Portuguese Timor - Knowledge

1800: 1776: 1895: 1788: 1712: 1724: 2101: 1812: 1143:. While at first proposing to sell the colony due to its underdevelopment, da Silva quickly shifted towards reforms, and sought complete autonomy from Macau. The first military campaign in 1895 headed west to Obulo and Marobo. Those rebelling held off this force with the support of their allies, leading to 6,000 reinforcements being sent in April. After quashing the revolt in Obulo, the commander marched the troops further without permission from Dili, and his forces were defeated and he was killed. This killing increased the desire of Portugal to properly control the territory, and to da Silva began further brutal campaigns alongside local allies. Some kingdoms were completely wiped out, with leaders and populations either dead or displaced to Dutch-controlled territory. 2065: 1410: 64: 2077: 1151:, with greater government control over economic activities and taxes. Basic infrastructure such as roads were created, as well as some funding for schools, although it remained very limited. In the north, land was prepared for coffee cultivation. Such land was often directly seized or purchased under duress, with land rights often going to Portuguese. Locals were required to work on these plantations. Traditional cultural practices were discouraged, as was identification with specific local kingdoms, both of which weakened traditional rulers. In 1897 Timor was separated from Macau. The military campaigns meant that Portugal had established effective control even of the island's interior. 2053: 1855: 2041: 1931: 1736: 1306: 2089: 2137: 2029: 1843: 1495: 1298: 1355: 1907: 2125: 1764: 1158:. This new level was created around villages, or groups of villages linked by kinship. These new administrative boundaries thus reflected family ties, and strengthened family power as villages gained administrative power. This created a permanent shift of powers from the level of the kingdom to that of the villages. Da reduced the power of local kings, and even eliminated smaller and more disloyal kingdoms. Implementation of the head tax required a census, and depended on the loyalty of the local leaders who would be responsible for collection. He also sought to impose a 1986: 1824: 1998: 3565: 1919: 165: 2113: 1943: 1046: 529: 1748: 1883: 952:

sought by Portugal from these local rulers. There was also little cooperation from the local population, many of whom believed sandalwood trees were home to spirits. Nonetheless, the wood became so important to the colony that it could be used to pay taxes. The lack of control meant that sandalwood forests were not maintained, and as they disappeared throughout the 18th century the sandalwood trade declined. Imports at Macau become mixed in with sandalwood from other export markets, such as

2010: 921: 1867: 802: 48: 543: 2156: 1974: 1217:, who arrived in 1910, increased the head tax to 2.5 patacas, instead of just 1, prompting some to leave to Dutch-controlled territory. Failure to pay the tax often led individuals to indentured labour on coffee plantations, or service to richer individuals who paid the tax on their behalf. A census was begun annually to facilitate tax collection, initially counting just men of taxable age, and later collecting age and sex data. The 1180: 1483: 1112:

sought assistance from other kingdoms, and managed to suppress the revolt. Further military battles occurred over succeeding years, until 1888 when the thirteen kingdoms of the island's east swore fealty to Portugal. This did not however secure Portuguese control over the whole territory, as kingdoms in other areas remained effectively autonomous.

720:. Despite the early presence of Dominican missionaries, the missionaries struggled to convert the native inhabitants. Even after the local rulers declared themselves as Christians, adoption of Christianity by the masses was not widespread, and conversions were mostly superficial. As late as 1941, Christians were still few in number. 1787: 1616:, anchored near Atauro, detected on the radar a high number of unidentified air and naval targets approaching. They soon identified the targets as Indonesian military aircraft and warships, which initiated an assault against Dili. Lemos Pires and his staff then left Atauro, embarked on the Portuguese warships, and headed to 1962: 1346:(IJN), invested heavily in a joint-venture with the primary plantation company of Portuguese Timor, SAPT. The joint-venture effectively controlled imports and exports into the island by the mid-1930s and the extension of Japanese interests greatly concerned the British, Dutch and Australian authorities. 782:

in addition to Portuguese. Under colonial policy, Portuguese citizenship was available to men who assimilated the Portuguese language, literacy, and religion; by 1970, 1,200 East Timorese, largely drawn from the aristocracy, Dili residents, or larger towns, had obtained Portuguese citizenship. By the

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Colonial policy shifted back towards using indigenous rulers as figureheads, sometimes installing new more cooperative rulers. Efforts to repress local customs were reversed, with the intention of coopting such practices instead. Coffee plantations continued to expand, and taxes were increased. Many

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shortly after his arrival to Timor in 1851. This was done without consulting authorities in Portugal, who upon hearing about the deal thought it too favourable to the Dutch. Lisbon revoked Timor's autonomy, and Lopes de Lima fled to Batavia rather than return to Portugal. The 1854 border treaty was

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The Portuguese introduced maize as a food crop and coffee as an export crop. Timorese systems of tax and labour control were preserved, through which taxes were paid through their labour and a portion of the coffee and sandalwood crop. The Portuguese introduced mercenaries into Timorese communities

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The 1859 border treaty was not implemented all at once, with local transfers out of sync with the official ratification in August 1860. Rebellions against Portuguese rule broke out to the east and west of Dili in 1861. This revolt saw forces from Laclo and Ulmera lay siege to Dili. The Portuguese

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In 1844 Timor, along with Macau, become administratively separated from Goa. In 1866 Timor was placed under the control of Macau, and officially divided into 11 districts. Effective control however remained with local rulers throughout this period, and development remained limited to Dili. Coffee

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The sandalwood trade proved highly profitable, although Portugal was unable to establish a desired monopoly. Instead, the harvesting and trade of sandalwood was uncontrolled. The lack of Portuguese authority outside of Dili left harvesting under the control of local rulers, and no cooperation was

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asked the VOC for protection, although it is unclear if an agreement was reached, and the kingdom continued to pay tribute to Portugal. In 1755 the Dutch began a concerted effort to increase their influence in Solor and Timor, and in June 1756 nobles from 77 polities signed contracts with the VOC

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To rebuild the economy, colonial administrators forced local chiefs to supply labourers which further damaged the agricultural sector. Coffee exports were promoted by the government. However, the economy did not improve substantially, and infrastructure improvements were limited. Growth rates

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were ordered to continue patrolling the waters around the former Portuguese Timor, in preparation of possible military action to respond to the Indonesian invasion, constituting the naval task force UO 20.1.2 (latter renamed FORNAVTIMOR). Portugal sent a third warship to the region, the NRP

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For the Portuguese, their colony of Portuguese Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century. Investment in infrastructure, health, and education was minimal. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the

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on the southern coast, coming to an agreement to throw off Portuguese authority. A renewal of this rebellion in 1725 led to a campaign by Portuguese forces and allies from the north coast. The rebellion included 15 kingdoms, including Oecusse and Ermera. This culminated in the October 1726

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which collected tax from each household, necessitating a census of the territory to count these households. The head tax was imposed by Silva's successor, Eduardo Augusto Marques, once the census was complete. The needs of the census meant power at this time also flowed to leaders of

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, resulting in increased resistance to Portuguese rule in Portuguese Timor. A 1904 treaty with the Dutch removed some enclaves, with

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shifted the focus of exports to coffee. Efforts began to regrow sandalwood forests at the same time, a four decade process. However, success was hindered by insufficient knowledge of the trees' biology, which require other tree species to obtain nutrients.

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in Portuguese Timor grew following the Portuguese government handing over the education of the Timorese to the Church in 1941. In post-war Portuguese Timor, primary and secondary school education levels significantly increased, albeit on a very low base.

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area, and they had to rely on traditional tribal chieftains for control and influence. Direct European presence was limited to a handful of individuals, and only one or two ships made the trip between Lifau and Macau each year. This weakness allowed the

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Coffee soon became the territory's primary export, to the point where some sandalwood forest recovered. There was a small renaissance in the sandalwood trade in the 1850s, including wood smuggled across the border in order to obtain valuable

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A fire in Dili destroyed the existing records of the colony in 1799. New instructions were issued by the Viceroy in Goa in 5 April 1811, to deal with the "decadent and abandoned state of the island of Timor". In 1815, a new Governor,

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Da Silva's campaign continued west to east, assisted by local allies. A new administrative structure was imposed in some areas alongside direct taxation of residents, bypassing traditional rulers. New restrictions were placed on the

1386:, which tied up Japanese troops and inflicted over 1,000 casualties. Timorese and the Portuguese helped the guerillas but following the Allies' eventual evacuation, Japanese retribution from their soldiers and Timorese militia (the 654:

were its main commodity. It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century, and early European presence was limited to trade. The first European powers to arrive in the area were the

1572:. While there were some similar actions in other towns, UDT was unable to build upon its initial surprise action. Fretilin, with the support of much of the former colonial armed forces, began a counter-attack on 20 August. 1535:, emerged advocating Portuguese Timor's integration with Indonesia expressing concerns that an independent East Timor would be economically weak and vulnerable. Other minor political parties emerged as well: the monarchist 2480: 1459:

Although illiteracy in 1973 was estimated at 93 percent of the population, the small educated elite of Portuguese Timorese produced by the Church in the 1960s and 1970s became the independence leaders during the

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was the first effective European occupation in the east of the island. This shift was accompanied by renewed relations between Portugal and more Eastern kingdoms, and control in Maubara became again contested.

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favoured the immediate decolonisation process for Portuguese territories in Asia and Africa. When Portuguese Timorese political parties were first legalised in April 1974, three major players emerged. The

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and Timorese chiefs hired Portuguese soldiers for wars against neighbouring tribes. With the use of the Portuguese musket, Timorese men became deer hunters and suppliers of deer horn and hide for export.

144: 905:, established with VOC support, created friction with the Portuguese. Portuguese allies in the east of the island attacked Maubara at Portuguese behest in 1760, but were repulsed with aid from the VOC. 1894: 98: 929: 1543:. The rapid political changes fed down to the local level, where political allegiance was affected by existing internal divisions and intra-suco divisions. Apodeti gained little support outside of 1711: 121: 986:

forces. However, local authorities for both continued to contest control on Timor. This period saw Dutch claims to Maubara win out. When the Dutch regained control of their territories in 1816,

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leaders also saw attempted interference by the VOC representative in Kupang, who travelled to Lifau but was killed there. The new VOC Governor shifted focus back to the western parts of Timor.

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In August, a UDT faction seized control of government buildings in Dili and began to arrest members of Fretilin. While hundreds were arrested, most of the Fretilin leadership escaped south to

1663:. The United Nations, however, did not recognise the annexation, continuing to consider Portugal as the legal Administering Power of what under international law was still Portuguese Timor. 1207: 1276: 145: 1575:

Unable to control the conflict with the few Portuguese troops that he had at his disposal, Lemos Pires decided to leave Dili with his staff and transfer the seat of the administration to

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began throughout the island, which were eventually defeated by colonial forces and local allies. To defeat this revolt Portugal brought in troops from the Portuguese colonies of

1081: 1050: 884:, leading the governor to flee, the bishop to take over. This buildup of tension following more direct rule led to the leaders of some local kingdoms meeting in the kingdom of 893:, in which the Portuguese laid siege to a Timorese stronghold for six weeks. The Portuguese destroyed the fort, although they did not entirely suppress the revolt until 1728. 1735: 1321:

saw racial categories becoming fully codified, separating the bulk of the native population, who were designated as uncivilised, from the white settlers, mestiços, and the

810: 2452: 1366:, in December 1941, Portuguese Timor was occupied by a small British, Australian and Dutch force, to preempt a Japanese invasion. However, the Japanese did invade in the 874: 1723: 5492: 818: 504: 97: 2100: 982:

in the early 1800s saw Dutch and Portuguese influence weaken again, as Portugal saw its shipping interrupted and Dutch territories in the area were occupied by the

120: 5864: 1667: 1436:. A small increase in education, infrastructure, and health development was coupled with increased repression. The international pressure for decolonisation and 1275:, a response to slightly better existing stock, smuggling to Dutch Timor, and a lack of control of the exclave. New replanting efforts begun in 1946 by Governor 5819: 1139:. The autonomy and persistent rebellions of many kingdoms was viewed as an embarrassment, a view influenced by rebellions in Africa and the humiliation of the 1064:

Conflicts with the Dutch continued throughout this period, entwined with shifting loyalties of local rulers. This led to three treaties being signed to define

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with the exception of the eastern half of Timor, which would become Portuguese Timor. In 1605 Ambon and Tidore passed to Dutch control, and the following year

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Portuguese authorities created an administrative structure based on the existing kingdoms, while also creating a new level of administration under them, the

611:, which continued to regard Portugal as the legal Administering Power of East Timor. The independence of East Timor was finally achieved in 2002 following a 862: 5844: 3306: 5814: 1854: 1842: 1068:, in 1851, 1854, and 1859. Through these, Portugal ceded its remaining territory and claims on Flores and the Solor islands, while the Netherlands ceded 890: 1104:

stood in place until 1913, when the Portuguese and Dutch formally agreed to split the island between them. The definitive border was established by the

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Under Japanese rule, there were changes to the administrative structures that created larger districts (the former kingdoms) and a reduced number of

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was announced in Dili three weeks after the event. This republicanism concerned local rulers, adding to existing tensions over new and higher taxes.

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fell to the Dutch, before Malacca fell in 1641, and Solor shortly afterwards in 1646. The fall of Solor led the Portuguese capital to be moved to

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became Governor in 1894 and sought to establish "full and effective control" in the colony in line with international norms arising from the

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was ceded to Spain (before later coming under Dutch control in 1663). Solor was also lost in 1613, leading the Portuguese capital to move to

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agriculture. Despite the ban on harvesting, sandalwood exports continued to rise until 1913. A drop in the years afterwards led to Governor

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In 1613, the Dutch took control of the western part of the island. Over the following three centuries, the Dutch would come to dominate the

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friars, the occasional Dutch raid, and the Timorese themselves, competed with Portuguese merchants. Other disruptions came from the local

672: 5889: 5789: 1374:(IJA) administration zone. Because of Portugal's neutrality, the Japanese left the Portuguese governor in place and in formal control of 885: 599:

established a presence on the island in 1556, and the territory was declared a Portuguese colony in 1702. Following the beginning of the

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Representatives of UDT and APODETI, encouraged by Indonesian intelligence, declared that the territory should become part of Indonesia.

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in February 1942. Under Japanese occupation, the borders of the Dutch and Portuguese were ignored with Timor island being made a single

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banning all sandalwood harvesting and export on 15 February 1925. In 1929 a localised easing of this ban was issued by Governor

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was severe. By the end of the War, an estimated 40–60,000 Timorese had died, the economy was in ruins, and famine widespread.

1281: 716:, the sandalwood trade fell under the control of the Dominican missionaries. These exports were crucial for the prosperity of 5340: 5240: 2891: 2257: 2124: 2843: 2701: 2352: 5849: 5652: 2381:"Remembering the Portuguese Presence in Timor and its Contribution to the Making of Timor's National and Cultural Identity" 1554:- an Army officer - was appointed by the new Portuguese Government as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Portuguese Timor. 975:, Governor from 1807-1810, blamed a failure to harvest on local conflicts and the seizure of trading ships by the English. 1652:

left, going back to Lisbon, at a time when a military action to expel the Indonesian forces was clearly seen as unviable.

5794: 4507: 3292: 1906: 1656: 1477: 1461: 1233:, and the war saw the deaths of 3,000 Portuguese Timorese. The remaining power of the kings further diminished after the 924:

Flag and coat of arms of Portuguese Dili (1952-1975). The inscription reads: "That Which the Sun Sees First Upon Rising".

1997: 5434: 3244: 3118: 3077: 2112: 1238: 940: 865:, banned the sale of Timorese sandalwood to non-Portuguese areas, creating tension with the Topasses. In 1718 governor 2933: 751:

exclave. The Portuguese had engaged with Lifau recently, having sent forces in 1641 to aid the Queen of Lifau/Ambeno.

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in the early sixteenth century followed by the Dutch in the late sixteenth century. Both came in search of the fabled

5834: 5824: 5586: 5535: 5020: 3270: 3164: 2837: 2687: 2565: 2511: 2392: 2346: 1605: 1473: 1325:(natives considered to have become civilised and assimilated). The colony was seen as an economic burden during the 604: 412: 1882: 998:

were spread, including to Maubara, where coffee grew well. Direct control however remained limited to non-existent.

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Following World War II, the Portuguese promptly returned to reclaim their colony, while Dutch Timor became part of

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mid-nineteenth century. In places where Portuguese rule was asserted, it tended to be brutal and exploitative.

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House where Australian soldiers and Portuguese nationals met during the Japanese occupation at Tai Bessi.

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production continued to expand, becoming especially prominent in the north coast near Dili, such as in

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on Timor's west, before that was lost again to the Dutch in 1652. Only then did the Portuguese move to

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in the 1560s. Due to the lack of direct Portuguese control in the area, with limited support from both

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had little impact internally in Portuguese Timor, where identities remained linked to local kingdoms.

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in 1914 and ratified in 1916; it remains the international boundary between East Timor and Indonesia.

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to send military reinforcements, the request being responded with the sending of a warship, the NRP

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Portuguese males who gained control of coffee plantations married local women, leading to a growing

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In 1975, the currency ceased to exist as East Timor was annexed by Indonesia and began using the

1561:, that included the participation of members of the Colonial Police and Timorese soldiers of the 1558: 1444: 1437: 1305: 1101: 647: 437: 1464:. Towards the end of their rule, Portugal provided around USD 5 million per year to East Timor. 1354: 837:.) Portuguese control over the territory was tenuous, particularly in the mountainous interior. 770:, and formal schooling. Two groups of people were introduced to East Timor: Portuguese men, and 5647: 5642: 5622: 5309: 4754: 4400: 3279:

Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea; Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800

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that existed between 1702 and 1975. During most of this period, Portugal shared the island of

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whose leaders were responsible for some tax collection and were given formal military ranks.

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Governor and Captain General of the islands of Timor and Solor and other regions in the South

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Divided Loyalties: Displacement, belonging and citizenship among East Timorese in West Timor

1378:. 400 Australian and Dutch commandos trapped on the island by the Japanese invasion waged a 1252:

On 16 September 1901 sandalwood harvesting was banned along much of the north coast, as was

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moved to the Kingdom of Motael due to the Topasse threat. This 1769 founding of the city of

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Meanwhile, the political dispute between the Portuguese Timorese parties soon gave rise to

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was part of the trading networks that stretched between India and China and incorporating

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Justice and Governance in East Timor Indigenous Approaches and the 'New Subsistence State

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Portuguese governor Senhor Manuel Ferreira de Carvalho welcomes the Australians in 1945.

775: 573: 215: 1120:. This collapsed in the 1860s, as new sources elsewhere depressed prices. Then Governor 85: 4809: 3390: 2971: 2693: 2624: 2472: 2310: 1621: 1569: 939:

in Lifau in 1766. Shortly after, Portuguese administration shifted East, when Governor

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On 28 November 1975, Fretilin unilaterally declared the colony's independence, as the

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end of the colonial administration in 1974, 30 percent of Timorese were practising

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sultanates. The control of colonial administrators was largely restricted to the

838: 784: 759: 704:. The first Portuguese settlement in the area was set up on the nearby island of 693: 690: 683: 596: 381: 5657: 5596: 5581: 4819: 4658: 4101: 4061: 3757: 3485: 3364: 1805:

Portuguese sloop Gonçalves Zarco and Bartolomeu Dias at anchor in Dili in 1945.

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population. Immigration also increased the Chinese population in some areas.

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1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent

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A power struggle in Lifau at this time involving Portuguese officials and

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was introduced into church and state business, and Portuguese Asians used

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The first Europeans to arrive in the region were the Portuguese in 1515.

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The Creation of the East Timorese Economy: Volume 1: History of a Colony

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Indonesia formally annexed East Timor, declaring it as its 27th province

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also failed, and by 1975 sandalwood trees were found only in Oecusse,

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while the majority continued to worship spirits of the land and sky.

724: 3284: 2869: 858:(VOC) to establish influence in the area despite Portugal's claims. 5561: 5515: 5121: 4868: 4731: 4708: 4685: 4532: 4496: 4116: 3747: 3511: 3177:. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977. 1520: 1159: 842: 771: 656: 581: 470: 399: 5386: 3060:

Boxer, C. R. "Portuguese Timor: A Rough Island Story, 1515–1960."

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C. R. Boxer, "Portuguese Timor: A Rough Island Story, 1515-1960."

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in the west, while in the east around fifty kingdoms were part of

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Prior to the arrival of European colonial powers, the island of

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Monument on the road to the military camp at Tai Bessi in 1938.

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José Celestino da Silva returned to Portugal in 1908. Governor

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Continuing struggles led to the killing of Portuguese Governor

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representative in Kupang, including Maubara. A permanent fort,

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saw the only post-WWII violent resistance to Portuguese rule.

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Timoreans in the service of the "Timor Geographical Mission".

1523:, formed by trade unionists and anti-colonialists, endorsed " 1179: 830: 822: 744: 705: 697: 643: 585: 195: 4195: 1608:. At 3:00 a.m., the two Portuguese corvettes, the NRP 1482: 1329:, and received little support or management from Portugal. 957: 944: 850: 200: 5023:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. 1606:

Indonesian Armed Forces launched an invasion of East Timor

700:. Trade was controlled by Portuguese settlements on other 4426: 3130:"Japan and Portuguese Timor in the 1930s and early 1940s" 2824:"High Colonialism and New Forms of Oppression, 1894-1974" 2666:"High Colonialism and New Forms of Oppression, 1894-1974" 1539:, a small party advocating union with Australia, and the 995: 1666:

Following the end of Indonesian occupation in 1999, and

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development company, with the secret sponsorship of the

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Rural–Urban Dichotomies and Spatial Development in Asia

1091:, who sought negotiations with officials in Kupang and 2870:

James Scambary; Joana de Mesquita Lima (2 July 2021).

1670:, East Timor became formally independent 20 May 2002. 609:

was not recognized as legal by the United Nations (UN)

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Keen to maintain its colonies under the ideology of

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Detachment of Portuguese Timor from Portuguese India

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Establishment of Dili as capital of Portuguese Timor

790: 2545: 2543: 667:. In 1515, the Portuguese first landed near modern 3213: 3190: 2922: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2248:(45 ed.), Lanham, MD: Stryker Post, pp. 169:Portuguese Timor with 1869-established boundaries. 16:1702–1975/1999 Portuguese colony in Southeast Asia 3053: 2964:"East Timor: Civil War — Causes and Consequences" 2908:The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 1183:1914 Portuguese map of Portuguese Timor and Dili. 5766: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2335:Lundahl, Mats; Sjöholm, Fredrik (17 July 2019). 1529:the only legitimate representative of the people 1317:in Portugal and the subsequent rise of dictator 5865:1975 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire 5460:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 5450:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago 5161: 3237:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 3220:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3094:. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2961: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2520: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 1948:Portuguese-built harbour installations at Dili. 1668:a United Nations administered transition period 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2453:"The Vanishing Sandalwood of Portuguese Timor" 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2334: 2175:List of colonial governors of Portuguese Timor 5820:States and territories disestablished in 1975 5486: 3300: 2786: 2642: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 5860:1702 establishments in the Portuguese Empire 2858: 2674:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 42–60. 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2385:Culture and Identity in the Luso-Asian World 2285:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 1924:Lahane Palace, governor's residence in 1931. 1860:Military command house at Manu-Fahi in 1908. 1309:Group of political deportees in Timor, 1932. 1219:1910 overthrowing of the Portuguese Monarchy 5845:1970s disestablishments in Portuguese Timor 3193:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 2948: 2767:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 488. 2765:International Law in Historical Perspective 2734: 2413: 1358:Memorial to chief Evaristo de Sá Benevides. 5815:States and territories established in 1702 5493: 5479: 3307: 3293: 3173:Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2970:. ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: 411–419. 2780:The International Boundaries of East Timor 2367: 2321: 2235: 2217: 1753:Portuguese commander with local troops in 1498:Proposed flag for Portuguese Timor (1965). 1382:campaign in the mountainous interior, the 1301:Proposed flag for Portuguese Timor (1932). 1174: 163: 5500: 4782: 2829:Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor 2671:Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor 2586: 2501: 2296: 2265: 1467: 1432:, Portugal formally declared Timor as an 5875:1975 disestablishments in Southeast Asia 5840:1700s establishments in Portuguese Timor 3067: 2549: 2450: 2387:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 1717:Inhabitants of Portuguese Timor in 1900. 1493: 1481: 1408: 1353: 1304: 1296: 1178: 1044: 1004:José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo e Sousa 919: 800: 650:. The island's large stands of fragrant 5445:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 3188: 2762: 2378: 1900:Fortified Timorean residence in Maluro. 1451:remained low, near 2%. The role of the 5870:1700s establishments in Southeast Asia 5767: 3577: 3211: 3108: 2821: 2777: 2663: 2550:Damaledo, Andrey (27 September 2018). 2278: 2197: 2195: 2003:1970 Portuguese Timor escudos reverse. 1076:to Portugal, and dropped its claim on 1013:, began to promote the cultivation of 449:14,874 km (5,743 sq mi) 396:Unilateral declaration of independence 5880:1970s disestablishments in East Timor 5474: 5160: 5039: 4781: 4292: 3997: 3576: 3326: 3314: 3288: 3159:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 3037:Dunn, p. 62; Indonesia (1977), p. 19. 2241: 1936:Former Portuguese hospital at Lahane. 1848:Assembly house of employees of Timor. 1362:Although Portugal was neutral during 5170: 5049: 4791: 4302: 4007: 3967:) and small temporary coastal bases. 3586: 3336: 3274:https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TM1KZFZ 3234: 3086: 2900: 2846:from the original on 21 October 2022 2704:from the original on 21 October 2022 2574:from the original on 26 October 2022 2483:from the original on 23 October 2022 2034:Portuguese Timor 1/2 avo 1898 stamp. 1678:The first Timorese currency was the 1596:República Democrática de Timor-Leste 1525:the universal doctrines of socialism 762:to Portuguese Timor, as well as the 3157:Historical Dictionary of East Timor 3072:. Lara, Vic: Gentext Publications. 2618:(Macau: Livros do Oriente), p.80. " 2401:from the original on 9 October 2022 2192: 2015:Portuguese Timor 1 pataca banknote. 1888:Timorean houses at Tutuala in 1966. 1769:Catholic ceremony in Timor in 1940. 1478:Indonesian occupation of East Timor 605:East Timor was invaded by Indonesia 13: 5790:Former countries in Southeast Asia 5435:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire 3265:(Macau: Livros do Oriente, 1999). 3064:(May 1960) 19#5) pp. 349–355. 2982: 2822:Kammen, Douglas (20 August 2015). 2664:Kammen, Douglas (20 August 2015). 2506:. Taylor and Francis. p. 43. 2355:from the original on 26 March 2023 623: 14: 5906: 5785:Former colonies in Southeast Asia 3859:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 3255: 2936:from the original on 8 April 2014 1592:Democratic Republic of East Timor 1474:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 1413:Portuguese Timor Arms (1935–1975) 1208:Filomeno da Câmara de Melo Cabral 791:Establishment of Portuguese Timor 613:UN-administered transition period 5440:Portuguese colonial architecture 5041:North America and North Atlantic 3905:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 3563: 3327: 3216:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 3154: 3127: 2154: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1967:Portuguese Timor 20 Escudos 1967 1960: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1277:Óscar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas 1203:being ceded to the Netherlands. 930:Dionísio Gonçalves Rebelo Galvão 541: 527: 502: 335:António Coelho Guerreiro (first) 142: 117: 94: 62: 46: 5800:Portuguese colonisation in Asia 5430:Armorial of Portuguese colonies 3281:– KITLV Press 2012. Open Access 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2913: 2771: 2756: 2716: 2606: 2180:Armorial of Portuguese colonies 1834: 1349: 580:) was a colonial possession of 384:occupation of Portuguese Timor 184:Occupied by the Japanese Empire 5890:East Timor–Indonesia relations 5855:1975 disestablishments in Asia 4293: 3113:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 3054:References and further reading 2495: 2204: 2130:Portuguese Timor 2 avos stamp. 2118:Portuguese Timor 7 avos stamp. 1991:1970 Portuguese Timor escudos. 1537:Association of Timorese Heroes 1106:Permanent Court of Arbitration 1098:Dutch House of Representatives 966:António de Mendonça Côrte-Real 861:In 1716 the Viceroy of Macau, 537:Indonesian occupied East Timor 1: 5895:East Timor–Portugal relations 4460:Portuguese Paliacate outpost 1953: 1421:as Indonesian Timor, when it 1241:on behalf of the Portuguese. 941:António José Teles de Meneses 805:1731 Portuguese map of Timor. 424:• Independence achieved 5885:Indonesia–Portugal relations 5202:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 4995: • 1938–1941 4972: • 1890–1999 4962: • 1851–1999 4952: • 1864–1999 4852: • 1578–1650 4839: • 1576–1605 4826: • 1522–1575 4751: • 1779–1954 4728: • 1687–1749 4665: • 1598–1610 4655: • 1579–1632 4631: • 1568–1659 4621: • 1559–1961 4608: • 1548–1658 4598: • 1540–1612 4585: • 1536–1662 4572: • 1535–1739 4549: • 1534–1661 4539: • 1534–1601 4529: • 1531–1571 4519: • 1531–1571 4503: • 1528–1666 4493: • 1523–1662 4469: • 1521–1740 4456: • 1518–1619 4423: • 1510–1961 4410: • 1507–1657 4397: • 1502–1661 4375: • 1502–1658 4361: • 1501–1663 4348: • 1500–1663 3212:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 3175:Decolonization in East Timor 2884:10.1007/978-981-16-1232-9_12 2832:. Rutgers University Press. 2451:Villiers, John (July 1994). 2383:. In Jarnagin, Laura (ed.). 2245:East and Southeast Asia 2012 2214:(May 1960) 19#5) pp 349-355. 1979:10 avos of Portuguese Timor. 1502:Following a 1974 coup (the " 1404: 1192:being ceded to Portugal and 829:. (The former capitals were 747:in what is now East Timor's 523:East Timor (1975–1976) 7: 5850:1702 establishments in Asia 5668:Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro 5162:South America and Caribbean 3109:Durand, Frédéric B (2017). 2147: 1673: 1438:unrest in Portuguese Africa 1319:António de Oliveira Salazar 696:established the village of 634:The Portuguese in Indonesia 10: 5911: 5795:Former Portuguese colonies 5310:Nova Colónia do Sacramento 4389:(Coulão / Kollam) 3460:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué 2379:Paulino, Vincente (2011). 2142:Stamp of Portuguese Timor. 1874:Banco Nacional Ultramarino 1703: 1687:Portuguese Timorese escudo 1680:Portuguese Timorese pataca 1545:Atsabe Administrative Post 1471: 1082:José Joaquim Lopes de Lima 1051:José Joaquim Lopes de Lima 867:Francisco de Melo e Castro 794: 758:The Portuguese introduced 627: 618: 5676: 5610: 5549: 5508: 5425: 5167: 5156: 5046: 5035: 4788: 4777: 4511:(Porto Grande De Bengala) 4299: 4288: 4004: 3993: 3583: 3572: 3561: 3333: 3322: 3263:Timor Loro Sae: 500 years 3235:West, Barbara A. (2009). 3155:Gunn, Geoffrey C (2011). 3068:Corfield, Justin (2015). 2552:"Spirit of the crocodile" 2469:10.1017/S0165115300022518 2298:10.1163/22134379-90003618 2020: 1829:Timorean dancers in 1966. 1513:Timorese Democratic Union 1235:5 October 1910 revolution 1017:, and to a lesser extent 557: 481: 469: 453: 443: 436: 432: 422: 409: 392: 378: 368: 364: 356: 352: 339: 329: 325: 315: 311: 298: 279: 266: 247: 243: 235: 225: 207: 191: 174: 162: 80: 42: 35: 23: 5835:1975 in Portuguese Timor 5825:1702 in Portuguese Timor 3092:Timor: A People Betrayed 2962:Stephen Hoadley (1976). 2763:Verzijl, J.H.W. (1973). 2753:Schwartz (1994), p. 199. 2616:Timor Lorosae: 500 years 2279:Kammen, Douglas (2010). 2185: 1912:Tutuala village in 1966. 1604:On 7 December 1975, the 1423:secured its independence 856:Dutch East India Company 819:Caetano de Melo e Castro 811:António Coelho Guerreiro 638:Dutch East India Company 607:. However, the invasion 305:Francisco da Costa Gomes 5805:Maritime Southeast Asia 5780:Former colonies in Asia 5341:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 5260: • 1621–1815 5247: • 1578–1607 5234: • 1572–1578 5221: • 1572–1578 5208: • 1549–1572 5195: • 1534–1549 4562: • 1535 4434: • 1512–1525 4102:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 3239:. Infobase Publishing. 2968:Southeast Asian Affairs 2232:Schwartz (1994), p. 198 1519:and plantation owners. 1486:Portuguese ceremony in 1445:1959 Viqueque rebellion 1175:Early twentieth century 1133:José Celestino da Silva 896:In 1732 the Kingdom of 875:Manuel de Santo António 648:Maritime Southeast Asia 5331:Grão-Pará and Maranhão 4755:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3111:History of Timor-Leste 3028:Quoted in Dunn, p. 60. 3019:Quoted in Dunn, p. 56. 3010:Dunn (1996), p. 53–54. 2680:10.2307/j.ctt166grhp.8 2603:Taylor (2003), p. 379. 2242:Leibo, Steven (2012), 1729:Timorean dato in 1900. 1682:, introduced in 1894. 1508:Government of Portugal 1499: 1491: 1468:End of Portuguese rule 1414: 1372:Imperial Japanese Army 1359: 1344:Imperial Japanese Navy 1310: 1302: 1184: 1167:, a smaller unit that 1141:1890 British Ultimatum 1061: 925: 806: 725:Indonesian archipelago 577: 203:(1769–1942; 1945-1975) 56:(1910–1942; 1945–1975) 5502:Provinces of Portugal 5021:invasion by Indonesia 4783:East Asia and Oceania 3955:São Tomé and Príncipe 3728:Portuguese Mozambique 3685:Portuguese Gold Coast 2778:Deeley, Neil (2001). 2170:History of East Timor 1550:On 14 November 1974, 1541:Timorese Labour Party 1517:National Action Party 1497: 1485: 1462:Indonesian occupation 1412: 1357: 1308: 1300: 1182: 1048: 923: 804: 413:Invasion by Indonesia 370:• Establishment 208:Common languages 3189:Schwarz, A. (1994). 2930:"Flags of the World" 2730:on 23 November 2006. 1504:Carnation Revolution 1239:Administrative posts 1049:Portuguese Governor 827:Lesser Sunda Islands 764:Latin writing system 702:Lesser Sunda Islands 601:Carnation Revolution 5751:8.5500°S 125.5833°E 5747: / 5717:São Tomé e Príncipe 5531:Entre Douro e Minho 3674:(São Jorge da Mina) 3525:São João da Mamora 3367:(El Qsar es Seghir) 3000:on 29 October 2008. 2106:1898 24 avos stamp. 2094:1898 16 avos stamp. 1258:Raimundo Enes Meira 776:Portuguese language 689:In 1556 a group of 114:Hymn of the Charter 5830:1975 in East Timor 5678:Overseas provinces 5509:Medieval provinces 5387:Portuguese Guiana 5351:Maranhão and Piauí 4999:Lapa and Montanha 4810:Portuguese Malacca 4696:Portuguese Ceylon 4650:(Portuguese India) 4488:(Portuguese India) 4119: • 3578:Sub-Saharan Africa 3261:Geoffrey C. Gunn, 3197:. Westview Press. 2994:Timor-Leste.gov.tl 2502:Rod Nixon (2013). 2082:1898 8 avos stamp. 2070:1898 4 avos stamp. 2058:1898 2 avos stamp. 1622:Northern Territory 1531:". A third party, 1500: 1492: 1415: 1360: 1336:semi-governmental 1332:In the 1930s, the 1311: 1303: 1223:Separate uprisings 1185: 1062: 926: 807: 630:Pre-colonial Timor 510:Pre-colonial Timor 300:• 1974–75/76 5756:-8.5500; 125.5833 5730: 5729: 5611:Provinces of 1936 5550:Provinces of 1832 5468: 5467: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5356: 5355: 5315: 5314: 5282: 5281: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5136: 5091: 5090: 5031: 5030: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4989:Portuguese Macau 4981: 4980: 4934: 4933: 4904: 4903: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4745:Portuguese India 4737: 4736: 4722:Portuguese India 4714: 4713: 4677: 4676: 4640: 4639: 4478: 4477: 4332: 4331: 4322:Laccadive Islands 4284: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4168: 4167: 3989: 3988: 3979:Portuguese Angola 3972:Portuguese Guinea 3948: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3926:Portuguese Guinea 3910: 3909: 3876: 3875: 3831: 3830: 3801:Portuguese Angola 3700: 3699: 3695:Mascarene Islands 3559: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3442: 3441: 3410:1487–16th century 3316:Portuguese Empire 2893:978-981-16-1231-2 2259:978-1-6104-8885-3 2162:East Timor portal 2046:1898 1 avo stamp. 1698:Indonesian rupiah 1691:Portuguese escudo 1655:On 17 July 1976, 1559:an armed conflict 1552:Mário Lemos Pires 1434:Overseas province 1137:Berlin Conference 962:Marquesas Islands 891:Battle of Cailaco 590:Dutch East Indies 567: 566: 553: 552: 549: 548: 515: 514: 346:Mário Lemos Pires 180:Portuguese Empire 155: 127: 102: 5902: 5810:History of Timor 5775:Portuguese Timor 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5455:Portuguese India 5403: 5390: 5377: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5265: 5252: 5239: 5226: 5213: 5200: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5002: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4949: 4948: 4945:Portuguese Macau 4942: 4930: 4929: 4921:Portuguese Timor 4913: 4912: 4910: 4857: 4844: 4831: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4779: 4778: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4699: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4644: 4643: 4615: 4592: 4579: 4556: 4512: 4482: 4481: 4463: 4449: 4438: 4417: 4404: 4403:(Cochin de Cima) 4390: 4379: 4368: 4355: 4345: 4344: 4341:Portuguese India 4338: 4326: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4290: 4289: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4124: 4052: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3936:Portuguese Congo 3919: 3918: 3916: 3895: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3814: 3761: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3675: 3662: 3640: 3628: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3574: 3573: 3567: 3541: 3528: 3515: 3502: 3489: 3488:(Souira Guedima) 3476: 3463: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3427: 3404: 3381: 3368: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3250: 3231: 3219: 3208: 3196: 3170: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3135:. Archived from 3134: 3124: 3105: 3083: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2996:. Archived from 2986: 2980: 2979: 2959: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2910:, pages 560-561; 2904: 2898: 2897: 2867: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2819: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2732: 2731: 2726:. Archived from 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2661: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2630:on 24 March 2009 2629: 2623:. 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November 1975 167: 157: 156: 129: 128: 104: 103: 91:Patriotic Anthem 86:Hymno Patriótico 66: 50: 25:Portuguese Timor 21: 20: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5765: 5764: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5702:Estado da Índia 5672: 5606: 5545: 5504: 5499: 5469: 5464: 5417: 5416: 5401: 5388: 5375: 5360: 5317: 5286: 5263: 5250: 5237: 5224: 5211: 5198: 5175: 5163: 5148: 5147: 5110: 5095: 5054: 5042: 5027: 5026: 5015: 5000: 4988: 4983: 4943: 4938: 4923: 4919: 4906: 4855: 4842: 4829: 4796: 4784: 4769: 4768: 4744: 4739: 4721: 4716: 4697: 4671:(Machilipatnam) 4670: 4613: 4590: 4577: 4554: 4543:Salsette Island 4514: 4510: 4509: 4461: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4415: 4402: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4353: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4307: 4295: 4280: 4279: 4172: 4114: 4050: 4027: 4012: 4000: 3985: 3984: 3981:from the 1920s. 3949: 3912: 3893: 3878: 3868: 3835: 3824: 3810: 3759: 3704: 3673: 3660: 3636: 3624: 3591: 3579: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3539: 3526: 3513: 3500: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3446: 3425: 3402: 3379: 3366: 3365:Alcácer Ceguer 3341: 3329: 3318: 3313: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3228: 3205: 3167: 3145: 3143: 3142:on 29 June 2011 3139: 3132: 3128:Goto, Kenichi. 3121: 3102: 3080: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2960: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2868: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2820: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2662: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2548: 2521: 2514: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2449: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2395: 2377: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2333: 2322: 2277: 2266: 2260: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2119: 2116: 2107: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2068: 2059: 2056: 2047: 2044: 2035: 2032: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2004: 2001: 1992: 1989: 1980: 1977: 1968: 1965: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1937: 1934: 1925: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1901: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1877: 1870: 1861: 1858: 1849: 1846: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1803: 1794: 1791: 1782: 1779: 1770: 1767: 1758: 1751: 1742: 1739: 1730: 1727: 1718: 1715: 1706: 1685:From 1959, the 1676: 1563:Portuguese Army 1480: 1470: 1453:Catholic Church 1430:Lusotropicalism 1407: 1384:Battle of Timor 1368:Battle of Timor 1352: 1279: 1260: 1210: 1196: 1177: 1084: 1053: 1031: 1006: 980:Napoleonic Wars 968: 932: 918: 877: 847:Gowa and Talloq 799: 793: 675: 640: 626: 624:Early Europeans 621: 578:Timor Português 542: 528: 503: 463:Timorese escudo 461: 458:Timorese pataca 446: 425: 418:7 December 1975 415: 402: 385: 371: 342: 341:• 1974–75 332: 331:• 1702–05 307:(last de facto) 301: 290: 287: 285: 269: 268:• 1908–10 258: 255: 253: 199: 186: 182: 170: 158: 143: 137: 131: 130: 118: 112: 106: 105: 95: 89: 76: 75: 74: 71: 67: 59: 58: 55: 51: 37: 31: 29:Timor Português 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5892: 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5168: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5111:(Newfoundland) 5106: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5065: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4917: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4475: 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2899: 2892: 2857: 2838: 2785: 2770: 2755: 2733: 2715: 2698:j.ctt166grhp.8 2688: 2641: 2614:"Gunn (1999), 2605: 2585: 2566: 2519: 2512: 2494: 2412: 2393: 2366: 2347: 2320: 2264: 2258: 2234: 2216: 2203: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1675: 1672: 1469: 1466: 1406: 1403: 1351: 1348: 1339:Nan'yō Kōhatsu 1269:Teófilo Duarte 1254:slash-and-burn 1176: 1173: 1118:Dutch currency 1038:, Motael, and 1030: 1027: 917: 914: 871:excommunicated 813:was appointed 792: 789: 768:printing press 735:. In 1621 the 669:Pante Macassar 625: 622: 620: 617: 565: 564: 559: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 539: 533: 532: 525: 516: 513: 512: 507: 495: 494: 489: 479: 478: 473: 467: 466: 455: 451: 450: 447: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 423: 420: 419: 416: 410: 407: 406: 403: 393: 390: 389: 386: 379: 376: 375: 372: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 350: 349: 343: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 309: 308: 302: 299: 296: 295: 288: 280: 277: 276: 270: 267: 264: 263: 256: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 209: 205: 204: 193: 189: 188: 178:Colony of the 176: 172: 171: 168: 160: 159: 141: 139:The Portuguese 116: 93: 78: 77: 68: 61: 60: 52: 45: 44: 43: 40: 39: 33: 32: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5907: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 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ANU Press. 2559: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2513:9781136511721 2509: 2505: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2400: 2396: 2394:9789814345507 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2354: 2350: 2348:9783030194666 2344: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2213: 2212:History Today 2207: 2201:West, p. 198. 2198: 2196: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Atauro Island 1573: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1388:Black Columns 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:military coup 1307: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1149:Hakka Chinese 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 972: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 946: 942: 936: 931: 922: 913: 911: 906: 904: 899: 894: 892: 887: 881: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 803: 798: 788: 786: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:Banda Islands 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 687: 685: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:Spice Islands 658: 653: 649: 645: 639: 635: 631: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 563: 560: 558:Today part of 556: 540: 538: 535: 534: 526: 524: 521: 520: 517: 511: 508: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 480: 477: 474: 472: 471:ISO 3166 code 468: 464: 459: 456: 452: 448: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 421: 417: 414: 408: 404: 401: 397: 391: 387: 383: 377: 373: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 338: 334: 328: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 297: 293: 292:Teófilo Braga 289: 284: 278: 274: 271: 265: 261: 257: 252: 246: 242: 238: 236:Head of state 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 210: 206: 202: 197: 194: 190: 185: 181: 177: 173: 166: 161: 140: 136:" (1910–1975) 135: 115: 111:" (1826–1910) 110: 109:Hino da Carta 92: 87: 83: 79: 73: 65: 57: 49: 41: 34: 30: 22: 19: 5732: 5721: 5409: 5362:19th century 5361: 5359: 5319:18th century 5318: 5316: 5288:17th century 5287: 5285: 5177:16th century 5176: 5174: 5140: 5097:16th century 5096: 5094: 5082: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5056:15th century 5055: 5053: 5008: 4985:20th century 4984: 4982: 4940:19th century 4939: 4937: 4920: 4908:17th century 4907: 4905: 4798:16th century 4797: 4795: 4761: 4741:18th century 4740: 4738: 4718:17th century 4717: 4715: 4416:(Nagapatnam) 4336:16th century 4335: 4333: 4309:15th century 4308: 4306: 4272: 4174:17th century 4173: 4171: 4143:Tarut Island 4014:16th century 4013: 4011: 3999:Middle East 3965:Anosy Region 3942: 3914:19th century 3913: 3911: 3880:18th century 3879: 3877: 3837:17th century 3836: 3834: 3738:Saint Helena 3706:16th century 3705: 3703: 3593:15th century 3592: 3590: 3547: 3448:16th century 3447: 3445: 3343:15th century 3342: 3340: 3328:North Africa 3262: 3236: 3215: 3192: 3174: 3156: 3144:. 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5118:1500–1579? 5105:1500–1579? 4976:Ilha Verde 4926:East Timor 4612:Tuticorin 4508:Chittagong 4414:Negapatam 4365:Cannanore 4294:South Asia 4129:1521–1529? 4098:1515–1633? 3974:from 1879. 3957:from 1753. 3849:Ziguinchor 3781:Madagascar 3615:Cape Verde 3514:(Azemmour) 3227:0300105185 3204:1863736352 3101:0733305377 2850:20 October 2708:20 October 2578:26 October 2487:23 October 2457:Itinerario 2405:23 October 2359:23 October 1472:See also: 1227:Mozambique 1066:the border 1019:sugar cane 988:cash crops 960:, and the 873:by bishop 795:See also: 657:Portuguese 652:sandalwood 628:See also: 574:Portuguese 562:East Timor 254:1702-1706 216:Portuguese 5739:8°33′00″S 5402:(Bolivia) 5383:1809–1817 5376:(Uruguay) 5370:1808–1822 5347:1772–1775 5337:1772–1775 5327:1751–1772 5306:1680–1777 5296:1621–1751 5273:1536–1620 5185:1500–1822 5001:(Hengqin) 4916:1642–1975 4895:1580–1586 4885:1557–1999 4879:Larantuka 4875:1515–1859 4865:1512–1665 4816:1512–1621 4806:1511–1641 4705:1558–1573 4692:1518–1658 4682:1518–1521 4635:Mangalore 4462:(Pulicat) 4380:1659–1661 4317:1498–1545 4252:1624–1648 4202:1621–1622 4159:1588–1648 4149:1550–1551 4108:1521–1602 4078:1515–1650 4058:1515–1648 4045:1515–1622 4035:1507–1643 4022:1506–1615 3932:1885–1974 3922:1879–1974 3901:1753–1975 3894:(Mombasa) 3892:Mombassa 3888:1728–1729 3865:1687–1974 3855:1680–1961 3845:1645–1888 3825:(Mombasa) 3823:Mombassa 3819:1593–1698 3807:1588–1974 3797:1575–1975 3787:1557–1578 3777:1508–1547 3767:1506–1511 3754:1505–1512 3744:1503–1698 3734:1502–1659 3724:1501–1975 3714:1500–1630 3691:1498–1540 3681:1482–1642 3668:1482–1637 3655:1478–1778 3645:1474–1778 3633:1471–1975 3621:1470–1975 3611:1462–1975 3601:1455–1633 3534:1577–1589 3521:1515–1541 3508:1513–1541 3495:1506–1769 3482:1506–1525 3469:1506–1525 3456:1505–1541 3420:1488–1541 3397:1485–1550 3387:1471–1662 3374:1471–1550 3361:1458–1550 3351:1415–1640 2477:162012899 2307:0006-2294 1633:João Roby 1626:Australia 1610:João Roby 1425:in 1949. 1419:Indonesia 1405:Post-WWII 1380:guerrilla 1288:Cova Lima 886:Camenassa 839:Dominican 835:Larantuka 809:In 1702, 785:Catholics 691:Dominican 588:with the 283:President 273:Manuel II 226:Religion 198:(1702–69) 38:1945–1975 36:1702–1942 5663:Ribatejo 5562:Alentejo 5516:Alentejo 5300:Maranhão 5277:Barbados 5122:Labrador 4899:Nagasaki 4869:Makassar 4732:Mylapore 4709:Maldives 4686:Maldives 4555:(Mumbai) 4497:Mylapore 4367:(Kannur) 4117:Muharraq 3977:Part of 3970:Part of 3960:Or 1600. 3953:Part of 3748:Zanzibar 3638:Príncipe 3626:São Tomé 3540:(Asilah) 3527:(Mehdya) 3499:Mazagan 3473:Mogador 3462:(Agadir) 3437:Graciosa 3401:Mazagan 3380:(Asilah) 3090:(1996). 2976:27908293 2934:Archived 2844:Archived 2702:Archived 2634:25 April 2572:Archived 2481:Archived 2399:Archived 2353:Archived 2315:27868578 2148:See also 1954:Currency 1876:in 1950. 1674:Currency 1612:and NRP 1521:Fretilin 1334:Japanese 1292:Bobonaro 1190:Maucatar 1160:head tax 990:such as 843:Topasses 772:Topasses 582:Portugal 454:Currency 400:Fretilin 382:Japanese 317:Governor 286:1910–11 260:Peter II 5618:Algarve 5592:Madeira 5567:Algarve 5521:Algarve 5389:(Amapá) 5070:Madeira 4956:Coloane 4833:Ternate 4576:Baçaím 4566:Ponnani 4553:Bombay 4445:Calicut 4354:(Kochi) 4352:Cochim 4262:1624?–? 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The 766:, the 741:Kupang 733:Flores 694:friars 665:Maluku 636:, and 360: 348:(last) 321: 275:(last) 239: 175:Status 5722:Timor 5707:Macau 5697:Guiné 5658:Minho 5597:Minho 5582:Douro 5526:Beira 5228:Bahia 4966:Taipa 4889:Macau 4846:Ambon 4659:Hugli 4602:Surat 4533:Chalé 4523:Chaul 4473:Chaul 4246:Madha 4236:Kalba 4206:Qeshm 4153:Qatif 4133:Qatif 4092:Barka 4039:Sohar 3791:Accra 3486:Aguz 3355:Ceuta 3140:(PDF) 3133:(PDF) 2972:JSTOR 2919:Goto. 2694:JSTOR 2628:(PDF) 2621:(PDF) 2473:S2CID 2311:JSTOR 2186:Notes 1570:Aileu 1284:] 1265:] 1231:Macau 1215:] 1201:] 1169:sucos 1089:] 1058:] 1011:] 973:] 937:] 882:] 831:Solor 823:Lifau 780:Malay 745:Lifau 718:Macau 706:Solor 698:Lifau 684:Belos 680:] 644:Timor 586:Timor 465:(PTE) 460:(PTP) 438:Area 220:Malay 212:Tetum 196:Lifau 5396:1822 5078:1432 5064:1420 4439:1750 3433:1489 3267:ISBN 3241:ISBN 3222:ISBN 3199:ISBN 3179:OCLC 3161:ISBN 3148:2011 3115:ISBN 3096:ISBN 3074:ISBN 2942:2022 2888:ISBN 2852:2022 2834:ISBN 2710:2022 2684:ISBN 2636:2009 2580:2022 2562:ISBN 2508:ISBN 2489:2022 2407:2022 2389:ISBN 2361:2022 2343:ISBN 2303:ISSN 2254:ISBN 1635:and 1631:The 1476:and 1443:The 1399:suco 1271:for 1229:and 1156:suco 1072:and 1021:and 994:and 978:The 958:Fiji 945:Dili 869:was 851:Dili 833:and 712:and 374:1702 201:Dili 54:Flag 4427:Goa 2880:doi 2676:doi 2465:doi 2293:doi 2289:166 1624:of 1598:). 996:tea 817:by 714:Goa 663:of 398:by 5771:: 2992:. 2966:. 2950:^ 2932:. 2886:. 2874:. 2860:^ 2842:. 2826:. 2788:^ 2736:^ 2700:. 2692:. 2682:. 2668:. 2644:^ 2588:^ 2570:. 2554:. 2522:^ 2479:. 2471:. 2461:18 2459:. 2455:. 2415:^ 2397:. 2369:^ 2351:. 2323:^ 2309:. 2301:. 2287:. 2283:. 2267:^ 2252:, 2219:^ 2194:^ 1700:. 1628:. 1565:. 1547:. 1401:. 1313:A 1290:, 1282:de 1263:pt 1213:de 1199:de 1087:de 1056:de 1042:. 1025:. 1009:de 971:de 964:. 956:, 935:de 880:pt 686:. 678:de 632:, 615:. 592:. 576:: 476:TL 218:, 214:, 5494:e 5487:t 5480:v 4928:) 4924:( 4123:) 4115:( 3308:e 3301:t 3294:v 3249:. 3230:. 3207:. 3185:. 3169:. 3150:. 3123:. 3104:. 3082:. 2978:. 2944:. 2896:. 2882:: 2854:. 2712:. 2678:: 2638:. 2582:. 2516:. 2491:. 2467:: 2409:. 2363:. 2317:. 2295:: 1594:( 572:( 132:" 107:"

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