614:... with what victims, upon what days, and at what temples the sacred rites were to be performed, and from what funds the money was to be taken to defray the expenses. He also placed all other religious institutions, public and private, under the control of the decrees of the pontiff, to the end that there might be some authority to whom the people should come to ask advice, to prevent any confusion in the divine worship being caused by their neglecting the ceremonies of their own country, and adopting foreign ones. He further ordained that the same pontiff should instruct the people not only in the ceremonies connected with the heavenly deities, but also in the due performance of funeral solemnities, and how to appease the shades of the dead; and what
393:
183:
856:, peasants found two stone coffers, eight feet long and four feet wide, inscribed both in Latin and in Greek characters, one stating that Numa Pompilus, son of Pompon, king of the Romans was buried (there) and the other that Numa's books were inside it. When Petilius after the advice of his friends opened it, the one that was inscribed with the name of the king was found empty, the other containing two bundles each of seven books, not complete but looking very recent, seven in Latin dealing with pontifical law and seven in Greek of philosophy as it was in that remote past.
415:, who, according to legend, taught him to be a wise legislator. According to Livy, Numa claimed that he held nightly consultations with Egeria on the proper manner of instituting sacred rites for the city. Numa then appointed the priests for each of the deities. Plutarch suggests that he played on superstition to give himself an aura of awe and divine allure, in order to cultivate more gentle behaviour among the warlike early Romans: honoring the gods, abiding by law, behaving humanely to enemies, and living proper, respectable lives.
544:, a god of boundaries. Through this rite, which involved sacrifices at private properties, boundaries and landmarks, Numa reportedly sought to instill in Romans the respect of lawful property and non-violent relationships with neighbours. The cult of Terminus, preached Numa, involved absence of violence and murder. The god was a testament to justice and a keeper of peace. In a somehow comparable, more moral rather than legal fashion, Numa sought to associate himself with one of the roles of
2868:
40:
803:(villages). According to Plutarch, he divided the existing land among indigent people in Rome, and persuaded them to work in agriculture, thinking it would reduce aggressivity, and eliminate poverty and consequently crime. He considered agriculture as an occupation that "fostering character rather than wealth". Plutarch suggests, the forbidding by Numa of making a sacrifice without a meal and from unpruned vines was intended to make people work in agriculture.
1890:
430:) and Livy record that at his request he was buried along with these "sacred books", preferring that the rules and rituals they prescribed be preserved in the living memory of the state priests, rather than preserved as relics subject to forgetfulness and disuse. About half of these books—Plutarch and Livy differ on their number—were thought to cover the priesthoods he had established or developed, including the
1878:
306:
860:
brought the case to the tribunes of the plebs, and the tribunes in turn brought it to the senate. The praetor declared he was ready to swear an oath that it was not a good thing either to read or to store those books, and the senate deliberated that the offer of the oath was sufficient by itself, that the books be burnt on the
791:: "They were introduced, as Plutarch says, by Numa; who finding, upon his accession, the city torn to pieces by the two rival factions of Sabines, and Romans, thought it a prudent and politic measure, to subdivide these two into many smaller ones, by instituting separate societies of every manual trade and profession."
758:, in remote antiquity, whether he was a demi-god or a king, was a patron of civil and social order, and is said to have lifted human life out of its bestial and savage state. For this reason he is represented with two faces, implying that he brought men's lives out of one sort and condition into another."
826:
Plutarch depict Numa as a powerful peacemaker. Making the Romans more peaceful was one of his main targets from the beginning of the kingship and many of his actions were directly or indirectly intended to achieve this aim. He succeeded so much that the situation was even better than described in the
687:
Plutarch records some of these, such as sacrificing an uneven number of victims to the heavenly gods and an even number to the nether gods; the prohibition of making libations to the gods with wine; the prohibition of sacrificing without flour; the necessity of making a complete turn on oneself while
609:
quibus hostiis, quibus diebus, ad quae templa sacra fierent atque unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur. Cetera quoque omnia publica privataque sacra pontificis scitis subiecit, ut esset quo consultum plebes veniret, ne quid divini iuris negligendo patrios ritus peregrinosque adsciscendo turbaretur.
592:
Livy begins with the priesthoods which Numa established. Numa created a residentiary flamen to
Jupiter endowed with regal insignia, who could carry out the sacred functions of the royal office, which Numa usually discharged: Numa did so to avoid the neglect of the rites whenever the king went to war,
875:
Francophone scholars A. Delatte and J. Carcopino believe the incident to be the result of a real initiative of the pythagoric sect of Rome. The fears of the Roman authorities should be explained in connection to the nature of the doctrines contained in the books, which are supposed to have contained
833:
According to
Plutarch, any conflicts were excluded not only from Rome but from all Italy. The roads became safe and feasts and festivals prevailed. Nobody tried to hurt Numa, to take his place. When Numa died, from natural causes, people friendly to Rome come from many places to honour him. Plutarch
337:
At first, Numa refused the offer of kingship. He argued that Rome, under the influence of
Romulus's rule, was still a country of war. It needed a ruler who would lead their armies, not someone who lived a life of piety and reflection. However, his father and Sabine kinsmen, including his teacher and
871:
The action of the praetor has been seen as politically motivated, and in accord with the
Catonian reaction of those years. It is relevant though that some of the annalists of those times or only a few years later, do not seem to show any doubt about the authenticity of the books. The whole incident
779:
So, distinguishing the whole people by the several arts and trades, he formed the companies of musicians, goldsmiths, carpenters, dyers, shoemakers, skinners, braziers, and potters; and all other handicraftsmen he composed and reduced into a single company, appointing every one their proper courts,
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Plutarch, in like manner, tells of the early religion of the Romans, that it was imageless and spiritual. He says Numa "forbade the Romans to represent the deity in the form either of man or of beast. Nor was there among them formerly any image or statue of the Divine Being; during the first one
859:
The books were shown to other people and the fact became public. Praetor Q. Petilius, who was friends with L. Petilius, requested them, found them very dangerous to religion and told Lucius he would have them burnt, but he allowed him to try and recover them by legal or other means. The scriba
638:(Faith) and commanded the three major flamines to be carried to her temple in an arched chariot and to perform the service with their hands wrapped up to the fingers, meaning Faith had to be sacred as in men's right hand; among many other rites he instituted he dedicated places of the
333:
in rotation, each for five days in a row. In 715 BC, after much bickering between the factions of
Romulus (the Romans) and Tatius (the Sabines), a compromise was reached, and the Senate elected the Sabine Numa, who was approximately forty years of age, as the next king.
715:
hundred and seventy years they built temples, indeed, and other sacred domes, but placed in them no figure of any kind; persuaded that it is impious to represent things Divine by what is perishable, and that we can have no conception of God but by the understanding".
818:, for "admitting to the enjoyment of the yearly fruits of the earth those who had helped to produce them". Plutarch suggest the timing could be in the memory of "Saturnian age" "when there was neither slave nor master, but all were regarded as kinsmen and equals."
904:
claimed that King Numa
Pompilius was influenced by Mosaic law, and due to this refrained from making human images in sculpture. Modern scholars do not accept this claim, as there were no known contacts between the early Kings of Rome and the ancient Hebrews.
880:, a partly moral and partly cosmological interpretation of religious beliefs that has been proven by Delatte to be proper of the ancient pythagorism. Part of it must have been in contradiction with the beliefs of fulgural and augural art and of the
496:
fell from the sky and was brought to Numa. He declared that Egeria had told him it was a gift from
Jupiter, to be used for Rome's protection. He ordered ceremonies to give thanks for the gift, and quickly brought about an end to the plague. The
830:"And on the iron-bound shield-handles lie the tawneyº spiders' webs"; "rust now subdues the sharp-pointed spears and two-edged swords; no longer is the blast of brazen trumpets heard, nor are the eyelids robbed of delicious sleep."
872:
has been critically analyzed again by philologist E. Peruzzi, who by comparing the different versions, strives to demonstrate the overall authenticity of the books. By contrast, M.J. Pena's position is more reserved and critical.
735:
course, but adjusted to be in accordance with the solstitial revolution. It was during this time that the months of
January and February were introduced. Numa also made the distinction of the days being either profane or sacred.
938:, and when reviewing the seven kings of Rome he lauded Numa as pious, peaceable, and "a man not only well worth seeing for his physical appearance but also equipped with all sorts of mental virtues, and a lover of all wisdom."
365:(the "Swift") with which Romulus permanently surrounded himself. This gesture is variously interpreted as self-protection in the face of their questionable loyalty, a sign of Numa's humility, or a sign of peace and moderation.
834:
put this in contrast to the policies and the destiny of his predecessors and successors: Romulus who is depicted as war-king and the 5 kings after him, from which 4 were killed and 1 dethroned and expelled from Rome.
631:
Livy continues saying Numa dedicated an altar to
Jupiter Elicius as the source of religious knowledge, and consulted the god by means of auguries as to what should be expiated; he instituted a yearly festival to
548:
in the religious system of the neighbouring
Etruscans, by deciding to set the official boundaries of the territory of Rome, which Romulus had never wanted, presumably with the same concern of preserving peace.
383:
Rome had two kings in succession who differed in their methods. According to Livy, Romulus was a king of war while Numa was a king of peace, and thus Rome was well versed in both the arts of war and peace.
488:
Numa, supported and prepared by Egeria, reportedly held a battle of wits with Jupiter himself, through an apparition whereby Numa sought to gain a protective ritual against lightning strikes and thunder.
918:
recalled Numa alongside Romulus as two of the Roman state's founders, with Numa being the one who first "organised and enhanced , by means of laws." In a similar manner, the Coptic monophysite bishop
199:, Numa was the youngest of Pomponius's four sons, born on the day of Rome's founding (traditionally, 21 April 753 BC). He lived a severe life of discipline and banished all luxury from his home.
368:
Based on Roman chronology, Numa died of old age in 672 BC. After a reign of 43 years, he was about 81 years old. At his request, he was not cremated, but instead buried in a stone coffin on the
605:
as pontiff. To him, he bestowed all the sacred ceremonies, his books and seals. The following words of this passage have been considered a systematic summary exposition of Roman religion:
610:
Nec celestes modo caerimonias sed iusta quoque funebria placandosque manes ut idem pontificem edoceret, quaeque prodigia fulminibus a Iove quo visu missa susciperentur atque curarentur.
537:, a road in the city. After securing peace with Rome's neighbours, the doors of the temples were shut and remained so for the duration of Numa's reign, a unique case in Roman history.
926:, consort of Justinian, to four prominent figures of Roman history (Romulus, Numa, Caesar, Augustus), citing her reforms aimed at eradicating prostitution. In the 11th century,
864:
as soon as possible and that an indemnity fixed by the praetor and the tribunes be paid to the owner. L. Petilius though declined to accept the sum. The books were burnt by the
297:
respectively traced their descent. Other more skeptical authors, still according to Plutarch, believed these were fictional genealogies to enhance the status of these families.
342:, Numa, after being summoned by the Senate from Cures, was offered the tokens of power amid an enthusiastic reception by the people of Rome. He requested, however, that an
462:) at the occasion of a natural accident that exposed the tomb. They were examined by the Senate, deemed to be inappropriate for disclosure to the people, and burned.
3268:
411:. In addition to the endorsement by Jupiter, he is supposed to have had a direct and personal relationship with a number of deities, most famously the nymph
458:). According to Plutarch, these books were recovered some four hundred years later (in reality almost five hundred years, i. e. in 181 BC according to Livy
589:
Livy and Dionysius give a largely concordant picture of the vast founding work carried out by Numa concerning Roman religion and religious institutions.
517:
influence, attributing the connection to the Sabine culture of Numa, for "Numa was descended of the Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony of the
1353:
558:, King Numa had eleven matching shields made, so perfect that no one, even Numa, could distinguish the original from the copies. These shields were the
628:, victims, as the first competence of the pontiffs: following this come the days, temples, money, other sacred ceremonies, funerals and prodigies.
593:
for he saw the warlike attitude of the Romans. He also created the flamines of Mars and Quirinus, as well as the Vestal virgins and the twelfth
3273:
1438:
Fasti Praenestini II 13, 2, 123 Degrassi as cited by Capdeville. Marcus Iunius Brutus the founder of the Roman Republic was able to call the
586:. Plutarch adds that they were then at the number of two, were later augmented to four by Servius Tullius, and stayed thus through the ages.
338:
the father of Numa's son-in-law, Marcus, along with an embassy of two senators from Rome, together persuaded him to accept. In Plutarch and
3366:
1179:
1005:
Pompon in Plutarch and Dionysius. The Sabine form of the name was Pompos, not Pomponius as is often supposed, which like Pompilius is a
459:
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3351:
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devotes much more space to Numa's religious reforms. In his account the institution of eight priesthoods is attributed to Numa:
418:
Numa was said to have authored several "sacred books" in which he had written down divine teachings, mostly from Egeria and the
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by the next reason: "he wished in every case that martial influences should yield precedence to civil and political. For this
310:
237:
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211:, to Numa. After 13 years of marriage, Tatia died, precipitating Numa's retirement to the countryside. According to
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Numa forbade fathers to sell their sons into slavery if the son had married according to the will of the father.
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origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions are attributed to him, such as the
3079:
1882:
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Académie royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la classe de la classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques
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Numa Pompilius continued to be remembered well into the later centuries of the Eastern Roman Empire. Composing
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of the prodigies. Most ancient authors relate the presence of treatises of pythagoric philosophy, but some, as
208:
188:
578:, in honour of Romulus, in addition to those of Jupiter and Mars that already existed. Numa also brought the
530:
1894:
2422:
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were favourable. Thus approved by the Roman and Sabine people and the heavens, he took up his position as
1951:
1864:
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2014:
885:
645:
463:
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Many actions and institutions are attributed to Numa. In some of them, Plutarch thought he detected a
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17:
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680:, who were the bodyguard of the king but who also took part in some religious ceremonies; and the
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728:
392:
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401:
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According to Plutarch, Numa's first act was to disband the personal guard of 300 so-called
240:. Pompilia's mother is variously identified as Numa's first wife Tatia, or his second wife
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should divine the opinion of the gods on the prospect of his kingship before he accepted.
8:
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438:
347:
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Gilman, Arthur. "The Story of Rome from the Earliest Times to the End of the Republic".
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The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325
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Colman, John (2015). "The Philosopher-King and the City in Plutarch's Life of Numa".
562:, the sacred shields of Jupiter, which were carried each year in a procession by the
330:
102:
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According to Plutarch, Numa permitted slaves to feast with their masters during the
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Plutarch reports that some authors credited Pompilius with only a single daughter,
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83:
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2008:
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as an indicator of peace and war. The temple was constructed at the foot of the
168:, the cult of Mars, the cult of Jupiter, the cult of Romulus, and the office of
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Mark Silk (2004). "Numa Pompilius and the Idea of Civil Religion in the West".
1809:
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sent by lightning or any other phenomenon were to be attended to and expiated.
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165:
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1967:
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355:
326:
290:
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145:
55:
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1207:"Forty-three years...He was something over eighty years old when he died."
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2250:
2187:
2182:
915:
732:
322:
153:
39:
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Hooker, Edna M. (1963). "The Significance of Numa's Religious Reforms".
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Other authors, according to Plutarch, additionally gave Numa five sons,
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with an intent to provide pedagogical models for his student, Emperor
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became a sacred relic of the Romans and was placed in the care of the
233:, but discredit it as chronologically and geographically implausible.
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Roma e la filosofia greca dalle origini alla fine del II secolo a. C.
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Numa was credited with dividing the immediate territory of Rome into
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254:, also named Numa Marcius, and by him gave birth to the future king
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2214:
2209:
2058:
1804:
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1593:
1574:
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1536:
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Rüpke, Jörg (2011). "The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine".
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Numa was traditionally celebrated by the Romans for his wisdom and
314:
269:), Pinus, Calpus, Mamercus, and Numa, from whom the noble families
226:
196:
46:
1889:
1689:
A. Delatte "Les doctrines pythagoriciennes des livres de Numa" in
1599:
Plutarch, The Parallel Lives Comparison of Lycurgus and Numa ch. 1
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2798:
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2313:
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2080:
1978:
1911:
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Livy narrates that, in 181 BC, while digging in the field of the
747:
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hints that they were actually kept as a very close secret by the
362:
305:
149:
73:
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and a colleague of Romulus, gave in marriage his only daughter,
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Plutarch, "The parallel lives, Numa Pompilius, §XIV" and Ovid
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772:
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731:, which divided the year into twelve months according to the
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refer to the story that Numa was instructed in philosophy by
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Numa Pompilius shown as an effigy on a Roman coin minted by
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Documenti sacerdotali di Roma antica. I. Libri e commentari
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The Parallel Lives : Numa ch. 6, 8, 12, 16, 19, 20, 22
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says that Numa may be credited with "originally inventing"
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Numa mostly preferred bloodless and not costly sacrifices.
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and their rituals. The other books dealt with philosophy (
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The sources on the episode are collected in G. Garbarino
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priests. Numa also established the office and duties of
244:. Pompilia is said to have married the son of the first
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Numa is reputed to have constrained the two minor gods
668:, who were in charge of tending the sacrifices of the
1332:
Plutarch, "The parallel lives, Numa Pompilius, §XIII"
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Plutarch, "The parallel lives, Numa Pompilius, §XXII"
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Plutarch, "The parallel lives, Numa Pompilius, §VIII"
1839:
Unearthing Rome's king from the History News Network
1379:
Plutarch, "The Parallel Lives, Numa Pompilius, §VII"
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Plutarch, "The Parallel Lives, Numa Pompilius, §XVI"
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Another creation attributed to Numa was the cult of
1508:(Loeb Classical Library 1914 ed.). p. 373
529:One of Numa's first acts was the construction of a
1043:
492:Once, when a plague was ravaging the population,
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1698:La basilique pythagoricienne de la Porte majeure
1340:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1300:As noted by Gerard Walter, editor of Plutarch's
983:"Numa Pompilius | Biography, Reign, & Facts"
1270:
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1034:
1673:M. J. Pena "La tumba y los libros de Numa" in
1312:
1310:
771:Numa established the traditional occupational
697:is ascribed to Numa, too, by ancient sources.
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1952:
1505:Plutarch, The Parallel Lives The Life of Numa
1475:The Parallel Lives : Numa, ch. 8, 15, 16
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1335:
1323:
1220:Livy. "The History of Rome, Books 01 to 08".
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684:, who were in charge of official divination.
317:. Piso himself claimed descent from the king.
1490:Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
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552:Recognizing the paramount importance of the
1846:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
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750:the first month in the calendar instead of
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2049:
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1959:
1945:
1664:Bologna 1973 pp. 107 ff. as cited by Sini.
1442:exactly for the reason that his office of
38:
1843:
1713:Delatte p. 33 as cited by Dumézil p. 447.
509:Rules and institutions attributed to Numa
321:After the death of Romulus, there was an
1726:XIII 87 as cited by Dumézil p. 447 n. 8.
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1017:
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570:and instituted (Plutarch's version) the
391:
304:
181:
140:753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the
219:immediately before being elected king.
14:
3309:
1580:The Parallel Lives : Numa, ch. 17
1561:The Parallel Lives : Numa, ch. 14
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1215:
1213:
1134:
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1095:The Parallel Lives : Numa, ch. 21
1049:Plutarch, "The Life of Coriolanus", 1.
780:councils, and observances. (Plutarch)
2411:
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2030:
1940:
1487:
1012:
325:of one year, in which members of the
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1611:
1592:
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1535:
1468:
1088:
977:
975:
387:
3367:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid
1210:
1163:
891:
24:
2866:
1680:1979 pp. 211 ff. as cited by Sini.
1364:
1358:
888:, mention only religious decrees.
25:
3378:
1966:
1870:
1137:Perspectives on Political Science
1040:Plutarch, "The Life of Numa", 21.
972:
746:mention that Numa Pompilius made
688:praying and worshiping the gods.
186:Fantasy depiction of Numa in the
3357:7th-century BC religious leaders
3352:8th-century BC religious leaders
1888:
1876:
1700:1926 p. 185 as cited by Dumézil
1542:The Parallel Lives: Numa, ch. 16
1304:, La Pléïade, volume n°63, 1967.
1219:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1738:
1729:
1716:
1707:
1683:
1667:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1605:
1586:
1567:
1548:
1529:
1520:
1496:
1481:
1462:
1449:
1432:
1403:
1382:
1347:
1294:
1277:
1256:
1185:
1128:
1101:
27:King of Rome from 715 to 672 BC
1865:Numa on the Ara Pacis Augustae
1082:
1065:
1052:
999:
960:
794:
189:Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
13:
1:
1696:1936 pp. 19-40; J. Carcopino
953:
821:
137:
1832:
1149:10.1080/10457097.2014.900321
524:
313:during the reign of Emperor
177:
7:
1702:La religione romana arcaica
941:
718:
300:
10:
3383:
2925:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2864:
2095:On the Malice of Herodotus
2015:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
1798:
1793:
1418:Roman History, Books I-III
896:The Christian philosopher
838:Story of the books of Numa
806:
646:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
464:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3256:
3218:
3192:
3161:
3120:
3048:
2964:
2943:
2920:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2877:
2741:
2466:
2449:
2388:
2352:
2111:
2065:
2003:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
1974:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1813:, Life of Numa Pompilius.
1634:Sassari 1983 p. 22 n. 75.
766:
761:
133:[ˈnʊmapɔmˈpɪliʊs]
111:
101:
93:
89:
79:
69:
61:
54:
44:Numa depicted on a 48 BC
37:
32:
3179:Rape of the Sabine Women
1704:Milano 1977 p. 447 n. 8.
1647:Torino 1973 I pp. 64 ff.
969:, Rice University, note
708:were attributed to him.
3347:7th-century BC monarchs
3332:8th-century BC monarchs
3184:Battle of Lacus Curtius
2353:Translators and editors
1122:10.1163/156852763X00043
1079:Firenze 1970 p. 142 ff.
987:Encyclopedia Britannica
911:Novellae Constitutiones
350:was consulted, and the
2871:
2439:Ancient Roman religion
1446:entitled him to do so.
1410:Livius, Titus (1904).
914:, 7th-century Emperor
782:
620:
404:
396:Numa Pompilius at the
318:
311:Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso
192:
3342:7th-century BC Romans
3327:8th-century BC Romans
3317:8th-century BC births
2870:
1858:10.1093/jaarel/lfh082
1175:Ab urbe condita libri
1009:adjectival formation.
898:Clement of Alexandria
777:
607:
481:into delivering some
456:disciplina sapientiae
402:Jean Guillaume Moitte
395:
308:
185:
3064:Interpretatio graeca
1885:at Wikimedia Commons
1735:Dumezil p. 447 n. 8.
1182:"Numa forty-three."
886:Sempronius Tuditanus
372:, near the altar of
3264:Classical mythology
3085:Theology of victory
2930:Kings of Alba Longa
2128:Alexander the Great
2017:(535–510 BC/509 BC)
967:The Galileo Project
852:at the foot of the
723:By tradition, Numa
660:, augurs, vestals,
485:of things to come.
2872:
2365:Arthur Hugh Clough
1302:The parallel lives
1124:– via JSTOR.
1073:Le origini di Roma
936:Michael VII Doukas
785:William Blackstone
691:The ritual of the
405:
319:
215:, Numa resided at
193:
3362:Classical oracles
3304:
3303:
3281:Etruscan religion
2895:Romulus and Remus
2878:Legendary figures
2862:
2861:
2511:Castor and Pollux
2405:
2404:
2392:Comparison extant
2322:Tiberius Gracchus
2088:De genio Socratis
2024:
2023:
1935:
1934:
1926:Succeeded by
1904:Legendary titles
1893:Works related to
1881:Media related to
1782:Michael Psellos,
1526:1 Bl. Comm. 456-7
1367:Project Gutenberg
1354:Vegoia and Egeria
1223:Project Gutenberg
601:. Then, he chose
388:Agent of the gods
152:after a one-year
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3374:
3174:Founding of Rome
2944:Legendary beings
2905:Tullus Hostilius
2742:Abstract deities
2601:Lares Familiares
2464:
2463:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2375:Philemon Holland
2264:Cato the Younger
2144:Aratus of Sicyon
2051:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2027:
1991:Tullus Hostilius
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1929:Tullus Hostilius
1909:Preceded by
1901:
1900:
1892:
1880:
1861:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1747:, vol. 4, p. 398
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1444:tribunus celerum
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1010:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
979:
970:
964:
922:likened Empress
892:Later traditions
568:Pontifex Maximus
378:Tullus Hostilius
247:pontifex maximus
171:pontifex maximus
139:
135:
130:
84:Tullus Hostilius
42:
30:
29:
21:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3296:Myth and ritual
3291:Greek mythology
3252:
3214:
3210:Pignora imperii
3205:Parabiago Plate
3188:
3157:
3116:
3050:
3044:
3026:Sibylline Books
2960:
2939:
2910:Servius Tullius
2873:
2858:
2737:
2453:
2445:
2436:
2406:
2401:
2384:
2348:
2335:Aemilius Paulus
2107:
2103:Pseudo-Plutarch
2061:
2055:
2025:
2020:
2009:Servius Tullius
1970:
1965:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1873:
1835:
1822:Ab urbe condita
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1769:John of Nikiû,
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:Natural History
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1688:
1684:
1672:
1668:
1658:Origini di Roma
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1413:Ab Urbe Condita
1408:
1404:
1394:Ab urbe condita
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1289:Ab urbe condita
1282:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1247:Ab urbe condita
1240:
1231:
1218:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1168:
1164:
1133:
1129:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1024:Ab urbe condita
1020:
1013:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
981:
980:
973:
965:
961:
956:
944:
928:Michael Psellos
894:
840:
824:
809:
797:
769:
764:
729:calendar reform
721:
678:tribuni celerum
622:Livy lists the
613:
612:
611:
531:temple of Janus
527:
511:
428:Valerius Antias
390:
380:succeeded him.
303:
180:
127:Classical Latin
125:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:Pythagoreanism
3145:
3143:Peripateticism
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:The Golden Ass
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2956:Barnacle goose
2953:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Numa Pompilius
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:Four unpaired
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2326:Gaius Gracchus
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2165:Cato the Elder
2158:
2141:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2077:
2074:Parallel Lives
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1985:Numa Pompilius
1982:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:Numa Pompilius
1886:
1883:Numa Pompilius
1872:
1871:External links
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1810:Parallel Lives
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1737:
1728:
1715:
1706:
1682:
1666:
1649:
1636:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1566:
1547:
1528:
1519:
1495:
1480:
1461:
1448:
1431:
1402:
1381:
1372:
1357:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1306:
1293:
1276:
1264:
1255:
1229:
1209:
1197:Parallel Lives
1184:
1162:
1127:
1100:
1081:
1064:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1011:
998:
971:
958:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
943:
940:
893:
890:
878:physikòs lógos
839:
836:
823:
820:
808:
805:
796:
793:
768:
765:
763:
760:
744:Parallel Lives
720:
717:
580:Vestal Virgins
526:
523:
519:Lacedaemonians
510:
507:
494:a brass shield
389:
386:
340:Livy's account
329:exercised the
302:
299:
203:, king of the
179:
176:
166:Vestal Virgins
162:Roman calendar
122:Numa Pompilius
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
43:
35:
34:
33:Numa Pompilius
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3379:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Kings of Rome
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:673 BC deaths
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Imperial cult
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:and practices
3047:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:Metamorphoses
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Ancus Marcius
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Tranquillitas
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:Dii Consentes
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
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2360:Jacques Amyot
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2166:
2162:
2159:
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2149:
2145:
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2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:Julius Caesar
2129:
2126:
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2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:Ancus Marcius
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:Kings of Rome
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1930:
1923:715–673/2 BC
1921:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1897:at Wikisource
1896:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1879:
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1852:(4): 863–96.
1851:
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1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1785:
1784:Chronographia
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1756:Justinian I,
1753:
1746:
1741:
1732:
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1016:
1008:
1002:
988:
984:
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976:
968:
963:
959:
949:
948:Pompilia gens
946:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:Chronographia
929:
925:
921:
920:John of Nikiû
917:
913:
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903:
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887:
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706:indigitamenta
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627:
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619:
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606:
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599:Mars Gradivus
596:
590:
587:
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582:to Rome from
581:
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256:Ancus Marcius
253:
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41:
36:
31:
19:
3200:Gubernaculum
3169:Golden Bough
3138:Neoplatonism
3133:Epicureanism
3062:
3035:
3016:
2997:
2990:
2976:
2899:
2481:Anna Perenna
2455:
2396:
2380:Thomas North
2340:Themistocles
2291:Gaius Marius
2232:
2135:
2079:
2072:
2011:(578–535 BC)
2005:(616–579 BC)
1999:(642–617 BC)
1993:(673–642 BC)
1987:(717–673 BC)
1984:
1981:(753–717 BC)
1919:King of Rome
1917:
1849:
1845:
1820:
1808:
1783:
1778:
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1765:
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1617:
1607:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1569:
1560:
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1541:
1531:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
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1464:
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1439:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
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1103:
1094:
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1059:
1054:
1045:
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1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
962:
931:
909:
907:
900:in his book
895:
881:
877:
874:
870:
865:
861:
858:
843:
841:
832:
829:
825:
813:
810:
800:
798:
789:corporations
783:
778:
770:
738:
722:
713:
710:
699:
694:spolia opima
692:
690:
686:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
633:
630:
623:
621:
608:
603:Numa Marcius
591:
588:
559:
553:
551:
539:
528:
512:
491:
487:
472:
467:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
417:
406:
382:
367:
360:
356:King of Rome
336:
320:
270:
260:
252:Numa Marcius
245:
235:
223:Titus Livius
221:
201:Titus Tatius
194:
187:
169:
156:. He was of
146:king of Rome
121:
120:
56:King of Rome
45:
3274:Persecution
3226:Gallo-Roman
3018:Res divinae
2890:Rhea Silvia
2370:John Dryden
2251:Philopoemen
2188:Demosthenes
1656:E. Peruzzi
1424:January 31,
1077:La famiglia
1071:E. Peruzzi
916:Justinian I
795:Agriculture
725:promulgated
704:states the
331:royal power
323:interregnum
225:(Livy) and
154:interregnum
70:Predecessor
3311:Categories
3219:Variations
3121:Philosophy
3100:Capitolium
3007:Propertius
2774:Averruncus
2759:Aeternitas
2749:Abundantia
2678:Proserpina
2255:Flamininus
2148:Artaxerxes
2123:Coriolanus
2119:Alcibiades
1662:Le lettere
1116:: 87–132.
1007:patronymic
992:2020-04-17
954:References
930:wrote his
882:procuratio
876:a type of
866:victimarii
822:Peacemaker
816:Saturnalia
584:Alba Longa
483:prophecies
468:pontifices
460:40:29:3-14
439:pontifices
231:Pythagoras
65:715–672 BC
3246:Mithraism
3231:Mysteries
3080:Palladium
3058:Festivals
2834:Securitas
2784:Concordia
2728:Vertumnus
2546:Dīs Pater
2443:mythology
2318:Cleomenes
2305:Sertorius
2278:Poplicola
2273:Agesilaus
2246:Marcellus
2242:Pelopidas
2179:Demetrius
2161:Aristides
2057:Works of
1833:Secondary
1771:Chronicle
1455:Plutarch
1157:155559296
1062:, vi. 11.
1058:Tacitus,
854:Ianiculum
775:of Rome:
700:Finally,
616:prodigies
535:Argiletum
525:Religious
370:Janiculum
287:Calpurnii
267:Pomponius
178:Genealogy
142:legendary
115:Pomponius
107:Pompillia
80:Successor
18:Pompilius
3286:Glossary
3257:See also
3153:Stoicism
3128:Cynicism
3090:Pomerium
3049:Concepts
3031:Apuleius
2951:She-wolf
2935:Hersilia
2854:Victoria
2754:Aequitas
2708:Summanus
2698:Silvanus
2683:Quirinus
2613:Libertas
2576:Hercules
2521:Cloacina
2506:Carmenta
2501:Bona Dea
2476:Angerona
2471:Agenoria
2344:Camillus
2331:Timoleon
2237:Lycurgus
2224:Lysander
2215:Lucullus
2210:Pericles
2059:Plutarch
1805:Plutarch
1675:Faventia
1630:F. Sini
1613:Plutarch
1594:Plutarch
1575:Plutarch
1556:Plutarch
1537:Plutarch
1470:Plutarch
1459:14, 6-7.
1192:Plutarch
1090:Plutarch
942:See also
924:Theodora
902:Stromata
862:Comitium
850:Petilius
740:Plutarch
719:Calendar
702:Arnobius
674:flamines
666:curiones
654:flamines
650:curiones
576:Quirinus
542:Terminus
515:Laconian
451:fetiales
433:flamines
426:(citing
424:Plutarch
315:Augustus
301:Kingship
295:Pompilii
279:Pomponii
242:Lucretia
238:Pompilia
227:Plutarch
197:Plutarch
47:denarius
3269:Decline
3193:Objects
3095:Temples
3075:Charity
2809:Laverna
2799:Fortuna
2789:Feronia
2718:Veritas
2688:Salacia
2673:Priapus
2658:Penates
2638:Neptune
2633:Minerva
2628:Mercury
2591:Jupiter
2531:Dea Dia
2496:Bellona
2451:Deities
2309:Eumenes
2300:Theseus
2296:Romulus
2287:Pyrrhus
2260:Phocion
2170:Crassus
2081:Moralia
1979:Romulus
1912:Romulus
1827:Liber 1
1799:Primary
1794:Sources
1773:, 93.1.
1758:Novella
1440:comitia
1143:: 1–9.
1060:Annales
807:Slavery
748:January
742:in his
658:celeres
625:hostiae
560:Ancilia
363:celeres
348:Jupiter
291:Aemilii
283:Pinarii
277:of the
205:Sabines
150:Romulus
144:second
74:Romulus
3236:Cybele
3162:Events
3110:Celtic
2978:Aeneid
2972:Virgil
2885:Aeneas
2819:Pietas
2804:Fontus
2779:Caelus
2769:Annona
2764:Africa
2733:Vulcan
2693:Saturn
2668:Pomona
2571:Genius
2561:Faunus
2551:Egeria
2491:Aurora
2486:Apollo
2269:Pompey
2206:Fabius
2201:Brutus
2192:Cicero
2183:Antony
2174:Nicias
1786:, 1.2.
1722:Pliny
1512:20 May
1155:
1021:Livy,
845:scriba
827:song:
773:guilds
767:Guilds
762:Social
682:augurs
676:; the
672:; the
670:curiae
572:flamen
555:Ancile
546:Vegoia
499:Ancile
479:Faunus
448:, and
413:Egeria
398:Louvre
327:Senate
293:, and
273:gentes
158:Sabine
112:Father
94:Spouse
3105:Cella
3012:Varro
2992:Fasti
2965:Texts
2849:Terra
2829:Salus
2794:Fides
2723:Vesta
2713:Venus
2663:Pluto
2653:Orcus
2608:Liber
2596:Lares
2581:Janus
2566:Flora
2556:Fauna
2536:Diana
2526:Cupid
2516:Ceres
2397:Lives
2282:Solon
2228:Sulla
2219:Cimon
2152:Galba
2112:Lives
2066:Works
1760:, 47.
1492:: 38.
1420:]
1416:[
1318:Fasti
1226:: 19.
1153:S2CID
1110:Numen
756:Janus
752:March
733:lunar
662:salii
640:Argei
635:Fides
595:Salii
564:Salii
503:Salii
475:Picus
445:Salii
420:Muses
409:piety
400:, by
352:omens
344:augur
263:Pompo
217:Cures
209:Tatia
103:Issue
97:Tatia
62:Reign
3241:Isis
2986:Ovid
2839:Spes
2824:Roma
2623:Mars
2618:Luna
2586:Juno
2541:Dies
2441:and
2342:and
2333:and
2320:and
2314:Agis
2307:and
2298:and
2289:and
2280:and
2271:and
2262:and
2253:and
2244:and
2235:and
2233:Numa
2226:and
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2208:and
2199:and
2197:Dion
2190:and
2181:and
2172:and
2163:and
2156:Otho
2150:and
2137:life
2130:and
2121:and
1817:Livy
1660:II.
1514:2024
1457:Numa
1426:2014
1399:1:20
1389:Livy
1320:III.
1284:Livy
1252:1:19
1242:Livy
1203:Numa
1170:Livy
1029:1:18
801:pagi
477:and
374:Fons
265:(or
213:Livy
2814:Pax
2703:Sol
2648:Ops
2643:Nox
1854:doi
1145:doi
1118:doi
1075:I.
848:L.
597:of
574:of
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