30:
587:(or Great Rising) was led not by peasants, but by those who would be the most affected by increased taxation: the merchants who were not wealthy, but not poor either. Indeed, these revolts were often accompanied by landless knights, excommunicated clerics and other members of society who might find gain or have reason to rebel. Although these were popular revolts, they were often organized and led by people who would not have considered themselves peasants.
463:
120:
560:
576:, since the 14th century, has had a pejorative meaning. However, it was not always that way; peasants were once viewed as pious and seen with respect and pride. As nobles increasingly lived better quality lives, there arose a new consciousness of those on top and those below, and the sense that being a peasant was not a position of equality. This new consciousness coincided with the popular uprisings of the 14th century.
106:
Most of the revolts expressed the desire of those below to share in the wealth, status, and well-being of those more fortunate. In the end, they were almost always defeated by the nobles. A new attitude emerged in Europe, that "peasant" was a pejorative concept, it was something separate, and seen in
107:
a negative light, from those who had wealth and status. This was an entirely new social stratification from earlier times when society had been based on the three orders, those who work, those who pray, and those who fight, when being a peasant meant being next to
178:
system, so as the price of goods and services rose from inflation, the income of those nobles remained stagnant, effectively dropping. To make matters worse, the nobles had become accustomed to a more luxurious lifestyle that required more money. To address this,
98:
against an unpleasant overlord), though not unknown, tended to operate on a local scale. This changed in the 14th and 15th centuries when new downward pressures on the poor resulted in mass movements of popular uprisings across Europe. For example,
139:
The main reasons cited for these mass uprisings are: an increasing gap between the wealthy and poor, declining incomes of the poor, rising inflation, taxation, the external crises of famine, plague, war, and religious conflict.
601:
with care and respect, choosing other phrases such as "Popular" or "from below" or "grassroots", although in some countries in central and eastern Europe where serfdom continued up to the 19th century in places, the word
593:
is typically a term used to denote the rural agrarian poor, while many uprisings involved tradesmen and occurred within towns and cities, thus the term does not fully encompass events as a whole for the period.
186:
Kings who needed money to finance wars resorted to devaluing currency by cutting silver and gold coins with less precious metal, which resulted in increased inflation and, in the end, increased tax rates.
163:– all became part of the noble class, making them distinct from others. By the 14th century the nobles had indeed become very different in their behaviour, appearance and values from those "beneath".
209:
Finally, layered on top of this was a popular ideological view of the time that property, wealth and inequality were against the teachings of God, as expressed through the teachings of the
480:
206:
put additional pressures on those at the bottom. The plague in particular drastically reduced the numbers of people who were workers and producing the wealth.
17:
238:. Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in
143:
The social gap between rich and poor had become more extreme, the origins of this change can be traced to the 12th century and the rise of the concept of
527:
499:
811:
506:
160:
513:
495:
284:
or Great Rising of 1381 is a major event in the history of
England. It is the best documented among the revolts of this period.
82:
region, these rebellions expressed, and helped cause, a political and social disunity paving the way for the expansion of the
375:
78:', the phenomenon of popular uprisings was of broad scope and not just restricted to peasants. In Central Europe and the
789:
775:
696:
546:
520:
246:
29:
747:
722:
644:
484:
191:
71:
796:
Popular
Protest in Late Medieval Europe: Italy, France and Flanders, Selected Sources Translated and Annotated
338:
195:
322:
235:
148:
361:
355:
327:
180:
615:
473:
389:
125:
368:
218:
267:
203:
33:
688:
311:
288:
300:
181:
nobles illegally raised rents, cheated, stole, and sometimes resorted to outright violence
103:
between 1336 and 1525 witnessed no fewer than sixty instances of militant peasant unrest.
8:
584:
344:
281:
222:
171:
37:
221:
when he said, "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?", criticizing
711:
445:
214:
130:
785:
771:
743:
740:
Bond Men Made Free: Medieval
Peasant Movements and the English Peasant Rising of 1381
718:
692:
640:
152:
393:
156:
680:
570:
Different historians will use different terms to describe these events. The word
411:
304:
266:
was a peasant revolt that took place in northern France in 1356–1358, during the
256:
55:
433:
400:
83:
75:
805:
580:
407:
348:
274:
174:) and some nobles charged rent based on customary fixed rates, based on the
294:
606:
is still used by some historians as the main description of these events.
597:
For historical writing purposes, many modern historians will use the word
199:
95:
210:
564:
331:
263:
167:
47:
462:
213:. The sentiment of the time was probably best expressed by preacher
166:
The nobles however also faced a crisis of declining income. By 1285
437:
239:
144:
119:
94:
Before the 14th century, popular uprisings (such as uprisings at a
59:
559:
572:
418:
250:
100:
51:
315:
175:
133:
79:
63:
70:
during the upheavals between 1300 and 1500, part of a larger "
426:
422:
441:
67:
108:
487:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
710:
637:Unruhen in der ständischen Gesellschaft 1300-1800
803:
768:The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages
225:as human-made rather than a creation of God.
683:"An Age of Crisis: Popular Rebellions". In
123:Michele di Lando, placed in the office of
547:Learn how and when to remove this message
496:"Popular revolts in late medieval Europe"
558:
382:
228:
118:
28:
676:
634:
44:Popular revolts in late medieval Europe
14:
812:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
804:
737:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
18:Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
794:Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., ed. and trans.,
708:
798:, Manchester University Press, 2004.
485:adding citations to reliable sources
456:
685:Medieval Europe: Crisis and Renewal
653:
170:had become rampant (in part due to
24:
760:
25:
823:
129:of Florence by the revolt of the
782:The Anatomy of Popular Rebellion
461:
74:". Although sometimes known as '
472:needs additional citations for
731:
702:
628:
452:
111:, just like the other orders.
72:Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
13:
1:
621:
583:in the 1970s showed that the
247:Saint George's Night Uprising
89:
323:Transylvanian peasant revolt
183:to maintain this lifestyle.
7:
609:
54:in the countryside, or the
10:
828:
717:. New York: Urizen Books.
403:in central Italy in 1347.
362:Cornish Rebellion of 1497
356:Carinthian Peasant Revolt
339:Morea revolt of 1453–1454
114:
236:1323–1328 Flemish revolt
36:meets the rebels of the
738:Hilton, Rodney (1988).
709:Elias, Norbert (1978).
635:Blickle, Peter (1988).
616:List of peasant revolts
390:Zealots of Thessalonica
151:, behaviour, courtesy,
713:The Civilizing Process
639:. Munich: Oldenbourg.
567:
369:Battle of Hemmingstedt
242:for nearly five years.
219:English Peasant Revolt
136:
40:
742:. London: Routledge.
562:
383:Notable urban revolts
371: in Dithmarschen
328:Jack Cade's Rebellion
229:Notable rural revolts
122:
34:Richard II of England
32:
689:The Teaching Company
481:improve this article
312:Engelbrekt rebellion
289:Samogitian uprisings
172:population pressures
345:War of the Remences
223:economic inequality
192:14th century crises
46:were uprisings and
766:Mollat and Wolff,
687:. Course No. 863.
568:
446:Republic of Venice
376:Peasant's uprising
268:Hundred Years' War
137:
58:in towns, against
41:
557:
556:
549:
531:
307:in 1431 and 1467.
301:Irmandiño revolts
16:(Redirected from
819:
754:
753:
735:
729:
728:
716:
706:
700:
681:Ruiz, Teofilo F.
678:
651:
650:
632:
585:Peasants' Revolt
552:
545:
541:
538:
532:
530:
489:
465:
457:
394:Byzantine Empire
314:of 1434–1436 in
282:Peasants' Revolt
249:of 1343–1345 in
38:Peasants' Revolt
21:
827:
826:
822:
821:
820:
818:
817:
816:
802:
801:
763:
761:Further reading
758:
757:
750:
736:
732:
725:
707:
703:
679:
654:
647:
633:
629:
624:
612:
553:
542:
536:
533:
490:
488:
478:
466:
455:
385:
330:of 1450 led by
257:Battle of Warns
231:
117:
92:
76:peasant revolts
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
825:
815:
814:
800:
799:
792:
778:
762:
759:
756:
755:
748:
730:
723:
701:
652:
645:
626:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
611:
608:
563:Defeat of the
555:
554:
469:
467:
460:
454:
451:
450:
449:
434:Hvar rebellion
430:
415:
404:
401:Cola di Rienzo
399:The revolt of
397:
384:
381:
380:
379:
372:
365:
358:
352:
341:
335:
325:
319:
308:
297:
291:
285:
278:
271:
260:
254:
243:
230:
227:
116:
113:
91:
88:
84:Ottoman Empire
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
824:
813:
810:
809:
807:
797:
793:
791:
790:0-444-85006-6
787:
783:
779:
777:
776:0-04-940041-X
773:
769:
765:
764:
751:
745:
741:
734:
726:
720:
715:
714:
705:
698:
697:1-56585-710-0
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
648:
642:
638:
631:
627:
617:
614:
613:
607:
605:
600:
595:
592:
588:
586:
582:
581:Rodney Hilton
577:
575:
574:
566:
561:
551:
548:
540:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
498: –
497:
493:
492:Find sources:
486:
482:
476:
475:
470:This article
468:
464:
459:
458:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:Ciompi Revolt
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
386:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
357:
353:
351:in 1462–1486.
350:
349:Old Catalonia
346:
342:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
296:
292:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276:
275:Tuchin revolt
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
232:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
182:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
135:
132:
128:
127:
121:
112:
110:
104:
102:
97:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
35:
31:
27:
19:
795:
781:
767:
739:
733:
712:
704:
684:
636:
630:
603:
598:
596:
590:
589:
579:Research by
578:
571:
569:
543:
537:January 2018
534:
524:
517:
510:
503:
491:
479:Please help
474:verification
471:
448:, 1510–1514.
396:, 1342–1350.
295:Hussite Wars
280:The English
208:
189:
185:
165:
142:
138:
126:gonfaloniere
124:
105:
93:
43:
42:
26:
453:Terminology
410:in 1378 in
217:during the
211:Franciscans
96:manor house
780:Fourquin,
749:0415018803
724:0916354326
646:3486549014
622:References
507:newspapers
440:island of
321:1437–1438
293:1419–1434
287:1401–1409
131:Guild-less
90:Background
48:rebellions
565:Jacquerie
438:Dalmatian
332:Jack Cade
277:1378–1384
264:Jacquerie
215:John Ball
168:inflation
161:education
806:Category
610:See also
591:Peasants
429:in 1382.
412:Florence
240:Flanders
145:nobility
52:peasants
784:, 1978
770:, 1973
604:peasant
599:peasant
573:peasant
521:scholar
436:on the
419:Harelle
378:of 1573
305:Galicia
251:Estonia
101:Germany
56:burgess
788:
774:
746:
721:
695:
643:
523:
516:
509:
502:
494:
316:Sweden
259:, 1345
202:, and
200:plague
196:famine
176:feudal
153:speech
134:Ciompi
115:Causes
80:Balkan
64:abbots
60:nobles
528:JSTOR
514:books
427:Paris
423:Rouen
367:1500
354:1478
149:Dress
68:kings
786:ISBN
772:ISBN
744:ISBN
719:ISBN
693:ISBN
641:ISBN
500:news
442:Hvar
432:The
425:and
417:The
406:The
388:The
374:The
360:The
343:The
337:The
310:The
299:The
273:The
262:The
245:The
234:The
190:The
157:diet
66:and
483:by
421:in
347:in
303:in
204:war
194:of
109:God
50:by
808::
691:.
655:^
444:,
392:,
198:,
159:,
155:,
147:.
86:.
62:,
752:.
727:.
699:.
649:.
550:)
544:(
539:)
535:(
525:·
518:·
511:·
504:·
477:.
414:.
364:.
334:.
318:.
270:.
253:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
