1032:
1733:
3092:
1837:
1502:
1390:
1845:
1272:
179:
7120:
7130:
1047:
7140:
2477:
68:
327:
370:
896:
1752:
system. But at the same time some valleys inhabited by Greeks converted voluntarily, most notably those in the Of valley. Large communities (around 25% of the population) of
Christian Pontic Greeks remained throughout the area (including Trabezon and Kars in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus)
1054:
The first travels of Greek merchants and adventurers to the Pontus region occurred probably from around 1000 BC, whereas their settlements would become steady and solidified cities only by the 8th and 7th centuries BC as archaeological findings document. This fits in well with a foundation date of
1210:” (a Persian title) as his provincial governors. Iranica further states, and although there is only one inscription attesting it, he seems to have adopted the title “king of kings.” The very small number of Hellenistic Greek inscriptions that have been found anywhere in Pontus suggest that
1567:
By the time of the early
Byzantine Empire, Trebizond became a center of culture and scientific learning. In the 7th century, an individual named Tychicus returned from Constantinople to establish a school of learning. One of his students was the early Armenian scholar
1229:, and successfully maneuvering in this unsettled time managed, shortly after 302 BC, to create the Kingdom of Pontus which would be ruled by his descendants mostly bearing the same name, until 64 BC. Thus, this Persian dynasty managed to survive and prosper in the
1294:
in 64 BC, little changed in the daily lives of either the oligarchies that controlled the cities or for the common people there and in the hinterland, though the meaning of the name Pontus underwent a change. Part of the kingdom was now annexed to the
990:, who spoke a closely related Indo-European tongue, followed them along the coast. The Greeks are the earliest long-term inhabitants of the region from whom written records survive. During the late 8th century BC, Pontus further became a base for the
1099:
mountains as a punishment for his outwitting the Gods, can all be seen as reflections of early contacts between early Greek colonists and the local, probably
Caucasian, peoples. The earliest known written description of Pontus, however, is that of
1630:
itself. This political adroitness included becoming a vassal state at various times to both
Georgia and to various inland Turkic rulers. In addition, the Empire of Trebizond became a renowned center of culture under its ruling Komnenos dynasty.
1805:) was a proposed Pontic Greek state on the southern coast of the Black Sea. Its territory would have encompassed much of historical Pontus and today forms part of Turkey's Black Sea Region. The proposed state was discussed at the
1326:
Hereafter the simple name Pontus without qualification was regularly employed to denote the half of this dual province, especially by Romans and people speaking from the Roman point of view; it is so used almost always in the
7274:
1813:
feared the precarious position of such a state and so it was included instead in the larger proposed state of
Wilsonian Armenia. Neither state came into existence and the Pontic Greek population was subjected to
1244:
or
Mithridates Eupator, commonly called the Great, who for many years carried on war with the Romans. Under him, the realm of Pontus included not only Pontic Cappadocia but also the seaboard from the
2660:
1761:. They numbered between 12,000 and 15,000 and lived in villages including Krom, Imera, Livadia, Prdi, Alitinos, Mokhora, and Ligosti. Many of the Islamized Greeks continued speaking
1264:, to whom he married his daughter Cleopatra. Eventually, however, the Romans defeated both King Mithridates VI and his son-in-law, Armenian King Tigranes the Great, during the
1407:
With the reorganization of the provincial system under
Diocletian (about AD 295), the Pontic districts were divided up between three smaller, independent provinces within the
3134:
947:
visitors to the region, mostly Greek, noted that the hinterlands remained disunited, and they recorded the names of tribes: Moskhians (often associated with those Muški),
7285:
7265:
7261:
1587:, which was governed by the Gabrades family, and Koloneia. After the 8th century, the area experienced a period of prosperity, which was brought to an end only by the
1275:
Map of Asia Minor in 89 BC, showing Roman provinces and client states as well as Pontic territory. The
Kingdom of Pontus, under Mithridates VI the Great, is in green.
2687:
2651:
1013:
remain spoken to the east of Pontus, some are suspected to have been spoken in eastern Pontus during the Iron Age: the Tzans are usually associated with today's
7288:
7259:
3510:
7176:
2290:
3505:
1583:. Progressively, these large early themes were divided into smaller ones, so that by the late 10th century, the Pontus was divided into the themes of
1449:
3127:
3091:
2831:
7284:
4267:
1622:
dynasty. Through a combination of geographic remoteness and adroit diplomacy, this remnant managed to survive, until it was conquered by the
523:
7240:
2680:
7279:
7197:
3120:
7206:
2498:
2192:
1063:, perhaps the most ancient of the Greek colonies in what was later to be called Pontus. The epical narratives related to the travels of
7286:
7272:
7271:
7248:
7247:
5867:
7280:
7243:
7215:
7202:
7221:
7268:
7245:
2643:
2571:
2489:
1598:
The region was secured militarily from the 11th through the 15th centuries with a vast network of sophisticated coastal fortresses.
1031:
7233:
7226:
7222:
7169:
2176:
7331:
2673:
634:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7227:
7213:
7208:
7200:
7199:
1202:
in true
Oriental fashion; he gave all his sons Persian names; he sacrificed spectacularly in the manner of the Persian kings at
7266:
7260:
7255:
7281:
2581:
2311:
1523:
was dissolved, with the western part (Polemonium and
Neocaesarea) going to Helenopontus, Comana going to the new province of
978:
went unnoted by the Hittites, the Assyrians, and all the post-Hittite nations; an ancient theory – first conjectured by
1822:. This state of affairs was later formally recognized as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923.
1194:, although undoubtedly presenting himself to the Greek world as a civilized philhellene and new Alexander, also paraded his
132:
7356:
7341:
7230:
5255:
3198:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
2824:
7275:
7273:
7212:
2435:
939:
court noted that the "Kašku" had overrun its territory in conjunction with a hitherto unknown group whom they labeled the
104:
7336:
7162:
4260:
7351:
7196:
5877:
5567:
5260:
5194:
3640:
2648:
32:
7225:
7214:
2275:
1116:, which probably meant that the local Greek colonies were paying tribute to the Persians. When the Athenian commander
924:. In those days, the best any outsider could hope from this region was temporary alliance with a local strongman. The
7346:
7267:
5265:
5240:
3789:
2618:
151:
111:
7201:
2302:
Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.).
1135:
influence ran deep, illustrated most famously by the temple of the Persian deities Anaitis, Omanes, and Anadatos at
855:. Several states and provinces bearing the name of Pontus or variants thereof were established in the region in the
7326:
7074:
5823:
5250:
5245:
85:
7252:
3112:
7207:
5717:
5577:
5572:
4849:
4214:
3465:
2817:
7236:
416:
7262:
7246:
7101:
5742:
5156:
4253:
3533:
3457:
3446:
1607:
118:
89:
7231:
7220:
7203:
7235:
7205:
7096:
6653:
6146:
5662:
5582:
5280:
4990:
3600:
3234:
518:
7258:
1913:
7276:
7069:
5598:
5052:
4037:
3143:
3036:
1963:(c. 135 BC – 63 BC), Pontic King, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents.
1806:
7237:
7211:
2840:
2547:
Robert W. Edwards, “The Garrison Forts of the Pontos: A Case for the Diffusion of the Armenian Paradigm,”
100:
7311:
7256:
7253:
6124:
5732:
5608:
5270:
5224:
5179:
4955:
4644:
3520:
2914:
2071:
1885:
627:
7277:
7232:
7216:
7204:
7198:
6663:
426:
7238:
6785:
6658:
5791:
5786:
5762:
5672:
5189:
4287:
3021:
1753:
until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 1990s, preserving their own customs and
606:
7270:
7263:
7244:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7210:
7143:
7086:
6042:
5845:
5830:
5752:
5687:
5007:
4902:
4376:
4310:
3717:
3659:
3470:
2944:
2209:
Roger Matthews (December 2004). "Landscapes of Terror and Control: Imperial Impacts in Paphlagonia".
1222:
1120:
passed through Pontus around a century later in 401-400 BC, in fact, he found no Persians in Pontus.
508:
7239:
5654:
5634:
4832:
4490:
1595:, the area was governed by effectively semi-autonomous rulers, like the Gabras family of Trebizond.
493:
7306:
7254:
7251:
7249:
5840:
5803:
5737:
5403:
5290:
4057:
4042:
3866:
3595:
3542:
3538:
3500:
3432:
3253:
3081:
3071:
2954:
2919:
2899:
2879:
1433:
7218:
7217:
7209:
1378:
moved Pontus into the province of Cappadocia itself in the early 2nd century AD. In response to a
7316:
7242:
7123:
6247:
6047:
6032:
5835:
5818:
5798:
5767:
5667:
5603:
5219:
5204:
5174:
5135:
5012:
4864:
4366:
3861:
3808:
3745:
3585:
3575:
3404:
3374:
3026:
3011:
2949:
2864:
2854:
2359:
Who were the Cimmerians, and where did they come from?: Sargon II, and the Cimmerians, and Rusa I
2020:
1990:(1403–1472), Greek scholar, Roman Catholic cardinal and titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1178:
406:
78:
17:
7250:
1880:
Mentioned thrice in the New Testament, inhabitants of Pontus were some of the first converts to
7234:
7223:
7081:
6084:
5855:
5813:
5747:
5712:
5164:
5148:
4844:
4785:
4634:
4629:
4067:
3394:
2999:
2859:
2809:
1960:
1924:
1627:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1042:
in the Greco-Roman period: The classical regions, including Pontus, and their main settlements.
839:). The extent of the region varied through the ages but generally extended from the borders of
620:
421:
7241:
3101:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
1935:. Then during the 9th century, Trebizond itself became the seat of the Metropolitan Bishop of
1927:, Trebizond had its own bishop. Subsequently, the Bishop of Trebizond was subordinated to the
1161:
dynasty which was to found this kingdom had during the 4th century BC ruled the Greek city of
1009:
and Hellenistic era, one can only speculate as to the other languages spoken here. Given that
7321:
7269:
7257:
7133:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6327:
6017:
5757:
5727:
5682:
5677:
5308:
5275:
5077:
4982:
4968:
4624:
4495:
4459:
4082:
3851:
3664:
3590:
3183:
2894:
1948:
1810:
1795:
1429:
1186:
792:
696:
595:
544:
178:
1732:
6605:
6599:
6585:
6069:
6027:
5999:
5884:
5697:
4927:
4723:
4220:
3737:
3389:
3221:
3191:
3031:
2924:
1993:
1909:
1901:
1056:
1010:
738:. The name was applied to the coastal region and its mountainous hinterland (rising to the
391:
377:
125:
8:
7185:
6736:
6706:
6094:
5989:
5984:
5421:
4736:
4649:
4619:
4573:
4336:
4226:
4181:
3999:
3989:
3651:
3480:
3427:
3422:
3195:
2929:
2904:
2046:
2014:
1928:
1758:
1741:
1615:
1588:
1386:
decided to break up the area into smaller provinces under more localized administration.
1218:
868:
828:
503:
318:
1308:
7264:
6953:
6850:
6756:
6400:
6317:
6205:
5707:
5531:
5047:
5027:
4884:
4755:
4639:
4434:
4361:
4077:
4052:
3959:
3934:
3823:
3707:
3557:
3369:
3166:
3016:
2974:
2969:
2234:
2226:
2152:
2144:
2096:
2030:
2008:
1987:
1954:
1819:
1782:
1592:
1285:
1261:
1101:
1026:
856:
478:
396:
333:
2372:
1651:
1374:
in the east, bordering on Cappadocia (Armenia Minor). Subsequently, the Roman Emperor
7129:
7028:
6615:
6164:
6012:
5964:
5808:
5777:
5722:
5639:
5516:
5388:
5209:
5042:
4995:
4935:
4809:
4791:
4767:
4749:
4704:
4659:
4654:
4305:
4204:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3800:
3770:
3567:
3417:
3308:
3298:
3273:
3268:
3061:
3056:
2984:
2979:
2614:
2577:
2307:
2238:
2156:
2136:
1981:
1975:
1917:
1869:
1766:
1660:
1580:
1569:
1409:
1394:
1340:
1154:
1148:
1113:
999:
975:
844:
483:
2271:
So the 1877 translation of "Sargon's Great Inscription in the Palace of Khorsabad",
1475:
822:"on the Pontos", and hence it acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in
446:
6958:
6490:
6455:
6272:
6129:
6007:
5894:
5889:
5214:
5169:
5000:
4907:
4523:
4356:
4341:
4331:
4140:
4135:
4092:
4047:
3954:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3627:
3364:
3356:
3142:
2989:
2959:
2626:
2218:
2128:
2040:
1999:
1957:(c. 408–323 BC), Greek philosopher from Sinope, one of founders of Cynic philosophy
1857:
1831:
1770:
1591:
conquest of Asia Minor in the 1070s and 1080s. Restored to the Byzantine Empire by
1505:
1304:
1265:
864:
731:
657:
528:
498:
488:
462:
326:
1260:. Despite ruling Lesser Armenia, King Mithridates VI was an ally of Armenian King
6973:
6731:
6519:
6332:
6074:
5940:
5872:
5199:
4797:
4779:
4773:
4687:
4664:
4538:
4409:
4346:
4120:
4110:
4017:
3969:
3924:
3843:
3765:
3750:
3669:
3412:
3316:
3288:
3263:
3245:
2874:
2733:
2665:
2655:
2279:
2076:
1195:
936:
876:
860:
565:
260:
236:
6998:
6711:
1757:. One group of Islamicized Greeks were called the Kromli, but were suspected of
6855:
6795:
6790:
6746:
6527:
6475:
6465:
6445:
6435:
6179:
6174:
6169:
5022:
4821:
4815:
4803:
4603:
4578:
4351:
4276:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4062:
4007:
3818:
3712:
3684:
3674:
3552:
3341:
3336:
3293:
3283:
3206:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
2964:
2884:
2443:
2081:
2026:
1815:
1786:
1647:
1623:
1611:
1576:
1351:
1332:
1323:. The larger part of Pontus, however, was included in the province of Galatia.
1257:
1241:
1234:
1158:
1006:
880:
747:
687:
591:
570:
513:
457:
341:
268:
252:
2132:
1969:(c. 64 BC – 24 AD), Greek historian, geographer, and philosopher, native from
7300:
7091:
7008:
6983:
6673:
6595:
6277:
6220:
6119:
6109:
6079:
6061:
5935:
5087:
4869:
4761:
4717:
4679:
4518:
4439:
4012:
3964:
3929:
3919:
3828:
3528:
3331:
3326:
3278:
3258:
3187:
3171:
2909:
2889:
2869:
2493:
2483:
2140:
1836:
1745:
1643:
1531:
1525:
1441:
1328:
1211:
1060:
994:, another Indo-European speaking people; however, these were defeated by the
601:
452:
410:
360:
299:
295:
248:
47:
34:
1818:
and expelled from Turkey after 1922 and resettled in the Soviet Union or in
1501:
6908:
6860:
6726:
6580:
6450:
6089:
5925:
5431:
5393:
5092:
4210:
4027:
4022:
3974:
3760:
3727:
3722:
3547:
3321:
3199:
2934:
2502:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71.
2272:
2117:"The Black Sea Turks: Some Aspects of Their Ethnic and Cultural Background"
2091:
2052:
1996:(1792–1828), Greek military commander and national hero of the 19th century
1881:
1762:
1754:
1467:
1389:
1296:
782:
442:
369:
1844:
6928:
6820:
6800:
6628:
6136:
6114:
6104:
6099:
6022:
5979:
5526:
5436:
5426:
5313:
5303:
5067:
4444:
4419:
4233:
4105:
4072:
3984:
3939:
3813:
3755:
3076:
3005:
2939:
2778:
1485:
1253:
1230:
1214:
did not substantially penetrate beyond the coastal cities and the court.
921:
848:
800:
739:
549:
400:
337:
287:
6633:
1749:
1271:
6865:
6835:
6830:
6815:
6701:
6668:
6337:
6307:
5974:
5702:
5536:
5378:
5373:
5363:
5348:
5333:
5323:
5298:
4674:
4429:
4384:
4100:
3944:
3346:
3175:
3102:
2718:
2230:
2034:
1920:
addresses the Pontians in his letter as the "elect" and "chosen ones".
1383:
1203:
1124:
1092:
1084:
1039:
1014:
991:
956:
909:
852:
244:
232:
220:
7154:
2361:. Copenhagen Denmark: The Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters.
2148:
2116:
1005:
Since there was so little literacy in northeastern Anatolia until the
6840:
6766:
6751:
6721:
6716:
6648:
6572:
6557:
6542:
6485:
6385:
6037:
5969:
5541:
5521:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5446:
5441:
5411:
5358:
5318:
5097:
4963:
4917:
4897:
4528:
4399:
3886:
3775:
3384:
3379:
2994:
2773:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1769:
and still today there are some in the Of valley that speak the local
1513:
1128:
1104:, who in the 7th century BC described Greek settlements in the area.
1068:
1046:
986:, past literary notice, across Pontus during the early Iron Age. The
979:
948:
916:. The region went further uncontrolled by Hatti's eastern neighbors,
787:
778:
727:
240:
212:
2222:
1744:, particularly starting from the 17th century, some of the region's
67:
6890:
6880:
6870:
6845:
6623:
6590:
6552:
6495:
6410:
6395:
6252:
6242:
6159:
6154:
5551:
5546:
5506:
5501:
5476:
5456:
5383:
5338:
5328:
5184:
5082:
5017:
4945:
4553:
4232: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
3979:
3949:
3871:
3580:
3495:
3203:
2753:
2713:
2697:
2086:
1619:
1529:, and the rest (Trebizond and Cerasus) joining the new province of
1245:
1226:
1117:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1035:
968:
960:
952:
944:
929:
925:
917:
913:
823:
228:
216:
208:
193:
6643:
2482:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2011:(1912–1979), Greek nationalist, anticommunist partisan during WWII
1484:, with its capital at Trebizond, and including the small ports of
1112:
By the 6th century BC, Pontus had become officially a part of the
7033:
7023:
6968:
6963:
6948:
6938:
6923:
6918:
6805:
6693:
6683:
6562:
6537:
6532:
6505:
6500:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6425:
6415:
6405:
6357:
6347:
6322:
6287:
6282:
6257:
5910:
5692:
5353:
5343:
5102:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5037:
5032:
4912:
4859:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4245:
4176:
4032:
3891:
3833:
3596:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
3490:
3485:
3475:
3051:
2788:
2783:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2065:
1970:
1905:
1584:
1560:
1359:
1336:
1249:
1207:
1199:
1072:
995:
983:
928:
called the unorganized groups on their northeastern frontier the
872:
840:
799:
Having originally no specific name, the region east of the river
307:
303:
6978:
6292:
2839:
1181:, would proclaim himself later Mithridates I Ktistes of Pontus.
1139:, founded by victorious Persian generals in the 6th century BC.
7003:
6933:
6913:
6875:
6741:
6547:
6440:
6377:
6367:
6312:
5930:
5915:
5511:
5496:
5471:
5466:
5451:
5112:
5107:
4874:
4854:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4454:
4414:
4404:
4389:
4186:
3066:
3046:
3041:
2708:
2003:
1966:
1936:
1865:
1740:
Under the subsequent Ottoman rule which began with the fall of
1656:
1471:
1445:
1437:
1375:
1316:
1312:
1291:
987:
940:
884:
743:
735:
723:
332:
The modern definition of the Pontus: the area claimed for the "
291:
283:
279:
264:
224:
197:
7195:
7013:
6988:
6885:
6825:
6810:
6678:
6638:
6390:
6302:
6297:
6267:
6262:
6237:
5920:
5461:
5416:
5368:
4940:
4892:
4593:
4563:
4510:
4485:
4424:
4394:
3881:
3876:
3856:
2798:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2743:
2723:
1453:
1379:
1367:
1166:
1064:
964:
932:. As of 2004 little had been found of them archaeologically.
871:. Pontus is sometimes considered as the original home of the
772:
575:
1579:, with the westernmost parts (Paphlagonia) belonging to the
1331:. The eastern half of the old kingdom was administered as a
7018:
6993:
6943:
6430:
6420:
1932:
1864:), comprising all or parts of 22 provinces, is one of
1489:
1457:
1347:
1162:
1136:
1132:
1088:
675:
256:
3190:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
2573:
The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece
2017:(1931–2001), Greek singer of Greek popular music, or Laïkó
895:
666:
2002:(1908–2007), American novelist and screenwriter, born in
1299:, being united with Bithynia in a double province called
2306:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 40 f.
2563:
1848:
Administrative subdivisions of today's Black Sea Region
1767:
unique preservation of characteristics of Ancient Greek
1545:. The provincial governor was relegated to the rank of
1221:, Mithridates Ktistes was for a time in the service of
1157:
extended generally to the east of the Halys River. The
1575:
Under the Byzantine Empire, the Pontus came under the
3626:
1872:. It encompasses but is larger than historic Pontus.
998:, and became a distant memory after the campaigns of
678:
669:
2429:
2427:
2304:
Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities
1541:
gained Polemonium and Neocaesarea, and lost Zela to
672:
663:
2291:
Meyer, Geschichte d. Königr. Pontos (Leipzig: 1879)
1800:
701:
660:
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3220:
2695:
1217:During the troubled period following the death of
935:In the wake of the Hittite empire's collapse, the
750:and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea:
2576:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 29–30.
2424:
1912:, who had both converted to Christianity, and in
1614:in 1204, the Pontus retained independence as the
7298:
1492:. This province extended all the way to Colchis.
1127:were incorporated into the third and nineteenth
27:Region in the eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey
4481:
1978:(c. 85 – c. 160 AD), early Christian theologian
1496:
1382:raid on Trebizond in 287 AD, the Roman Emperor
1303:: this part included only the seaboard between
1240:This kingdom reached its greatest height under
2208:
1666:
1466:, with its capital at Polemonium (also called
1190:states, the most famous member of the family,
7170:
4261:
4213:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
3128:
2825:
2681:
1020:
628:
2602:
2569:
2433:
2121:International Journal of Middle East Studies
4236:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
2534:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2343:
2341:
2055:(1986-present), Greco-Turkish folk musician
1354:. It was divided into the three districts:
1173:and the last ruler based in the city being
1107:
982: – is that its speakers migrated from
867:periods, culminating in the late Byzantine
811:
804:
759:
751:
707:
7177:
7163:
5147:
4268:
4254:
3135:
3121:
2832:
2818:
2688:
2674:
2379:
2356:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2255:
1366:in the centre, so called from its capital
1206:(Appian, Mith. 66, 70); and he appointed “
635:
621:
3170:. Provincial administration reformed and
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
1900:mentions a Jewish tentmaker from Pontus,
1346:In AD 62, the country was constituted by
908:Pontus remained outside the reach of the
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
3144:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
2590:
2554:
2529:
2515:
2487:
2397:
2388:
2338:
2273:http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Sargon.html
1843:
1835:
1731:
1708:Ecumenical Patriarchate Statistics, 1912
1654:
1500:
1388:
1290:With the subjugation of this kingdom by
1270:
1045:
1030:
912:empires, of which the closest was Great
894:
7184:
2373:"Ancient Turkey: History of Asia Minor"
2320:
1984:(345–399 AD), Greek theologian and monk
340:, based on the extent of the six local
14:
7299:
6201:
2611:The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos
2457:
2357:Kristensen, Anne Katrine Gade (1988).
2301:
2179:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2114:
1840:The Black Sea Region in today's Turkey
1601:
1198:background: he maintained a harem and
7158:
7058:
6200:
5629:
5133:
4480:
4300:
4249:
4166:
4165:
3625:
3219:
3155:
3116:
2813:
2669:
2608:
2488:Anderson, John George Clark (1911). "
1776:
1516:further reorganized the area in 536:
1123:The peoples of this part of northern
851:in the west, with varying amounts of
6669:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
4301:
2841:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
2631:Romanization in the Time of Augustus
1608:Constantinople's loss of sovereignty
1535:with its capital at Justinianopolis.
1268:, bringing Pontus under Roman rule.
1177:. Mithridates II's son, also called
1169:, with its first known member being
1142:
903:
730:, located in the modern-day eastern
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
1942:
1870:census-defined geographical regions
1759:secretly having remained Christians
24:
5630:
4275:
1634:
1083:' wanderings into the land of the
25:
7368:
2637:
2551:19, 1985, pp. 181-284, pls.1-51b.
2421:Strabo 11.8.4 C512; 12.3.37 C559.
1685:Official Ottoman Statistics, 1910
1279:
7138:
7128:
7119:
7118:
3576:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
3202:in c. 640–660, although in
3090:
2475:
2436:"PONTUS – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1079:' navigating the Black Sea, and
1050:Map of Pontus in antiquity, 1901
656:
368:
325:
177:
66:
7139:
3186:established after the death of
2541:
2506:
2415:
2406:
2365:
2350:
1653:
1470:), and including the cities of
899:Traditional rural Pontic house.
77:needs additional citations for
7332:Historical regions of Anatolia
3534:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
3458:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
2570:Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002).
2295:
2284:
2265:
2245:
2202:
2186:
2170:
2108:
1809:, but the Greek government of
1807:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
1478:, Comana, and Cerasus as well.
767:, "Hospitable Sea", or simply
746:who colonized the area in the
13:
1:
4740:
4727:
4708:
4691:
3601:Tripolitania (Roman province)
3179:
2613:, London: Variorum Reprints,
2609:Bryer, Anthony A. M. (1980),
2258:The Cambridge Ancient History
2251:Records of Tiglath-Pileser I
1440:, and included the cities of
1398:
833:
803:was spoken of as the country
726:on the southern coast of the
5868:Funeral and burial practices
5053:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2549:Revue des Études Arméniennes
2102:
2043:(1974–present), Greek singer
1736:Christian population in 1896
1706:
1683:
1497:Byzantine province and theme
7:
7357:History of Trabzon Province
7342:History of Giresun Province
4209: Re-established after
3521:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
3156:
2115:Meeker, Michael E. (1971).
2072:Ancient regions of Anatolia
2068:, Ancient capital of Pontus
2059:
1875:
1801:
812:
760:
702:
10:
7373:
7337:History of Amasya Province
5792:Greek Revival architecture
5134:
1946:
1829:
1825:
1748:became Muslim through the
1641:
1358:in the west, bordering on
1283:
1146:
1024:
1021:Ancient Greek colonization
890:
773:
172:Ancient region of Anatolia
7352:History of Tokat Province
7192:
7114:
7065:
7059:
7054:
6899:
6776:
6765:
6692:
6614:
6571:
6518:
6376:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6196:
6145:
6060:
5998:
5960:
5953:
5903:
5863:
5854:
5776:
5653:
5649:
5625:
5591:
5560:
5402:
5289:
5233:
5200:Attalid kings of Pergamon
5155:
5146:
5142:
5129:
5008:Antigonid Macedonian army
4981:
4954:
4926:
4883:
4840:
4831:
4673:
4612:
4509:
4505:
4476:
4375:
4324:
4320:
4296:
4283:
4199:
4182:Quaestura exercitus (536)
4172:
4161:
4091:
3998:
3910:
3842:
3799:
3788:
3736:
3698:
3650:
3639:
3635:
3621:
3566:
3519:
3456:
3445:
3403:
3355:
3307:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3215:
3162:
3151:
3099:
3088:
2850:
2704:
2603:General and cited sources
2256:RD Barnett (1975). "30".
2133:10.1017/S002074380000129X
2049:(1983–2016), Greek singer
1904:, who was then living in
1888:mentions them present in
1790:
1087:, as well as the myth of
805:
752:
691:
324:
314:
275:
204:
188:
176:
171:
166:
7347:History of Rize Province
4058:Palaestina III Salutaris
3254:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
2880:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
2211:Near Eastern Archaeology
1436:. It had its capital at
1108:Persian Empire expansion
883:(e. g. by Herodotus and
7327:Ancient Greek geography
4225: Placed under the
3586:Mauretania Caesariensis
3405:Diocese of the Britains
3027:Mauretania Caesariensis
2649:The term Euxinus Pontus
2633:(Yale University Press)
2499:Encyclopædia Britannica
2181:A Greek-English Lexicon
2021:Chrysanthos Theodoridis
1131:of the Persian empire.
5234:Artists & scholars
5149:List of ancient Greeks
4786:Second Athenian League
4635:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4460:Ancient Greek colonies
4068:Phoenice II Libanensis
3771:Macedonia II Salutaris
3184:praetorian prefectures
3146:(4th–7th centuries AD)
3000:Hispania Tarraconensis
2696:Historical regions of
1961:Mithridates VI Eupator
1925:First Council of Nicea
1861:
1849:
1841:
1737:
1628:Fall of Constantinople
1512:The Byzantine Emperor
1509:
1404:
1276:
1192:Mithradates VI Eupator
1175:Mithridates II of Cius
1171:Ariobarzanes I of Cius
1055:731 BC as reported by
1051:
1043:
900:
435:Languages and dialects
6353:Sybaris on the Traeis
5078:Sacred Band of Thebes
4818:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
4332:Cycladic civilization
3790:Praetorian prefecture
3665:Noricum mediterraneum
3641:Praetorian prefecture
3591:Mauretania Sitifensis
3486:Picenum Suburbicarium
3447:Praetorian prefecture
3235:Praetorian prefecture
3182: 293. Permanent
2661:Where East Meets West
2440:www.iranicaonline.org
2195:, William J. Slater,
1949:List of Pontic Greeks
1947:Further information:
1847:
1839:
1811:Eleftherios Venizelos
1802:Dimokratía tou Póntou
1791:Δημοκρατία του Πόντου
1735:
1642:Further information:
1504:
1430:Constantine the Great
1392:
1274:
1233:world while the main
1225:, one of Alexander's
1187:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1049:
1034:
898:
596:Pontic Greek genocide
558:Related ethnic groups
545:Greek Orthodox Church
5878:mythological figures
5599:Ancient Greek tribes
4724:Peloponnesian League
4221:Diocese of Illyricum
4215:Prefecture of Africa
3970:Galatia II Salutaris
3738:Diocese of Macedonia
3628:Eastern Roman Empire
3390:Mauretania Tingitana
3222:Western Roman Empire
3032:Mauretania Tingitana
2925:Corsica and Sardinia
2865:Africa proconsularis
1994:Alexander Ypsilantis
1559:and was put under a
1339:. Its last king was
1057:Eusebius of Caesarea
1011:Kartvelian languages
922:Azzi and (or) Hayasa
742:in the east) by the
101:"Pontus" region
86:improve this article
7186:History of Anatolia
5990:Tunnel of Eupalinos
5985:Theatre of Dionysus
5609:Ancient Macedonians
5225:Tyrants of Syracuse
4737:Amphictyonic League
4337:Minoan civilization
4227:Quaestura exercitus
4000:Diocese of the East
3990:Pontus Polemoniacus
3652:Diocese of Pannonia
3481:Lucania et Bruttium
3428:Maxima Caesariensis
3423:Flavia Caesariensis
2930:Crete and Cyrenaica
2905:Bithynia and Pontus
2047:Pantelis Pantelidis
2023:(1933–2005), singer
2015:Stelios Kazantzidis
1929:Metropolitan Bishop
1616:Empire of Trebizond
1602:Empire of Trebizond
1521:Pontus Polemoniacus
1508:in Pontic Mountains
1464:Pontus Polemoniacus
1397:and its provinces,
1372:Pontus Cappadocicus
1364:Pontus Polemoniacus
1301:Pontus and Bithynia
1219:Alexander the Great
869:Empire of Trebizond
524:Population exchange
504:Empire of Trebizond
354:Part of a series on
319:Mithradates Eupator
276:Historical capitals
44: /
7312:Hellenistic Pontus
6664:Menestheus's Limin
6318:Pandosia (Lucania)
6206:Greek colonisation
5568:Athenian statesmen
5329:Diogenes of Sinope
5190:Kings of Macedonia
5180:Kings of Commagene
5048:Macedonian phalanx
5028:Hellenistic armies
4776:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
4640:Indo-Greek Kingdom
4362:Hellenistic Greece
4078:Syria II Salutaris
3935:Armenian Satrapies
3708:Dacia Mediterranea
3630:(395–c. 640)
3558:Venetia et Histria
3466:Apulia et Calabria
3167:Notitia Dignitatum
3017:Lycia et Pamphylia
2995:Hispania Lusitania
2975:Gallia Narbonensis
2970:Gallia Lugdunensis
2654:2014-09-19 at the
2434:electricpulp.com.
2412:Herodotus 3.90-94.
2278:2015-06-19 at the
2097:Republic of Pontus
2031:Research in Motion
2029:(b. 1961), CEO of
2009:Antonis Fosteridis
1988:Basilios Bessarion
1955:Diogenes of Sinope
1850:
1842:
1783:Republic of Pontus
1777:Republic of Pontus
1738:
1626:in 1461 after the
1593:Alexios I Komnenos
1510:
1482:Cappadocian Pontus
1405:
1286:Bithynia et Pontus
1277:
1262:Tigranes the Great
1102:Scylax of Korianda
1052:
1044:
1027:Greek colonisation
901:
847:) until well into
777:) as early as the
479:Black Sea colonies
334:Republic of Pontus
255:(from 6th c. BC),
7294:
7293:
7152:
7151:
7110:
7109:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
6616:Iberian Peninsula
6548:Lipara/Meligounis
6514:
6513:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6165:Cypriot syllabary
6056:
6055:
5965:Athenian Treasury
5949:
5948:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5210:Ptolemaic dynasty
5170:Archons of Athens
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
4996:Athenian military
4977:
4976:
4810:League of Corinth
4792:Thessalian League
4768:Chalcidian League
4750:Acarnanian League
4660:Ptolemaic Kingdom
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4243:
4242:
4205:Septem Provinciae
4195:
4194:
4167:Other territories
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
3940:Armenia III (536)
3912:Diocese of Pontus
3902:Phrygia Salutaris
3897:Phrygia Pacatiana
3801:Diocese of Thrace
3784:
3783:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3568:Diocese of Africa
3441:
3440:
3309:Diocese of Vienne
3299:Maxima Sequanorum
3211:
3210:
3110:
3109:
3062:Pannonia Superior
3057:Pannonia Inferior
2985:Germania Superior
2980:Germania Inferior
2844:
2807:
2806:
2644:History of Pontus
2583:978-1-85065-702-6
2313:978-1-56859-155-1
2197:Lexicon to Pindar
1982:Evagrius Ponticus
1976:Marcion of Sinope
1918:Peter the Apostle
1862:Karadeniz Bölgesi
1799:
1730:
1729:
1661:Trebizond Vilayet
1581:Bucellarian Theme
1410:Dioecesis Pontica
1395:Diocese of Pontus
1252:, part of inland
1155:Kingdom of Pontus
1149:Kingdom of Pontus
1143:Kingdom of Pontus
1114:Achaemenid Empire
976:Armenian language
904:Early inhabitants
821:
700:
645:
644:
509:Fall of Trebizond
484:Kingdom of Pontus
349:
348:
345:
162:
161:
154:
136:
16:(Redirected from
7364:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7156:
7155:
7142:
7141:
7132:
7122:
7121:
7056:
7055:
6774:
6773:
6273:Heraclea Lucania
6226:
6225:
6217:
6216:
6198:
6197:
5958:
5957:
5890:Twelve Olympians
5861:
5860:
5651:
5650:
5627:
5626:
5215:Seleucid dynasty
5195:Kings of Paionia
5144:
5143:
5131:
5130:
5001:Scythian archers
4908:Graphe paranomon
4838:
4837:
4745:
4742:
4732:
4729:
4713:
4710:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4507:
4506:
4478:
4477:
4357:Classical Greece
4342:Mycenaean Greece
4322:
4321:
4298:
4297:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4219: Later the
4203: Later the
4163:
4162:
4141:Thebais Inferior
4136:Thebais Superior
4093:Diocese of Egypt
4083:Theodorias (528)
3945:Armenia IV (536)
3797:
3796:
3700:Diocese of Dacia
3690:Valeria ripensis
3648:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3506:Tuscia et Umbria
3454:
3453:
3357:Diocese of Spain
3242:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3181:
3164:As found in the
3153:
3152:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3094:
2990:Hispania Baetica
2960:Gallia Aquitania
2842:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2627:Ramsay MacMullen
2623:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2524:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2442:. Archived from
2431:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2260:. pp. 417f.
2249:
2243:
2242:
2206:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2112:
2041:Melina Aslanidou
2000:A. I. Bezzerides
1943:Notable Pontians
1923:As early as the
1854:Black Sea Region
1832:Black Sea Region
1804:
1794:
1792:
1765:, known for its
1755:dialect of Greek
1655:Distribution of
1652:
1570:Anania of Shirak
1506:Sumela Monastery
1424:, later renamed
1403:
1400:
1356:Pontus Galaticus
1266:Mithridatic Wars
843:(modern western
838:
835:
819:
815:
808:
807:
796:(circa 440 BC).
776:
775:
763:
755:
754:
732:Black Sea Region
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
695:
693:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
637:
630:
623:
499:Byzantine Empire
489:Mithridatic Wars
372:
351:
350:
331:
329:
183:Region of Pontus
181:
164:
163:
157:
150:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
70:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
7372:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7307:Pontus (region)
7297:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7188:
7183:
7153:
7148:
7106:
7061:
7038:
6901:
6895:
6778:
6769:
6761:
6732:Melaina Korkyra
6688:
6610:
6567:
6520:Aeolian Islands
6510:
6372:
6230:
6211:
6210:
6184:
6141:
6052:
5994:
5945:
5899:
5850:
5772:
5763:Wedding customs
5645:
5644:
5613:
5604:Thracian Greeks
5587:
5578:Olympic victors
5556:
5398:
5285:
5229:
5220:Kings of Sparta
5205:Kings of Pontus
5175:Kings of Athens
5151:
5138:
5117:
5013:Army of Macedon
4973:
4950:
4922:
4879:
4827:
4800:(370–c. 230 BC)
4798:Arcadian League
4782:(c. 400–188 BC)
4780:Aetolian League
4774:Boeotian League
4756:Hellenic League
4743:
4730:
4720:(c. 650–404 BC)
4711:
4705:Italiote League
4698:
4694:
4688:Doric Hexapolis
4678:
4669:
4665:Seleucid Empire
4608:
4501:
4500:
4464:
4371:
4347:Greek Dark Ages
4316:
4315:
4292:
4279:
4274:
4244:
4239:
4191:
4168:
4145:
4121:Augustamnica II
4087:
3994:
3906:
3844:Diocese of Asia
3838:
3791:
3780:
3766:Macedonia Prima
3732:
3694:
3670:Noricum ripense
3642:
3631:
3605:
3562:
3515:
3448:
3437:
3399:
3351:
3317:Alpes Maritimae
3303:
3289:Lugdunensis III
3246:Diocese of Gaul
3236:
3225:
3224:(395–476)
3207:
3174:established by
3158:
3147:
3141:
3111:
3106:
3095:
3086:
3047:Moesia Superior
3042:Moesia Inferior
2875:Alpes Maritimae
2846:
2838:
2808:
2803:
2700:
2694:
2656:Wayback Machine
2640:
2621:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2280:Wayback Machine
2270:
2266:
2250:
2246:
2223:10.2307/4132387
2207:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2077:Caucasus Greeks
2062:
2033:and creator of
1951:
1945:
1878:
1834:
1828:
1779:
1771:Ophitic dialect
1722:
1717:
1712:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1663:
1650:
1640:
1604:
1532:Armenia I Magna
1499:
1418:Galatian Pontus
1401:
1288:
1282:
1151:
1145:
1110:
1075:, the tales of
1029:
1023:
906:
893:
877:Greek mythology
836:
753:Εύξεινος Πόντος
719:
716:
713:
710:
659:
655:
641:
608:Amele taburları
566:Caucasus Greeks
330:
184:
167:Pontos (Πόντος)
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7370:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7317:Ottoman Pontus
7314:
7309:
7292:
7291:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7136:
7126:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6771:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6466:Megara Hyblaea
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6446:Hybla Gereatis
6443:
6438:
6436:Heraclea Minoa
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6223:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6202:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6180:Attic numerals
6177:
6175:Greek numerals
6172:
6170:Greek alphabet
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5824:Musical system
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5783:
5781:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5256:Mathematicians
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5165:Kings of Argos
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Cretan archers
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4822:Achaean League
4819:
4816:Euboean League
4813:
4807:
4804:Epirote League
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4752:(c. 500–31 BC)
4747:
4734:
4721:
4715:
4702:
4684:
4682:
4680:Confederations
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4604:Lissus (Crete)
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:Archaic Greece
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:Ancient Greece
4273:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Libya Inferior
4128:
4126:Libya Superior
4123:
4118:
4116:Augustamnica I
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Lycaonia (370)
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Dacia Ripensis
3710:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:Carthaginensis
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3342:Novempopulania
3339:
3337:Narbonensis II
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3294:Lugdunensis IV
3291:
3286:
3284:Lugdunensis II
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Gallia Belgica
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Arabia Petraea
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2639:
2638:External links
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2582:
2562:
2553:
2540:
2528:
2514:
2505:
2494:Chisholm, Hugh
2456:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2364:
2349:
2337:
2319:
2312:
2294:
2283:
2264:
2244:
2217:(4): 200–211.
2201:
2185:
2169:
2127:(4): 318–345.
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Greek genocide
2079:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2027:Mike Lazaridis
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1944:
1941:
1908:with his wife
1892:on the Day of
1877:
1874:
1830:Main article:
1827:
1824:
1778:
1775:
1763:their language
1728:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1648:Greek genocide
1639:
1633:
1612:Fourth Crusade
1603:
1600:
1577:Armeniac Theme
1565:
1564:
1550:
1536:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1461:
1420:, also called
1352:Roman province
1335:together with
1333:client kingdom
1284:Main article:
1281:
1280:Roman province
1278:
1258:Lesser Armenia
1242:Mithridates VI
1235:Persian Empire
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1109:
1106:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
905:
902:
892:
889:
881:historiography
761:Eúxinos Póntos
748:Archaic period
643:
642:
640:
639:
632:
625:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
604:
599:
592:Greek genocide
586:
585:
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
571:Crimean Greeks
568:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
547:
539:
538:
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
514:Ottoman Empire
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Roman Anatolia
491:
486:
481:
473:
472:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
437:
436:
432:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
404:
394:
389:
381:
380:
378:Pontic culture
374:
373:
365:
364:
356:
355:
347:
346:
342:Greek Orthodox
322:
321:
316:
315:Notable rulers
312:
311:
277:
273:
272:
271:(from 11th c.)
206:
202:
201:
192:North-eastern
190:
186:
185:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
160:
159:
74:
72:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7369:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7173:
7168:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7145:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7057:
7053:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6644:Hemeroscopion
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:Magna Graecia
6218:
6214:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6095:Arcadocypriot
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6048:Zeus, Olympia
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Hera, Olympia
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:Mount Olympus
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:Sacred places
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Olympic Games
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:Homosexuality
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:Seleucid army
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4762:Delian League
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4738:
4735:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4718:Ionian League
4716:
4706:
4703:
4699: 560 BC
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Magna Graecia
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4164:
4160:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Palaestina II
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Cappadocia II
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Armenia Maior
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Alpes Cottiae
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3395:Tarraconensis
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Narbonensis I
3330:
3328:
3327:Aquitanica II
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Lugdunensis I
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:Constantine I
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Alpes Cottiae
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:0-86078-062-7
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2560:Hewsen, 48 f.
2557:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2512:Hewsen, 41 f.
2509:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:public domain
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:on 2015-07-24
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2385:Hewsen, 39 f.
2382:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2199:, on Perseus.
2198:
2194:
2189:
2183:, on Perseus.
2182:
2178:
2173:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:Pontic Greeks
1743:
1734:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1644:Pontic Greeks
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1402: 400 AD
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:New Testament
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1212:Greek culture
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:(or Kios) in
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1091:constraining
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
897:
888:
886:
882:
878:
875:, in ancient
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837: 370 BC
831:
830:
825:
817:
814:
802:
797:
795:
794:
789:
786:(472 BC) and
785:
784:
780:
770:
766:
762:
758:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
704:
698:
689:
683:
653:
649:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:Amasya trials
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
583:
582:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
557:
556:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:Modern Turkey
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
470:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
434:
433:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
371:
367:
366:
363:
362:
361:Pontic Greeks
358:
357:
353:
352:
343:
339:
335:
328:
323:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Pontic Greeks
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
205:Ethnic Groups
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
180:
175:
170:
165:
156:
153:
145:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103: –
102:
98:
97:Find sources:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:This article
73:
69:
64:
63:
60:
57:
48:40.6°N 38.0°E
19:
7322:Roman Pontus
6939:Dionysopolis
6909:Abonoteichos
6861:Pantikapaion
6451:Hybla Heraea
5787:Architecture
5743:Prostitution
5432:Aristophanes
5291:Philosophers
5261:Philosophers
5093:Spartan army
4824:(280–146 BC)
4812:(338–322 BC)
4806:(370–168 BC)
4794:(374–196 BC)
4788:(378–355 BC)
4770:(430–348 BC)
4764:(478–404 BC)
4758:(499–449 BC)
4449:
4445:Peloponnesus
4367:Roman Greece
4187:Spania (552)
4048:Palaestina I
4028:Euphratensis
3975:Helenopontus
3955:Cappadocia I
3862:Hellespontus
3761:Epirus Vetus
3728:Praevalitana
3643:of Illyricum
3433:Valentia (?)
3418:Britannia II
3322:Aquitanica I
3200:theme system
3165:
3004:
2793:
2630:
2610:
2592:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2508:
2497:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:the original
2439:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2303:
2297:
2286:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2124:
2120:
2110:
2092:Pontic Greek
2053:Apolas Lermi
1922:
1882:Christianity
1879:
1853:
1851:
1780:
1739:
1636:
1605:
1597:
1574:
1566:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1539:Helenopontus
1538:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1481:
1476:Argyroupolis
1463:
1426:Helenopontus
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1345:
1325:
1320:
1300:
1297:Roman Empire
1289:
1248:frontier to
1239:
1237:had fallen.
1216:
1185:
1183:
1152:
1122:
1111:
1053:
1004:
973:
971:or Chaldoi.
934:
920:states like
907:
827:
809:
798:
791:
781:
768:
764:
756:
651:
647:
646:
607:
427:Architecture
386:
359:
196:(modern-day
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
29:
7087:Place names
6999:Salmydessus
6821:Kalos Limen
6801:Chersonesus
6791:Borysthenes
6496:Tauromenion
6308:Metapontion
6070:Proto-Greek
6023:Erechtheion
6018:Athena Nike
5980:Philippeion
5809:Mathematics
5780:and science
5663:Agriculture
5527:Stesichorus
5437:Bacchylides
5427:Archilochus
5314:Antisthenes
5304:Anaximander
5276:Seven Sages
5266:Playwrights
5246:Geographers
5241:Astronomers
5068:Pezhetairos
4695: 1100
4675:Federations
4574:Megalopolis
4511:City states
4486:City states
4234:Justinian I
4106:Aegyptus II
4038:Mesopotamia
3985:Paphlagonia
3814:Haemimontus
3792:of the East
3756:Epirus Nova
3680:Pannonia II
3413:Britannia I
3274:Germania II
3105:'s reforms.
3037:Mesopotamia
2779:Paphlagonia
2596:Hewsen, 54.
2538:Hewsen, 47.
2526:Hewsen, 42.
2403:Hewsen, 40.
2394:Hewsen, 39.
2347:Hewsen, 46.
2335:Hewsen, 43.
2162:28 December
1914:1 Peter 1:1
1553:Paphlagonia
1472:Neocaesarea
1321:ora Pontica
1254:Paphlagonia
1231:Hellenistic
1179:Mithridates
957:Mossynoikoi
857:Hellenistic
849:Paphlagonia
740:Pontic Alps
584:Persecution
550:Sunni Islam
519:World War I
445:(including
344:bishoprics.
338:World War I
288:Neocaesarea
221:Mossynoikoi
142:August 2011
51: /
7301:Categories
6989:Polemonion
6866:Phanagoria
6836:Kimmerikon
6831:Kerkinitis
6816:Hermonassa
6806:Dioscurias
6702:Aspalathos
6649:Kalathousa
6624:Akra Leuke
6553:Phoenicusa
6338:Scylletium
6323:Poseidonia
6243:Brentesion
6130:Pamphylian
6125:Macedonian
6043:Samothrace
6028:Hephaestus
5975:Long Walls
5954:Structures
5895:Underworld
5841:Technology
5804:Literature
5738:Philosophy
5703:Euergetism
5592:By culture
5537:Thucydides
5379:Pythagoras
5374:Protagoras
5364:Parmenides
5349:Heraclitus
5334:Empedocles
5324:Democritus
5309:Anaximenes
5299:Anaxagoras
5251:Historians
4744: 595
4731: 550
4712: 800
4697: – c.
4625:Cappadocia
4430:Ionian Sea
4420:Hellespont
4385:Aegean Sea
4211:reconquest
4101:Aegyptus I
4063:Phoenice I
4018:Cilicia II
3925:Armenia II
3675:Pannonia I
3347:Viennensis
3269:Germania I
3264:Belgica II
3204:Asia Minor
3176:Diocletian
3103:Diocletian
2915:Cappadocia
2719:Cappadocia
2450:2015-07-28
2035:BlackBerry
1726:1,362,026
1703:1,444,087
1677:Armenians
1618:under the
1606:Following
1543:Armenia II
1526:Armenia II
1432:after his
1422:Diospontus
1384:Diocletian
1368:Polemonium
1341:Polemon II
1227:successors
1204:Pasargadae
1125:Asia Minor
1093:Prometheus
1085:Cimmerians
1040:Asia Minor
992:Cimmerians
910:Bronze Age
853:hinterland
779:Aeschylean
407:Folk dance
245:Cimmerians
213:Leukosyroi
112:newspapers
53:40.6; 38.0
7075:in Epirus
7024:Trapezous
6969:Mesambria
6954:Eupatoria
6924:Apollonia
6919:Anchialos
6881:Theodosia
6851:Nymphaion
6841:Myrmekion
6811:Gorgippia
6767:Black Sea
6752:Tragurion
6737:Nymphaion
6722:Epidauros
6717:Epidamnos
6707:Apollonia
6684:Zacynthos
6606:Ptolemais
6600:Apollonia
6573:Cyrenaica
6563:Therassía
6558:Strongyle
6538:Ereikousa
6461:Leontinoi
6401:Apollonia
6278:Hipponion
6075:Mycenaean
6038:Parthenon
5970:Lion Gate
5873:Mythology
5836:Sculpture
5799:Astronomy
5733:Pederasty
5708:Festivals
5693:Education
5573:Lawgivers
5542:Timocreon
5522:Sophocles
5517:Simonides
5492:Philocles
5487:Panyassis
5482:Mimnermus
5447:Herodotus
5442:Euripides
5412:Aeschylus
5359:Leucippus
5319:Aristotle
5098:Strategos
4964:Synedrion
4918:Ostracism
4898:Areopagus
4850:Free city
4645:Macedonia
4529:Byzantion
4435:Macedonia
4400:Cyrenaica
4377:Geography
4311:Geography
4013:Cilicia I
3965:Galatia I
3920:Armenia I
3887:Pamphylia
3819:Moesia II
3776:Thessalia
3553:Raetia II
3385:Lusitania
3380:Gallaecia
3370:Balearica
3259:Belgica I
3022:Macedonia
2910:Britannia
2774:Pamphylia
2239:161960753
2157:162611158
2141:0020-7438
2103:Citations
1910:Priscilla
1898:Acts 18:2
1894:Pentecost
1890:Jerusalem
1868:'s seven
1820:Macedonia
1796:romanized
1742:Trebizond
1688:1,047,889
1555:absorbed
1547:moderator
1514:Justinian
1246:Bithynian
1223:Antigonus
1129:satrapies
1069:Argonauts
980:Herodotus
961:Tibarenoi
951:, Mares,
949:Leucosyri
865:Byzantine
793:Histories
788:Herodotus
728:Black Sea
697:romanized
304:Trebizond
241:Armenians
237:Georgians
229:Tibarenoi
7124:Category
7102:Theatres
7029:Tripolis
6964:Kerasous
6959:Heraclea
6891:Tyritake
6846:Nikonion
6757:Thronion
6679:Salauris
6634:Emporion
6591:Berenice
6581:Balagrae
6533:Euonymos
6506:Tyndaris
6491:Syracuse
6486:Selinous
6456:Kamarina
6411:Casmenae
6396:Akrillai
6313:Neápolis
6248:Caulonia
6229:Mainland
6160:Linear B
6155:Linear A
6085:Dialects
6062:Language
5856:Religion
5814:Medicine
5748:Religion
5713:Folklore
5698:Emporium
5673:Clothing
5668:Calendar
5552:Xenophon
5547:Tyrtaeus
5532:Theognis
5507:Polybius
5502:Plutarch
5477:Menander
5457:Hipponax
5384:Socrates
5339:Epicurus
5185:Diadochi
5083:Sciritae
5043:Hetairoi
5018:Ballista
4983:Military
4946:Gerousia
4936:Ekklesia
4903:Ecclesia
4885:Athenian
4833:Politics
4746:–279 BC)
4733:–366 BC)
4714:–389 BC)
4650:Pergamon
4620:Bithynia
4613:Kingdoms
4554:Pergamon
4496:Military
4491:Politics
4288:Timeline
3980:Honorias
3950:Bithynia
3723:Moesia I
3718:Dardania
3660:Dalmatia
3581:Byzacena
3548:Raetia I
3496:Sardinia
3471:Campania
3449:of Italy
3172:dioceses
2945:Dalmatia
2860:Aegyptus
2843:(117 AD)
2754:Lycaonia
2714:Bithynia
2698:Anatolia
2652:Archived
2629:, 2000.
2276:Archived
2193:Εὔξεινος
2087:Lazistan
2060:See also
1886:Acts 2:9
1876:Religion
1816:genocide
1750:Devşirme
1671:Muslims
1635:Ottoman
1624:Ottomans
1620:Komnenos
1557:Honorias
1490:Rhizaeon
1460:as well.
1305:Heraclea
1118:Xenophon
1097:Caucasus
1081:Odysseus
1077:Heracles
1067:and the
1036:Anatolia
1000:Alyattes
969:Chalybes
953:Makrones
945:Iron Age
937:Assyrian
926:Hittites
829:Anabasis
824:Xenophon
813:En Póntō
806:Ἐν Πόντῳ
783:Persians
774:ὁ Πόντος
537:Religion
447:Oflidika
417:Clothing
336:" after
253:Persians
217:Makrones
209:Chalybes
194:Anatolia
189:Location
7144:Outline
7097:Temples
7034:Zaliche
7014:Thèrmae
7004:Sesamus
6974:Odessos
6949:Cytorus
6944:Cotyora
6694:Illyria
6659:Mainake
6654:Kypsela
6543:Hycesia
6501:Thermae
6481:Segesta
6471:Messana
6426:Helorus
6406:Calacte
6386:Akragas
6348:Sybaris
6333:Rhegion
6288:Krimisa
6238:Alision
6147:Writing
6120:Locrian
6110:Epirote
6080:Homeric
6013:Artemis
6000:Temples
5941:Olympia
5911:Eleusis
5846:Theatre
5831:Pottery
5758:Warfare
5753:Slavery
5688:Economy
5683:Cuisine
5678:Coinage
5655:Society
5640:Culture
5635:Society
5583:Tyrants
5422:Alcaeus
5404:Authors
5354:Hypatia
5344:Gorgias
5281:Writers
5103:Toxotai
5073:Sarissa
5063:Peltast
5058:Phalanx
5038:Hoplite
5033:Hippeis
4956:Macedon
4928:Spartan
4913:Heliaia
4860:Proxeny
4569:Larissa
4564:Kerkyra
4559:Eretria
4549:Miletus
4544:Ephesus
4539:Corinth
4534:Chalcis
4455:Taurica
4325:Periods
4306:History
4177:Taurica
4111:Arcadia
4073:Syria I
4043:Osroene
4033:Isauria
3892:Pisidia
3867:Islands
3834:Thracia
3829:Scythia
3824:Rhodope
3543:Aemilia
3539:Liguria
3511:Valeria
3501:Sicilia
3491:Samnium
3476:Corsica
3365:Baetica
3237:of Gaul
3192:Ravenna
3157:History
3082:Thracia
3072:Sicilia
3052:Noricum
2955:Galatia
2920:Cilicia
2900:Assyria
2890:Armenia
2789:Pisidia
2784:Phrygia
2749:Isauria
2739:Galatia
2729:Cilicia
2496:(ed.).
2486::
2231:4132387
2066:Amaseia
1971:Amaseia
1906:Corinth
1858:Turkish
1826:Present
1798::
1721:50,624
1716:353,533
1711:957,866
1693:351,104
1674:Greeks
1668:Source
1657:Millets
1637:vilayet
1610:to the
1585:Chaldia
1561:praetor
1486:Athanae
1360:Galatia
1337:Colchis
1319:), the
1307:(today
1250:Colchis
1208:satraps
1200:eunuchs
1196:Iranian
1184:As the
1159:Persian
1133:Iranian
1095:to the
1073:Colchis
1007:Persian
996:Lydians
984:Phrygia
918:Hurrian
891:History
873:Amazons
845:Georgia
841:Colchis
722:) is a
711:
699::
471:History
463:Turkish
443:Romeika
392:Cuisine
308:Trabzon
261:Hemshin
126:scholar
39:38°00′E
36:40°36′N
18:Pontica
7134:Portal
7082:People
7070:Cities
7009:Sinope
6994:Rhizos
6984:Phasis
6934:Bathus
6929:Athina
6914:Amisos
6876:Tanais
6871:Pityus
6796:Charax
6747:Pharos
6742:Orikon
6639:Helike
6629:Alonis
6596:Cyrene
6528:Didyme
6441:Himera
6416:Catana
6378:Sicily
6368:Thurii
6363:Terina
6328:Pixous
6283:Hydrus
6258:Croton
6090:Aeolic
6008:Aphaea
5931:Dodona
5916:Delphi
5885:Temple
5561:Others
5512:Sappho
5497:Pindar
5472:Lucian
5467:Ibycus
5452:Hesiod
5389:Thales
5157:Rulers
5136:People
5113:Xyston
5108:Xiphos
4969:Koinon
4875:Tyrant
4865:Stasis
4855:Koinon
4655:Pontus
4630:Epirus
4599:Sparta
4589:Rhodes
4584:Megara
4579:Thebes
4524:Athens
4450:Pontus
4415:Epirus
4405:Cyprus
4390:Aeolis
4229:in 536
4023:Cyprus
4008:Arabia
3809:Europa
3746:Achaea
3196:Africa
3067:Raetia
3012:Iudaea
3006:Italia
2950:Epirus
2935:Cyprus
2855:Achaia
2794:Pontus
2709:Aeolis
2617:
2580:
2492:". In
2490:Pontus
2480:
2310:
2262:, 420.
2237:
2229:
2177:πόντος
2155:
2149:162721
2147:
2139:
2037:phones
2004:Samsun
1967:Strabo
1937:Lazica
1902:Aquila
1866:Turkey
1718:25.96%
1713:70.33%
1698:45,094
1695:24.31%
1690:72.56%
1680:Total
1589:Seljuk
1456:, and
1450:Andres
1446:Amasia
1442:Sinope
1438:Amisus
1434:mother
1380:Gothic
1376:Trajan
1370:; and
1317:Samsun
1313:Amisus
1311:) and
1309:Ereğli
1292:Pompey
1256:, and
1061:Sinope
988:Greeks
885:Strabo
769:Pontos
744:Greeks
736:Turkey
724:region
703:Póntos
692:Πόντος
652:Pontos
648:Pontus
387:Pontos
296:Sinope
292:Niksar
284:Amasya
280:Amasia
265:Chepni
198:Turkey
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
7092:Stoae
7060:Lists
6979:Oinòe
6902:coast
6900:South
6886:Tyras
6856:Olbia
6826:Kepoi
6779:coast
6777:North
6770:basin
6712:Aulon
6674:Rhode
6586:Barca
6476:Naxos
6431:Henna
6391:Akrai
6358:Taras
6343:Siris
6303:Medma
6298:Locri
6263:Cumae
6253:Chone
6231:Italy
6137:Koine
6115:Ionic
6105:Doric
6100:Attic
5921:Delos
5819:Music
5462:Homer
5417:Aesop
5369:Plato
5271:Poets
4941:Ephor
4893:Agora
4870:Tagus
4845:Boule
4594:Samos
4519:Argos
4425:Ionia
4410:Doris
4395:Crete
3882:Lydia
3877:Lycia
3857:Caria
3751:Creta
3685:Savia
3077:Syria
2940:Dacia
2799:Troad
2769:Mysia
2764:Lydia
2759:Lycia
2744:Ionia
2734:Doris
2724:Caria
2235:S2CID
2227:JSTOR
2153:S2CID
2145:JSTOR
1787:Greek
1723:3.72%
1700:3.12%
1454:Ibora
1167:Mysia
1065:Jason
965:Tzans
941:Muški
930:Kaška
914:Hatti
861:Roman
801:Halys
688:Greek
576:Urums
458:Greek
411:serra
397:Music
300:Sinop
269:Turks
225:Muški
133:JSTOR
119:books
7019:Tium
6786:Akra
6727:Issa
6421:Gela
6293:Laüs
6268:Elea
5926:Dion
5778:Arts
5768:Wine
5394:Zeno
4991:Wars
3852:Asia
3194:and
2895:Asia
2615:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2253:apud
2164:2021
2137:ISSN
1933:Poti
1852:The
1781:The
1646:and
1488:and
1468:Side
1458:Zela
1393:The
1348:Nero
1163:Cius
1153:The
1137:Zela
1089:Zeus
1059:for
974:The
967:and
879:and
863:and
820:lit.
708:lit.
453:Urum
401:lyra
267:and
257:Jews
105:news
5723:Law
3541:et
2219:doi
2129:doi
1931:of
1659:in
1428:by
1071:to
1038:or
1015:Laz
887:).
826:'s
734:of
717:sea
650:or
422:Art
302:),
294:),
286:),
233:Laz
88:by
7303::
4741:c.
4728:c.
4709:c.
4692:c.
3180:c.
3178:,
2531:^
2517:^
2459:^
2438:.
2426:^
2340:^
2322:^
2233:.
2225:.
2215:67
2213:.
2151:.
2143:.
2135:.
2123:.
2119:.
1939:.
1916:,
1896:;
1884:.
1860::
1793:,
1789::
1773:.
1572:.
1474:,
1452:,
1448:,
1444:,
1413::
1399:c.
1362:;
1350:a
1343:.
1017:.
1002:.
963:,
959:,
955:,
943:.
859:,
834:c.
818:,
790:'
706:,
694:,
690::
686:;
263:,
259:,
251:,
247:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
7178:e
7171:t
7164:v
6602:)
6598:(
4739:(
4726:(
4707:(
4701:)
4690:(
4677:/
4269:e
4262:t
4255:v
3136:e
3129:t
3122:v
2833:e
2826:t
2819:v
2689:e
2682:t
2675:v
2586:.
2453:.
2375:.
2316:.
2241:.
2221::
2166:.
2131::
2125:2
1856:(
1785:(
1563:.
1549:.
1315:(
832:(
816:)
810:(
771:(
765:)
757:(
720:'
714:'
682:/
679:s
676:ə
673:t
670:n
667:ɒ
664:p
661:ˈ
658:/
654:(
636:e
629:t
622:v
598:)
594:(
449:)
413:)
409:(
403:)
399:(
310:)
306:(
298:(
290:(
282:(
200:)
155:)
149:(
144:)
140:(
130:·
123:·
116:·
109:·
82:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
