1998:(1972), pp. 21–22. "At the regional level, regional commissioners appointed from the ranks of Mps were replaced by regional committees of administration made up of soldiers, policemen and civil servants. At the local level, the number of administrative districts was reduced from 168 to 47, with nominally elected councilors replaced by management committees, including originally a majority of central and local government officials, but later a larger number of nominated politicians. The main innovations by the NLC were the creation of a network of advisory committees and the appointment of numerous commissioners and committees of inquiry, many of which contained representatives of pressure groups and so provided a means by which groups could convey their demands. Immediately after the coup the NLC appointed standing committees to cover administration, economics, external affairs and publicity. Committees on law, tenders, agriculture and logistics were added later. A Political Committee was established in July 1966 'to make proposals to the NLC on modifications to enactments, decisions and policy to serve the public interest'."
1003:
administrative units which was headed by
District Commissioners. Each district was made up of traditional areas that fell under the control of a paramount chief or king. These kings, chiefs and sub-chiefs were responsible for presiding over native courts, maintaining law and order as well as satisfying access to basic amenities such as clinics and schools. The native authorities functioned under the general direction and control of the British District Commissioners. There was a growth of nationalism among native Ghanaians in the 1940s, resulting in the call for more autonomy in 1948. The
664:
429:
1044:
128:
439:
738:
515:
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in 1952. There was also the approval of a new constitution on 29 April 1954. The new constitution meant that assembly members were no longer elected by the ethnic councils, the assembly was enlarged, and all members were elected directly from single-member constituencies with equal representation. It
1307:
of Ghana in 2003. In 2005 saw the start of the Ghana School
Feeding Programme, in which a free hot meal per day was provided in public schools and kindergartens in the poorest areas. Although some projects were criticised as unfinished or unfunded, the progress of Ghana was noted internationally.
1138:
The
National Liberation Council established many commissions and advisory committees to make policies and engage with civil society. Various committees were assigned to areas such as the economy, public relations, foreign relations, law, farming, and the structure of government itself (which did
1002:
from 1901, after he became
Governor. He then recommended its application in other British colonies in Africa. Indirect rule led to the division of the Gold Coast into provinces under the administration and jurisdiction of Provincial Commissioners. Each province will sub divided into a member of
1036:
established a cabinet of
African ministers, with only defense and foreign policy remaining in the hands of the governor; the elected assembly was given control over the majority of internal affairs. In order to reflect the provisions of the new constitution, a nationwide election was held
1147:
The NLC certified its plans to transfer power to civilian rule. It lifted the ban on political activities in Ghana in May 1969. A date was fixed for general elections in order to hand over to civilian rule on 1 October 1969. Five political parties participated in the
1059:
by the
British government which saw the CPP win by a landslide. On 3 August 1956, Kwame Nkrumah passed a proposal in Parliament, calling for the independence of the Gold Coast of which the British accepted. The United Nations organized a
1188:
form of government, where the local administrations served as extensions to the central government, which set the local administration's prerogative. The Second
Republic began on 1 October 1969 with K. A Busia as the Prime Minister and
1367:
became
President-elect and was inaugurated as the fifth President of the Fourth Republic of Ghana and eighth President of Ghana on 7 January 2017. In December 2020, President Nana Akufo-Addo was re-elected after a tightly contested
1143:
were consolidated from 168 to 47. The management committees were constituted mostly by civil servants as well as one private citizen nominated by the police. Many personnel from the old councils participated in the new committees.
943:
who was assisted by a council of senior colonial officers. The structure of the Dutch Gold Coast government was restructured in 1675. The area under the authority of the
Director-General was redefined as "the Coast of Africa, from
828:. A council of elders existed to assist the supreme ruler in his administration of the state. Below the supreme ruler and Council of elders were the divisional chiefs who were responsible for the various divisions in the state.
1068:
would join Ghana at
Independence. Majority of the people in the Trust Territory of Togoland voted in the plebiscite for unification with Ghana. Ghana gained independence in 1957 and the first presidential elections took place
775:
was the highest form of authority in the empire where most of Ashanti's power centered upon. He did not enjoy absolute rule. If the Asantehene violated the oaths he took during his enstoolment, he could be impeached. The
976:. Southern Ghana was administered differently from Ashanti, the Northern Territories and British Togo land. The Ashanti, Northern Territories and British Togoland were ruled directly by the Governor who was assisted by
917:
institutions, each Guan state later adopted a chief and the office of a priest was separated from that of a chief. The clan heads of each state formed a council of elders that assisted the chiefs in decision-making.
1323:
stood for the third time. After a run-off, John Atta Mills won the election. On 24 July 2012, Ghana suffered a shocking blow when their president died. Power was then given to his vice-president,
1011:, in order to draft a new constitution that will satisfy the demands of the natives. A new constitution was formed in 1951 which conferred on the country a self-governing status. The
913:, the Guan people were not governed by any "principal man" but every town had its own ruler. The fetish priest wielded both political and religious functions. Due to the influence of
2318:
26:, the colonial era and after independence. Pre-colonial Ghana was made up of several states and ethnic groups whose political system was categorized by 3 main administrative models;
1341:
was sworn in as president on 7 January 2009 in a peaceful transition after Nana Akuffo Addo was narrowly defeated. Mills died of natural causes and was succeeded by vice-president
111:
ruled Ghana until 1993, when a transition process was in place to hand over power from the military back to civilian rule. The 4th Republic was inaugurated on 7 January 1993.
969:
2566:
Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s
1118:
in 1964, with the CPP recognized as the only political party in the country. On 24 February 1966, the Nkrumah government was toppled in a military coup executed by Colonel
84:. Ghana became a Republic once more on 1 October 1969 when the National Liberation Council handed power over to civilian rule. A new constitution was drafted based on the
2398:
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and District commissioners. On the other hand, Southern Ghana was ruled by an Executive and Legislative Council which aided the governor in administering the state.
222:
1436:
1842:
L.; Hilton, T. E. (1962). "Ghana Population Atlas. The Distribution and Density of Population in the Gold Coast and Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship".
46:. From the 1940s, native Ghanaians yearned for more autonomy. This resulted in the several constitutional reforms as well as the creation of the office of the
1168:. Busia and the Progress Party won the sizeable majority of seats: 105 of 140. A new constitution, passed on 15 August 1969, provided for a judiciary, a
892:
represented the Ga priestly class. In time, the Ga city states separated political power from religious authority. The position of state chief, known as
2488:
2583:
Hutchful, Eboe. "Military Rule and the Politics of Demilitarisation in Ghana, 1966–1969." Dissertation accepted at University of Toronto, 15 June 1973.
1229:. The Council initiated a transition process of handing over power to a civilian government. General elections were slated for 1979. Flagbearer of the
1102:
that year further strengthened the position of president Nkrumah as the Executive president. The president was empowered to appoint and dismiss the
2300:
1782:
1040:
which was won by the CPP, a political party founded by Kwame Nkrumah. The 1954 General election gave the country its first All-African assembly.
952:, together with all the islands in between," thereby nominally reinstating the claim on the territories lost in this area to the Portuguese.
824:
1732:
884:
where power rested in the hands of a priestly class. The Ga-Adangbe lacked a central authority since each Ga settlement was autonomous. The
476:
1218:
1090:
who was governor of the Gold Coast before its independence, became Governor-General and ceremonial head of state. He represented the
692:
651:
1184:
are outdated and it is the job of the President to preserve the independence of institutions. The Second Republic Constitution used a
2195:
1798:
2428:
2341:
1098:. In 1960, Kwame Nkrumah became president of the sovereign Gold Coast now called Ghana. The Republican constitution set up by the
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1061:
732:
410:
280:
69:
2390:
449:
2574:
2259:
2178:
1902:
1682:
1650:
1544:
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with 58% of the vote. The opposition boycotted the subsequent parliamentary elections. The new constitution was designed to
1360:
1349:
1317:
1274:
1270:
1255:
392:
388:
374:
182:
108:
2249:
810:, every state had its own autonomous government that was headed by a supreme ruler. For example, the supreme ruler of the
2653:
1070:
2458:
2168:
1230:
285:
205:
1335:, as his vice. The National Democratic Congress won the 2012 election, making John Mahama rule again, his first term.
2598:
2205:
1944:
1665:
Drew, Allison (1 November 2014), "The Nation in Formation: Communists and Nationalists During the Second World War",
1304:
339:
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indeed undergo frequent reorganization). Regional and local commissioners were replaced by "management committees";
1214:
1056:
1037:
1016:
469:
157:
62:
1259:
104:
2626:
1369:
1300:
1289:
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with no organized political system. They lacked a central government to make and enforce laws. An individual
685:
319:
314:
309:
89:
35:
2480:
1161:
297:
1293:
1226:
1028:
1012:
578:
559:
290:
97:
2510:
1202:
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961:
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executed authority over all lands. Among the Talensi for example, such landlords were referred to as the
593:
81:
1482:
Aidoo, Agnes A. (1977). "Order and Conflict in the Asante Empire: A Study in Interest Group Relations".
462:
364:
1285:
710:
There were three main forms of political systems among the natives of Pre-colonial Ghana. These were
678:
641:
494:
2359:
932:
611:
400:
378:
187:
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in 2004. The presidency of Kufuor saw several social reforms, such as the reform in the system of
1043:
1032:
910:
756:
617:
605:
170:
47:
34:
states. In the colonial era, the British Empire employed different forms of government among its
1757:
1674:
1534:
1288:
Jerry Rawlings as the second president of the 4th Republic after winning majority votes at the
1169:
1153:
1103:
965:
711:
587:
249:
244:
27:
23:
1266:
1165:
1119:
260:
139:
1356:
became President-elect and was inaugurated on 7 January 2013. Ghana was a stable democracy.
898:
became responsible for civil matters while religious authority remained in the hands of the
868:
who was socially abs spiritually responsible for the conduct of the members of his lineage.
1332:
1181:
1173:
1087:
1015:(UGCC) was the first native political party in the Gold Coast. General elections were held
780:
served as the advisory body to the king. Every Metropolitan Ashanti state was headed by an
415:
85:
1795:
8:
2323:
2234:
1342:
1324:
1309:
1222:
1107:
949:
936:
564:
529:
514:
217:
93:
2420:
2372:
Emmanuel Gyimah-Boadi, "The 2008 Freedom House Survey: Another Step Forward for Ghana."
1697:
Waters, R. S. (1933). "Possible Results had Modern Air Reconnaissance Existed in 1914".
1106:. Under Article 24, the president was empowered to give assent to every bill passed by
2354:
2101:
2070:
1950:
1908:
1867:
1515:
1507:
1464:
1201:
The Busia administration and Second Republic of Ghana came to an end in 1972, when the
1140:
1099:
1095:
1020:
977:
853:
351:
273:
237:
153:
77:
65:
2275:
1633:
Bell, J. Bowyer; Arens, Moshe (28 July 2017), "The Jews Attack, March 1948–May 1948",
2622:
2594:
2570:
2255:
2201:
2174:
1954:
1940:
1912:
1898:
1859:
1776:
1714:
1678:
1646:
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1519:
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1004:
991:
877:
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599:
549:
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405:
253:
118:
54:
2094:
Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
1262:
that saw the military government rule Ghana from December 1981 till 7 January 1993.
100:
on 4 June 1979 which transitioned the country to democratic rule by September 1979.
2230:
2062:
2007:
Hutchful, "Military Rule and the Politics of Demilitarization" (1973), pp. 203–204.
1932:
1890:
1851:
1706:
1670:
1638:
1491:
1448:
1241:
of Hilla Liman marked the inauguration of the Third Republic on 24 September 1979.
1185:
1065:
1008:
999:
995:
973:
940:
914:
841:
503:
346:
175:
43:
2616:
2588:
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1802:
1364:
1338:
1320:
1313:
1210:
1115:
1091:
811:
443:
163:
73:
2221:
Jeffries, Richard & Thomas, Clare (1993). "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992".
2413:
1926:
1536:
Asante Catholicism; Religious and Cultural Reproduction among the Akan of Ghana
1206:
1177:
1051:
Polling Station in the Northern Territories, during the 1956 general elections.
837:
554:
22:
recounts the history of varying political systems that existed in Ghana during
2377:
1936:
1710:
1452:
1213:
took hold of administering the state between 1972 and 1979. They included the
2647:
2450:
1863:
1718:
1642:
1503:
1460:
1328:
1123:
1024:
987:
981:
889:
764:
668:
569:
433:
58:
39:
1894:
1278:
1234:
945:
881:
845:
819:
768:
210:
2481:"What the world media is saying about Ghana's 2016 elections – YEN.COM.GH"
894:
1353:
1282:
786:
or paramount chief who served as the principal rulers of each state. The
752:
715:
524:
2105:
438:
127:
2089:
2074:
1871:
1561:
Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred Year War for Africa's Gold Coast
994:. The system of indirect rule was first implemented in West Africa by
772:
534:
31:
1511:
2424:
2054:
2066:
1855:
737:
2301:"Kufuor hails his re-election as a vote for peace and tranquillity"
1495:
1073:. Kwame Nkrumah emerged as the first president of sovereign Ghana.
1048:
857:
849:
782:
741:
539:
1756:
University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305 (3 July 2017).
1755:
1258:, (PNDC) led by John Jerry Rawlings toppled the 3rd Republic in a
1110:
either wholly or in part, as well as reject the bill. Following a
864:. Each Talensi family lineage was headed by an elder known as the
2319:
Ghana says goodbye to President John Kufuor a good man in Africa
1047:
A voter receives a ballot paper from a polling assistant at the
80:. The Nkrumah government was deposed in a Coup initiated by the
2518:
2090:"Decentralization under Ghana's Fourth Republican Constitution"
1566:
68:
in 1960. The government of Kwame Nkrumah won the approval of a
2220:
42:
was implemented in the late 19th century after its success in
1762:
The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
1130:(NLC) which became the subsequent government of the country.
623:
1269:
in 1992 and held elections that year. Rawlings's party, the
767:
of several chiefdoms and united as a single state under the
1578:
92:, Ghana fell under the rule of several military dictators.
1209:
and became the new government on 13 January 1972. Several
2541:"Ghana election: Nana Akufo-Addo re-elected as president"
2193:
1237:
became president after winning the general election. The
794:
exercised jurisdiction over all villages in Ashanti. The
2248:
Fombad, Charles M.; Steytler, Nico (10 September 2019).
1308:
President Kufuor soon gave up power in 2008. The ruling
1019:. The election was the first in Africa to be held under
906:
had great influence in the administration of the state.
2040:
Al-Hassan, "Politicized Soldiers" (2004), pp. 168–169.
1887:
The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1180:. The constitution held the view that the traditional
935:
was responsible for Dutch colonial possessions in the
1966:
1964:
1316:, son of Edward Akufo-Addo, as their candidate while
1172:, a prime minister, and a president. It introduced a
1825:
1823:
1382:
970:
Northern Territories of the Gold Coast Protectorate
2443:
2166:
2087:
1961:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1299:Kufuor won another term again in the presidential
2586:
2421:"Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama sworn in"
2154:
2142:
2118:
2031:Al-Hassan, "Politicized Soldiers" (2004), p. 167.
1982:
1829:
1814:
1669:, Manchester University Press, pp. 110–144,
1620:
1596:
1399:
2645:
2614:
2251:Decentralization and Constitutionalism in Africa
2130:
2052:
2016:
1970:
1820:
1743:
1608:
1422:
790:was in charge of the state divisions whiles the
2027:
2025:
1925:Becker, Adam H.; Reed, Annette Yoshiko (2020).
1405:
990:was introduced into the Gold Coast by Governor
103:In 1981, John Rawlings seized the country in a
2247:
2590:Concise Notes on African and Ghanaian History
2562:
1584:
1572:
686:
470:
88:of government in the United Kingdom. Between
2517:. Ghana Electoral Commission. Archived from
2022:
1112:constitutional referendum on 31 January 1964
1094:. Kwame Nkrumah remained Prime Minister and
1781:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1731:Brown, J.M. & Roger Louis, W.M. (1999)
1193:as president and ceremonial head of state.
53:The Gold Coast gained independence in 1957
2563:Doortmont, Michel R.; Smit, Jinna (2007).
1924:
1796:The Politics of the Independence Movements
1699:Royal United Services Institution. Journal
693:
679:
477:
463:
1889:, Routledge, p. 7, 3 February 2017,
1675:10.7228/manchester/9780719090240.003.0006
1632:
1221:. The Armed Revolutionary Council led by
1126:They proclaimed the establishment of the
831:
2342:SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
2254:. Oxford University Press. p. 285.
2048:
2046:
1841:
1733:The Oxford History of the British Empire
1042:
798:was the legislative body of the empire.
736:
2167:Kwame Boafo-Arthur (15 February 2007).
1434:
733:Political systems of the Ashanti Empire
2646:
1696:
960:The British Gold Coast was made up of
763:The Ashanti Empire was created from a
2043:
1532:
1481:
1176:of government similar to that of the
955:
721:
705:
2491:from the original on 8 December 2016
2235:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098639
1664:
1361:Ghanaian presidential election, 2016
1350:Ghanaian presidential election, 2012
1327:. He chose the then Governor of the
1256:Provisional National Defence Council
1064:on 9 May 1956 to decide whether the
2618:History of Ghana: Since Pre-history
2431:from the original on 5 October 2013
2187:
926:
13:
2337:The Ghana School Feeding Programme
2194:Europa Publications Staff (2002).
1435:Tordoff, William (November 1962).
1249:
1219:Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
1133:
14:
2665:
2593:. K4 Series Investment Ventures.
1244:
1196:
1152:. Of these, the largest were the
1081:
726:
2461:from the original on 30 May 2012
2401:from the original on 9 July 2014
1225:rose to power in 1979 following
662:
513:
437:
427:
126:
2533:
2503:
2473:
2383:
2366:
2348:
2330:
2311:
2293:
2268:
2241:
2214:
2197:Africa South of the Sahara 2003
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2081:
2055:"The New Constitution of Ghana"
2034:
2010:
2001:
1988:
1976:
1918:
1878:
1835:
1808:
1789:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1690:
1658:
1637:, Routledge, pp. 290–313,
1626:
1614:
1602:
1231:People's National Party (Ghana)
1076:
1031:(CPP) was elected as the first
950:30 degrees South of the equator
921:
876:Theocratic groups included the
801:
1590:
1553:
1526:
1475:
1441:The Journal of African History
1428:
1318:National Democratic Congress's
1290:2000 Ghanaian general election
939:. The company was headed by a
871:
1:
2638:– via Books.google.com.
2610:– via Books.google.com.
2555:
1162:National Alliance of Liberals
745:
714:, Non-centralized groups and
371:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
55:under the legal name of Ghana
2621:. Excellent Pub. and Print.
1533:Obeng, J.Pashington (1996).
1375:
1294:peaceful transition of power
1013:United Gold Coast Convention
560:United Gold Coast Convention
36:four territorial possessions
7:
2511:"2016 Presidential Results"
2455:Africanelections.tripod.com
2355:Ghana: From Kufuor to Mills
2088:Ayee, Joseph R. A. (1992).
1844:Population (French Edition)
1203:National Redemption Council
1128:National Liberation Council
1066:Trust Territory of Togoland
974:Trust Territory of Togoland
82:National Liberation Council
72:in 1964, that made Ghana a
10:
2670:
2654:Political history of Ghana
2587:Prince A. Kuffour (2015).
2515:Ghana Electoral Commission
1928:The Ways that Never Parted
1667:We are no longer in France
1437:"The Ashanti Confederacy1"
1254:On 31 September 1981, the
1009:the riots of Acrra in 1948
1007:was formed in response to
730:
20:Political history of Ghana
2615:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005).
2053:Folson, B. D. G. (1971).
1996:Ghana Under Military Rule
1937:10.1628/978-3-16-158695-8
1711:10.1080/03071843309433806
1585:Doortmont & Smit 2007
1573:Doortmont & Smit 2007
1453:10.1017/S0021853700003327
1305:National Health Insurance
1281:the government in Ghana.
1055:Elections were organised
1029:Convention People's Party
206:Speaker of the Parliament
70:constitutional referendum
2360:House of Commons Library
2155:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
2143:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
2119:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1983:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1830:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1815:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1643:10.4324/9781315130767-10
1621:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1597:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1400:Prince A. Kuffour (2015)
1215:Supreme Military Council
1141:administrative districts
933:Dutch West India Company
379:Shirley Ayorkor Botchway
340:Administrative divisions
2280:Encyclopedia Britannica
2276:"Independence of Ghana"
2131:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005)
2017:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005)
1971:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005)
1895:10.4324/9781315295978-4
1744:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005)
1609:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005)
1423:Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005)
1227:an uprising on June 4th
1086:Between 1957 and 1960,
1033:Prime Minister of Ghana
852:in Northern Ghana were
744:of the Ashanti Empire,
1484:African Studies Review
1170:unicameral legislature
1052:
1027:, who represented the
836:Ethnic groups such as
832:Non-Centralized states
760:
389:Diplomatic missions of
30:, Non-centralized and
2376:20.2 (2009): 138–152
1296:in the 4th Republic.
1292:. This was the first
1275:presidential election
1120:Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka
1046:
740:
223:Members of Parliament
2451:"Elections in Ghana"
2374:Journal of Democracy
2305:The New Humanitarian
1559:Edgerton, Robert B.
1333:Kwesi Amissah-Arthur
1182:separations of power
1174:parliamentary system
1088:Charles Arden-Clarke
966:Ashanti Crown Colony
298:Electoral Commission
86:parliamentary system
2487:. 7 December 2016.
2324:The Daily Telegraph
2307:. 10 December 2004.
1575:, pp. 258–263.
1563:. Free Press, 1995.
1359:As a result of the
1354:John Dramani Mahama
1343:John Dramani Mahama
1325:John Dramani Mahama
1310:New Patriotic Party
1223:John Jerry Rawlings
1150:August 29 elections
978:Chief commissioners
948:all exclusively to
818:whilst that of the
444:Politics portal
211:Alban Sumana Bagbin
109:military government
94:John Jerry Rawlings
61:was elected as the
38:in the Gold Coast.
2547:. 9 December 2020.
2427:. 7 January 2013.
2395:The New York Times
2327:. 7 December 2008.
2108:– via JSTOR.
1885:"Original Title",
1801:2008-02-14 at the
1635:Terror Out of Zion
1267:a new constitution
1265:The PNDC provided
1100:Nkrumah government
1096:Head of government
1053:
1021:universal suffrage
956:British Gold Coast
778:Asanteman Council
761:
722:Centralized States
712:centralized states
706:Pre-colonial Ghana
78:president for life
66:President of Ghana
57:. Prime Minister,
24:pre-colonial times
2576:978-90-04-15850-4
2569:. Leiden: Brill.
2391:"Atta Mills dies"
2261:978-0-19-258503-5
2180:978-1-84277-829-6
2145:, p. 515–536
2133:, p. 246–247
2121:, p. 503–504
1973:, p. 223–225
1904:978-1-315-29597-8
1817:, p. 419–422
1684:978-0-7190-9024-0
1652:978-1-315-13076-7
1623:, p. 384–388
1546:978-90-04-10631-4
1402:, p. 204–210
1345:on 24 July 2012.
1191:Edward Akufo-Addo
1114:, Ghana became a
1005:Coussey Committee
992:Gordon Guggisberg
902:, yet still, the
854:acephalous states
814:was known as the
703:
702:
669:Africa portal
545:Mankessim Kingdom
530:Gold Coast region
487:
486:
434:Africa portal
411:Visa requirements
365:Foreign relations
302:Recent elections
286:Political parties
254:Kwasi Anin-Yeboah
119:Politics of Ghana
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2397:. 25 July 2012.
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2229:(368): 331–366.
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2014:
2008:
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1999:
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1968:
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1793:
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1758:"Nkrumah, Kwame"
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1000:Northern Nigeria
996:Frederick Lugard
941:Director-general
927:Dutch Gold Coast
915:Akan Chieftaincy
750:
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667:
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517:
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188:Council of State
176:Mahamudu Bawumia
130:
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44:Northern Nigeria
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2223:African Affairs
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2086:
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2067:10.2307/2934307
2051:
2044:
2039:
2035:
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2023:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1923:
1919:
1905:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1856:10.2307/1527080
1840:
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1809:
1803:Wayback Machine
1794:
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1539:. Vol. 1.
1531:
1527:
1480:
1476:
1433:
1429:
1425:, p. 91–96
1421:
1406:
1398:
1383:
1378:
1365:Nana Akufo-Addo
1339:John Atta Mills
1321:John Atta Mills
1314:Nana Akufo-Addo
1252:
1250:Fourth Republic
1247:
1211:military juntas
1199:
1136:
1134:Second Republic
1116:One-party state
1092:British Monarch
1084:
1079:
1023:. As a result,
958:
929:
924:
874:
834:
804:
748:
735:
729:
724:
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699:
663:
661:
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624:Fourth Republic
612:Second Republic
505:
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450:Other countries
436:
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401:Nationality law
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164:Nana Akufo-Addo
149:
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74:One-party state
12:
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5:
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2550:
2532:
2521:on 19 May 2017
2502:
2472:
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2412:
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2365:
2347:
2329:
2317:Pflanz, Mike.
2310:
2292:
2267:
2260:
2240:
2213:
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2159:
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2100:(4): 394–406.
2080:
2042:
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2009:
2000:
1987:
1975:
1960:
1945:
1917:
1903:
1877:
1834:
1819:
1807:
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1724:
1705:(509): 44–59.
1689:
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1657:
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1613:
1601:
1589:
1587:, p. 262.
1577:
1565:
1552:
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1525:
1496:10.2307/523860
1474:
1447:(3): 399–417.
1427:
1404:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1348:Following the
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Recent history
1243:
1239:PNP government
1198:
1197:Third Republic
1195:
1178:United Kingdom
1166:K. A. Gbedemah
1154:Progress Party
1135:
1132:
1083:
1082:First Republic
1080:
1078:
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962:Southern Ghana
957:
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796:Kotoko Council
731:Main article:
728:
727:Ashanti Empire
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615:
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606:First Republic
603:
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168:
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117:
48:Prime Minister
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2600:9789988159306
2596:
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2236:
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2217:
2209:
2207:1-85743-131-6
2203:
2200:. Routledge.
2199:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2157:, p. 539
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:(38): 17–28.
2060:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2019:, p. 238
2018:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1985:, p. 485
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:9783161586958
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
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1873:
1869:
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1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1832:, p. 424
1831:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1746:, p. 225
1745:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1720:
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1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1611:, p. 151
1610:
1605:
1599:, p. 409
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1542:
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1501:
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1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:Bank of Ghana
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
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1291:
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1263:
1261:
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1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:decentralized
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:Akwasi Afrifa
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Chief Justice
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Kwame Nkrumah
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Indirect rule
985:
983:
982:commissioners
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
953:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
919:
916:
912:
909:According to
907:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
890:fetish priest
887:
883:
879:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
774:
770:
766:
758:
754:
743:
739:
734:
719:
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713:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
676:
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673:
670:
660:
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631:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:Early history
586:
585:
584:
583:
580:
577:
576:
571:
570:Kwame Nkrumah
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
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466:
461:
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292:
289:
288:
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284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
269:
262:
259:
255:
251:
250:Chief Justice
248:
247:
246:
245:Supreme Court
243:
242:
239:
234:
233:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
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189:
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184:
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177:
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173:
172:
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165:
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159:
155:
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145:
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138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
125:
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120:
116:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
90:1972 and 1979
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
59:Kwame Nkrumah
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
40:Indirect rule
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
2632:. Retrieved
2617:
2604:. Retrieved
2589:
2565:
2544:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2514:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2350:
2340:
2332:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2250:
2243:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2196:
2189:
2169:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2058:
2036:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1978:
1927:
1920:
1886:
1880:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1810:
1791:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1666:
1660:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1535:
1528:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1358:
1347:
1337:
1298:
1279:decentralize
1264:
1253:
1235:Hilla Limann
1200:
1146:
1137:
1085:
1077:Independence
1057:in July 1956
1054:
986:
959:
946:Sierra Leone
930:
922:Colonial era
908:
903:
899:
893:
885:
875:
865:
861:
835:
823:
815:
808:Mole-Dagbani
805:
802:Mole-Dagbani
795:
791:
787:
781:
777:
769:Golden stool
762:
742:Grand Chiefs
709:
646:
594:British rule
320:
261:Human rights
140:Constitution
102:
52:
19:
17:
15:
2634:27 December
2606:16 December
2285:22 February
1805:Ghana.co.uk
1490:(1): 1–36.
1283:John Kufuor
1207:Coup D'etat
872:Theocracies
765:confederacy
749: 1873
716:Theocracies
620:(1979–1993)
614:(1966–1979)
608:(1960–1966)
602:(1957–1960)
596:(1821–1957)
565:The Big Six
525:Akan people
504:History of
416:Visa policy
291:Politicians
200:Legislative
98:an uprising
28:Centralized
2628:9988070810
2556:References
2495:7 December
2485:yen.com.gh
2059:Transition
1850:(2): 353.
1273:, won the
1205:enabled a
1160:, and the
1158:K.A. Busia
1122:and Major
1108:Parliament
1062:plebiscite
937:Gold Coast
880:, and the
878:Ga-Adangbe
825:Yagbumwura
773:Asantehene
757:Jules Gros
753:Visual Art
590:(pre-1902)
218:Parliament
50:in 1952.
32:Theocratic
2425:Sina Corp
1994:Pinkney,
1955:219810031
1913:239488654
1864:0032-4663
1719:0035-9289
1520:143436033
1504:0002-0206
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