490:, such as whippings, used in other penal stations was thought to only serve to harden criminals, and did nothing to turn them from their immoral ways. For example, food was used to reward well-behaved prisoners and as punishment for troublemakers. As a reward, a prisoner could receive larger amounts of food or even luxury items such as tea, sugar, and tobacco. As punishment, the prisoners would receive the bare minimum of bread and water. Under this system of punishment, the "Silent System" was implemented in the building. Here, prisoners were hooded and made to stay silent; this was supposed to allow time for the prisoner to reflect upon the actions which had brought him there. Many of the prisoners in the Separate Prison developed mental illness from the lack of light and sound. This was an unintended outcome, although the asylum was built right next to the Separate Prison. In many ways, Port Arthur was the model for many of the
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483:. The prison was completed in 1853, but then extended in 1855. The layout of the prison was fairly symmetrical. It was a cross shape with exercise yards at each corner. The prisoner wings were each connected to the surveillance core of the prison, as well as the chapel in the centre hall. From this surveillance hub, each wing could be clearly seen, although individual cells could not. This is how the Separate Prison at Port Arthur differed from the original theory of the panopticon.
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Port Arthur workshops complex is overseen by the Port Arthur
Historic Site Management Authority (PAHSMA). These workshops, situated on the original waterfront since 1830, housed the trades-focussed activities undertaken at the penal station including shoemakers, blacksmiths, tailors, turners and wheelwrights. A journal of the ongoing excavation and conservation work at Port Arthur is documented online by Dr Richard Tuffin.
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house, and earth tremors. In place of the Prison Port Arthur, the town of
Carnarvon was born. The town was named after the British Secretary of State and the population was said to be "refined and intellectual". The town brought in many visitors as they encouraged boating, fishing, and shooting in the natural beauty of the peninsula. They again wished to remove the negative connotation attached to the area.
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The World
Heritage Committee of UNESCO inscribed the Port Arthur Historic Site and the Coal Mines Historic Site onto the World Heritage Register on 31 July 2010, as part of the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage property. Port Arthur is one of Australia's most visited historical sites, receiving
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In 1927, tourism had grown to the point where the area's name was reverted to Port Arthur. In 1916, the
Scenery Preservation Board (SPB) was established to take the management of Port Arthur out of the hands of the locals. By the 1970s, the National Parks and Wildlife Service began managing the site.
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overgrowth and restored to a condition similar to their appearance in the 19th century. Buildings include the "Model Prison", the Guard Tower, the Church, and the remnants of the main penitentiary. The buildings are surrounded by lush, green parkland. The graves on the Isle of the Dead also attract
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The decay was seen as something positive, as the
Tasmanian population wished to distance themselves from the dark image of Port Arthur. Those who bought Port Arthur property began tearing down the buildings, the destruction was furthered by the fires of 1895 and 1897, which destroyed the old prison
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Despite its reputation as a pioneering institution for the new, enlightened view of imprisonment, Port Arthur was still in reality as harsh and brutal as other penal settlements. Some critics might even suggest that its use of psychological punishment, compounded with no hope of escape, made it one
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Before Port Arthur was abandoned as a prison in 1877, some people saw the potential tourist attraction. David Burn, who visited the prison in 1842, was awed by the peninsula's beauty and believed that many would come to visit it. This opinion was not shared by all. For example, Anthony
Trollope in
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The archaeology found in Port Arthur shows that people living there participated in the mundane, material necessities of life. Not only did the people living there help prepare food, but they also participated in recreational activities such as smoking and hunting. Archaeological excavation of the
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proclaimed, "the buildings themselves are fast going to decay, and in a few years will attract nobody; for they will be ruins without anything to make them worthy of respect, or even remembrance." The Model Prison was purchased by
Anglican church minister and politician
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Shore-based and ship-based whaling was banned in the area to prevent convicts trying to escape in the boats. Officers at Port Arthur sometimes set out in their own boats and attempted to catch whales. This may have been more for sport than as a commercial activity.
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Contact between visiting seamen and prisoners was barred. Ships had to check in their sails and oars upon landing to prevent any escapes. However, many attempts were made, and some were successful. Boats were seized and rowed or sailed long distances to freedom.
459:, those who were secondary offenders having reoffended after their arrival in Australia. Rebellious personalities from other convict stations were also sent there. In addition, Port Arthur had some of the strictest security measures of the British penal system.
766:. The killing spree led to a national restriction on high capacity semiautomatic shotguns and rifles. The 28-year-old perpetrator was subsequently convicted and is currently serving 35 life sentences plus 1,035 years without parole in the psychiatric wing of
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In 1979, funding was received to preserve the site as a tourist destination, due to its historical significance. The "working" elements of the Port Arthur community, such as the post office and municipal offices, were moved to nearby
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After the prison closed, much of the property was put up for auction. However, most of the property was not sold until 1889. By this time, the area had become increasingly popular and the prison buildings were in decay. As
506:'s second boys' prison. Like the adults, the boys were used in hard labour such as stone cutting and construction. One of the buildings constructed was one of Australia's first nondenominational churches, built in a
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was the destination for all who died inside the prison camps. Of the 1,646 graves recorded to exist there, only 180, those of prison staff and military personnel, are marked. The prison closed in 1877.
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Point Puer, across the harbour from the main settlement, was the site of the first boys' reformatory in the
British Empire. Boys sent there were given some basic education, and taught trade skills.
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and the admission fees paid by visitors. Volunteer groups have been working at the building sites of Point Puer to help researchers gain a better understanding of the history of the boys' prison.
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mapping of location and offence data compiled by Dr
Richard Tuffin uses the buildings, work sites, products and life outcomes to understand the convicts’ lives and labours whilst under sentence.
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and a jetty in Long Bay, north of Port Arthur. The sole propulsion was convicts. One of the last remaining sections of the tramway can be viewed at the
Federation Chocolate Factory at Taranna.
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Port Arthur was also the destination for juvenile convicts, receiving many boys, some as young as nine. The boys were separated from the main convict population and kept on Point Puer, the
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Despite this wish, the haunting stories of Port Arthur prisoners and circulating ghost stories brought popularity to the remaining prison ruins. This was helped by the popular novels
510:. Attendance of the weekly Sunday service was compulsory for the prison population. Critics of the new system noted that this and other measures seemed to have negligible impact on
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D'Gluyas, Caitlin; Gibbs, Martin; Hamilton, Chloe; Roe, David (2015). "Everyday artefacts: subsistence and quality of life at the Prisoner Barracks, Port Arthur, Tasmania".
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Davidson, Jim (October,1995), "Port Arthur: A tourist history." Australian Historical Studies 26, no. 105, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed 23 September 2010).
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537:, in partnership with the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, continues to examine the convict system from the perspective of convicts as workers.
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of the worst. Some tales suggest that prisoners committed murder (an offence punishable by death) just to escape the desolation of life at the camp. The
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The peninsula on which Port Arthur is located is a naturally secure site by being surrounded by water (rumoured by the administration to be
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movements, despite the shipping, housing, and slave-labour use of convicts being as harsh, or worse, than other stations around the nation.
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during the 18th and 19th centuries on fertile Australian coastal strips. Collectively, these sites, including Port Arthur, are described by
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Since 1987, the site has been managed by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, with conservation works funded by the
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Port Arthur was one example of the "Separate Prison Typology" (sometimes known as the model prison), which emerged from
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The Separate Prison System also signaled a shift from physical punishment to psychological punishment. The hard
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of convict offences by the University of New England as part of their Convict Landscapes project, and the
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702:. Several sandstone structures, built by convicts working under hard labour conditions, were cleaned of
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From 1833 until 1877, Port Arthur was the destination for those deemed the most hardened of convicted
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A number of ongoing archaeology and historical research projects at Port Arthur include interactive
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that was the only connection to the mainland was fenced and guarded by soldiers, traps, and dogs.
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View of Port Arthur, Tasmania, one of the 11 penal sites constituting the Australian Convict Sites
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1382:. Vol. XXVIII, no. 11. New South Wales, Australia. 23 May 1891. p. 15 (Edition 2)
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and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."
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The ruins of the church at Point Puer: It would have overlooked the church at Port Arthur.
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Tuffin, R.; Gibbs, M.; Roberts, D.A.; Maxwell-Stewart, H.; Roe, D.; Steele, J.; Hood, S.
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387:
375:. It is located approximately 97 kilometres (60 mi) southeast of the state capital,
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Shore-based whaling in Tasmania historical research project, Volume 2; site histories
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was most likely used to grow fresh vegetables for the Port Arthur penal settlement.
348:
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1908:
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The Birth of a Nation: Australia's Historic Heritage – from Discovery to Nationhood
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2013:
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On 28 April 1996, the Port Arthur historic site was the location of a massacre.
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1354:. Vol. LV, no. 6, 197. Tasmania, Australia. 1 January 1890. p. 3
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2003:
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1187:"Profit and Punishment: Archaeological excavation of Port Arthur's workshops"
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671:
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1872 declared that no man desired to see the "strange ruins" of Port Arthur.
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Radcliffe Creek drains the immediate area of Port Arthur into Carnarvon Bay.
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184:
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Hall and Cell Corridors, Penitentiary, Port Arthur, ca. 1880, Anson Brothers
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Interior of Model Chapel, Port Arthur, Tasmania, ca. 1880, by Anson Brothers
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View of Port Arthur Historic Site from Guard Tower showing the Penitentiary
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1947:
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522:
412:, the worst instance of mass murder in post-colonial Australian history.
44:
1603:
685:
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Accountant's House and Parsonage at Port Arthur Historic Site, Tasmania
480:
1145:
1044:
2883:
2600:
2369:
2182:
1419:
1402:
861:
531:
Landscapes of Production and Punishment: the Tasman Peninsula 1830-77
372:
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1218:
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murdered 35 people and wounded 23 more before being captured by the
622:. Some prisoners were not discouraged by this, and tried to escape.
424:
Penitentiary and Mount Arthur, Tasmania, ca. 1880, by Anson Brothers
2979:
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Port Arthur was sold as an inescapable prison, much like the later
456:
368:
136:
1248:, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart, 1993, p. 36.
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603:
562:
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consisting of 11 remnant penal sites originally built within the
1588:
994:
511:
437:
395:
376:
250:
1229:
1107:
Anderson, Margaret (2007)"'A Mill to Grind Rogues Honest.'."
782:(1845–1934), Australian bagpiper, stock rider, and whip-maker
657:, who operated tours and donated the proceeds to the church.
558:
1536:
Brand, Ian, Penal Peninsula, Regal Press, Launceston, 1998.
1454:
Anderson, Margaret (2007). "A Mill to Grind Rogues Honest".
1131:
924:
Ruins of the Government Cottage at Port Arthur Historic Site
682:, which concerned themselves about convicts in Port Arthur.
115:
1091:
The "Separate" or "Model" prison, Port Arthur – Ian Brand
1205:
University of New England & Port Arthur Historic Site
703:
1286:"Port Arthur Historic Site – Landscape Management Plan"
1305:"The Convict Tramway at Port Arthur" Eardley, Gifford
1073:
Hurst, Rachel (2010). "Port Arthur separate prison".
1473:
Wainwright, Robert; Totaro, Paola. "Born or Bred?".
1068:
1066:
398:as "... the best surviving examples of large-scale
1453:
1232:"Convict labour landscapes, Port Arthur 1830-1877"
1122:Gorton & Ramsland Carter's Barracks experience
440:station in 1830, but it is best known for being a
1063:
1039:
1037:
812:Inside the separate prison, Port Arthur, Tasmania
3266:
301:
1172:Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology
936:Government Gardens at Port Arthur Historic Site
1466:
1435:Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority
1307:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
1034:
1619:
1498:. Vol. 8. National Centre of Biography,
1168:"Port Arthur Convict Workshops Investigation"
1081:(1). Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost: 79.
1072:
602:. In 1836, a tramway was established between
1472:
626:successfully escaped along with two others.
609:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1217:Founder's & Survivors Research Project
1626:
1612:
1421:Death and burial at Port Arthur, 1830-1877
1404:Death and burial at Port Arthur, 1830-1877
1390:– via National Library of Australia.
1362:– via National Library of Australia.
1015:
713:
497:
43:
1633:
1571:, Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood,
1424:(honours thesis). University of Tasmania.
1407:(honours thesis). University of Tasmania.
1201:"Landscapes of Production and Punishment"
988:
529:project to digitise Tasmania's past. The
462:
2729:The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole
1594:The Interactive Tour of Tasmania website
1487:
1481:
1312:
960:Guard Tower at Port Arthur Historic Site
689:Port Arthur, Tasmania as a tourist place
684:
548:
466:
419:
347:
2825:The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce
408:In 1996, the town was the scene of the
16:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Australia
3267:
1257:
972:Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania
638:
2900:The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant
1607:
1490:"Fraser, Simon Alexander (1845–1934)"
3315:Populated places established in 1830
1526:, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2014.
1524:A-Z of Convicts in Van Diemen’s Land
1417:
1400:
860:A postcard depicting a convict team
553:The tidal portion of Radcliffe Creek
1000:"Port Arthur (Tas.) (State Suburb)"
876:Gravestones on the Isle of the Dead
848:Convict-built church at Port Arthur
156:
13:
1516:
1495:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1184:
598:Port Arthur was the birthplace of
14:
3346:
1582:
1219:https://foundersandsurvivors.com/
864:a farm at Port Arthur, dated 1926
773:
726:over 250,000 visitors each year.
3280:1830 establishments in Australia
2972:For the Term of His Natural Life
2892:For the Term of His Natural Life
2769:For the Term of His Natural Life
2673:For the Term of His Natural Life
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
754:Port Arthur massacre (Australia)
731:
667:For the Term of His Natural Life
155:
148:
1447:
1428:
1411:
1394:
1366:
1338:
1299:
1278:
1251:
1238:
1223:
1211:
1193:
1178:
996:Australian Bureau of Statistics
447:
1500:Australian National University
1160:
1125:
1116:
1101:
1085:
1022:
800:Port Arthur Prison Colony site
436:. The settlement started as a
249:97 km (60 mi) SE of
1:
3310:Open-air museums in Australia
3060:Parrot and Olivier in America
1456:Australian Historical Studies
1110:Australian Historical Studies
982:
432:, the lieutenant governor of
255:19 km (12 mi) S of
3330:Localities of Tasman Council
3174:Darlington Probation Station
3169:Commissariat Store, Brisbane
2689:It Is Never Too Late to Mend
2400:Thomas Griffiths Wainewright
1589:Official Port Arthur website
589:
544:
428:Port Arthur was named after
21:Port Arthur (disambiguation)
7:
3325:Tasmanian Heritage Register
3320:Prison museums in Australia
3300:Defunct prisons in Tasmania
2940:It's Never Too Late to Mend
2934:Journals of the First Fleet
1444:, Port Arthur Historic Site
965:
747:
600:rail transport in Australia
535:Australian Research Council
382:The site forms part of the
10:
3351:
3244:The Old Windmill, Brisbane
3204:Kingston and Arthur's Vale
1930:Anti-Transportation League
1550:, View Productions, Sydney
1045:"Australian Convict Sites"
786:
751:
561:-infested). The 30-m-wide
415:
36:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
3290:Australian penal colonies
3219:Parramatta Female Factory
3137:
3097:
3070:
2926:
2851:
2664:
2620:
2613:
2511:
2485:
2444:
2418:
2347:
2252:
2231:
2145:
2110:
2097:
1986:
1938:
1787:
1694:
1641:
1557:London: Hamish Hamilton.
1440:15 September 2009 at the
1346:"Review of the year 1889"
610:Reputation and perception
338:
300:
288:
276:
264:
243:
233:
225:
213:
174:
143:
130:
110:
102:
94:
82:
72:
62:
54:
42:
33:
3285:Australian Convict Sites
1599:Port Arthur in the 1870s
1553:Kneale, Matthew, (2000)
1548:Convicts and Bushrangers
1374:"Tasmanian social items"
1258:Warner, Georgia (2011).
764:Special Operations Group
384:Australian Convict Sites
352:Location of Port Arthur.
58:Australian Convict Sites
3184:Experiment Farm Cottage
3159:Cascades Female Factory
2705:The Life of Rufus Dawes
2648:Jim Jones at Botany Bay
2556:Laurence Hynes Halloran
1852:Norfolk Island mutinies
1488:Gillison, Joan (1981).
1379:Illustrated Sydney News
1031:. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
977:Convictism in Australia
714:Conservation management
498:Activities of prisoners
388:World Heritage property
3295:Convictism in Tasmania
2988:Bring Larks and Heroes
2868:The Devil Makes Sunday
2860:The Devil Makes Sunday
2628:Transportation ballads
1134:Archaeology in Oceania
1075:Architecture Australia
1004:2016 Census QuickStats
780:Simon Alexander Fraser
690:
554:
533:project funded by the
527:Founders and Survivors
472:
463:Treatment of prisoners
425:
353:
198:43.15000°S 147.85000°E
2721:One Hundred Years Ago
2571:William Smith O'Brien
1822:Castle Hill Rebellion
1635:Convicts in Australia
1264:. Allen & Unwin.
1185:Tuffin, Dr. Richard.
1029:Bureau of Meteorology
836:Port Arthur, Tasmania
770:in Hobart, Tasmania.
688:
552:
470:
423:
359:is a town and former
351:
29:Port Arthur, Tasmania
3335:Port Arthur massacre
3214:Old Government House
3110:Port Jackson Painter
3036:Gould's Book of Fish
2713:The Mark of the Lash
2681:The Assigned Servant
2436:Kevin Izod O'Doherty
2385:William Buelow Gould
1918:Cooking Pot Uprising
1834:Capture of the brig
1671:History of Australia
1546:Barrington R (n.d.)
1309:, April 1954 pp3740.
720:Tasmanian government
479:'s theories and his
410:Port Arthur massacre
203:-43.15000; 147.85000
19:For other uses, see
3305:Museums in Tasmania
3239:Ross Female Factory
3012:Remembering Babylon
2817:Journey Among Women
2546:Elizabeth Callaghan
2431:William Henry Groom
2329:John Boyle O'Reilly
1049:World Heritage List
639:Tourism development
488:corporal punishment
290:Federal division(s)
278:State electorate(s)
194: /
30:
3199:Hyde Park Barracks
3125:Twenty Dollar Note
3087:Our Country's Good
3020:The Potato Factory
2996:A Fringe of Leaves
2956:Great Expectations
2785:Red Sky at Morning
2737:Sentenced for Life
2596:Elizabeth Thackery
2457:Margaret Catchpole
2178:William Hutchinson
2124:Arthur Bowes Smyth
1867:Bathurst Rebellion
1555:English passengers
1174:. 17 January 2021.
691:
555:
473:
426:
363:settlement on the
354:
28:
3275:Towns in Tasmania
3262:
3261:
3149:Brickendon Estate
3133:
3132:
3120:Sydney punchbowls
2833:Van Diemen's Land
2655:Van Diemen's Land
2609:
2608:
2531:James Bloodsworth
2314:Lawrence Kavenagh
1978:Western Australia
1779:Western Australia
1749:Macquarie Harbour
1418:Ross, L. (1995).
1401:Ross, L. (1995).
1293:portarthur.org.au
1261:Living in History
1146:10.1002/arco.5072
1113:38, no. 129: 158.
655:Joseph Woollnough
434:Van Diemen's Land
346:
345:
342:
341:
126:
125:
3342:
3194:Great North Road
3189:Fremantle Prison
3044:The Secret River
2916:The Secret River
2876:Against the Wind
2618:
2617:
2566:Jørgen Jørgensen
2477:John Acton Wroth
2472:James Hardy Vaux
2339:William Westwood
2334:Alexander Pearce
2264:Charlotte Badger
2244:Francis Greenway
2136:D'Arcy Wentworth
2108:
2107:
2104:
2099:Notable convicts
1661:Female factories
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1522:Barnard, Simon,
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1392:
1391:
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1370:
1364:
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1361:
1359:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1010:
998:(27 June 2017).
992:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
888:Isle of the Dead
885:
873:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
742:Port Arthur site
735:
632:Isle of the Dead
365:Tasman Peninsula
302:
209:
208:
206:
205:
204:
199:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
159:
158:
152:
139:
133:
128:
127:
122:
119:
117:
103:Buffer zone
68:Cultural: iv, vi
47:
37:
31:
27:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3254:Woolmers Estate
3229:Richmond Bridge
3154:Cadmans Cottage
3140:
3129:
3105:Charlotte Medal
3093:
3066:
2948:The Broad Arrow
2922:
2847:
2841:The Nightingale
2793:Under Capricorn
2761:The Tenth Straw
2697:The Lady Outlaw
2660:
2614:Popular culture
2605:
2551:Margaret Dawson
2521:Esther Abrahams
2513:
2507:
2481:
2440:
2414:
2343:
2284:William Buckley
2256:
2248:
2239:James Blackburn
2227:
2141:
2130:William Redfern
2102:
2101:
2093:
1991:
1982:
1963:New South Wales
1934:
1783:
1769:Saltwater River
1704:Cockatoo Island
1690:
1637:
1632:
1585:
1567:Smith R (1987)
1519:
1517:Further reading
1514:
1504:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1442:Wayback Machine
1433:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1395:
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1357:
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1334:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1244:Katheryn Evans,
1243:
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1216:
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1199:
1198:
1194:
1183:
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813:
810:
801:
798:
789:
776:
756:
750:
745:
744:
743:
741:
736:
716:
680:Caroline Leakey
676:The Broad Arrow
641:
616:Alcatraz Island
612:
592:
547:
500:
465:
450:
418:
333:
328:
323:
316:Annual rainfall
202:
200:
196:
193:
188:
185:
183:
181:
180:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
160:
135:
134:
131:
114:
50:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
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3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:Vaucluse House
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Elizabeth Farm
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3079:The Transports
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3052:The Lieutenant
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2964:The Wild Goose
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
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2904:
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2651:
2644:
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2630:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Joseph Potaski
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Frank the Poet
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:William Cuffay
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2405:Thomas Watling
2402:
2397:
2395:Charles Rodius
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Richard Browne
2362:
2357:
2355:Joseph Backler
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:William Chopin
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:William Bryant
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Robert Sidaway
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Eardley-Wilmot
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Norfolk Island
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1924:Catalpa rescue
1921:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1774:Sullivans Cove
1771:
1766:
1759:Norfolk Island
1756:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1696:Penal colonies
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1583:External links
1581:
1580:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1480:
1477:. p. 267.
1465:
1446:
1427:
1410:
1393:
1365:
1337:
1311:
1298:
1277:
1270:
1250:
1237:
1222:
1210:
1192:
1177:
1159:
1140:(3): 130–137.
1124:
1115:
1100:
1084:
1062:
1051:. UNESCO. 2010
1033:
1021:
986:
984:
981:
980:
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967:
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963:
962:
959:
952:
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947:
940:
938:
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928:
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916:
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911:
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902:
899:
892:
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887:
880:
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875:
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866:
859:
852:
850:
847:
840:
838:
835:
828:
826:
823:
816:
814:
811:
804:
802:
799:
792:
788:
785:
784:
783:
775:
774:Notable people
772:
752:Main article:
749:
746:
738:
737:
730:
729:
728:
715:
712:
650:Hobart Mercury
640:
637:
611:
608:
591:
588:
567:Eaglehawk Neck
546:
543:
504:British Empire
499:
496:
477:Jeremy Bentham
464:
461:
449:
446:
417:
414:
403:transportation
392:British Empire
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
319:
318:
313:
308:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
271:Tasman Council
268:
262:
261:
260:
259:
257:Eaglehawk Neck
253:
245:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
215:
211:
210:
178:
172:
171:
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56:
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48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
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3308:
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3298:
3296:
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3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Richmond Gaol
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Lennox Bridge
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
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3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3141:Convict Sites
3136:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:The Playmaker
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
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2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:To New Shores
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
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2718:
2715:
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2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
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2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
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2670:
2669:
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2663:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Isaac Nichols
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
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2510:
2504:
2501:
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2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Denis Cashman
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Joseph Lycett
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
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2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Matthew Brady
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2245:
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2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
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2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Solomon Levey
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:William Field
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Daniel Cooper
2161:
2159:
2158:Daniel Connor
2156:
2154:
2153:Enoch Barratt
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:Entrepreneurs
2144:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:William Bland
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:and personnel
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
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2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
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1994:
1989:
1985:
1979:
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1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:Convict ships
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:Wreck of the
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:Wreck of the
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:Wreck of the
1889:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:disappearance
1845:
1841:
1838:
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1832:
1829:
1828:Rum Rebellion
1826:
1823:
1820:
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1654:
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1651:Australia Day
1649:
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2576:Robert Palin
2561:Mark Jeffrey
2526:John Baughan
2498:James Meehan
2467:Henry Savery
2375:Edmund Edgar
2319:John Mitchel
2309:Michael Howe
2289:Moondyne Joe
2257:and escapees
2223:Samuel Terry
2213:James Squire
2134:
2122:
1953:Second Fleet
1910:
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1801:Second Fleet
1733:
1729:Maria Island
1656:Emancipation
1568:
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1503:. Retrieved
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1396:
1384:. Retrieved
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1048:
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1007:. Retrieved
1003:
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508:gothic style
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492:penal reform
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442:penal colony
427:
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356:
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315:
310:
305:
25:
3224:Port Arthur
3115:Rajah Quilt
2753:Transported
2641:Moreton Bay
2541:John Cadman
2503:Joseph Wild
2493:John Baxter
2445:Chroniclers
2419:Politicians
2410:James Walsh
2360:Thomas Bock
2324:Thomas Muir
2299:Martin Cash
2294:John Caesar
2274:Mary Bryant
2254:Bushrangers
2218:John Tawell
2203:Mary Reibey
2198:Simeon Lord
2188:Henry Kable
2168:John Davies
1992:commandants
1958:Third Fleet
1948:First Fleet
1854:(1826–1846)
1807:Third Fleet
1795:First Fleet
1744:Risdon Cove
1734:Port Arthur
1719:Moreton Bay
1714:Sydney Cove
1681:New Holland
1505:14 December
1475:Behind Bars
1462:(129): 157.
1386:2 September
1358:2 September
1351:The Mercury
624:Martin Cash
581:Norfolk Bay
512:reformation
357:Port Arthur
332:1,148.8 mm
235:Postcode(s)
226:Established
219:2016 census
201: /
176:Coordinates
163:Port Arthur
132:Port Arthur
106:1,216.51 ha
86:2011 (35th
83:Inscription
3269:Categories
3164:Coal Mines
3139:Australian
3028:Jack Maggs
2927:Literature
2852:Television
2801:Botany Bay
2634:Botany Bay
2591:James Ruse
2536:Billy Blue
2232:Architects
1893:George III
1814:Lady Shore
1646:Assignment
1009:31 January
983:References
707:visitors.
678:(1859) by
670:(1874) by
523:webmapping
481:panopticon
217:251 (
214:Population
189:147°51′0″E
116:portarthur
2884:Sara Dane
2601:Mary Wade
2486:Explorers
2380:John Eyre
2370:Knud Bull
2183:Mary Hyde
2074:Macquarie
1988:Governors
1883:Frederick
1724:Redcliffe
1675:1788–1850
1154:1834-4453
862:ploughing
590:Transport
545:Geography
457:criminals
373:Australia
186:43°09′0″S
73:Reference
2980:Moondyne
2908:Banished
2745:Moondyne
2514:convicts
2111:Surgeons
2079:Paterson
2059:Johnston
2044:Franklin
2014:Brisbane
1973:Tasmania
1739:Richmond
1709:Rosehill
1438:Archived
1055:2 August
966:See also
748:Massacre
369:Tasmania
322:14.8 °C
244:Location
137:Tasmania
77:1306-008
64:Criteria
2348:Artists
2084:Phillip
2034:Denison
2024:Darling
2019:Collins
1763:History
1753:History
1666:Freedom
787:Gallery
700:Nubeena
618:in the
604:Taranna
563:isthmus
454:British
416:History
400:convict
361:convict
334:45.2 in
327:8.2 °C
111:Website
88:Session
55:Part of
3090:(1988)
3082:(1977)
3063:(2010)
3055:(2008)
3047:(2005)
3039:(2001)
3031:(1997)
3023:(1995)
3015:(1993)
3007:(1987)
2999:(1973)
2991:(1967)
2983:(1879)
2975:(1872)
2967:(1867)
2959:(1861)
2951:(1859)
2943:(1856)
2919:(2015)
2911:(2015)
2903:(2005)
2895:(1983)
2887:(1982)
2879:(1978)
2871:(1962)
2863:(1961)
2844:(2017)
2836:(2009)
2828:(2008)
2820:(1977)
2812:(1970)
2804:(1953)
2796:(1949)
2788:(1944)
2780:(1937)
2772:(1927)
2764:(1926)
2756:(1913)
2748:(1913)
2740:(1911)
2732:(1911)
2724:(1911)
2716:(1911)
2708:(1911)
2700:(1911)
2692:(1911)
2684:(1911)
2676:(1908)
2089:Sorell
2054:Hunter
2009:Bourke
1999:Arthur
1926:(1876)
1920:(1846)
1914:(1835)
1905:(1835)
1896:(1835)
1887:(1834)
1885:escape
1878:(1833)
1876:escape
1874:Badger
1869:(1830)
1863:(1829)
1861:mutiny
1859:Cyprus
1848:(1814)
1839:(1813)
1830:(1808)
1824:(1804)
1818:(1797)
1816:mutiny
1809:(1791)
1803:(1789)
1797:(1788)
1788:Events
1575:
1561:
1540:
1530:
1268:
1152:
1095:
438:timber
396:UNESCO
377:Hobart
266:LGA(s)
251:Hobart
98:146 ha
3071:Stage
2621:Music
2512:Other
2069:Logan
2049:Gipps
2029:Davey
2004:Bligh
1686:Women
1289:(PDF)
559:shark
367:, in
329:47 °F
324:59 °F
295:Lyons
283:Lyons
2665:Film
2064:King
1911:Neva
1902:Hive
1844:Argo
1573:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1507:2017
1388:2021
1360:2021
1266:ISBN
1150:ISSN
1093:ISBN
1057:2010
1011:2018
674:and
386:, a
239:7182
229:1830
118:.org
95:Area
3098:Art
1990:and
1836:Emu
1142:doi
704:ivy
648:the
579:in
565:of
539:GIS
120:.au
3271::
1492:.
1460:38
1458:.
1376:.
1348:.
1314:^
1291:.
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1170:.
1148:.
1138:50
1136:.
1079:99
1077:.
1065:^
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1036:^
1002:.
514:.
444:.
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371:,
2657:"
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1156:.
1144::
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1013:.
221:)
90:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
