286:. Thermochemical decomposition starts to occur at the crystal nonhomogeneities, e.g. intragranular interfaces between crystal growth zones, on damaged parts of the crystals, or on interfaces of different materials (e.g. crystal/binder). Presence of defects in crystals (cracks, voids, solvent inclusions...) may increase the explosive's sensitivity to mechanical shocks.
1740:
281:
Thermochemical changes involve decomposition of the explosives and binders, loss of strength of binder as it softens or melts, or stiffening of the binder if the increased temperature causes crosslinking of the polymer chains. The changes can also significantly alter the porosity of the material,
117:
PBX powders can be pressed into a desired shape at room temperature; casting normally requires hazardous melting of the explosive. High pressure pressing can achieve density for the material very close to the theoretical crystal density of the base explosive
195:. The elasticity of the matrix lowers sensitivity of the bulk material to shock and friction; their glass transition temperature is chosen to be below the lower boundary of the temperature working range (typically below -55 °C).
268:
Thermomechanical mechanisms involve stresses by thermal expansion (namely differential thermal expansions, as thermal gradients tend to be involved), melting/freezing or sublimation/condensation of components, and
282:
whether by increasing it (fracturing of crystals, vaporization of components) or decreasing it (melting of components). The size distribution of the crystals can be also altered, e.g. by
1738:, George W. Brooks & Eric E. Roach, "Enhanced Performance Insensitive Penetrator Warhead", issued 2003-02-25, assigned to Lockheed Martin Corporation
523:
1527:
273:
of crystals (e.g. transition of HMX from beta phase to delta phase at 175 °C involves a large change in volume and causes extensive cracking of its crystals).
972:). One of the most extensively studied high explosive formulations. BDNPA-F is 1:1 mixture of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal.
260:. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical.
1820:
1761:
244:
Energetic polymers (e.g. nitro or azido derivates of polymers) can be used as a binder to increase the explosive power in comparison with inert binders.
1966:
1964:
1962:
1798:
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1622:
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256:
Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called
41:
materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5–10% by weight) of a synthetic
1970:
1802:
1753:
80:
45:. PBXs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form.
1511:
1632:
1521:
594:
107:(rubbery material), it tends to absorb shocks, making the PBX very insensitive to accidental detonation, and thus ideal for
1910:
248:
can be also used. The addition of a plasticizer lowers the sensitivity of the explosive and improves its processibility.
1884:
2024:
1989:
384:
215:
114:
Hard polymers can produce PBX that is very rigid and maintains a precise engineering shape even under severe stress.
1700:
Kolev, Stefan K.; Tsonev, Tsvetomir T. (2022). "Aluminized
Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder".
1816:
1754:
1855:
49:
1836:"Analysis of radiation induced degradation in FPC-461 fluoropolymers by variable temperature multinuclear NMR"
245:
121:
Many PBXes are safe to machine; turning solid blocks into complex three-dimensional shapes. For example, a
2034:
1072:
1052:
1000:
796:
725:
681:
223:
211:
177:) where the brittleness does not have detrimental effects on safety. They are also difficult to process.
61:
1735:
1686:
1971:
Technical Area 36 Open
Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
1927:
1803:
Technical Area 36 Open
Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
1755:
Technical Area 36 Open
Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
1007:
732:
328:
1426:
1674:
173:
temperature is at room temperature or above. This limits their use to insensitive explosives (e.g.
166:
1586:
708:
122:
1661:
1549:
1023:
1019:
904:
108:
923:). Serious safety problems related to aging and decomposition of the nitrocellulose binder.
1119:
1851:
1341:
8:
2029:
900:
807:
162:
1996:
1717:
1649:
76:
1985:
1721:
1653:
1628:
1517:
675:
542:
88:
20:
16:
Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer
1932:
1847:
1709:
1591:
4. Engineering and Design of
Nuclear Weapons: 4.1 Elements of Fission Weapon Design
1208:
1027:
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450:
229:
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134:
2018:
1819:(Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. p. 6. UCRL-JC-127467.
1135:
332:
152:
1877:
191:
Elastomers have to be used with more mechanically sensitive explosives like
1713:
1547:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1202:
348:
203:
1917:
Alan K. Burnhamn; Laurence E. Fried. LLNL, Unclassified, 2007-04-24 (pdf)
856:
769:
538:
331:
and similar weapons. Has high air blast equivalent, 1.39 times more than
196:
130:
64:
57:
87:
experiments, although the latter experiments are usually cited as using
545:. Caused serious safety problems. FEFO is 1,1--bis-, liquid explosive.
207:
84:
1550:"ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) Termination Report"
866:
Created in 1947 at Los Alamos, later given the PBX 9205 designation.
186:
165:) and inert chemical behavior (yielding long shelf stability and low
104:
38:
1835:
1941:
1034:), backfitted to earlier warheads to replace less safe explosives.
1834:
Sarah C. Chinn; Thomas S. Wilson; Robert S. Maxwell (March 2006).
158:
42:
1945:
828:
72:
1878:"High Explosives in Stockpile Surveillance Indicate Constancy"
1548:
James R.Bates; W.W.Lauderdale; Harold
Kernaghan (April 1979).
1225:
HTPB, DOA (dioctyladipate), and IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate)
1734:
1336:
1129:
1123:
777:
653:
634:
615:
575:
475:
443:
324:
233:
202:
polymers are however sensitive to aging, mostly by action of
157:
Fluoropolymers are advantageous as binders due to their high
126:
99:
Polymer-bonded explosives have several potential advantages:
1439:
1042:
994:
860:
773:
719:
711:
copolymer and its response to gamma rays has been studied.
694:
497:
251:
174:
2004:
1814:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1419:
1402:
1385:
1365:
1330:
1313:
1296:
1279:
1264:
1248:
1219:
1196:
1179:
1162:
1145:
1102:
1085:
1066:
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1031:
969:
965:
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947:
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908:
896:
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850:
822:
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763:
752:
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659:
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517:
486:
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458:
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437:
417:
401:
378:
361:
192:
68:
53:
1933:"Mk 80 general‐purpose bombs (BLU‐110/111/117/126/129)"
335:, but low brisance due to low high explosive content.
75:-based binders were developed in 1960s and 1970s for
1555:. NASA-Scientific and Technical Information Office.
986:
Inert simulant of mechanical properties of PBX 9501
218:(HTPB) are used for these applications extensively.
210:
of the bonds by traces of water vapor. Rubbers like
1931:
1869:
1883:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).
1580:
1578:
1576:
983:Estane 2.5%; BDNPA-F 2.5%; sieved white sugar 95%
2016:
1827:
537:). Prone to deterioration and separation of the
317:RDX 25%, ammonium perchlorate 30%, aluminium 33%
1875:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1584:
1573:
1516:(2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry.
1817:A Blue Print for Building a Risk Assessment
1699:
1620:
1603:
1505:
1503:
1254:5.4% Polybutadiene, 5% Isodecylpelargonate
1541:
1815:H K Otsuki; E Eagan-McNeill (May 1997).
252:Insults (potential explosive inhibitors)
81:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
1509:
1500:
169:). They are somewhat brittle, as their
94:
2017:
2009:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1926:
1852:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058
1760:(Report). September 1999. p. 2.
1702:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
884:Tris(b-chloroethyl)phosphate (CEF) 3%
239:
137:necessary for modern nuclear weapons.
289:
133:. This technique is used to machine
125:of PBX can be precisely shaped on a
263:
48:PBX was first developed in 1952 at
13:
1624:Non-Shock Initiation of Explosives
1510:Akhavan, Jacqueline (2004-01-01).
1185:polyethylene glycol/BDNPA-F binder
236:, combine the advantages of both.
14:
2046:
1840:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1351:Diaminotrinitrobenzene (DATB) 94%
320:HTPB 4.44%, dioctyl adipate 6.56%
276:
216:hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
146:
1823:from the original on 2022-09-29.
1767:from the original on 2022-10-01.
1920:
1901:
1890:from the original on 2012-10-10
1858:from the original on 2022-04-17
1808:
1562:from the original on 2010-01-13
1530:from the original on 2023-02-15
1747:
1728:
1693:
1641:
1627:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
50:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
1984:. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996.
1585:Carey Sublette (1999-02-20).
1494:
1228:Used in some versions of the
180:
1165:7%, AP 49.8%, Aluminum 25.8%
103:If the polymer matrix is an
7:
1938:Janes Weapons: Air Launched
1513:The Chemistry of Explosives
1452:High-velocity, extrudable;
224:thermoplastic polyurethanes
62:diisooctyl phthalate (DEHP)
10:
2051:
1948:: Jane's Group UK Limited.
1908:Kinetics of PBX 9404 Aging
1267:20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25%
524:2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate
329:GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb
184:
150:
141:
18:
2025:Polymer-bonded explosives
2001:"The B61 family of bombs"
1621:Blaine Asay, ed. (2009).
1342:AIM-9X Sidewinder Missile
1299:20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25%
1122:(AP) 40%, Aluminum 27%,
1010:; principal in recent US
665:Estane & 5702-Fl 4.5%
35:plastic-bonded explosives
27:Polymer-bonded explosives
1587:"4.1.6.2.2.5 Explosives"
1427:Diisooctyl adipate (DOA)
19:Not to be confused with
1736:US patent 6523477B1
1240:general-purpose bombs.
709:chlorotrifluoroethylene
526:(pDNPA) 4.6%; FEFO 2.4%
2005:http://thebulletin.org
1999:, and Joshua Handler.
1982:Explosives Engineering
1714:10.1002/prep.202100195
1669:Cite journal requires
1058:Also known as X-0351.
246:Energetic plasticizers
559:pDNPA 4.4%; FEFO 2.3%
507:) 34.3%, 2% Cab-O-Sil
323:Used in warheads for
303:Explosive ingredients
109:insensitive munitions
1876:Anders W. Lundberg.
1120:Ammonium perchlorate
95:Potential advantages
1995:Norris, Robert S.,
296:
163:detonation velocity
2035:Physical chemistry
1997:Hans M. Kristensen
1913:2017-02-11 at the
589:(replaced LX-09),
295:Some example PBXs
294:
240:Energetic polymers
71:compositions with
1681:Missing or empty
1634:978-3-540-88089-9
1523:978-0-85404-640-9
1492:
1491:
1316:68%, Aluminum 20%
1282:78%, Aluminum 10%
1222:64%, Aluminum 20%
1105:59%, Aluminum 23%
1018:mods 3, 4, 6–10,
950:95%, BDNPA-F 2.5%
919:mods 0, 1, 2, 5,
306:Inert ingredients
290:Some example PBXs
271:phase transitions
226:are also in use.
89:hexanitrostilbene
21:plastic explosive
2042:
1980:Cooper, Paul W.
1974:
1968:
1957:
1956:
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1935:
1930:(26 July 2022),
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1507:
1425:HYTEMP 4454 2%,
1209:BGM-109 Tomahawk
297:
293:
284:Ostwald ripening
264:Thermomechanical
230:Fluoroelastomers
220:Silicone rubbers
171:glass transition
135:explosive lenses
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2011:, Jan/Feb 2003.
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1482:silicone rubber
1454:nuclear weapons
1447:silicone rubber
1372:fluoroelastomer
1136:Mk 48 torpedoes
1012:nuclear weapons
1006:High-velocity,
958:nuclear weapons
956:High-velocity;
891:, widely used (
889:nuclear weapons
887:High-velocity;
836:nuclear weapons
834:High-velocity;
831:and 5703-Fl 10%
804:nuclear weapons
802:High-velocity;
737:nuclear weapons
731:High-velocity,
642:nuclear weapons
640:High-velocity;
583:nuclear weapons
581:High-velocity;
531:nuclear weapons
529:High-velocity;
505:silicone rubber
483:nuclear weapons
481:High-velocity;
451:nuclear weapons
449:High-velocity;
407:15% Viton A 15%
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161:(yielding high
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1846:(3): 541–547.
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842:mods 1 and 2)
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1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
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1092:
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1087:
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1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
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890:
886:
883:
880:
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870:
869:
865:
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858:
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849:
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845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
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710:
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699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
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671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
643:
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633:
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623:
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614:
611:
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584:
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568:
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548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:Sylgard 182 (
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
456:
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448:
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439:
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429:
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389:
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372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
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356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
333:Composition B
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
287:
285:
274:
272:
261:
259:
249:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:free radicals
201:
198:
194:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
153:Fluoropolymer
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
101:
100:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2008:
1981:
1973:, p. 3.
1950:, retrieved
1937:
1922:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1843:
1839:
1829:
1810:
1805:, p. 2.
1749:
1730:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1683:|title=
1662:cite journal
1643:
1623:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1564:. Retrieved
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1512:
1203:polyacrylate
703:FPC461 is a
393:composition
349:RTV silicone
280:
267:
257:
255:
243:
228:
190:
156:
98:
56:embedded in
47:
34:
30:
26:
25:
1008:insensitive
953:Estane 2.5%
857:Polystyrene
770:Polystyrene
733:insensitive
539:plasticizer
197:Crosslinked
131:CNC machine
65:plasticizer
58:polystyrene
2030:Explosives
2019:Categories
1894:2014-03-02
1862:2019-09-09
1596:2010-02-08
1566:2014-06-29
1534:2021-12-13
1495:References
797:Kel-F 3700
367:FPC 461 6%
208:hydrolysis
181:Elastomers
77:gun shells
1722:244902961
1654:115831591
1261:PBXN-111
1245:PBXN-110
1216:PBXN-109
1211:missiles
1073:Kel-F 800
1053:Kel-F 800
1001:Kel-F 800
937:FPC461 6%
726:Kel-F 800
700:FPC461 4%
682:Kel-F 800
187:Elastomer
118:material.
105:elastomer
39:explosive
1942:Coulsdon
1911:Archived
1885:Archived
1856:Archived
1821:Archived
1762:Archived
1557:Archived
1528:Archived
1471:XTX 8004
1436:XTX 8003
1293:PBXW-115
1276:PBXW-114
1193:PBXN-107
1176:PBXN-106
1159:PBXN-105
1142:PBXN-104
1116:PBXN-103
1099:PBXN-102
1082:PBXN-101
1063:PBX 9604
1039:PBX 9503
991:PBX 9502
977:PBS 9501
944:PBX 9501
928:PBX 9407
871:PBX 9404
847:PBX 9205
819:PBX 9011
787:PBX 9010
760:PBX 9007
345:PETN 76%
83:(ALSEP)
79:and for
1238:Mark 84
1234:Mark 83
1230:Mark 82
915:mod 2,
716:LX-17-0
625:LX-11-0
618:-A 5.5%
606:LX-10-1
566:LX-10-0
550:LX-09-1
514:LX-09-0
314:AFX-757
258:insults
232:, e.g.
206:and by
159:density
142:Binders
91:(HNS).
85:seismic
43:polymer
1988:
1952:29 May
1946:Surrey
1742:
1720:
1652:
1631:
1520:
1416:PBXN-9
1399:PBXN-7
1382:PBXN-6
1362:PBXN-5
1348:PBXN-4
1327:PBXN-3
1310:PBXN-1
1205:binder
829:Estane
776:0.5%;
772:9.1%;
637:-A 20%
543:binder
478:-A 10%
446:-A 15%
414:EDC-37
398:EDC-32
374:EDC-29
358:EDC-28
309:Usage
212:Estane
200:rubber
123:billet
73:teflon
37:, are
1928:Janes
1888:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1718:S2CID
1708:(2).
1650:S2CID
1560:(PDF)
1484:) 20%
1449:) 20%
1337:Nylon
1130:TEGDN
1124:TMETN
1045:80%;
877:94%,
778:rosin
722:92.5%
691:LX-16
672:LX-15
662:95.5%
654:LX-14
635:Viton
616:Viton
612:94.5%
578:-A 5%
576:Viton
556:93.3%
500:63.7%
494:LX-08
476:Viton
466:LX-07
444:Viton
434:LX-04
420:91%,
342:EDC-8
325:JASSM
234:Viton
167:aging
127:lathe
60:with
52:, as
1986:ISBN
1954:2023
1687:help
1675:help
1629:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1440:PETN
1236:and
1132:2.5%
1043:TATB
995:TATB
859:6%;
780:0.4%
728:7.5%
720:TATB
695:PETN
541:and
498:PETN
385:HTPB
300:Name
222:and
175:TATB
1848:doi
1710:doi
1477:80%
1475:RDX
1462:W76
1458:W68
1442:80%
1422:92%
1420:HMX
1403:RDX
1388:95%
1386:RDX
1368:95%
1366:HMX
1333:85%
1331:RDX
1314:RDX
1297:RDX
1280:HMX
1265:RDX
1251:88%
1249:HMX
1220:RDX
1199:86%
1197:RDX
1182:75%
1180:RDX
1163:RDX
1148:70%
1146:HMX
1126:23%
1103:HMX
1088:82%
1086:HMX
1069:96%
1067:RDX
1049:15%
1047:HMX
1032:W91
1028:B90
1024:W85
1020:W80
1016:B61
997:95%
970:W88
966:W78
962:W76
948:HMX
934:94%
932:RDX
921:W69
917:B61
913:B57
909:W56
905:W55
901:W50
897:W48
893:B43
875:HMX
861:DOP
853:92%
851:RDX
840:B57
825:90%
823:HMX
812:B43
808:W50
799:10%
793:90%
791:RDX
774:DOP
766:90%
764:RDX
753:W89
749:W87
745:W84
741:B83
697:96%
678:95%
676:HNS
660:HMX
646:W71
631:80%
629:HMX
610:HMX
599:W82
595:W79
591:W70
587:W68
572:95%
570:HMX
554:HMX
535:W68
520:93%
518:HMX
487:W71
472:90%
470:HMX
459:W70
455:W62
440:85%
438:HMX
418:HMX
404:85%
402:HMX
381:95%
379:HMX
364:94%
362:RDX
351:24%
214:or
193:HMX
129:or
69:HMX
54:RDX
33:or
31:PBX
2021::
2007:,
2003:,
1961:^
1944:,
1940:,
1936:,
1854:.
1844:91
1842:.
1838:.
1773:^
1716:.
1706:47
1704:.
1679:;
1666::
1664:}}
1660:{{
1648:.
1605:^
1589:.
1575:^
1526:.
1502:^
1460:,
1429:6%
1374:5%
1232:,
1075:4%
1055:5%
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1003:5%
968:,
964:,
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
881:3%
879:NC
863:2%
814:)
810:,
755:)
751:,
747:,
743:,
735:;
684:5%
656:-0
648:)
601:)
597:,
593:,
489:)
461:)
457:,
424:1%
422:NC
391:UK
387:5%
377:β-
327:,
67:.
1992:.
1897:.
1865:.
1850::
1724:.
1712::
1689:)
1685:(
1677:)
1673:(
1656:.
1637:.
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1569:.
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1456:(
1014:(
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585:(
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485:(
453:(
111:.
23:.
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