is made represent blackish gray to dark brown bituminous, fine-leaved, somewhat sandy marl

2070:"Le Toarcien inférieur des régions de Bascharage et de Bettembourg (grand-duché du Luxembourg) : évidences paléontologiques et sédimentologiques d'environnements restreints proches de l'émersion" 2476: 1659:

strata. The maturation of this strata has implied losing organic carbon and loss of hydrogen index values. Beyond that, the status of the samples has been stable during at least 40 measured years.

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The first geological studies were carried out, motivated by the extraction of shales in the southern quarries. Several fossils were reported, studied and named at the time from locations such as

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study of the location, where there are works of the North Alpine Mesozoic that prefer before calling these deposits Sachranger Shale to give it a brief different diagnosis. On the Unken

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when weathered. The Slate is among the most common mineral on the strata, with an average lime content of 40.2%, where maximum values are at 58% and minimum values at 26%. Bituminous

1554: 1332:, with correlated sedimentation to the Shale deposition on Germany, also sharing a epicontinental sea, bordered by carbonate facies, specially towards the south. At the North, the 1701:, or sea-lilies. The best-preserved fossils found on the Early Jurassic can be the ones from the Posidonia Shale. There are also abundant fish fossils (including genera such as 3711:

Ajuaba, Stephen; Sachsenhofer, Reinhard F.; Galasso, Francesca; Garlichs, Thorsten U.; Gross, Doris; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Misch, David; Oriabure, Jonathan E. (2024-03-27).

226: 1273:. In 1953, an impressive Insect fauna was revised in the Northern outcrops. On 1978, Wild described the First and only know Dinosaur Fossil from the formation, what he named 1074:

solutions as the most probable source, where the high amounts of dissolved manganese of continental origin was translated to the epicontinental margins of the Tethys. On the

1255:). While in 1921, the 1st major fossil inventory was done by Hauff, reporting exquisite specimens, most of them from Holzmaden and some of them nearly complete, including 841:. The next are the called "Koblenzer-Hainzen" clay successions of upper the semicelatum subzone, initially poorly layered and more or less bituminous with abundance of 4344:

Gesteine, B., Schichten, B., Schichten, S., Schichten, H., & Gosau, K. (1988) An Organic Geochemical Study of Austrian Bituminous Rocks.Jb. Geol. B.-A.ISSN 0016-7800

4026:"Formation process of the trace fossil Phymatoderma granulata in the Lower Jurassic black shale (Posidonia Shale, southern Germany) and its paleoecological implications" 890:

Dotternhausen and Göppingen area, with slates getting poorer in bitumen and less layered. The top section is known as "bollensis camp", marked by the mass deposition of

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emerged sedimentary structure. Finally, the southernmost part of the Formation, the SWGB was separated from the Tethys Ocean by a series of islands related with the

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Dickson, Alexander J.; Gill, Benjamin C.; Ruhl, Micha; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Porcelli, Donald; Idiz, Erdem; Lyons, Timothy W.; van den Boorn, Sander H. J. M. (2017).

3244: 2306:"Lower Toarcian (Upper Liassic) Black Shales of the Central European Epicontinental Basin: A Sequence Stratigraphic Case Study from the Sw German Posidonia Shale" 2692:"Primary productivity and early diagenesis in the Toarcian Tethys on the example of the Mn-rich black shales of the Sachrang Formation, Northern Calcareous Alps" 1461: 748: 4072:"The Monotis–Dactylioceras Bed in the Posidonienschiefer Formation (Toarcian, southern Germany): condensed section, tempestite, or tsunami-generated deposit?" 2621:"Fazies, Paläontologie und organische Geochemie der Sachranger Schiefer (Untertoarcium) im Mittelabschnitt der Nördlichen Kalkalpen zwischen Isar und Saalach" 4594:"Die Landpflanzen-Taphozönose aus dem Posidonienschiefer des Unteren Jura (Schwarzer Jura [Epsilon], Unter-Toarcium) in Deutschland und ihre Deutung" 1336:

report little deeper basinal settings, heavily influenced by continental matter coming from the main continental land present anywhere nearby the formation,

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The Main Museum with the taxa Found on the Posidonia Shale, the Hauff Museum recovers the best specimens found in the last 150 years, and it is situated on

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Paleogeography of the Early Toarcian Central European Area, with close panoramic of the Hondelange & Schandelah outcrops and adjacent emerged lands.

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Bruck and Naab areas considered as caused by a major regression of the sea level, marked at Irlbach by white-yellow levels indicating karst funnels or

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Friedrich August von Quenstedt a German Mineralogist who studied the jurassic strata along Germany, including the Black Shales of the Posidonia Shale.

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has a Dark-Gray to brownish tone, alternated with more rarely light gray shades. There is a relatively common presence of blue fittings, as well as

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remains (Bones, scales). The younger strata with the fresh outcrops develops on a series of several meters thick wall, that splits into fine paper

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The Posidonia Shale has been a focus of scientific interest for the last 100 years. The first fossils were recorded in 1598 by the medical doctor

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is well dated on the basis of ammonite and microfossil biostratigraphy. The Lower Toarcian sections are subdivided into three ammonite biozones (

736: 732: 397: 3830:"Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Lower Toarcian epicontinental black shales (Posidonia Shale, SW Germany): global versus regional control" 1422: 1392: 1341: 740: 162: 1156:

shales have been calculated biochronologically and with isochron data, giving an approximate age of 183-181 million years, being close to the

971: 1809: 1333: 843: 600: 3932:"Modeling evidences for global warming, Arctic seawater freshening, and sluggish oceanic circulation during the Early Toarcian anoxic event" 4288:"Latest Pliensbachian to Early Toarcian depositional environment and organo-facies evolution in the North-German Basin (Hondelage Section)" 4169:"The palynology of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Dormettingen, southwest Germany, with emphasis on changes in vegetational dynamics" 3321:"Anatomy and implications of bioturbated beds in" black shale" sequences: Examples from the Jurassic Posidonienschiefer (southern Germany)" 1610: 1372:

The Germanic Epicontinental sea is considered to be an analogue, as compares well to the sedimentation rate in deep-water settings, of the

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Muscente, A.D.; Vinnes, Olivia; Sinha, Sinjini; Schiffbauer, James D.; Maxwell, Erin E.; Schweigert, Günter; Martindale, Rowan C. (2023).

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Hondelange and Schandelah, the Posidonienschiefer was deposited in the "Oberaller Through", a local depression bordered by the emerged "

1456:. Between the Hettangian-Toarcian, this threshold was perhaps temporarily connected via a land bridge with an island in the area of the 1945:"Oceanic response to Pliensbachian and Toarcian magmatic events: Implications from an organic-rich basinal succession in the NW Tethys" 1046:

derivatives are highly abundant on this level, related to several processes such as sedimentary iron, influenced by anoxic conditions.

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Geognostisches Gemälde von Deutschland: mit Rücksicht auf die Gebirgs-Beschaffenheit nachbarlicher Staaten: mit acht Steindruck-Tafeln

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Lézin, Carine; Andreu, Bernard; Pellenard, Pierre; Bouchez, Jean-Luc; Emmanuel, Laurent; Fauré, Philippe; Landrein, Philippe (2013).

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towards the S, that filled with seawater the area, subdivided in several subasins with heterogeneous conditions and biotas, from the

616: 593: 4356:"Formation, subduction, and exhumation of Penninic oceanic crust in the Eastern Alps: time constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology" 863:. It appears across the area either as a concretionary "laibstein" horizon (Aalen region) or as a uniformly layered limestone bank ( 1055: 1477:

Swell closed it at the south, and more towards the E the Bohemian Massif hosted a large delta that discharged towards Oberaller.

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Trümpy, R. (1959). "Hypothesen über die Ausbildung von Trias, Lias und Dogger im Untergrund des schweizerischen Molassebeckens".

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The former marl pit of Hondelage, NW Germany. At the bottom of the image there is an 8 m long stretch of Posidonia Shale exposed.

916: 1731:). Most of the fauna is marine, with several terrestrial specimens, and some of them being semiaquatic, such as the sphenodont 667: 3713:"The Toarcian Posidonia Shale at Salem (North Alpine Foreland Basin; South Germany): hydrocarbon potential and paleogeography" 4649: 2963: 4239:"What role does anoxia play in exceptional fossil preservation? Lessons from the taphonomy of the Posidonia Shale (Germany)" 3642:"Biostratigraphy and sedimentary sequences of the Toarcian Hainberg section (Northwestern Harz foreland, Northern Germany)" 3172: 2985: 3300:

Kauffman, E.G. (1981). "Ecological reappraisal of the German Posidonienschiefer (Toarcian) and the stagnant basin model".

2389:"A Geomorphological Map to Accompany Sheet 4325 (Nörten-Hardenberg) of the 1 : 25 000 Geological Map of Lower Saxony" 3205:

Wild, R. (1978). "Ein Sauropoden-Rest (Reptilia, Saurischia) aus dem Posidonienschiefer (Lias, Toarcium) von Holzmaden".

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on the basis of Palynology. In the east the SW German sub-basin was bounded by the Bohemian-Hercynian landmass (Modern

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Maxwell, Erin E.; Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Mujal, Eudald; Miedema, Feiko; Serafini, Giovanni; Schweigert, Günter (2022).

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High/Swell (known thanks to strata containing fine sand in the tenuicostatum Zone, ‘Glaukonit und viel Feinsand’, at

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Massif is also suggested to be present (known by the abundant detrital quartz from the EST433 borehole located near

4751: 4417:"Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Toarcian Ludwigskanal section (Franconian Alb, Southern Germany)" 1943:

Neumeister, S.; Gratzer, R.; Algeo, T. J.; Bechtel, A.; Gawlick, H. J.; Newton, R. J.; Sachsenhofer, R. F. (2015).

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and crops out in a number of locations in southwestern Germany, although most remains are from near the village of

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Ratschbacher, Lothar; Dingeldey, Christian; Miller, Christine; Hacker, Bradley R.; McWilliams, Michael O. (2004).

3457:"Evaluating the Existence of Vertebrate Deadfall Communities from the Early Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation" 1365:), forming the continuation of the Vindelician High being a small terrestrial setting with similar size to modern 457: 4741: 3979:"Molybdenum-isotope chemostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic)" 2779:

Reinhardt, M.; Duda, J.-P.; Blumenberg, M.; Ostertag-Henning, C.; Reitner, J.; Heim, C.; Thiel, V. (2018-03-22).

2655:"Foraminiferen und Coccolithen aus den Lias-Epsilon-Schiefern der Unkener Mulde (Tirolikum, Nördliche Kalkalpen)" 2654: 1835:"Astronomical timescale for the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Posidonia Shale and global environmental changes" 3429: 2742:"Bio- and chemostratigraphy of the Toarcian organic-rich deposits of some key successions of the Alpine Tethys" 2069: 4736: 1445: 1444:). The Environments of this highs are assumed to have been trought phases os aridity and humidy markedby the 1377: 1018:

is present, such as in the Toarcian deposits of Hungary. Those are completed by the marl levels, composed by

3498:"Deep-water stromatolites and Frutexites Maslov from the early and Middle Jurassic of S-Germany and Austria" 3245:"Zur Kenntnis der organischen Substanz des Posidonienschiefers. I. Untersuchungen über den Stickstoffgehalt" 2517:"Analyse des klassischen nordalpinen Mesozoikums. Stratigraphie, fauna und fazies der no¨rdlichen kalkalpen" 2015:"An Articulated Dragonfly (Insecta, Odonata) From The Upper Liassic Posidonia Shale Of Northern Switzerland" 3588:"Keys to the depositional history of the Posidonia Shale (Toarcian) in the Hils Syncline, northern Germany" 1413:. There is not major indicative of synsedimentary faulting in South Germany, but is present on the western 450: 4457:"Preparation Techniques for Material From The Posidonienschiefer (Lias Epsilon, Upper Liassic) of Germany" 4331: 4286:

Marten, Tim; Ruebsam, Wolfgang; Mutterlose, Jörg; Wiesenberg, Guido L. B.; Schwark, Lorenz (2024-06-27).

3756: 1929: 3828:

Schmid-Röhl, Annette; Röhl, Hans-Joachim; Oschmann, Wolfgang; Frimmel, Andreas; Schwark, Lorenz (2002).

3587: 3418:

Der Posidonienschiefer: Biostratigraphie, Fauna und Fazies des südwestdeutschen Untertoarciums (Lias e)

4168: 2850:, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol. 8, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 267–276, 1944: 1834: 4731: 4726: 4537:

Fang, Ronghui; Littke, Ralf; Zieger, Laura; Baniasad, Alireza; Li, Meijun; Schwarzbauer, Jan (2019).

3686: 3092:"Untersuchung der Fossilfundstätten von Holzmaden im Posidonienschiefer des Oberen Lias Württembergs" 2690:

Ebli, Oskar; Vető, István; Lobitzer, Harald; Sajgó, Csanád; Attila Demény; Hetényi, Magdolna (1998).

2477:"Untersuchung der Fossilfundstätten von Holzmaden im Posidonienschiefer des Oberen Lias Württembergs" 2142: 1436:), located at 70 km at the west and the Ries Swell, W of Regensburg, then far towards the W the 694:

The Posidonia Shale was originally referred to as the Schwarzjura lias was first recovered from the

4494:

Song, Jinli; Littke, Ralf; Weniger, Philipp; Ostertag-Henning, Christian; Nelskamp, Susanne (2015).

3061: 4701: 3375:"Die Holzmadener Posidonienschiefer Entstehung der Fossillagerstätte und eines Erdölmuttergesteins" 3273:

Blumer, M. (1950). "Porphyrinfarbstoffe und Porphyrin-Metallkomplexe in schweizerischen Bitumina".

1263:

and Marine reptiles, such as Plesiosaurs and Icthyosaurs. Hauff described in 1938 "Acidorhynchus" (

898: 656: 583:, the German translation, takes its name from the ubiquitous fossils of the oyster-related bivalve 211: 174: 4593: 4396:

Krumbeck, L. (1932). "Über den Fallaciosus-Horizont im Lias Mittel-ζ von Irlbach bei Regensburg".

4671: 4629: 2444:

Das Flözgebirge Würtembergs : mit besonderer Rücksicht auf den Jura / von Fr. Aug. Quenstedt

2620: 606: 576:, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles. 4119:"Geochemical disturbance and paleoenvironmental changes during the Early Toarcian in NW Europe" 1589: 817: 237: 4630:"HOLZMADEN: Prehistoric Museum Hauff—A Fossil Museum Since 4 Generations—(Urweltmuseum Hauff)" 3641: 1588:

Occurs only in the south-east of the northern Bavarian Jura region, as appears on places like

1428:

The main terrestrial environments of the Posidonia Shale are the near emerged lands where the

1401:

where major events set the fate of the nearshore environments. One example is the case of the

1042:

in minor amounts. Bächental bituminous marls consist mainly of quartz and carbonate minerals.

998:

content is also consistently high. Finally, the Unken Shale samples also show minor levels of

4496:"Shale oil potential and thermal maturity of the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale in NW Europe" 4416: 4325: 3750: 1923: 864: 833: 807: 719:, what led to the appearance of the early Atlantic connecting with the Boreal waters of the 4550: 4503: 4295: 4250: 4180: 4130: 4033: 3990: 3943: 3888: 3841: 3783: 3720: 3599: 3509: 3468: 3332: 3130: 2897: 2792: 2703: 2580: 2528: 2251: 2240:"Numerical paleoceanographic study of the Early Jurassic Transcontinental Laurasian Seaway" 2026: 1956: 1901: 1846: 1647:

in the production of binders, mining in the 80´s up to 1,600 t. Shale oil, specially after

1509: 632: 150: 3877:"Inorganic geochemistry of the German 'Posidonia Shale': palaeoenvironmental consequences" 739:, the main fault in the Regensburg Basin. Developed by the sinking of the southern German 8: 2161: 1685:, the shales contain some spectacularly detailed fossils of other Jurassic sea creatures— 1500:

are observed very often. On the bituminous marls there is a great abundance of saturated

680: 540: 198: 4554: 4507: 4299: 4254: 4184: 4134: 4037: 3994: 3947: 3892: 3845: 3787: 3724: 3603: 3513: 3472: 3336: 3134: 3010: 2901: 2844:"Effects and causes in a black shale event — the Toarcian Posidonia Shale of NW Germany" 2796: 2707: 2584: 2532: 2255: 2030: 1960: 1905: 1850: 1474: 4574: 4099: 3912: 3807: 3615: 3525: 3348: 3146: 3118: 2921: 2824: 2275: 2050: 1862: 1733: 1703: 1425:

aiming for the south, where it would have hitten the shoreline of the Bohemian Island.

4538: 3853: 2715: 1559: 1014:. Dinoflagellates are the major organic component and the most abundant microfossils. 994:

is relative with other locations of the same region from also the Toarcian, while the

796: 4645: 4578: 4566: 4562: 4519: 4476: 4375: 4313: 4268: 4146: 4103: 4091: 4049: 4006: 3959: 3916: 3904: 3857: 3811: 3799: 3738: 3619: 3529: 3497: 3425: 3150: 2959: 2925: 2913: 2859: 2816: 2808: 2761: 2719: 2596: 2544: 2540: 2408: 2321: 2279: 2267: 2238:

Bjerrum, Christian J.; Surlyk, Finn; Callomon, John H.; Slingerland, Rudy L. (2001).

2165: 2116: 2054: 2042: 1866: 1417:, with breccias created from earthquakes, present on Toarcian levels of the Austrian 1270: 929: 4263: 4238: 3771: 3552:"Origin and evolution of hydrocarbons in early Toarcian shales, Paris Basin, France" 2781:"The taphonomic fate of isorenieratene in Lower Jurassic shales—controlled by iron?" 2404: 2200: 2100: 1968: 1638: 1320:. The deposition of the shales where delimited to several minibasins, including the 928:

Unken Syncline, the breccias associated with the normal faults were deposited until

4637: 4558: 4511: 4468: 4428: 4367: 4303: 4258: 4192: 4188: 4138: 4118: 4083: 4041: 3998: 3951: 3896: 3876: 3849: 3829: 3795: 3791: 3728: 3653: 3607: 3517: 3476: 3340: 3282: 3138: 2951: 2905: 2851: 2828: 2800: 2753: 2711: 2691: 2588: 2536: 2448: 2400: 2313: 2259: 2196: 2157: 2112: 2108: 2034: 1964: 1909: 1854: 965:

are present in the Edge facies of the Sachrang Shale (="Unken Shales"), with green

723:

Ocean, and several marine to continental subasins locally. The CEB was part of the

4142: 4025: 3900: 3611: 2943: 2885: 2516: 1779: 4641: 4355: 4045: 3658: 2955: 2909: 2184: 1858: 1449: 1349: 1194: 1169: 1099: 1083: 999: 983: 884: 699: 695: 675: 529: 4636:. Natural History Collections (1 ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 325–329. 4495: 4433: 4371: 3481: 3456: 1528:, which may derive from thin-walled planktonic and benthic organisms, including 4515: 4308: 4287: 4071: 3733: 3712: 2388: 1914: 1893: 1715: 1409:

beds, that had an extent of +500 km, that has been linked with a possible

1247: 1206: 1186: 1043: 825: 703: 549: 297: 293: 4087: 2757: 1054:

are present in the manganese levels, while the Black Shale levels are rich in

4695: 4570: 4523: 4480: 4379: 4317: 4272: 4150: 4095: 4053: 4010: 3963: 3908: 3861: 3803: 3742: 3286: 2917: 2812: 2765: 2723: 2600: 2569:"Paleomagnetism and paleogeography of the northern calcareous Alps (Austria)" 2548: 2442: 2412: 2271: 2169: 2046: 2014: 1739: 1621: 1533: 1496:; the Echinoids take their place, where really blossomed at that time, while 1481: 1406: 1381: 1309: 1275: 1265: 1238: 1157: 1124: 1047: 850: 757: 652: 621: 472: 459: 81: 38: 2452: 2305: 2038: 1662: 1291: 2820: 2741: 2317: 1772: 1766: 1727: 1648: 1597: 1497: 1429: 1337: 1153: 1133: 1007: 788: 773: 707: 648: 3978: 3931: 3691:

Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart

2886:"Rhenium‑osmium geochronology of the Toarcian Posidonia Shale, SW Germany" 2884:

van Acken, D.; Tütken, T.; Daly, J.S.; Schmid-Röhl, A.; Orr, P.J. (2019).

2239: 2068:

Henrotay, M.; Marques, D.; Paicheler, J. C.; Gall, J. C.; Nel, A. (1998).

1605: 655:, or oxygen-depleted, deep water environment, although the details of the 4002: 3955: 3207:

Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie)

2263: 1760: 1686: 1529: 1525: 1501: 1452:), with the Vindelician peninsula at the S-SW, reaching the west area of 1441: 1325: 1216: 1039: 829: 720: 711: 573: 561: 351: 327: 263: 56: 4166: 3769: 2843: 2219:

Ziegler, P.A. (1982). "Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe".

1466: 4415:

Arp, G.; Gropengießer, S.; Schulbert, C.; Jung, D.; Reimer, A. (2021).

3521: 3352: 3320: 3142: 2855: 2780: 2778: 2619:

Ebli, O.; Draxler, I.; Klein, P.; Kodina, L. A.; Lobitzler, H. (1991).

2568: 1808:, using his private collection of fossils as a base, as an opposite to 1754: 1690: 1601: 1593: 1573: 1541: 1386: 1317: 1313: 1201: 1147: 1140: 1128: 1067: 1058:. The lower matrix is composed by clay and carbonate minerals, such as 868: 688: 684: 569: 375: 101: 66: 3224:

Urlichs, M.; Wild, R.; Ziegler, B. (1979). "Fossilien aus Holzmaden".

2804: 2592: 2143:"Der Jura in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland (STD 2016)" 1245:

In the 1900, major paleontological addons included the description of

4398:

Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Abteilung B

2567:

Channell, J. E. T.; Brandner, R.; Spieler, A.; Stoner, J. S. (1992).

1577: 1537: 1493: 1457: 1373: 1301: 1256: 1226: 1103: 1094:(5%). While the Clay mineral distribution includes a large amount of 1059: 1015: 1011: 962: 920: 838: 769: 636: 628: 515: 278: 132: 106: 50: 4456: 3344: 4472: 2842:

Riegel, Walter; Loh, Hartmut; Maul, Bernd; Prauss, Michael (1986),

1709: 1694: 1565: 1545: 1521: 1485: 1453: 1366: 1063: 1035: 1027: 1003: 975: 912: 860: 780: 776: 724: 716: 644: 553: 417: 274: 96: 91: 76: 71: 61: 42: 3586:

Littke, R.; Leythaeuser, D.; Rullkötter, J.; Baker, D. R. (1991).

1312:, and others appearing along the east, such as the related to the 897:, closed at the top by a new seegrasschiefer. The limit with the 4493: 4353: 4285: 4167:

Galasso, F.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Schneebeli-Hermann, E. (2022).

3770:

Galasso, F.; Feist-Burkhardt, S.; Schneebeli-Hermann, E. (2022).

3710: 3550:

Tissot, B.; Califet-Debyser, Y.; Deroo, G.; Oudin, J. L. (1971).

1792: 1721: 1698: 1569: 1517: 1489: 1470: 1410: 1398: 1232: 1114: 1079: 1071: 1051: 991: 924: 761: 744: 565: 557: 339: 315: 111: 86: 3585: 2740:

Suan, Guillaume; Schlögl, Jan; Mattioli, Emanuela (2016-08-01).

2237: 4634:

Paleontological Collections of Germany, Austria and Switzerland

3549: 2387:

Brunotte, Ernst; Garleff, Karsten; Jordan, Heinz (1985-12-01).

2185:"New aspects about the origin of the Toarcian Posidonia Shales" 1801: 1627: 1550: 1512:

where found along long-chain paraffinic molecules (n-alkanes).

1505: 1437: 1345: 1329: 1305: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1031: 1023: 995: 987: 979: 856: 765: 640: 363: 4236: 3827: 3119:"Über Acidorhynchus aus den Posidonienschiefern von Holzmaden" 2883: 1421:. It would start as an initial wave propagation affecting the 659:

are the subject of debate by researchers of the formation.

2566: 1942: 1832: 958: 946: 942: 821: 792: 752: 4414: 3011:"Beiträge zur fossilen Flora der Juraformation Württembergs" 2312:, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), pp. 165–189, 2189:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

2067: 27:

Early Jurassic geological formation of south-western Germany

4116: 1358: 1260: 1214:, being originally identified as a Gharial), the pterosaur 966: 954: 950: 784: 2351:"Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Karte von Bayern 1:500000" 772:

exposures on the east, and were deposited on the Jurassic

3454: 1536:, and Bacterial mats. There is a clear low frequency of 820:, which gradually wedge out to the east in the area of 783:

layers. The slopes of the area are partially covered by

4687:

Images of fossils in the Urwelt-Museum Hauff (Holzmaden)

4536: 4065: 4063: 3173:"Die Insektenfauna des Ostniedersachsischen Oberen Lias" 747:, it separates the higher, older crystallization of the 671:

Posidonia slate - outcrop of the Black Jura near Hetzles

1340:. In this area, the main emerged units present was the 3976: 3639: 2618: 1833:

Ruebsam, W.; Schmid-Röhl, A.; Al-Husseini, M. (2023).

1286: 4060: 3772:"Do spores herald the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event?" 3640:

Arp, G.; Balmuk, Y.; Seppelt, S.; Reimer, A. (2023).

3275:

Geochemische Untersuchungen V. Helvetica Chimica Acta

2689: 2386: 2221:

Amsterdam, Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij

1300:

modern southern Germany, recovering the locations of

556:) geological formation of southwestern and northeast 3414: 2944:"Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of Southern Germany" 1990:"Typlokalität der Sachrang-Formation W von Sachrang" 1891: 1369:, with nearby sections like the Salem paleo-swell. 978:

component of the 60% with a pronounced dominance of

779:

nearshore sandstone that evolved gradually into the

768:

resulting from crystallization were eroded from the

4070:Arp, Gernot; Gropengießer, Sebastian (2015-06-09). 3687:"Die Palaeogeographie der schwäbischen Jurabeckens" 3450: 3448: 3066:

Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft

2841: 2739: 2393:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft

2348: 2310:

Deposition of Organic-Carbon-Rich Sediments: Models

811:

Lithostratigraphy of the Posidonia Shale in Germany

631:formed of fine-grained sediments intercalated with 627:The formation comprises finely laminated layers of 3223: 1488:locally is observed a significant decrease in the 873:as the character fossil of this limestone bank. 4030:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3242: 2890:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2101:"Exceptional Preservation of Fossil Soft Tissues" 1839:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1082:is the most abundant fraction (49%), followed by 4693: 3881:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3592:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3445: 2950:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–196, 1204:, Ohmden, Holzmaden or Dotternhausen, including 4069: 2303: 2099:Clements, Thomas; Gabbott, Sarah (2022-04-13). 2098: 1670: 1619:, thus Variabilis in age) at Bodenwöhr, or the 1344:at the west, being a small land of the size of 731:Towards the W is determined by the north–south 643:oil shales deposited on a sea floor during the 2349:FREUDENBERGER, WALTER; CHWERD, KLAUSS (1996). 4454: 3929: 3415:Riegraf, W.; Werner, G.; Lörcher, F. (1984). 3318: 2983: 2344: 2342: 1892:Burnaz, L.; Littke, R.; Grohmann, S. (2024). 3930:Dera, Guillaume; Donnadieu, Yannick (2012). 3495: 1473:Swell to the N, while the shallow submerged 1283:well a revision of the biotic interactions. 4747:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe 4623: 4621: 4619: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 2662:Mitt. Bayer. Staatsslg. Paläont. Hist. Geol 1887: 1885: 1883: 1746:Flora has been found, especially the genus 4627: 4162: 4160: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3085: 3083: 2735: 2733: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2339: 2061: 614:is an invalid genus and junior synonym of 131: 4432: 4391: 4389: 4338: 4307: 4262: 3732: 3657: 3633: 3480: 3372: 3062:"Eine neue Darstellung von Ichthyosaurus" 2877: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2514: 2440: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2012: 1913: 1828: 1826: 1583: 544:in Luxembourg) geologically known as the 4616: 4395: 3874: 3684: 3397: 3379:Klassische Fundstellen der Paläontologie 3299: 2614: 2612: 2610: 1936: 1880: 1791: 1778: 1661: 1637: 1352:. The Bohemian massif with the Southern 1290: 1168: 1113: 806: 674: 666: 4455:Lorcher, Fritz; Keller, Thomas (1985). 4292:International Journal of Earth Sciences 4157: 3717:International Journal of Earth Sciences 3574: 3489: 3198: 3080: 3015:Gedruckt in der Guttenberg'schen Buchdr 2730: 2685: 2683: 2628:Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 2491: 2373: 2218: 2182: 1737:or fully terrestrial like the dinosaur 651:are described as being deposited in an 620:. The type profile is still located on 501: 14: 4712:Geologic formations of the Netherlands 4694: 4672:Urweltmuseum Hauff - Jurassic sea life 4386: 4212: 3319:Savrda, C. E.; Bottjer, D. J. (1989). 3272: 3059: 2937: 2935: 2555: 2140: 2129: 2087: 1823: 1796:The exterior of the Urweltmuseum Hauff 1783:The interior of the Urweltmuseum Hauff 4591: 4585: 4500:International Journal of Coal Geology 4232: 4230: 4228: 4173:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 4023: 3823: 3821: 3776:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3680: 3678: 3676: 3116: 3089: 2772: 2646: 2607: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2304:RÖHL, H.-J.; SCHMID-RÖHL, A. (2005), 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2013:Etter, Walter; Kuhn, Olivier (2000). 2006: 1787: 1524:fraction. The main maceral found is 1516:resins are especially strong for the 982:, along with a significant amount of 125:Possible Latest Pliensbachian records 3243:Kroepelin, H.; Wurziger, J. (1949). 3204: 3170: 3164: 3034: 3008: 2941: 2680: 2652: 1492:skeleton elements, also that of the 3226:Stuttgarter Beiträge Naturkunde Ser 2932: 1633: 1287:Paleogeography and paleoenvironment 24: 4717:Geologic formations of Switzerland 4225: 3818: 3673: 3496:Böhm, F.; Brachert, T. C. (1993). 2459: 2419: 2286: 2207: 1030:are the main minerals, along with 25: 4763: 4680: 4598:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde 1677:Paleobiota of the Posidonia Shale 919:, basinal deposits with abundant 4628:Hauff, R. B.; Joger, U. (2018). 4563:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.103928 2441:Quenstedt, Fr. Aug. von (1843). 2162:10.1127/0078-0421/2005/0041-0253 1078:had a bulk mineralogy where the 1006:. There is a great abundance of 974:locality is layered on a major 683:layer of the Posidonia Shale at 500: 493: 437:Border with Tyrol above Sachrang 368: 356: 344: 332: 320: 308: 54: 4665: 4530: 4487: 4448: 4408: 4347: 4279: 4264:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104323 4206: 4110: 4017: 3970: 3923: 3868: 3763: 3704: 3543: 3366: 3312: 3293: 3266: 3236: 3217: 3110: 3053: 3028: 3002: 2977: 2835: 2231: 1969:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.007 1770:and palynomorphs, dominated by 1752:, but also macrofloral remains 1666:Former clay pit in Marloffstein 1504:in the hexanesoluble fraction, 1269:), the latest surviving of the 802: 4707:Geologic formations of Germany 4193:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104701 3796:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104748 2176: 2113:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029468 1982: 518:, location of the main Outcrop 13: 1: 4143:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.01.003 3901:10.1144/gsl.sp.1991.058.01.22 3854:10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00005-0 3612:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.058.01.20 3180:Palaeontographica Abteilung A 2984:Wurstemberger, A. R. (1876). 2716:10.1016/s0146-6380(98)00069-2 1816: 1446:Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1378:Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event 4642:10.1007/978-3-319-77401-5_31 4215:Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 4046:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.07.021 3659:10.3897/zitteliana.97.110677 3123:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 2956:10.1017/cbo9780511626159.025 2910:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109294 2541:10.1016/0012-8252(77)90023-x 2447:. Tübingen: H. Laupp'schen. 1859:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111619 1671:Paleontological significance 1642:Former clay pit in Mistelgau 935: 760:deposits from the east. The 7: 4434:10.3897/zitteliana.95.56222 4372:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.08.003 3482:10.3390/geosciences12040158 3252:Braunschweig. Wissenschaftl 3041:. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung 2746:Newsletters on Stratigraphy 2150:Newsletters on Stratigraphy 1949:Global and Planetary Change 905: 10: 4768: 4516:10.1016/j.coal.2015.08.011 4309:10.1007/s00531-024-02433-7 3875:Brumsack, Hans-J. (1991). 3734:10.1007/s00531-024-02392-z 1915:10.1007/s00531-023-02381-8 1674: 1480:In Microfacies, after the 1469:Island" and the submerged 1164: 1076:Bächental bituminous marls 1066:. The presence of altered 662: 227:Marnes à Bifrons Formation 4722:Jurassic System of Europe 4088:10.1007/s12542-015-0271-7 2942:Hess, Hans (1999-10-28), 2405:10.1127/zdgg/136/1985/277 2355:Geol. Kt. Bayern 1:500000 2201:10.1127/njgpa/157/1978/11 1348:, and on the east, the N 1328:, that recovered central 1109: 870:Leptolepis coryphaenoides 509:Posidonia Shale (Germany) 488: 449: 441: 433: 425: 411: 406: 381: 303: 289: 284: 269: 259: 254: 233: 207: 183: 156: 146: 130: 37: 32: 3287:10.1002/hlca.19500330630 2141:Mönnig, Eckhard (2018). 1719:and chondrichthyes like 1592:, the north-east of the 899:Jurensismergel Formation 751:from the Lower Jurassic 657:depositional environment 212:Jurensismergel Formation 175:Northern Calcareous Alps 4752:Paleontology in Germany 4330:: CS1 maint: bibcode ( 4024:Izumi, Kentaro (2012). 3755:: CS1 maint: bibcode ( 3302:Communities of the Past 2475:Hauff, Rolf B. (1921). 2453:10.5962/bhl.title.45496 2039:10.1111/1475-4983.00157 1928:: CS1 maint: bibcode ( 1434:Obereggenen im Breisgau 1193:senior (1866–1950) and 1183:Carl Hartwig von Zieten 1123:The Posidonia Shale of 639:and Dotternhausen. The 393:Southwest German Basins 4742:Source rock formations 3373:Seilacher, A. (1990). 2318:10.2110/pec.05.82.0165 1797: 1784: 1743:and several insects. 1667: 1643: 1590:Bruck in der Oberpfalz 1584:Dactyliocerassandstein 1322:Southwest German Basin 1296: 1174: 1119: 818:Amaltheenton Formation 812: 691: 672: 533: 248:Scheibelberg Formation 238:Amaltheenton Formation 4243:Earth-Science Reviews 3685:Aldinger, H. (1968). 2758:10.1127/nos/2016/0078 2521:Earth-Science Reviews 2515:GLAESSNER, M (1977). 1795: 1782: 1681:In addition to their 1665: 1641: 1615:, latter found to be 1294: 1172: 1117: 810: 678: 670: 633:bituminous limestones 4737:Open marine deposits 4543:Organic Geochemistry 4502:. 150–151: 127–153. 4032:. 353–355: 116–122. 4003:10.1002/2016pa003048 3956:10.1029/2012pa002283 3009:Kurr, J. G. (1845). 2696:Organic Geochemistry 2264:10.1029/2000pa000512 2183:Brenner, K. (1978). 1224:) in 1830, the fish 749:Moldanubian Basement 607:Altmühltal Formation 151:Geological formation 4555:2019OrGeo.13803928F 4508:2015IJCG..150..127S 4300:2024IJEaS.tmp...81M 4255:2023ESRv..23804323M 4185:2022RPaPa.30404701G 4135:2013ChGeo.341....1L 4038:2012PPP...353..116I 3995:2017PalOc..32..813D 3948:2012PalOc..27.2211D 3893:1991GSLSP..58..353B 3846:2002Geobi..35...13S 3788:2022RPaPa.30604748G 3725:2024IJEaS.tmp...29A 3604:1991GSLSP..58..311L 3514:1993Faci...28..145B 3473:2022Geosc..12..158M 3424:. Berlin: F. Enke. 3337:1989Palai...4..330S 3135:1938PalZ...20..214H 3060:Jaekel, O. (1904). 2902:2019PPP...53409294V 2797:2018Gbio...16..237R 2708:1998OrGeo..29.1635E 2585:1992Tecto..11..792C 2533:1977ESRv...13..192G 2256:2001PalOc..16..390B 2031:2000Palgy..43..967E 1961:2015GPC...126...62N 1906:2024IJEaS.tmp....9B 1851:2023PPP...62311619R 1050:and manganese rich 681:Schistes bitumineux 541:Schistes Bitumineux 469: / 217:Werkendam Formation 199:Schistes bitumineux 189:Bächental Schichten 39:Stratigraphic range 4592:Wilde, V. (2001). 4461:Geological Curator 3522:10.1007/bf02539734 3143:10.1007/BF03041918 3117:Hauff, B. (1938). 3090:Hauff, B. (1921). 2856:10.1007/bfb0010214 2702:(5–7): 1635–1647. 1798: 1788:Urweltmuseum Hauff 1785: 1734:Palaeopleurosaurus 1668: 1644: 1297: 1175: 1120: 986:. The presence of 813: 692: 673: 581:Posidonienschiefer 546:Sachrang Formation 535:Posidonienschiefer 139:Posidonienschiefer 33:Sachrang Formation 18:Posidonienschiefer 4651:978-3-319-77400-8 3171:Bode, A. (1953). 3096:Palaeontographica 3035:Boué, A. (1829). 2987:Über lias epsilon 2965:978-0-521-45024-9 2848:Global Bio-Events 2805:10.1111/gbi.12284 2653:Ebli, O. (1989). 2593:10.1029/91tc03089 2481:Palaeontographica 1693:, spiral-shelled 1630:-like depostion. 1271:Saurichthyiformes 1220:(as a species of 728:paleocurrents. 522: 521: 243:Aalburg Formation 169:Schwarzjura Group 137:Posidonia Shale ( 126: 16:(Redirected from 4759: 4732:Shale formations 4727:Jurassic Germany 4674: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4625: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4366:(3–4): 155–170. 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4329: 4321: 4311: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4266: 4234: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4123:Chemical Geology 4114: 4108: 4107: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3983:Paleoceanography 3974: 3968: 3967: 3936:Paleoceanography 3927: 3921: 3920: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3736: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3583: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3412: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3281:(6): 1627–1637. 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2659: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2625: 2616: 2605: 2604: 2564: 2553: 2552: 2512: 2489: 2488: 2487:(1–42): 255–263. 2472: 2457: 2456: 2438: 2417: 2416: 2384: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2301: 2284: 2283: 2244:Paleoceanography 2235: 2229: 2228: 2216: 2205: 2204: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2156:(1–3): 253–261. 2147: 2138: 2127: 2126: 2096: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1889: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1830: 1683:Posidonia bronni 1634:Economical value 1563: 1354:Vindelician High 1230:, the selachian 587:Posidonia bronni 504: 503: 497: 484: 483: 481: 480: 479: 474: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 374: 372: 371: 362: 360: 359: 350: 348: 347: 338: 336: 335: 326: 324: 323: 314: 312: 311: 195:Dörnten-Schiefer 135: 124: 123: 53: 30: 29: 21: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4702:Posidonia Shale 4692: 4691: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4626: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4586: 4535: 4531: 4492: 4488: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4413: 4409: 4394: 4387: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4323: 4322: 4284: 4280: 4235: 4226: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4165: 4158: 4115: 4111: 4068: 4061: 4022: 4018: 3975: 3971: 3928: 3924: 3873: 3869: 3826: 3819: 3768: 3764: 3748: 3747: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3584: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3562:(12): 2177–2193 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3494: 3490: 3453: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3421: 3413: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3345:10.2307/3514557 3317: 3313: 3298: 3294: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3222: 3218: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2990:. Schweizerbart 2982: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2948:Fossil Crinoids 2940: 2933: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2840: 2836: 2777: 2773: 2738: 2731: 2688: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2565: 2556: 2513: 2492: 2473: 2460: 2439: 2420: 2385: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2302: 2287: 2236: 2232: 2217: 2208: 2181: 2177: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2123: 2097: 2088: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1941: 1937: 1921: 1920: 1898:Int J Earth Sci 1890: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1790: 1679: 1673: 1636: 1586: 1557: 1514:Benzenemethanol 1450:Bohemian Massif 1419:Adnet Formation 1363:Allemanic Swell 1350:Bohemian Massif 1289: 1236:or the crinoid 1195:Adolf Seilacher 1179:Johannes Bauhin 1167: 1112: 1100:Montmorillonite 1084:Phyllosilicates 984:Montmorillonite 938: 908: 805: 797:Würm glaciation 700:Franconian Line 696:Franconian Jura 665: 647:in the ancient 564:, northwestern 552:(Early to Late 526:Posidonia Shale 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 507: 506: 505: 477: 475: 473:47.69°N 12.24°W 471: 468: 463: 460: 458: 456: 455: 415:The village of 400:-Northern Tirol 369: 367: 366: 357: 355: 354: 345: 343: 342: 333: 331: 330: 321: 319: 318: 309: 307: 246: 241: 225: 222:Klaus Formation 220: 215: 142: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 48: 47: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4765: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4681:External links 4679: 4676: 4675: 4664: 4650: 4615: 4584: 4529: 4486: 4473:10.55468/gc749 4467:(3): 164–168. 4447: 4407: 4385: 4360:Tectonophysics 4346: 4337: 4278: 4224: 4205: 4156: 4109: 4082:(2): 271–286. 4059: 4016: 3989:(8): 813–829. 3969: 3922: 3887:(1): 353–362. 3867: 3817: 3762: 3703: 3672: 3632: 3598:(1): 311–333. 3573: 3542: 3508:(1): 145–168. 3488: 3467:(4): 158–176. 3444: 3430: 3396: 3365: 3331:(4): 330–342. 3311: 3292: 3265: 3235: 3216: 3197: 3163: 3129:(2): 214–248. 3109: 3079: 3052: 3027: 3001: 2976: 2964: 2931: 2876: 2864: 2834: 2791:(3): 237–251. 2771: 2752:(3): 401–419. 2729: 2679: 2645: 2606: 2579:(4): 792–810. 2554: 2527:(2): 192–194. 2490: 2458: 2418: 2399:(1): 277–285. 2372: 2338: 2326: 2285: 2250:(4): 390–404. 2230: 2206: 2175: 2128: 2121: 2086: 2060: 2025:(5): 967–977. 2005: 1981: 1935: 1879: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1806:Bernhard Hauff 1789: 1786: 1716:Strongylosteus 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1635: 1632: 1617:C. raquinianum 1585: 1582: 1288: 1285: 1248:Stenopterygius 1207:Macrospondylus 1197:(1925–2014). 1191:Bernhard Hauff 1187:Eberhard Fraas 1166: 1163: 1111: 1108: 1044:Isorenieratene 1008:Foraminiferans 937: 934: 907: 904: 826:Wasseralfingen 804: 801: 704:Atlantic Ocean 664: 661: 645:Early Toarcian 550:Early Jurassic 538:, also called 520: 519: 508: 499: 498: 492: 491: 490: 489: 486: 485: 453: 447: 446: 443: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 423: 422: 413: 409: 408: 404: 403: 402: 401: 395: 390: 383: 379: 378: 305: 301: 300: 298:Central Europe 291: 287: 286: 282: 281: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 252: 251: 235: 231: 230: 209: 205: 204: 203: 202: 196: 193: 190: 185: 181: 180: 179: 178: 172: 166: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 136: 128: 127: 117: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4764: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179:(1): 104701. 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3561: 3557: 3556:AAPG Bulletin 3553: 3546: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3433: 3427: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2867: 2865:3-540-17180-0 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2329: 2327:1-56576-110-3 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2227:(2): 145–146. 2226: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2122:9780470016176 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2083:(2): 263–284. 2082: 2078: 2077:Geodiversitas 2071: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:Palaeontology 2016: 2009: 1991: 1985: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1740:Ohmdenosaurus 1736: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1657:Hils Syncline 1652: 1650: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1622:Dactylioceras 1618: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:Cyanobacteria 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:Pliensbachian 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:Tethyan Shelf 1412: 1408: 1407:Dactylioceras 1404: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382:Caribbean Sea 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:Niedersachsen 1308:, as well at 1307: 1303: 1293: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1276:Ohmdenosaurus 1272: 1268: 1267: 1266:Saurorhynchus 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253:Ichthyosaurus 1250: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1239:Pentacrinites 1235: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222:Pterodactylus 1219: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1189:(1862–1915), 1188: 1185:(1785–1846), 1184: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1159: 1158:Pliensbachian 1155: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1136:tenuicostatum 1135: 1130: 1126: 1125:Dotternhausen 1116: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:Rhodochrosite 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 933: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 903: 900: 896: 894: 888: 886: 880: 874: 872: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 851:Dactylioceras 847: 845: 840: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 809: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758:siliciclastic 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:Keilberg Rift 734: 733:Kilberg Fault 729: 726: 722: 718: 713: 709: 706:and with the 705: 701: 697: 690: 686: 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