Polonization - Knowledge

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the others were of Polish origin. The role of the church was important because it had a monopoly on teaching. By 1550, 11 schools were established in the Samogitian diocese and 85 in the Vilnius diocese. In 1528 the diocese of Vilnius decreed that the language of instruction of religious texts should be Polish and Lithuanian. Latin was taught exclusively in Polish, so children who did not know this language were taught Polish first. Lithuanians went to Kraków to study, in 1409 professor of theology founded a dormitory for students from Grand Duchy Overall 366 Lithuanian students studied in Kraków between 1430 and 1560. In the 16th-century students from Lithuania were coming to Kraków already considerably Polonized. In 1513, Lithuanian students were accused of mocking the plain Polish speech of their colleagues from Mazovia before the university court.

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adoption of the Polish language. Among the Belarusian population, the usage of Polish was limited to official relations, while at home, the local language was still spoken. As a result, the Lithuanian language retreated under the pressure of Polish faster than Belarusian. This led to the formation of a compact Polish language area between the Lithuanian and Belarusian language areas, with Vilnius as the center. After some time, especially in the Vilnius region, ignorance of the Polish language was considered a lack of cultural savvy. In ceremonial situations it was advisable to use Polish. This gradually limited the use of simple speech to everyday life situations, and gave rise to a sense of contempt for it and Belarusian as the language of work, cursing, but also more emotional and impetuous.

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period, had to give way to a clear national declaration. Previously, every inhabitant of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been considered a Lithuanian, but in the face of the emergence of the Lithuanian national movement, which considered only those who spoke Lithuanian as Lithuanians, Polish-speaking residents of Lithuania more and more often declared themselves as Poles. The dispute over the auxiliary language of services (Polish or Lithuanian) in the churches on the eastern border of ethnic Lithuania, which heated up from the end of the nineteenth century, influenced the formation of Polish consciousness and the adoption of the Polish language among those believers whose ancestors had abandoned Lithuanian for plain speech.

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declined, and they were replaced by bilingual schools. This affected Eastern Galicia most severely, where before the war there were 2,400 Ukrainian elementary schools, and during the existence of the West Ukrainian People's Republic their number increased to about 3,000. After the region was annexed to Poland, the number began to decline, in 1923 it was 2453, in 1925 it was still 2151, but after the introduction of bilingual schools there was a rapid decline to 648 schools in 1930 and 352 in 1938. At the same time, the number of bilingual schools grew from 9 in 1925 to 1,793 in 1930 and to 2,485 in 1938. The number of Polish schools also declined from 2,568 schools in 1925 to 2,161 in 1938.

1172: 87: 1039:, there was a period of liberalization of educational policy. The new Minister of Education, Gustav Dobrotsky, ordered the dismissal of officials blocking the establishment of new schools, allowed new schools to open in Catholic communities as well, and organized Belarusian language courses for elementary school teachers. As a result, four Belarusian grammar schools and a dozen elementary schools were opened. The results, however, were poor. In 1928, there were only 69 schools with Belarusian language, all of them in 43: 302: 233:) faith was often the single most important part of the process. For Ruthenians at that time, being Polish culturally and Roman Catholic by religion was almost the same. This diminishing of the Orthodox Church was the part most resented by the Belarusian and Ukrainian masses. In contrast, the Lithuanians, who were mostly Catholic, were in danger of losing their cultural identity as a nation, but that was not realized by the wide masses of Lithuanians until the 1382:, Lithuanian cultural activities in Polish controlled territories were limited and the closure of Lithuanian newspapers and the arrest of their editors occurred. 33 Lithuanian and Belarusian cultural activists were formally expelled from Vilnius on 23 January 1922 and deported to Lithuania. In 1927, as tensions between Lithuania and Poland increased, 48 additional Lithuanian schools were closed and another 11 Lithuanian activists were deported. Following 984: 548:

secretaries to run his Latin chancellery. The Krakow court was dominated by Poles who travelled with the king to Lithuania. The Lithuanian nobles who joined the court were therefore greatly influenced by Polish culture. Casimir Jagiellon was the last grand duke to know Lithuanian. From the time of Zygmunt August, correspondence with the Lithuanian elite was conducted almost exclusively in Polish, since the knowledge of Latin in Lithuania was too weak.

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influence on the government. Partition of Poland posed a genuine threat to the continuation of Polish language-culture in those regions. As Polonization was centered around Polish culture, policies aimed at weakening and destroying it had a significant impact on weakening Polonization of those regions. This was particularly visible in Russian-occupied Poland, where the Polish culture fared worst, as Russian administration gradually became strongly

427:. There was also a representation of the nobility, called Sejm, following the Polish model. However, unlike the Polish Sejm, the magnates had the deciding vote, and the petty and middle nobility only approved the decisions of the magnate's council. Since the late 15th century marriages between Lithuanian and Polish magnates became more frequent. This brought the Lithuanians even closer to Polish culture. The first such marriage was the one between 2726:, p. 72: "W najpomyślniejszym dla szkolnictw a białoruskiego roku 1928 istniało w Polsce 69 szkół w których nauczano języka białoruskiego. Wszystkie te placów ki ośw iatow e znajdow ały się w w ojew ództw ach w ileńskim i now ogródzkim, gdzie funkcjonowały 2164 szkoły polskie. Szkoły z nauczaniem języka białoruskiego, głównie utrakw istyczne, stanow iły niewiele ponad 3 procent ośrodków edukacyjnych na tym obszarze" 1414: 351:. They adopted most aspects of Polish culture but kept their Orthodox faith. In Western Poland, many townspeople were Germans. Initially, trade guilds had been exclusively German-speaking. However, this began to change by increasing Polonization in the 15th and 16th centuries. Since the Middle Ages, Polish culture, influenced by the West, in turn radiated East, beginning the long process of 922:"The 'Polonomaniacs' announced that the Catholic Church in Lithuania is a Polish church and no other national manifestations are welcome in it. Lithuanian religious services were obstructed, while there was whistling during Lithuanian singing and even fistfights. One event resounded throughout all of Lithuania in 1901, when a jubilee cross with a Lithuanian inscription was thrown away from 514:"Polish nobility" or outright "Poles". At the same time, separatism and the defense of Lithuanian national separateness within the federation state were very strong. The Lithuanian nobility was strongly attached to the laws, traditions and symbols of the Grand Duchy. Moreover, the Lithuanian separateness was also defended by the members of ethnically Polish families settling in Lithuania. 645:

of the educational system getting Polonized and the most generously funded institutions being to the west of Ruthenia, the Ruthenian indigenous culture further deteriorated. In the Polish Ruthenia the language of the administrative paperwork started to gradually shift towards Polish. By the 16th century the language of administrative paperwork in Ruthenia was a peculiar mix of the older

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Lithuanian, nobility was attracted by the Polish culture, which at that time flourished. Many of them adopted the Polish language and customs, even converted to Roman Catholicism. Even for those who remained faithful to the Orthodox Church and Ruthenian language, Polish political identity became very important, as they were inspiring to be part of

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lands could not be reversed. They called, therefore, for conducting so-called state assimilation, that is, granting broad cultural and territorial autonomy, in exchange for loyalty to the Polish state. Such policy was partially conducted by the Sanation regime, especially under leadership of Józef Piłsudski in years 1926–1935.

560:, who reigned in 1434–1444, expanded the privileges of the nobles to all Ruthenian nobles irrespective of their religion, and in 1443 signed a bull equalizing the Orthodox church in rights with the Roman Catholicism thus alleviating the relationship with the Orthodox clergy. These policies continued under the next king 1311:

In the independent Poland educational was centralized, provincial school administration was abolished, as it happened with Lviv-based separate Ukrainian representation. In 1924 the law was passed, which set up bilingual Ukrainian and Polish schools. As a result, number of Ukrainian unilingual schools

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saw the restless Galician Ukrainians as less reliable than the Eastern Orthodox Volhynian Ukrainians, seen as better candidates for gradual assimilation. That's why the Polish policy in Ukraine initially aimed at keeping Greek Catholic Galicians from further influencing Orthodox Volhynians by drawing

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The spread of Polish language and culture, and eventually Polish national consciousness, was fostered not only by its prevalence among the upper classes, but also among the impoverished, declassed nobility. Their representatives regarded the nobility's traditions, inextricably linked with Polishness,

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The land reform was designed to favor ethnic Polish population. By 1938 some 800,000 hectares had been redistributed within Ukrainian-inhabited areas. The redistribution did not necessarily help the local Ukrainian population, however. In 1920 in Volhynia and Polissia 39 percent of the allotted land

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and to return to the Catholics those churches that had been converted into Orthodox churches by the Russian authorities. 190 Orthodox churches were destroyed, some of the destroyed churches were abandoned, and 150 more were forcibly transformed into Roman Catholic (not Greek Catholic) churches. Such

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living in Poland, Belarusians were much less politically aware and active. Nevertheless, according to Belarusian historians, the policies by the Polish government against the population of West Belarus increasingly provoked protests and armed resistance. In the 1920s, Belarusian partisan units arose

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in the 1880s slowed down the process of Polonization of the ethnically Lithuanian population, but also cemented a sense of national identity among a significant portion of the Polish-speaking Lithuanian population. The feeling of a two-tier Lithuanian-Polish national identity, present throughout the

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and forced conversions to Orthodoxy provoked resistance among the local community. The Russian authorities opposed the Catholic Church, called the "Polish faith", to the Orthodox Church, called the "Russian faith". As a result, referring to oneself as a "Pole" was the same as referring to oneself as

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of the Unia was one of the components of Polonization. The unia was accompanied by the spread of the Roman Catholic Church in the Ruthenian lands. Dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church were established as early as the 14th and 15th centuries by the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. After the Union of Lublin

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The spread of Polish culture was channelled through the Catholic Church. A large part of the Lithuanian clergy were Poles, either of Polish descent or from Polish families settled in Lithuania. Of the 123 known canons of Vilnius, only slightly more than half (66) were ethnic Lithuanians, and most of

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Linguistic Polonization did not always mean full Polonization in the state or ethnic sense. The Lithuanian nobility felt united with the Polish nobility as part of one political nation of the Commonwealth, enjoying privileges, freedom and equality. In this sense, they often referred to themselves as

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Already at the beginning of the 16th century, Polish became the first language of the Lithuanian magnates. In the following century, it was adopted by the Lithuanian nobility in general. Even the nobility of Žemaitija used the Polish language already in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th

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to Poland in the post-war settlement. The farmers received financial help from the Polish government and took over homes and farms left behind by the displaced Germans, in most cases improving their living conditions due to the increased size of the newly reassigned properties, brick buildings, and

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to be a major factor for "unifying the state". They hoped that the attractiveness of Polish culture, above all to Slavic minorities, would help to make rapid peaceful assimilation without much resistance. The centrist and leftist parties pointed out that the nation-building processes in the eastern

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The knowledge of Slavonic intedialect made it easier for Lithuanians to communicate with their Slavic neighbors, who spoke Polish, Russian, or Belarusian. The attractiveness and cultural prestige of the Polish language and its common use in church caused the process to continue and lead to the full

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Dovnar-Zapolsky notes that "the 1800s–1810s had seen the unprecedented prosperity of the Polish culture and language in the former Great Duchy of Lithuania lands" and "this era has seen the effective completion of the Polonization of the smallest nobility, with further reduction of the areal of use

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With time, the traditional Latin was eliminated from the university and by 1816 it was fully replaced by Polish and Russian. This change both affected and reflected a profound change in the Belarusian and Lithuanian secondary schools systems where Latin was also traditionally used as the university

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stretching to Kiev in south-east and much of the Polish territory and the development of the university, which had no rival in the whole district, received the highest priority of the Imperial authorities which granted it significant freedom and autonomy. With the effort of Polish intellectuals who

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books in the world were published in Cracow, in 1491) and giving generously to the Orthodox churches' construction. However, their resistance was gradually waning with each subsequent generation as more and more of the Ruthenian elite turned towards Polish language and Catholicism. Still, with most

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Eugenia Prokop-Janiec, "Polskie dziedzictwo kulturowe w nowej Europie. Humanistyka jako czynnik kształtowania tożsamości europejskiej Polaków." Research group. Subject: The frontier in the context of Polish-Jewish relations. CBR grant: Polish cultural heritage in new Europe. Humanism as a defining

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The Polish state's policy toward them was not consistent. Initially, during the period of fighting over the eastern border, the activities of Belarusian activists were tolerated. However, this changed after the peace came. In 1924, the Law on Minority Education led to the closure of a huge part of

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delivered a speech to the Prussian Sejm in Polish, without the help of an interpreter. In the second half of the 16th century, royal decrees were issued in Polish, debates in the Landtag were held in Polish. Great Prussian families Polonized their names: the Baysen to Bażyński; the Zehmen to Cema;

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During the Reformation, voices were raised that Latin should be the language of the Lithuanians, due to the alleged proximity of the two languages and the legendary origin of the Lithuanian nobility from the Romans. However, this intention failed and Latin never reached the same position as in the

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Lithuanian nobles were granted privileges modeled on those held by the Polish nobility. 47 families of Lithuanian families were adopted by 45 Polish families and endowed with Polish coats of arms. Lithuania adopted Polish political solutions and institutions. The offices of voivodes and castellans

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policy, with temporary successes on both sides, like Polonization rises in mid-1850s and in 1880s and Russification strengthenings in 1830s and in 1860s. Any Polonization of the east and west territories (Russian and German partitions) occurred in the situation were Poles had steadily diminishing

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Since Teutonic times the language of the Prussian elite and administration has been German. This did not change after the incorporation into the kingdom of Poland. It was only from the beginning of the 16th century that the role of the Polish language began to increase. Since 1527 there have been

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Due to the region's history the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church attained a strong Ukrainian national character, and the Polish authorities sought to weaken it in various ways. In 1924, following a visit with Ukrainian Greek Catholics in North America and western Europe, the head of the Ukrainian

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family being one of the most prominent examples. Remaining generally loyal to the Polish state, the magnates, like Ostrogskis, stood by the religion of their forefathers, and supported the Orthodox Church generously by opening schools, printing books in Ruthenian language (the first four printed

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emphasized the need for the long-term ethnic and cultural homogeneity of the state. However, the promotion of the Polish language in administration, public life and especially education, were perceived by some as an attempt at forcible homogenization. In areas inhabited by ethnic Ukrainians, for

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in the end of the 18th century, the Polonization trends initially continued in Lithuania, Belarus and Polish-dominated parts of Ukraine as the initially liberal policies of the Empire gave the Polish elite significant concessions in the local affairs. Dovnar-Zapolsky notes that the Polonization

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Poles reached Lithuania long before the union of the two countries. In a letter to the German Franciscans, Grand Duke Gediminas asked them to send monks who spoke Samogitian, Ruthenian or Polish. Other sources mention Polish slave carers and educators of children. This indicates the presence of

1954: 1328:(312,000 hectares) had been awarded to Polish war veterans. In Eastern Galicia 200,000 hectare had been given to Polish peasants from the western provinces of the country. By the 1930s the number of Poles living within contiguous Ukrainian ethnographic territory had increased by about 300,000. 594:

Ukrainian lands of Kyiv and Braclav voivodeship were rather sparsely populated and attracted a lot of settlers, mostly from Volhynia, but also from central Poland. One of the reasons was that serfdom was not introduced there. Among the settlers was also a petty nobility. Ruthenian, just like

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The second important channel for the spread of the Polish language and culture was the royal and grand ducal court. After 1447, only for short periods there was a separate grand ducal court in Vilnius. But even then the Polish influence was strong. Already Grand Duke Vytautas employed Polish

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Polish had the advantage over Ruthenian and Lithuanian that its vocabulary, being influenced by Latin, allowed more abstract thoughts to be expressed. Moreover, its proximity to the Ruthenian language made its adoption all the more natural. The Reformation, on the one hand, accelerated the

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Walasek, Stefania (2021). "Szkolnictwo dla mniejszości narodowych w II Rzeczpospolitej na przykładzie kuratoriów okręgów szkolnych: lwowskiego i wileńskiego" [Education for national minorities in the Second Polish Republic on the example of school boards of school districts: Lviv and

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In Polish historiography, particularly pre-WWII (e.g., L. Wasilewski. As noted in Смалянчук А. Ф. (Smalyanchuk 2001) Паміж краёвасцю і нацыянальнай ідэяй. Польскі рух на беларускіх і літоўскіх землях. 1864–1917 г. / Пад рэд. С. Куль-Сяльверставай. – Гродна: ГрДУ, 2001. – 322 с.

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Russian policy, which gave relief to peasants for the purchase of land. As a result, the property gap between the petty gentry and the peasantry decreased, which resulted in the appearance of mixed marriages, which in turn led to the spread of Polish culture among the peasants.

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as a marker of prestige, so they cultivated their attachment to the Polish national tradition. And due to the lack of an impassable property and cultural barrier, they exerted influence on the surrounding peasantry. Paradoxically, this was fostered by the anti-Polish and anti-

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which sought to break the relations between Orthodox clergy in the Commonwealth and the Patriarchate in Moscow, put the Ruthenian people under stronger influence of Polish culture. The unia was supported by the Polish authorities. In addition to the Unia itself, the eventual

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who promoted Belarusian language in the church and Belarusian national awareness were also under serious pressure by the Polish regime and the leadership of the Catholic Church in Poland. The Polish Catholic Church issued documents to priests prohibiting the usage of the

1000:. The maximum number of people of Belarusian nationality in interwar Poland was about 2 million. It is difficult to determine a definite number because for the most part, they did not have an established sense of their national identity; they described their language as " 709:(1926). Paradoxically, the substantial eastward movement of the Polish ethnic territory (over these lands) and growth of the Polish ethnic regions were taking place exactly in the period of the strongest Russian attack on everything Polish in Lithuania and Belarus. 284:. However, as a third of recreated Poland's population was ethnically non-Polish and many felt their own nationhood aspirations thwarted specifically by Poland, large segments of this population resisted to varying degrees the policies intended to assimilate them. 1159:. By 1927 Hramada was controlled entirely by agents from Moscow. It was banned by the Polish authorities, and further opposition to the Polish government was met with state-imposed sanctions once the connection between Hramada and the more radical pro-Soviet 800:, Szymon Malewski, as well as Czartoryski who oversaw them, the university became the center of Polish patriotism and culture; and as the only University of the district the center attracted the young nobility of all ethnicities from this extensive region. 882:), and was treated by many as a dialect variety of Polish. In fact, it was a kind of "mixed language" serving as an interdialect of the cultural borderland. This language became a gateway to the progressive Slavization of the Lithuanian population. 181:, Polonization could be either voluntary or forced. It was most visible in territories where the Polish language or culture was dominant or where their adoption could result in increased prestige or social status, as was the case with the 445:

Polish influence intensified in the period preceding the Union of Lublin. The royal court took steps to make the political and economic system of Lithuania more similar to Poland. An important step was the introduction of the hide system

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Polonization also created a new educated class among the non-Polish minorities, a class of intellectuals aware of the importance of schooling, press, literature and theatre, who became instrumental in the development of their own ethnic

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century, the Polish language was adopted by the entire nobility of the Grand Duchy – Lithuanian, Ruthenian, German and Tatar. The Polish language also penetrated other social strata: the clergy, the townspeople, and even the peasants.

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by Polish in all official actions, it only approved the long-standing status quo. In addition to Polish, Latin was also used in the documents of the Lithuanian chancellery referring to the Catholic Church, cities under Magdeburg Law,

1047:, very small number in comparison with 2 164 Polish schools existing there. The reversal of this policy came quickly, and after 1929 the number of Belarusian schools began to decline again. Of the Belarusian gymnasiums existing in 1390:

again became an object of Polonization policies with greater intensity. 266 Lithuanian schools were closed after 1936 and almost all Lithuanian organizations were banned. Further Polonization ensued as the government encouraged

724:) on these lands, the activities of the Vilna educational district in 19th century–1820s, the activities of the local administration, still controlled by the local Polish or already Polonized nobility up to the 1863–1864 268:). For Poles, it was a process of rebuilding Polish national identity and reclaiming Polish heritage, including the fields of education, religion, infrastructure and administration, that suffered under the prolonged 2190:

As noted in (Wasilewski 1917), p.42 as cited in (Smalyanchuk 2001), p.24. Also noted by Halina Turska in 1930s in "O powstaniu polskich obszarów językowych na Wileńszczyźnie", p.487 as cited in (Smalyanchuk 2001),

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Under Tsarist rule the Uniate population had been forcibly converted to Orthodoxy. In 1875, at least 375 Uniate Churches were converted into Orthodox churches. The same was true of many Latin-rite Roman Catholic

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with the adoption of Polish culture and the political and financial benefits of such a transition, as well as, sometimes, by the administrative pressure exerted on their own cultural institutions, primarily the

657:. With the Polish influence in the mix gradually increasing it soon became mostly like the Polish language superimposed on the Ruthenian phonetics. The total confluence of Ruthenia and Poland was seen coming. 1155:(or, the Hramada), which demanded a stop to the Polonization and autonomy for West Belarus, grew more radicalized by the time. It received logistical help from the Soviet Union, and financial aid from the 951:

were Ukrainians, Jews, Belarusians and Germans. The Polish government's policy toward each minority varied, and also changed over time. In general, during the first period of democratic rule dominated by

870:. Linguists distinguish between official language, used in the Church and cultural activities, and colloquial language, closer to the speech of the common people. Inhabitants of a significant part of the 1276:

initially issued a decree defending the rights of the Orthodox minorities. In practice, this often failed, as the Catholics, also eager to strengthen their position, had official representation in the

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in Churches and Catholic Sunday Schools in West Belarus. A 1921 Warsaw-published instruction of the Polish Catholic Church criticized the priests introducing the Belarusian language in religious life:

564:. Still, the most cultural expansion of the Polish influence continued since the Ruthenian nobility were attracted by both the glamour of the Western culture and the Polish political order where the 701:

According to some scholars the biggest successes in Polonization of the non-Polish lands of former Commonwealth were achieved after the Partitions, in times of persecution of Polishness (noted by

698:, German Catholics living in areas with a Polish majority voluntarily integrated themselves within Polish society, affecting approximately 100,000 Germans in the eastern provinces of Prussia. 804:

was the main source of the teachers for these schools. Additionally, the university was responsible for the textbook selection and only Polish textbooks were approved for printing and usage.

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Language of instruction in interwar Polish schools and percent of population listing a particular language as "mother tongue", as claimed by official Polish statistics for 1937 and 1938

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Interwar Poland was inhabited by 4-5 million Ukrainians. They lived primarily in the areas of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia. Until the First World War, Galicia with its large Ukrainian

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Lithuanian land and provided them generously with estates, gave out the lands and positions to the Catholics, settled the cities and villages and granted the biggest cities and towns

1063:, only the Vilnius gymnasium had survived to 1939. Belarusian schools often conducted classes in Russian, this was especially true of gymnasiums. This resulted from the significant 343:. The rights were usually granted by the king on the occasion of the arrival of migrants. Some integrated with the larger community, such as merchants who settled there, especially 1071:. The Polish officials often treated any Belarusian demanding schooling in Belarusian language as a Soviet spy and any Belarusian social activity as a product of a communist plot. 996:

Belarusians in Poland were a poorly educated group, 90% of them making their living by farming. The aspiration of the Belarusians was to achieve cultural autonomy, as well as fair

2181:"In times of Myravyov the Hanger", as noted in (Wasilewski 1917), p. VII as cited in (Smalyanchuk 2001), p.24. See also the note on treatment of Polonisation as self-Polonisation. 477:), and in Lithuania, it became the basis for land measurement. At the same time, Polish measures of area and distance were introduced, as well as a model of farming based on the 874:

used a variant of the Belarusian language, which was influenced mainly by Polish, but also by Lithuanian, Russian and Jewish. This language was referred to as "simple speech" (

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a "Catholic." After Latin, Polish was considered the second language of worship, so attempts to replace it with Russian or local languages were resisted by local population.

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Greek Catholic Church was initially denied reentry to Lviv for a considerable amount of time. Polish priests led by their bishops began to undertake missionary work among

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also faced discrimination in interwar Poland. This discrimination was also targeting assimilation of Eastern Orthodox Belarusians. The Polish authorities were imposing

1016:" (in Polesia). What's more, Catholic Belarusians naturally leaned toward Polish culture and often referred to themselves as "Poles" even though they spoke Belarusian. 428: 3502: 1454:

at exactly the same time. It was dubbed Operation West. Both operations were coordinated from Moscow; however, there was a shocking difference between their outcomes.

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in many areas of West Belarus, mostly unorganized but sometimes led by activists of Belarusian left wing parties. In the spring of 1922, several thousands Belarusian

1378:, both governments – in the era of nationalism which was sweeping through Europe – treated their respective minorities harshly. In 1920, after the staged mutiny of 1024:. A 19 bilingual schools and just three elementary Belarusian schools remained. Officials prevented the creation of new schools, despite meeting formal conditions. 2044: 1280:

and the courts. Any accusation was strong enough for a particular church to be confiscated and handed over to the Catholic Church. The goal of the two so called "

1533: 256:), while others resembled policies carried out by countries aiming at increasing the role of their native language and culture in their own societies (e.g., 2651: 3287: 1308:

reading rooms. The number of reading rooms declined from 2,879 in 1914 to only 843 in 1923. The decline can be partially explained by the war devastation.

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applied the policies aimed at reversing the past gains of Polonization or aimed at replacing Polish identity and eradication of Polish national group.

363: 2596: 1256:, hoped to receive a better treatment in Poland where the leadership saw Catholicism as one of the main tools to unify the nation – the Poles under 489:

Polish Crown. Instead, Polish quickly took the place of the official language. At the beginning of the 17th-century instructions and resolutions of

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development of literatures in Lithuanian, on the other hand, it contributed to an even faster spread of the Polish language. The Calvinist magnate

407:(reigned 1386–1434). This marked the beginning of the gradual, voluntary Polonization of the Lithuanian nobility. Jagiełło built many churches in 3944: 3655: 858:

A complicated linguistic situation developed on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Polish speakers used a "Kresy" variant of Polish (

3543: 3469: 3398: 3375: 3348: 1993: 1152: 1032: 3788: 2163:

Wasilewski L. (Wasilewski 1917) Kresy Wschodnie. – Warszawa: T-wo wydawnicze w Warszawie, 1917. p. VII as cited in (Smalyanchuk 2001), p.24.

964:. Policies became more liberal and minority autonomy increased. However, this began to change for the worse a few years before the start of 918:

The Lithuanian historian Vaidas Banys has said the following about Polonization within the Catholic Church of Lithuania in the 19th century:

4017: 170:. This happened in some historic periods among non-Polish populations in territories controlled by or substantially under the influence of 4411: 1858: 528: 4459: 4449: 1296:, who claimed that these acts would "destroy in the souls of our non-united Orthodox brothers the very thought of any possible reunion." 2087: 1336: 4439: 843:. After a brief and relatively liberal early period in the early 19th century, where Poland was allowed to retain some autonomy as the 3949: 3695: 2911: 1399:, Lithuania re-established diplomatic relations with Poland and efforts to Polonize Lithuanians living in Poland decreased somewhat. 1395:

in the disputed regions. About 400 Lithuanian reading rooms and libraries were closed in Poland between 1936 and 1938. Following the

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complaints from representatives of large cities that some council members use Polish, although they know German. In 1555, a canon of

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in Orthodox church services and ceremonies, initiated the creation of Polish Orthodox Societies in various parts of West Belarus (

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In the Belarusian territories, the Polonization processes were intensified by the struggle of the Russian authorities against the

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Polonization can be seen as an example of cultural assimilation. Such a view is widely considered applicable to the times of the

2661:(in Russian). Белорусский государственный технологический университет / Belarusian State Technological Institute. Archived from 4175: 3527: 3492: 2012: 1921: 1875: 1793: 1475: 2362: 3761: 1315:

The principle of "numerus clausus" had been introduced following which the Ukrainians were discriminated when entering the

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The Belarusian civil society resisted Polonization and mass closure of Belarusian schools. The Belarusian Schools Society (

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In the 19th century, the mostly unchallenged Polonization trend of the previous centuries had been met staunchly by then "

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and other activists, was the main organization promoting education in Belarusian language in West Belarus in 1921–1937.

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of 1947, the Soviet-controlled Polish communist authorities removed the support base for the still active in that area

1396: 1160: 205: 1319:(not more than 15% of the applicants' total number, the Poles enjoying not less than the 50% quota at the same time). 3585: 3563: 3320: 3252: 3172: 3093: 3060: 3032: 3008: 2973: 2966:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

2770:"Учебные материалы » Лекции » История Беларуси » ЗАХОДНЯЯ БЕЛАРУСЬ ПАД УЛАДАЙ ПОЛЬШЧЫ (1921—1939 гг.)" 2569: 2358: 2241: 2148: 2116: 2037: 1040: 2805: 947:

ethnically Polish population constituted about 69% of the population of the reborn state. The largest minorities in

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Założenia programowe głównych obozów politycznych wobec szkolnictwa dla ludności białoruskiej w II Rzeczypospolitej

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were written down in Polish. In the period 1620–1630, the Polish language supplanted Ruthenian in the books of the

458:), based on the Polish model. The reform was introduced by specialists from Poland, mainly from Mazovia, headed by 3408:. 2013. Germanization, Polonization, and Russification in the Partitioned Lands of Poland–Lithuania (pp 815–838). 193:. To a certain extent, political authorities have administratively promoted Polonization, particularly during the 2662: 1367: 1245: 1211: 1129: 1115:

They want to switch from the rich Polish language to a language that the people themselves call simple and shabby

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running water. Dr Zbigniew Palski from IPN explains that an identical operation was performed in Ukraine by the

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example, actions of the Polish authorities seen as aiming at restricting the influence of the Orthodox and the

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in the interwar years of the 20th century were again twofold. Some of them were similar to the mostly forcible

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and to grant autonomy to West Belarus. Protests were held in various regions of West Belarus until mid 1930s.

3905: 3690: 1387: 1351: 4454: 4153: 3416: 2852: 2065: 1136: 956:, there was a tendency to restrict the rights of minorities and pursue Polonization. This changed with the 859: 747: 557: 17: 4314: 787:, a personal friend of Alexander, was greatly expanded to include the vast territories in the West of the 433: 4351: 3893: 3739: 3436: 2808:[8 Myths about the "reunification" of West Belarus and East Belarus] (in Russian). Archived from 972: 953: 911: 395:

Poles, probably prisoners of war or their descendants. Polish influence increased considerably after the

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Polonization also occurred during times when a Polish state did not exist, despite the empires that

4064: 3915: 3850: 3778: 2233: 1430: 812:. also noting that the Polonization trend had been complemented with the (covert) anti-Russian and 706: 576: 245: 190: 1527:

Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to the End of the Eighteenth Century. A Bilingual Anthology

4046: 3997: 1508:

Franciszek Bujak (1983). "Deutsche Siedlung in den Westgebieten Polens". In LOthar Dralle (ed.).

1266: 1074: 1036: 894: 222: 4190: 4489: 4484: 4331: 3700: 1446: 948: 784: 293:

caused additional resentment and were considered to be closely tied to religious Polonization.

241: 4133: 4096: 4052: 3664: 2084: 1442: 1408: 1227: 1196: 944: 813: 760: 713: 603:(a Poles of a Rus' religion) was born. It all resulted in the almost complete abandonment of 464: 352: 324: 248:

policies implemented by other European powers that have aspired to regional dominance (e.g.,

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The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385—1569

2994: 4368: 4336: 2862:. Głos znad Niemna (Voice of the Neman weekly), Nr 7 (60). pp. 6–7 of current document 1434: 1383: 755: 684: 620: 561: 439: 408: 269: 2860:

Ogólnokrajowy tygodnik SZ "Związek Polaków na Białorusi" (Association of Poles of Belarus)

1269:, and the administrative restrictions were placed on the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. 1257: 1101: 728:, secret (Polish) schools in second half nineteenth to the beginning of the 20th century ( 8: 4373: 4346: 3756: 3749: 3224: 1290: 1145: 1141: 1121: 1106: 867: 863: 809: 374: 213: 2270:

Four Centuries of Enlightenment. A Historic View of the University of Vilnius, 1579–1979

2025: 1522: 4029: 3717: 3537: 3514:

Rachuba, Andrzej (2010). "Litwini". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.).

3463: 3392: 3369: 3342: 3309: 3268: 2060: 2032:. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. 1987: 1370:

were characterized by mutual enmity. As a consequence of the conflict over the city of

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Operacja Wisła: komunistyczna akcja represyjna, czy obrona konieczna Rzeczypospolitej?

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trends. National self-identification was much stronger among the Galician Ukrainians,

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The general outline of causes for that is considered to include the activities of the

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that is ongoing but the article covers only the subject and events until the year 1947

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Manus I. Midlarsky, "The Impact of External Threat on States and Domestic Societie"

3004: 2969: 2888: 2565: 2354: 2245: 2237: 2144: 2112: 2033: 1471: 1426: 1293: 1285: 1273: 1223: 1028: 1020:

the approximately 350 (or 514) existing Belarusian schools, opened mostly during the

957: 824: 793: 608: 604: 370: 108: 61: 2941:. Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. 934:) priests were punished, moved to poorer parishes, or humiliated in their ministry." 827:

aimed at breaking away from Russia, the Imperial policies finally changed abruptly.

4341: 4274: 4206: 4002: 3505:(2005). "Polszczyzna w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim. Aspekt arealny i historyczny". 3405: 1494:) has been being made, however, most modern Polish researchers do not use the term 725: 694:

partition, where, as a reaction to the persecution of Roman Catholicism during the

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With respect to the Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian population in eastern Poland, the

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and Kisiel, resisted the cultural Polonization for several generations, with the

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The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

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The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

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Preussen, Deutschland, Polen im Urteil polnischer Historiker: eine Anthologie

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became the unrestricted rulers of the lands and serfs in their vast estates.

532: 301: 265: 257: 253: 249: 31: 2223:(Smalyanchuk 2001), p.28, (Dovnar 1926), pp.303–315,319–320,328–331,388–389. 4237: 4216: 4185: 4170: 4143: 4138: 4091: 3987: 3939: 3927: 3845: 3813: 3803: 3798: 3680: 1289:

actions were condemned by the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church,

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issued a demand to the Polish government to stop the violence, to liberate

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As noted in (Wasilewski 1917), p.42 as cited in (Smalyanchuk 2001), p.24.

2095: 1478:(2004). Pp.24, 28.), an additional distinction between the Polonization ( 1438: 1363: 1176: 997: 840: 831: 743: 739: 695: 536: 420: 378: 316: 312: 3633: 2487: 2463: 2451: 2439: 1094: 1052: 983: 230: 3255:. pp. 6–7 (3–4 in PDF). Archived from the original on 29 December 2016 2249: 763:, particularly due to the efforts of Polish intellectuals who led the 599:– a ruling, privileged elite. It was at that time when the concept of 3732: 3727: 1980:

Statuty synodu zamojskiego 1720 roku: Nowe tłumaczenie z komentarzami

1582: 1565: 1421:. Also visible is the changing of the name Karl into the Polish Karol 1347: 1156: 1086: 1013: 923: 636: 628: 348: 2475: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 862:) that retained archaic Polish features as well as many remnants of 783:). By the Emperor's order, the Vilna education district overseen by 1305: 1180: 1021: 1001: 961: 903: 641: 565: 186: 182: 3311:

God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795

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Belarusians and Ukrainians in the policies of the Pilsudski party

2683: 2681: 2652:"In the struggle for the reunification of the Belarusian people" 2236:) История Белоруссии. – 2-е изд. – Мн.: Беларусь, 2005. – 680 с. 1418: 1392: 1371: 1218:. On the other hand, the Ukrainians of Volhynia, formerly of the 1163:

was discovered. The Polish policy was met with armed resistance.

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National Relations in the Vilnius Region in the Years 1920–1939

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An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

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by forcibly resettling about 141,000 civilians residing around

1413: 1082: 1056: 490: 424: 344: 171: 2678: 1859:"Lietuvių kalba ir literatūros istorija." Archived by Wayback. 816:

trends. The results of these trends are best reflected in the

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The creation of the Greek Catholic Church, following the 1596

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Morality and Reality: the Life and Times of Andrei Sheptytsky

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Gravestone with removed German inscriptions on a cemetery in

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Stosunki narodowościowe na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1920–1939

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Białorusini i Litwini w Polsce, Polacy na Białorusi i Litwie

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The Prussian-Polish Situation: An experiment in Assimilation

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which was organized in 1802–1803 from the Academy in Vilna (

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The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822

1284:" was to reverse the gains of the Orthodox Church from the 1277: 1240:

Recovery of Orthodox Churches in the Second Polish Republic

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population in the east (around Lviv) was controlled by the

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Historia Białorusi. Od czasów najdawniejszych do roku 1991

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Białorusini i Ukraińcy w polityce obozu piłsudczykowskiego

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Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Analizy i obrazy

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The Clash of Nationalities at the University of Vilnius

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The Treaty of Versailles: a reassessment after 75 years

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Jesuit schools were established by Ruthenian magnates.

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Between the 12th and the 14th centuries, many towns in

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Under a Common Sky. Peoples of the former Commonwealth

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and the cultural influence exacted by the big cities (

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The Polonization took place in the early years of the

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Pogranicze polsko-żydowskie jako pogranicze kulturowe

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PDF copy (5,887 KB), last accessed: 25 February 2011.

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as the official language in accordance with the 1921

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On the other hand, the Polonization policies of the

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Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage

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History of Belarus. From the earliest times to 1991

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Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej

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Russian History in Biographies of its main figures.

1863: 1151:The largest Belarusian political organization, the 539:of the Bible for the use of Lithuanian Calvinists. 307:

The Second Taking of Ruthenia. Wealth and Education

3308: 3244: 3231:. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 655, 656. 853: 746:regarding the usage of the Polish language in the 162:) is the acquisition or imposition of elements of 91:Poland's and the Commonwealth's historical borders 2659:к 75-летию воссоединения Западной Беларуси с БССР 2219: 2217: 2215: 1596:The Baltic States, years of dependence, 1940–1980 4445:Ruthenians in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 4426: 3195:. Stanford University. p. 4. Archived from 3135: 3133: 2851:Andrzej Poczobut, Joanna Klimowicz (June 2011). 1579:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1507: 1183:(Volhynia), Jan Krzakowski: "On language in the 3594: 3507:Kultura i języki Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego 2687: 2622: 2340: 759:actually intensified under the liberal rule of 3456:A History of Ukraine. The Land and Its Peoples 3240: 3238: 3159: 3157: 2901: 2212: 1199:in which the frontiers between Poland and the 575:, the Ukrainian territories controlled by the 319:laying for the first Roman Catholic church in 3649: 3595:Shved, Viachaslau; Grzybowski, Jerzy (2020). 3286:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3130: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2505: 1304:The Polish administration closed many of the 270:foreign occupation by the neighboring empires 2804:Hielahajeu, Alaksandar (17 September 2014). 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2337:Dovnar-Zapolsky, pp.303–315,319–320,328–331. 2132: 2130: 2128: 756:demise of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3235: 3219: 3217: 3188:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2006). 3183: 3181: 3154: 2936: 2331: 2322: 2030:Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology 2011:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSubtelny2009 ( 1920:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSubtelny2009 ( 1792:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSuchecki1983 ( 1100:Belarusian Roman Catholic priests like Fr. 473:was a Polish measure of land (in Ruthenian 419:appeared, and the country was divided into 389: 4412:The Polonization of the Ukrainian Nobility 3656: 3642: 3607: 3542:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3476: 3468:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3397:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3374:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2992: 2963: 2932: 2930: 2836: 2830: 2803: 2747: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2053: 1992:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1977: 1806: 1775: 1722: 1686: 1659: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1548: 1463: 1031:. Despite the abolition of the Belarusian 50:This article is about an event or subject 3663: 3382: 3102: 2874: 2788: 2637: 2607: 2573:No preview available. Google Books, p.144 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2524: 2313: 2125: 2080: 2078: 796:of the university, Hieronim Strojnowski, 771:), vastly expanded and given the highest 732:) and the influence of the land estates. 678: 339:that promoted the towns' development and 3580:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3572: 3501: 3214: 3178: 3055:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3047: 3041: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2654:В борьбе за единство белорусского народа 2006: 1942:"Poland, history of: Wladyslaw IV Vasa". 1915: 1874:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStone2014 ( 1787: 1412: 1335: 1170: 982: 926:'s church. So-called 'Lithuanomaniacs' ( 734: 403:was offered the Polish crown and became 362: 300: 27:Adoption or imposition of Polish culture 3619: 3513: 3453: 3428: 3356:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz, Joanna (2010). 3223: 3124: 3078: 2951: 2927: 2921: 2735: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2101: 1928: 1903: 1888: 1734: 1707: 1674: 1153:Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union 517: 14: 4427: 3550: 3303: 2643: 2595:factor of European identity of Poles. 2542: 2291: 2289: 2226: 2075: 820:in previously non-Polish territories. 3637: 3329: 2753: 2649: 2019: 1869: 1845: 1830: 1818: 1763: 1746: 1647: 1594:Romuald J. Misiunas, Rein Taagepera. 1516: 2910:. Edited by James S. Olson. Page 95. 2254: 2143:, Cambridge University Press, 2007, 2111:, Cambridge University Press, 1998, 1955:"БЕРЕСТЕЙСЬКА ЦЕРКОВНА УНІЯ 1596 Р." 1402: 36: 2856:(PDF file, direct download 1.79 MB) 2506:Jakubauskienė, Rasa (4 June 2021). 2286: 1452:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1441:to northern areas of the so-called 359:Polish–Lithuanian Union (1385–1795) 237:in the middle of the 19th century. 24: 4460:History of the Lithuanian language 3245:Dr Zbigniew Palski (30 May 2008). 3017: 2042:"Renaissance Literary Background." 1397:1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 1393:settlement of Polish army veterans 1161:Communist Party of Western Belarus 1033:Belarusian Social Democratic Party 939:Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) 551: 399:(1386). The Lithuanian Grand Duke 296: 25: 4501: 4440:Early modern history of Lithuania 4400: 3253:Institute of National Remembrance 3143:(in Polish). Warszawa: ASPRA-JR. 3091:Brief history of L'viv University 2209:(Dovnar 1926) pp.290–291,293–298. 1366:of the 20th century (1920–1939), 781:Imperatoria Universitas Vilnensis 216:upper classes were drawn towards 60:to include this information. The 2996:A History of Polish Christianity 2853:"Białostocki ulubieniec Stalina" 1226:, and were influenced by strong 660: 286:Part of the country's leadership 85: 41: 3603:] (in Polish). Warsaw: WUW. 3297: 3229:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 2986: 2957: 2884:Belarus: A Perpetual Borderland 2588: 2499: 2310:, Volume 27, No.1 – Summer 1981 2283:, Volume 27, No.1 – Summer 1981 2203: 2194: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 1978:Nowakowski, Przemysław (2020). 1971: 1947: 1851: 1261:the so-called "Sokalski line". 1246:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 971:Assimilation was considered by 960:and the assumption of power by 854:Lithuanian and Belarusian lands 611:by the Ruthenian higher class. 601:gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus 291:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 235:Lithuanian national renaissance 4450:Western Belorussia (1918–1939) 3623:Przegląd Historyczno-Oświatowy 3477:Mironowicz, Eugeniusz (2007). 3027:, Blackwell Publishers, 2003, 1600:University of California Press 1588: 1571: 1554: 1501: 1331: 1322: 991: 581:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 542: 206:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 13: 1: 3454:Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). 3429:Magocsi, Robert Paul (1996). 3315:. Columbia University Press. 2172:(Dovnar 1926) pp.290–291,298. 1457: 1388:Lithuanian minority in Poland 1222:(around Rivne), were largely 1203:had been defined. Written in 1166: 627:Some Ruthenian magnates like 529:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł 199:period following World War II 4238:Romanization of the writings 3167:(in Polish). Warszawa: PWN. 3163:Makowski, Bronisław (1986). 2964:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). 2881:Dr Andrew Savchenko (2009). 2328:Dovnar-Zapolsky, pp.293–296. 2319:Dovnar-Zapolsky, pp.290–298. 1562:Lithuania stepping westwards 1299: 1035:, for its contacts with the 912:Lithuanian national movement 860:Northern Borderlands dialect 748:Lithuanian Catholic churches 7: 4352:Forced religious conversion 3615:. Kraków. pp. 544–560. 3522:] (in Polish). Warsaw. 3509:. Kraków. pp. 103–116. 3437:University of Toronto Press 3418:Central European Superpower 3383:Kaczmarek, Ryszard (2010). 3139:Żołędowski, Cezary (2003). 2887:. BRILL. pp. 106–107. 2688:Shved & Grzybowski 2020 2623:Shved & Grzybowski 2020 2494:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2482:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2470:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2458:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2446:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2434:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2422:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2410:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2398:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2386:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 2374:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 1982:. Cracow. pp. 382–390. 1857:Ulčinaitė E., Jovaišas A., 1368:Lithuanian–Polish relations 1233: 1126:Таварыства беларускай школы 10: 4506: 4465:Lithuania–Poland relations 3165:Litwini w Polsce 1920–1939 3001:Cambridge University Press 2993:Kloczowski, Jerzy (2000). 2968:. McFarland. p. 182. 1529:, Warsaw: Constans, 1999. 1406: 1237: 1027:The change came after the 775:status under the new name 229:(and, to a lesser extent, 29: 4475:History of Eastern Europe 4470:Social history of Ukraine 4324: 4315:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 4257: 4225: 4200:Assimilation by religions 4199: 3671: 3558:. Yale University Press. 3385:Historia Polski 1914-1989 2564:, Yale University Press, 2232:Довнар-Запольский М. В. ( 1536:27 September 2007 at the 1486:) and self-Polonization ( 1135:Compared to the (larger) 1125: 893:. The liquidation of the 777:Vilna Imperial University 769:Schola Princeps Vilnensis 653:of the commoners and the 415:in their Polish variant. 114: 109:Poland throughout history 104: 96: 84: 64:may contain suggestions. 4226:Assimilation by writings 3458:(2nd ed.). Toronto. 2653: 2234:Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky 2090:4 September 2005 at the 1431:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 707:Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky 579:were transferred to the 577:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 390:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 30:Not to be confused with 3611:(2006). "Polonizacja". 1958:resource.history.org.ua 1937:Encyclopædia Britannica 1282:revindication campaigns 1045:Nowogródek voivodeships 177:Like other examples of 4332:Cultural globalization 3337:. Vol. 1. Oxford. 2582:19 August 2011 at the 2047:5 January 2009 at the 1531:Introductory chapters. 1491: 1483: 1422: 1359: 1207: 1009: 988: 936: 931: 879: 751: 679:Partitions (1795–1918) 558:Władysław III of Varna 455: 386: 335:adopted the so-called 328: 208:(1569–1795), when the 195:Second Polish Republic 159: 4480:Cultural assimilation 3665:Cultural assimilation 3025:Dissolving Boundaries 2650:Kosliakov, Vladimir. 2353:, Grove Press, 2001, 1443:Recovered Territories 1416: 1409:Recovered Territories 1376:Polish–Lithuanian War 1339: 1174: 1130:Branisłaŭ Taraškievič 986: 945:Polish census of 1921 920: 910:The emergence of the 866:and some features of 823:Following the Polish 814:anti-Eastern Orthodox 738: 714:Roman-Catholic Church 607:, traditions and the 405:Władysław II Jagiełło 366: 353:cultural assimilation 325:Casimir III the Great 311:1888 oil painting by 304: 179:cultural assimilation 4369:Internal colonialism 4337:Cultural imperialism 4018:Northern Afghanistan 3503:Ostrówka, Małgorzata 3432:A History of Ukraine 3410:Nationalities Papers 3037:Google Print, p. 15. 2937:Magocsi, P. (1989). 2302:10 July 2021 at the 2275:23 June 2021 at the 2141:The Slavic Languages 1568:, 2001. p. 24. 1512:. Colloquium-Verlag. 1175:Decree of the first 808:of the contemporary 562:Casimir IV Jagiellon 556:Jogaila's successor 518:Church and education 440:Alekna Sudimantaitis 438:and the daughter of 225:. Conversion to the 166:, in particular the 4455:Belarusian language 4374:Jewish assimilation 4347:Forced assimilation 3885:or Castilianization 3114:Google Print, p.146 2363:Google Print, p.171 2121:Google Print, p.314 1577:David James Smith. 1386:death in 1935, the 1352:Central Lithuania ( 1146:political prisoners 1107:Belarusian language 1075:Orthodox Christians 1004:" "simple speech" ( 810:Belarusian language 375:Lithuanian language 134: Silver – 1939 122: Yellow – 1000 81: 3998:Montenegrinization 3578:Ukraine: A History 3202:on 15 October 2012 3096:2013-05-13 at the 3053:Ukraine: A History 2640:, p. 158-159. 2539:, p. 154-155. 2153:Google Print, p.92 2139:, Paul Cubberley, 2061:Nikolay Kostomarov 1833:, p. 319-320. 1821:, p. 318-319. 1626:, p. 546-547. 1423: 1360: 1341:Lithuanian postage 1208: 1185:Volhynian Province 1137:Ukrainian minority 1067:of the Belarusian 989: 973:National Democrats 954:national democracy 765:Vilnius University 752: 651:Ruthenian language 537:Polish translation 499:Ruthenian language 495:Lithuanian Metrica 483:three-field system 460:Piotr Chwalczewski 387: 379:ethnic Lithuanians 329: 128: Khaki – 1569 79: 4435:Culture of Poland 4397: 4396: 4364:Identity politics 4253: 4252: 3983:Macedonianization 3529:978-83-11-11724-2 3494:978-83-89190-87-1 3251:. Nasz Dziennik, 2776:on 20 August 2016 2665:on 21 August 2016 2496:, pp. 78–79. 2472:, pp. 49–51. 2460:, pp. 48–49. 2448:, pp. 57–59. 2295:Rev. Stasys Yla, 2107:Various authors, 1476:978-5-94716-036-9 1427:Operation Vistula 1403:Post–World War II 1380:Lucjan Żeligowski 1294:Andrei Sheptytsky 1286:partitions period 1274:Polish government 1267:Eastern Catholics 1258:Stanisław Grabski 1197:Polish–Soviet War 1102:Vincent Hadleŭski 1022:German occupation 943:According to the 891:Catholic Churches 825:November uprising 742:complaint to the 605:Ruthenian culture 429:Mikołaj Tęczyński 242:Polish government 145: 144: 140: Pink – 1945 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 4497: 4418: 4342:Dominant culture 4325:Related concepts 4287:De-russification 4275:De-stalinization 4270:De-communization 4207:Christianization 4197: 4196: 4049:or Latinization 4003:Norwegianization 3979:or Hungarization 3953: 3794:Colombianization 3696:Native Americans 3658: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3616: 3609:Trimonienė, Rita 3604: 3591: 3569: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3510: 3498: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3450: 3406:Tomasz Kamusella 3402: 3396: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3364:]. Katowice. 3352: 3346: 3338: 3331:Frost, Robert I. 3326: 3314: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3161: 3152: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3106: 3100: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3045: 3039: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2857: 2849:{vn|August 2016} 2847: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2812:on 8 August 2016 2801: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2772:. Archived from 2766: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714:, p. 69-70. 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2555: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2514:(in Lithuanian). 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2293: 2284: 2263: 2252: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2134: 2123: 2105: 2099: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2026:Michael J. Mikoś 2023: 2017: 2016: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1951: 1945: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1918:, p. 95-96. 1913: 1907: 1901: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1737:, p. 33-34. 1732: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1705: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1592: 1586: 1575: 1569: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1523:Michael J. Mikoś 1520: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1499: 1467: 1187:", establishing 1127: 1029:May Coup of 1926 785:Adam Czartoryski 726:January uprising 685:partition Poland 506:and foreigners. 468: 437: 413:Magdeburg rights 377:), dedicated to 337:Magdeburg rights 139: 133: 127: 121: 89: 82: 78: 70: 69: 45: 44: 37: 21: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389:Monoculturalism 4320: 4309:De-sinicization 4282:De-nazification 4258:Opposite trends 4249: 4221: 4195: 4077:Sanskritization 4042:Romanianization 4008:Pakistanization 3947: 3883:Hispanicization 3873:Hawaiianization 3829:Europeanization 3824:Estonianization 3779:Canadianization 3686:Americanization 3667: 3662: 3588: 3574:Subtelny, Orest 3566: 3552:Snyder, Timothy 3535: 3534: 3530: 3495: 3461: 3460: 3447: 3439:. p. 596. 3415:Litwin Henryk, 3412:. Vol 41, No 5. 3390: 3389: 3367: 3366: 3340: 3339: 3323: 3300: 3295: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3236: 3225:Čepėnas, Pranas 3222: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3162: 3155: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3107: 3103: 3098:Wayback Machine 3089: 3085: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3049:Subtelny, Orest 3046: 3042: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3003:. p. 272. 2991: 2987: 2976: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2848: 2837: 2831:Mironowicz 2007 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2754: 2748:Mironowicz 2007 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2724:Mironowicz 2007 2722: 2718: 2712:Mironowicz 2007 2710: 2706: 2700:Mironowicz 2007 2698: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2584:Wayback Machine 2556: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2512:rinkosaikste.lt 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2347:Harold Nicolson 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2304:Wayback Machine 2294: 2287: 2277:Wayback Machine 2264: 2255: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2135: 2126: 2106: 2102: 2092:Wayback Machine 2083: 2076: 2070: 2058: 2054: 2049:Wayback Machine 2024: 2020: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1985: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1807:Trimonienė 2006 1805: 1801: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1776:Trimonienė 2006 1774: 1770: 1762: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1723:Trimonienė 2006 1721: 1714: 1706: 1693: 1687:Trimonienė 2006 1685: 1681: 1673: 1666: 1660:Trimonienė 2006 1658: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1636:Trimonienė 2006 1634: 1630: 1624:Trimonienė 2006 1622: 1618: 1612:Trimonienė 2006 1610: 1606: 1593: 1589: 1576: 1572: 1559: 1555: 1549:Trimonienė 2006 1547: 1543: 1538:Wayback Machine 1521: 1517: 1506: 1502: 1496:polszczenie się 1492:polszczenie się 1468: 1464: 1460: 1411: 1405: 1364:interwar period 1334: 1325: 1317:Lviv University 1302: 1254:Catholic Church 1242: 1236: 1216:Austrian Empire 1169: 1111:Polish language 1079:Polish language 994: 949:interwar Poland 941: 856: 845:Congress Poland 818:ethnic censuses 703:Leon Wasilewski 681: 671:the Dameraw to 663: 655:Polish language 647:Church Slavonic 609:Orthodox Church 573:Union of Lublin 554: 552:Ruthenian lands 545: 520: 462: 456:reforma włóczna 431: 392: 368:Polish language 361: 299: 297:Medieval Poland 282:Austria-Hungary 262:Romanianization 246:assimilationist 223:Orthodox Church 168:Polish language 141: 137: 135: 131: 129: 125: 123: 119: 92: 71: 67:(November 2020) 65: 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4503: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4401:External links 4399: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4379:Language shift 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4265:De-arabization 4261: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4191:Zairianization 4188: 4183: 4181:Westernization 4178: 4176:Vietnamization 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:Turkmenization 4158: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4129:Talibanization 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4084: 4082:Serbianization 4079: 4074: 4072:Saffronization 4069: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4025:Persianization 4022: 4021: 4020: 4013:Pashtunization 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972:Lithuanization 3969: 3967:Latvianization 3964: 3959: 3954: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3933:Japanification 3925: 3923:Italianization 3920: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3903: 3901:Indigenization 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3863:Georgification 3860: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3834:Westernization 3826: 3821: 3819:Dutchification 3816: 3811: 3809:Cypriotization 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3769:Bosniakization 3766: 3765: 3764: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3745:Belarusization 3742: 3740:Araucanization 3737: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3683: 3678: 3676:Africanization 3672: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3621:Vilnius]. 3617: 3605: 3592: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3548: 3528: 3511: 3499: 3493: 3474: 3451: 3445: 3426: 3413: 3403: 3380: 3353: 3327: 3321: 3305:Davies, Norman 3299: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3234: 3213: 3177: 3175:, pp. 244–303. 3153: 3129: 3127:, p. 629. 3117: 3101: 3083: 3081:, p. 631. 3068: 3061: 3040: 3016: 3009: 2985: 2974: 2956: 2954:, p. 596. 2944: 2926: 2924:, p. 626. 2914: 2900: 2894:978-9004174481 2893: 2873: 2835: 2823: 2787: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2690:, p. 182. 2677: 2642: 2638:Kaczmarek 2010 2627: 2612: 2610:, p. 158. 2608:Kaczmarek 2010 2600: 2587: 2558:Timothy Snyder 2541: 2537:Kaczmarek 2010 2529: 2527:, p. 154. 2525:Kaczmarek 2010 2517: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2285: 2266:Tomas Venclova 2253: 2225: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2124: 2100: 2074: 2052: 2018: 1999: 1970: 1946: 1934:Staff writer, 1927: 1908: 1906:, p. 149. 1893: 1891:, p. 145. 1881: 1862: 1850: 1848:, p. 320. 1835: 1823: 1811: 1809:, p. 552. 1799: 1780: 1778:, p. 553. 1768: 1766:, p. 318. 1751: 1749:, p. 317. 1739: 1727: 1725:, p. 554. 1712: 1691: 1689:, p. 555. 1679: 1664: 1662:, p. 548. 1652: 1650:, p. 322. 1640: 1638:, p. 547. 1628: 1616: 1614:, p. 549. 1604: 1587: 1570: 1553: 1551:, p. 544. 1541: 1515: 1500: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1407:Main article: 1404: 1401: 1358:, made in 1920 1354:Środkowa Litwa 1333: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1301: 1298: 1248:, which is in 1235: 1232: 1220:Russian Empire 1212:Greek Catholic 1193:Treaty of Riga 1168: 1165: 1069:intelligentsia 993: 990: 940: 937: 872:Vilnius region 855: 852: 789:Russian Empire 754:Following the 730:tajne komplety 680: 677: 662: 659: 616:Union of Brest 585:Polish culture 553: 550: 544: 541: 519: 516: 397:Union of Krewo 391: 388: 360: 357: 315:depicting the 298: 295: 227:Roman Catholic 218:Westernization 164:Polish culture 143: 142: 136: 130: 124: 118: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 73: 72: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4502: 4491: 4490:Rusyn history 4488: 4486: 4485:Slavicization 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4359:Globalization 4357: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292:Korenizatsiia 4290: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4233:Cyrillization 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166:Ukrainization 4164: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4149:Turkification 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4134:Taiwanization 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124:Swedification 4122: 4120: 4119:Swahilization 4117: 4115: 4114:Sovietization 4112: 4110: 4109:Slovakization 4107: 4105: 4104:Slavicization 4102: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:Sinhalization 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4060:Russification 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993:Mongolization 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3977:Magyarization 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3962:Kurdification 3960: 3958: 3957:Koreanization 3955: 3951: 3946: 3945:Kazakhization 3943: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3911:Israelization 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3889:Indianization 3887: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3878:Hellenization 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3868:Germanization 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858:Gaelicization 3856: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841:Finnicization 3839: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789:Chilenization 3787: 3785: 3784:Celticization 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774:Bulgarization 3772: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3757:Bengalization 3755: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708:Anglicization 3706: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3587:0-8020-5808-6 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3565:0-300-10586-X 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3322:0-231-12817-7 3318: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3289: 3282: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3173:83-01-06805-1 3170: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3062:0-8020-5808-6 3058: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3033:1-4051-2134-3 3030: 3026: 3020: 3012: 3010:9780521364294 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2975:9780786403714 2971: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2861: 2854: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2833:, p. 45. 2832: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2750:, p. 93. 2749: 2744: 2738:, p. 74. 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2702:, p. 63. 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2625:, p. 79. 2624: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2575:See instead: 2574: 2571: 2570:0-300-10586-X 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2484:, p. 56. 2483: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 57. 2435: 2430: 2424:, p. 54. 2423: 2418: 2412:, p. 45. 2411: 2406: 2400:, p. 44. 2399: 2394: 2388:, p. 43. 2387: 2382: 2376:, p. 42. 2375: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2359:0-8021-3744-X 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:985-01-0550-X 2239: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2149:0-521-22315-6 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:Roland Sussex 2133: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2117:0-521-62132-1 2114: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038:0-89357-257-8 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2014: 2009:, p. 94. 2008: 2007:Subtelny 2009 2003: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1974: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1916:Subtelny 2009 1912: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1872:, p. 62. 1871: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1790:, p. 60. 1789: 1788:Suchecki 1983 1784: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1710:, p. 34. 1709: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1677:, p. 33. 1676: 1671: 1669: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1602:. 1983. p. 3. 1601: 1597: 1591: 1585:. 2002. p. 7. 1584: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1560:Thomas Lane. 1557: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1355: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1202: 1201:Soviet Russia 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1065:Russification 1062: 1061:Radashkovichy 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 985: 981: 977: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 946: 935: 933: 929: 925: 919: 916: 913: 908: 905: 899: 896: 895:Uniate Church 892: 887: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 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103: 99: 95: 88: 83: 77: 68: 63: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 32:Pollenization 19: 4313: 4297:Latinization 4243:Soviet Union 4217:Islamization 4186:Wolofization 4171:Uzbekization 4144:Thaification 4139:Tamilization 4092:Sinicization 4047:Romanization 4037:Polonization 4036: 3988:Malayization 3940:Javanization 3928:Japanization 3906:Indonezation 3846:Francization 3814:Czechization 3804:Croatization 3799:Creolization 3681:Albanization 3626: 3622: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3577: 3555: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3484: 3479: 3455: 3431: 3423:BUM Magazine 3422: 3417: 3409: 3384: 3361: 3357: 3334: 3310: 3298:Bibliography 3257:. Retrieved 3247: 3228: 3204:. Retrieved 3197:the original 3164: 3140: 3125:Magocsi 2010 3120: 3104: 3086: 3079:Magocsi 2010 3052: 3043: 3024: 3019: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2952:Magocsi 1996 2947: 2938: 2922:Magocsi 2010 2917: 2907: 2903: 2883: 2876: 2864:. Retrieved 2859: 2826: 2814:. Retrieved 2810:the original 2778:. Retrieved 2774:the original 2743: 2736:Walasek 2021 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2667:. Retrieved 2663:the original 2658: 2645: 2603: 2590: 2561: 2532: 2520: 2511: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2350: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2307: 2280: 2228: 2205: 2196: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2140: 2108: 2103: 2071:(in Russian) 2064: 2055: 2029: 2021: 2002: 1979: 1973: 1961:. Retrieved 1957: 1949: 1935: 1930: 1911: 1904:Magocsi 1996 1889:Magocsi 1996 1884: 1865: 1853: 1826: 1814: 1802: 1783: 1771: 1742: 1735:Rachuba 2010 1730: 1708:Rachuba 2010 1682: 1675:Rachuba 2010 1655: 1643: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1590: 1578: 1573: 1561: 1556: 1544: 1526: 1518: 1509: 1503: 1495: 1465: 1424: 1361: 1353: 1346:with Polish 1326: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1291:metropolitan 1271: 1263: 1243: 1209: 1150: 1134: 1119: 1114: 1109:rather than 1099: 1073: 1026: 1018: 995: 978: 970: 966:World War II 942: 921: 917: 909: 900: 888: 884: 857: 848:puppet state 829: 822: 806: 802: 780: 772: 768: 753: 729: 711: 700: 689: 682: 664: 633:Wiśniowiecki 626: 621:Latinization 613: 600: 596: 593: 571:In the 1569 570: 555: 546: 525: 521: 512: 508: 487: 474: 470: 448:Volok Reform 444: 421:voivodeships 417: 393: 330: 305: 239: 203: 176: 152:Polonisation 151: 148:Polonization 147: 146: 80:Polonization 76: 66: 56:Please help 51: 18:Polonisation 4417:(in Polish) 4384:Melting pot 4212:Judaization 3948: [ 3713:Arabization 3277:|work= 3190:"Lithuania" 2250:2003-500047 2096:W.I. Thomas 1963:29 December 1484:polonizacja 1445:awarded by 1439:Low Beskids 1384:Piłsudski's 1362:During the 1332:Lithuanians 1323:Land reform 1010:mowa prosta 998:land reform 992:Belarusians 980:identities. 880:mowa prosta 841:anti-Polish 832:anti-Polish 792:served the 761:Alexander I 744:Pope Pius X 740:Lithuanians 696:Kulturkampf 543:Royal court 463: [ 432: [ 317:cornerstone 313:Jan Matejko 197:and in the 160:polonizacja 4429:Categories 4154:placenames 3894:placenames 3762:placenames 3691:immigrants 3446:0802078206 3149:8388766767 1870:Stone 2014 1846:Frost 2015 1831:Frost 2015 1819:Frost 2015 1764:Frost 2015 1747:Frost 2015 1648:Frost 2015 1458:References 1447:the Allies 1435:Bieszczady 1374:, and the 1348:overprints 1244:While the 1238:See also: 1228:Russophile 1195:after the 1167:Ukrainians 1128:), led by 1122:Belarusian 1095:Navahrudak 1053:Navahrudak 868:Lithuanian 864:Belarusian 705:) (1917), 673:Działyński 231:Protestant 214:Lithuanian 183:nobilities 58:improve it 4030:societies 3718:Armenians 3538:cite book 3464:cite book 3393:cite book 3387:. Warsaw. 3370:cite book 3343:cite book 3279:ignored ( 3269:cite book 3151:, p. 114. 1988:cite book 1583:Routledge 1566:Routledge 1300:Education 1252:with the 1250:communion 1205:Ukrainian 1157:Comintern 1142:partisans 1091:Vaŭkavysk 1087:Białystok 1037:Comintern 958:1926 coup 932:litwomany 649:with the 637:Ostrogski 629:Sanguszko 442:in 1478. 349:Armenians 327:of Poland 210:Ruthenian 191:Lithuania 100:1569–1945 62:talk page 3851:Brussels 3576:(1988). 3554:(2004). 3333:(2015). 3307:(2005). 3227:(1986). 3108:Snyder, 3094:Archived 3051:(1988). 2981:churches 2780:3 August 2580:Archived 2308:Lituanus 2300:Archived 2281:Lituanus 2273:Archived 2088:Archived 2045:Archived 1940:(2006). 1534:Archived 1306:Prosvita 1234:Religion 1224:Orthodox 1177:governor 1014:Poleshuk 1002:Tutejszy 962:Sanation 904:szlachta 773:Imperial 692:Prussian 642:Cyrillic 597:szlachta 589:language 566:magnates 187:Ruthenia 105:Location 97:Duration 4302:Ukraine 4065:Finland 3723:Berbers 3425:, 2016. 3259:12 July 3206:18 June 2816:26 July 2669:26 July 1425:During 1419:Gliwice 1372:Vilnius 1049:Vilnius 794:rectors 668:Gniezno 504:Livonia 491:sejmiks 479:folwark 425:powiats 401:Jogaila 383:Vilnius 278:Prussia 115:Borders 3728:Blacks 3629:(3–4). 3584: 3562: 3526: 3491: 3443: 3319: 3171: 3147: 3110:op cit 3059: 3031: 3007: 2972: 2891: 2866:24 May 2675: 2568: 2357: 2248: 2240: 2147: 2115: 2036: 1944: 1488:Polish 1480:Polish 1474: 1344:stamps 1189:Polish 1083:Slonim 1057:Kletsk 1012:) or " 1006:Polish 928:Polish 876:Polish 750:, 1906 452:Polish 385:, 1766 371:primer 345:Greeks 333:Poland 280:, and 274:Russia 172:Poland 156:Polish 138: 132: 126: 120: 4097:Tibet 4053:names 3952:] 3916:names 3701:names 3599:[ 3518:[ 3483:[ 3360:[ 3200:(PDF) 3193:(PDF) 2191:p.25. 1181:Wołyń 1041:Wilno 722:Kovno 718:Vilna 533:Brest 475:volok 471:Włóka 467:] 436:] 409:pagan 341:trade 3750:soft 3733:Jews 3582:ISBN 3560:ISBN 3544:link 3524:ISBN 3489:ISBN 3470:link 3441:ISBN 3399:link 3376:link 3349:link 3317:ISBN 3288:link 3281:help 3261:2015 3208:2007 3169:ISBN 3145:ISBN 3057:ISBN 3029:ISBN 3005:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2889:ISBN 2868:2014 2818:2016 2782:2016 2671:2016 2566:ISBN 2355:ISBN 2246:LCCN 2238:ISBN 2145:ISBN 2113:ISBN 2034:ISBN 2013:help 1994:link 1965:2023 1922:help 1876:help 1794:help 1472:ISBN 1437:and 1278:Sejm 1059:and 1043:and 924:Šėta 587:and 481:and 423:and 373:(in 347:and 321:Lviv 212:and 189:and 2094:by 1350:of 1179:of 1097:). 485:. 323:by 272:of 185:of 150:or 4431:: 3950:ru 3627:64 3625:. 3540:}} 3536:{{ 3466:}} 3462:{{ 3435:. 3421:, 3395:}} 3391:{{ 3372:}} 3368:{{ 3345:}} 3341:{{ 3273:: 3271:}} 3267:{{ 3237:^ 3216:^ 3180:^ 3156:^ 3132:^ 3112:, 3071:^ 3035:, 2999:. 2978:. 2929:^ 2858:. 2838:^ 2790:^ 2755:^ 2680:^ 2657:. 2630:^ 2615:^ 2560:, 2544:^ 2510:. 2361:, 2349:, 2306:, 2288:^ 2279:, 2268:, 2256:^ 2244:, 2214:^ 2151:, 2127:^ 2119:, 2077:^ 2063:, 2040:, 2028:, 1990:}} 1986:{{ 1896:^ 1838:^ 1754:^ 1715:^ 1694:^ 1667:^ 1598:. 1581:. 1564:. 1525:, 1490:: 1482:: 1124:: 1117:. 1093:, 1089:, 1085:, 1055:, 1051:, 1008:: 968:. 930:: 878:: 834:" 720:, 631:, 591:. 535:a 469:. 465:pl 454:: 450:– 434:pl 381:, 355:. 276:, 264:, 260:, 252:, 201:. 174:. 158:: 3657:e 3650:t 3643:v 3590:. 3568:. 3546:) 3532:. 3497:. 3472:) 3449:. 3401:) 3378:) 3351:) 3325:. 3290:) 3283:) 3263:. 3210:. 3065:. 3013:. 2897:. 2870:. 2820:. 2784:. 2673:. 2098:. 2059:" 2015:) 1996:) 1967:. 1924:) 1878:) 1796:) 1498:. 1356:) 779:( 446:( 309:, 154:( 54:. 34:. 20:)

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