Polish-American vote

602:, Ford made a gaffe that is considered a textbook example of how ethnicity could affect voting behavior. In one debate, Ford stated, "there is no Soviet domination in Eastern Europe" and said he didn't believe Poles felt controlled by Soviet occupation. Poland, as well as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia had been listed as "captive nations" and recognized as such under United States Cold War politics from its inception in 1959. Time magazine on Oct 18, 1976 said Ford "was given a chance to retreat" from his statement upon cross-examination, but chose to continue and "charged into a trap of his own making", saying that Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia had been "independent, autonomous" countries. His statement was widely challenged and Ford's reluctance to correct it for over a week after the debate hurt him in national polls. The shift in popularity for Ford was not solely due to a shift in the Polish-American vote by any means, but it was an enormous shock to Polish-Americans. According to 471:. American policy must take risks and must make sacrifices to dramatize and demonstrate our sympathy for and commitment to the Polish people. If we do so, we can obtain an invaluable reservoir of good will among the Polish people, strengthen their will to resist and drive still a further wedge between the Polish government and the Kremlin. For the satellite nations of Eastern Europe represent the one area of the world where the Soviet Union is on the defensive today, the tender spot within its coat of iron armor, the potential source of an inflammation that could spread infectious independence throughout its system, accomplishing from within what the West could never accomplish from without. 463:, the first Catholic U.S. president, and remained strong Democratic Party supporters. Kennedy's Catholicism, ethnic roots, and anti-Communist stance made him very popular among Polish-Americans, who gave him 78% of their votes. As early as 1955, Kennedy received a citation from the Polish-American Citizens Club in Boston for his attention to Polish issues, including his recent trip to Poland, his reports on the conditions afflicting the country, and his commitment to anti-Communism in the region. On March 2, 1958, Kennedy was awarded the "Man of the Year" award by the Polish Daily News. In his acceptance speech, he placed great focus on the nation in the Soviet sphere, saying: 257: 389: 418:, was never informed of them. In Truman's first days in office, he called in the Russian foreign minister and dealt with him harshly, saying that Russia's new communist-imposed rule on Poland was a violation of its obligations and authorities under World War II agreements, and that it had exceeded its welcome after entering Poland to fight Nazi Germany. Truman later learned the extent of FDR's cooperation with Stalin and gave in, recognizing the Soviet-occupied regime as the legitimate Polish government. During the Truman administration, U.S. Ambassador to Poland 627: 887: 821: 181: 1782:"...in 1976 Ford, as presidential candidate, showed that sometimes ethnicity itself still had incredible salience to the Polish-American electorate. In a televised debate with Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, the Democratic challenger, the verbally inept Ford angered organized Polonia by saying "there is no Soviet domination in eastern Europe"...Indeed, many Polish-Americans believed that the president had insulted them by glossing over the plight of their ancestral homeland." Bukowczyk, p. 132 349:, a Polish-American newspaper, endorsed Harding, who campaigned as being against the League of Nations, as "the next in a line of great and wise presidents." The postwar economy suffered from double digit unemployment and 15% inflation, and a rise in violence and labor protests served as a rebuke of the Democratic Party. Harding's argument that this poor economic situation was the "new normalcy" under Democratic administrations attracted many urban voters, including Chicago Poles. 740: 582: 565: 547:, who demanded Nixon's incriminating tapes. Many Polish-Americans were traditional values voters, and felt wronged by Richard Nixon during the scandal. Poles, as well as other White ethnic voters, voted Democrat in 1976 despite trends towards the Republican Party made in previous elections. Gerald Ford lost support for pardoning his predecessor, further associating him with the guilt of the Nixon administration. 1806:

him most. Bartlett believed that Ford could have recovered had he clarified his sources of information promptly, as there were high-ranking Polish government officials who had supplied information possibly leading to Ford's conclusion. Bartlett also argued that Ford wanted to free himself from poor reporting by the State Department, which had inconclusive and distorted information on human rights in Poland.

606:, a Democratic politician in Chicago, Polish-Americans were not eager to vote for Jimmy Carter up to that point because they believed he was pro-abortion and did not want to disobey the Catholic Church's teachings on abortion. However, after the debate, they were in shock and called on Ford to immediately make an apology. Many American Poles had outright changed their votes that day. The mayor of Buffalo, 320:. The "little treaty" placed on Poland's independence a contingent minority clause, stated as: "Poland accepts ... provisions ... to protect the interests of inhabitants of Poland who differ from the majority of the population in race, language, or religion". The new Polish nation, which contained many Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, and Germans, was made especially weak by the clause granting these groups a 452: 694:

500,000 voters of Polish descent. On Nov. 1, 2000, just days before the election, Gore turned down an invitation to come to Washington for the Polish National Alliance's celebration of 20 years of Solidarity, including the AFL-CIO President. The event was non-partisan, and both Bush and Gore were invited. Gore did not come and did not express any regrets, which was perceived as a snub.

519:, who used the slur "Polacks" during the campaign. Poles voted for Humphrey over Nixon by a narrow margin, 56–44%. Nixon won over states with significant Polish minorities—Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin—for 90 electoral votes of his 301 total. Ieva Zake speculated that this was a success for Nixon, as the Polish-American vote had been over 80% Democratic in 1964. 709:– During his visit to Poland in 2011, Pres. Obama said of the program, "I am going to make this a priority. And I want to solve this issue before very long. My expectation is that this problem will be solved during my presidency." Some Poles have been deeply disappointed by the Obama administration's inaction on the issue, and believe this was an empty promise. 362:

efforts a part of Herbert's presidential campaign. Polish-American support for him was very high in his election–65%. Polish support for Hoover was entirely different from other ethnic Americans; Smith won 82% of the Irish, 77% of the Italian, and 73% of the German vote. Smith was a Catholic from an immigrant family of New York, and fought against

721:– in 2010, President Obama could not attend President Kaczynski's funeral, because volcanic ash from Iceland forced Poland to shut down all airports. However, following the Smolensk crash President Obama did call Prime Minister Tusk to express his condolences to the people of Poland and made an official statement expressing his support of Poland. 443:

in the 1948 election. In 1952, following the results of the Yalta Conference and the takeover of Poland by the Soviet Union, Poles overwhelmingly voted against the Democratic Party, giving 70% of their support to Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, the majority of Polish-Americans kept a strict allegiance to labor politics and the Democratic Party.

528:

Panther radicals, flag-burning, fringe civil rights groups with the Democratic Party turned off many Poles. McGovern supported the peace protests against Vietnam at the time, and his Democratic Party was increasingly influenced by women, minorities, and leaders of the peace movement, at the expense of traditional labor leaders such as

636: 293:(at right) urging the Wilson administration to help Poland maintain peace against a strengthening Germany. Tumulty reported on multiple demonstrations against Germany's militaristic aggression against Poland, as well as other eastern European nations. In telegrams, Tumulty also indicated unpopularity of terms of the 1689:

many newspapers in this country are worried lest you be carried away by the pleadings of Germany for a Quote softer peace End Quote. I know you will not be led astray. There is an intense feeling in the Senate in favour of the publication of the terms of the Treaty. Can anything be done to straighten this out?

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Al Gore did not win over the Polish-American vote with much effort, and the National Democratic Ethnic Coordinating Council identified that as a blunder to his campaign. Specifically, Gore was criticized for not holding any events for the Polish-American community in Florida, where there were roughly

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leaned against enlargement, until busloads of Polish-Americans demonstrated at his office and changed his mind. In March 1997, Polish American activist Marilyn Piurek met with President Clinton and discussed his support for Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic's entry into NATO. This led to further

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Following World War II, Polish-Americans failed to mobilize or organize a "Polish caucus" with specific interests and political decisions as to what would be in the best interests for them. The Polish National Alliance was furious with Truman and the Democratic Party, and its president endorsed Dewey

1805:

Charles Bartlett, writing in The Press-Courier, Oct. 15, 1976, on Ford's statement, said that he was "not that far off." Bartlett did not dispute that Polish-Americans would be likely to change their votes as a result of the gaffe, but argued that it was Ford's four-day delay in responding that hurt

522:

During his election in 1972, Richard Nixon is credited with remaking the Republican Party into a "new majority", which focused on inclusion of blue-collar workers, southern and suburban whites, and urban ethnic Catholics, especially of Italian, Irish, and Polish descent. Nixon's supporters painted a

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relating to Poland in Chicago one week before the presidential elections. FDR won over 90% of the Polish-American vote, but gave in to Stalin's demands after World War II. In private conversations, FDR told Stalin that he was willing to give the USSR Poland's eastern region while taking land it lost

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in 1928 unlike any other ethnic community. Hoover had served in the American Relief Association during the Wilson administration, and his support in aiding starving Polish children following World War I was not forgotten. The Republican National Committee produced pamphlets and made his humanitarian

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Polish-Americans were highly mobilized by the prospect of defeating Germany during World War I and achieving independence. During 1914 to 1918, Polish immigration to the United States came to a halt, and many Polish-Americans joined the United States army to fight for their homeland. Polish diplomat

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Bill Clinton won Polish-American support for helping Poland enter NATO in 1996. The expansion of NATO to include Poland was highly popular in Poland itself, but there was debate as to how important the issue was to Polish-Americans. When reasoning whether to make this a political issue and campaign

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days after the 1946 midterm elections in Chicago, an adviser found disappointing results for Democrats in Chicago and concluded to him that "The Poles are very selfish people. They thought that Roosevelt let them down at Yalta." The DNC contacted city officials in Chicago to determine the extent of

140:

In modern politics, the Polish-American vote continues to have influence in the United States. Polish Americans comprise 3.2% of the United States population, but were estimated at nearly 10% of the overall electorate as of 2012. The Polish-American population is concentrated in several Midwestern

57:

found that Polish Americans are 36% Democrats, 33% Independents, and 26% are Republicans as of 2008. Ideologically, they were categorized as being in the more conservative wing of the Democratic Party, and demonstrated a much stronger inclination for third-party candidates in presidential elections

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Great demonstration New York last night, addressed by Hughes, to protest killings in Poland, Galicia, Roumania and elsewhere. Feeling in this matter growing more intense throughout the country. Cannot something be done? It is evident that Germany is doing everything to separate the Allies. A great

715:– the Obama administration's decision to cancel a proposed defense complex in Poland received an underwhelming response, and was categorized as "appeasement" to the Russian Federation.. To add insult to injury the date selected for cancellation (17 September) is anniversary of 1939 Soviet invasion. 271:

During and after World War I, Americans of Polish descent were concerned about the future autonomy of Poland. In the years after World War I, Poland was a very weak and fragmented state surrounded by strong superpowers. Woodrow Wilson supported the Poles and helped them achieve a fully independent

1765:"He misspoke on many occasions, notably declaring in a debate with Jimmy Carter, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe" and "I don't believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union," which journalist William F. Buckley, Jr., called "the ultimate Polish joke."" 1722:

Reaction intensified by your absence and lack of publicity from your end and confusion caused by contradictory statements and explanations of Quote so-called compromises End Quote. Simonds' article appearing in certain American newspapers Sunday, admirable, explaining reasons for Saar Valley and

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was entrusted by Roosevelt to lead the investigation, but refused to do so. An investigation would have been launched with the intention of finding out if Willkie's rumored Polish ancestry were true, as a change in surname from a Polish one to Willkie would have created a fallout of support from

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As a result of Poland's independence following World War I, American Poles became more conscious of their heritage and developed stronger connection to their nation. Previously, Poland had been under domination by Germany, Prussia, Austria-Hungary and Russia, without its independence since 1792.

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to Germany, moving it westward. However, he indicated that he needed Polish votes to win his re-election and would not want to have his intentions with Stalin known because they were clear violations of his campaign promises. FDR kept his promises to Stalin so secretive that even his successor,

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won a majority of the Polish vote in 1960, owing in part to his Catholicism and connection to ethnic communities and the labor movement. Since then, Polish voters have been tied to the more conservative wing of the Democratic Party, but shifted away from the Democrats over social issues such as

527:

in the Democratic primary, effectively killing their chance of a U.S. president of Polish descent. Had Muskie been successful in 1972, it is believed that Polish-Americans would have remained in the Democratic Party, but because McGovern won, the growing association of anti-war activism, Black

408:

In 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt assured Polish-American leaders that he would work for a strong and independent Poland, meeting with the Polish-American Congress and gaining key endorsements. FDR posed with Polish-American leaders in front of a large map of prewar Poland, creating imagery of an

149:

Polish-Americans entered the United States in relatively large numbers before 1914, and during this time many were mostly apolitical. Only during the 1920s as a result of Woodrow Wilson's policies did America's Polonia turn to the Democratic Party with strong allegiance; the allegiance to the

660:, his political advisor, was entrusted with polling to study Polish-Americans' views on the issue. Morris stated, "Neither I nor the president ever believed there is such a thing as a Polish vote. There is a white vote, a black vote, a Jewish vote, and a Hispanic vote." Senator 506:

were decidedly against Polish-American Catholics' socially conservative views. The Polish-American voters of the 1968 election trended more Republican than those of the JFK and LBJ elections. However, in 1968 Poles gained their closest chance at winning higher office when

1719:

There is a decided reaction evident against the League, caused, in my opinion, by dissatisfaction of Irish, Jews, Poles, Italians, and Germans. Republicans taking full advantage and liable, in order to garner disaffected vote, to make absolute issue against

102:(PAC) in 1944 to create strong leadership and represent Polish interests during World War II. FDR met with the PAC and assured Poles of a peaceful and independent Poland following the war. When this did not come to fruition, and with the publication of 336:

and other Jewish-American diplomats to Poland to defend Jews against any anti-semitism. These 1919 investigations were called "humiliating invasions upon the internal affairs of Poland through the granting of privileges for the Jews" by the

288:

by the Polish government and his death was declared a day of national mourning. However, Polish-Americans grew concerned by Germany's strength and future military capability, and demonstrators met with President Woodrow Wilson's secretary,

809:'s political report found that Polish-Americans' interests are rooted in Polish-U.S. economic and political cooperation, and many Poles continue to view Russia as an adversary to Polish and American interests. Marilyn Piurek, who founded 195:

Ignacy Paderewski came to the United States in 1913 to motivate Polish-Americans to fight in the U.S. Army. The recruitment effort generated at least 28,000 volunteers from the United States. Many of the volunteers were organized by the

868:. Romney made a clear outreach to Polish-Americans during his campaign, although it was criticized as superficial. During the elections of 2020, 54% of the Polish-Americans voted for Joe Biden, and 42.4% voted for Donald Trump. 667:

The Polish ambassador to the United States, Jerzy Koźminski, took effort to find Senators and congressional leaders with sizable Polish constituencies so he could influence them. Two congressmen with the largest constituencies,

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with a strong 74% of the vote in 1916 for his support of Polish independence. A similar ethnic experience occurred for other Slavic immigrants in the United States during World War I, particularly Czech and Slovak, when the

1716:

Every Republican member of new Foreign Relations Committee openly opposed to treaty, a majority in favour of its amendment. Every Democratic member of Committee, including Thomas, for treaty and against separation.

523:

label on his opponent as supporting "amnesty, acid, and abortion", which was factually not accurate, but stuck in people's memory. McGovern's standing with Polish-Americans was hurt by the fact that he had beaten

1882:

Ubriaco, Robert. Jr. "Giving Credit where credit is due: Cold War political culture, Polish American politics, the Truman Doctrine, and the Victory Thesis." The Polish Review. Vol LI. No. 3-4. 2006; 263-281.

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represents both their adherence to America as the country of their adoption, and to Poland, free and self-governing, as the country of their inspiring sight." The Army saw its first action in June 1918 near

1745:

As transcribed by reporters from the 1968 campaign trail, Spiro stated, "When I'm moving in a crowd, I don't look and say, 'Well, there's a Negro, there's an Italian, there's a Greek, there's a Polack.'"

422:

resigned in protest after witnessing fixed elections in Poland. He spoke at a rally in May 1947, gathering 50,000 Polish-Americans who heard him denounce the U.S. appeasement policy towards the U.S.S.R.

224:

and their transportation to France and back to the United States was funded by the French government. The majority of Poles moved back to the United States, but a small constituency remained in Europe.

172:

brought a handful to Virginia for their expertise in glass production, pitch, tar, soap making, and ship construction. After they went on strike demanding the right to vote they were allowed to vote.

272:

state that won—for the first time in centuries—in ongoing territorial disputes with Germany. Wilson listed Poland in his "Fourteen Points" speech and had Germany cede territorial control to Poland in

467:

Therefore, this country's relations with Poland–like a wind, good or ill, that blows through the only window in a vast and crowded prison–will vitally affect the future, the hope or despair of every

357:

Polish-Americans generally were predisposed to Democratic candidates because of their economic status in the United States, but they gave their overwhelming appreciation to Republican President

1830: 280:. After World War I, Poland was an independent state with access to the Baltic Sea. Wilson's friendly policy toward Poland was due in large part to his close personal friendship with 1792:

Although he apologized later, Gerald Ford stated under cross-examination during the debate that Poland and Romania, as well as Yugoslavia were "independent, autonomous" nations.

817:, said that her community is well-aligned with domestic policy, and has no differences from other American voters, but will unite on important Polish foreign policy interests. 1711:

In this same telegram, Tumulty reveals his suspicion that Poles and other groups would swing Republican based on the Republican Party's stance opposing the League of Nations:

2711: 70:

courted Poles through his promises of Polish autonomy. Upon his death and the failures of the proposed League of Nations, Polish-Americans shifted Republican, voting for

702:

Polish-U.S. relations remain highly stable, although President Obama suffered criticism and declining popularity from Poles on several issues during his first term:

3221: 618:

Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush were staunch supporters of Poland's independence during the Cold War, and kept the Polish-American vote on the Republican side.

486:

Polish-Americans trended, as did many white middle class ethnics, away from the Democratic Party beginning in the 1960s. The culture wars that had erupted over the

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Historically, Polish-American voters have swung from the Democratic and Republican parties depending on economic and social politics. In the 1916 election,

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Tumulty attempted to contact Woodrow Wilson regarding ongoing unrest in the ethnic communities related to the Treaty of Versailles and World War I.

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WWI poster urging Polish-Americans to join the armies of the U.S., Britain, and France on behalf of Poland's liberty (posted St. Paul, MN, 1917)

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by John J. Grabowski, Judith Zielinski-Zak, Alice Boberg, & Ralph Wroblewski, with an Introduction by Dr. Jerzy J. Maciuszko. printed 1954.

3345: 2448: 2974: 2369: 768: 610:, stated of the Polish community, "many were undecided. Sometimes it takes one thing that pushes them over the brink. This looks like it." 2156: 1644: 324:

distinction in Poland. Ethnic strife with the Ukrainians and Russians were made very tense as the result of ongoing wars, including the

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intolerance towards immigrants such as the Poles, and Smith's stance won him over 80% of the vote in Polish neighborhoods of Chicago.

2948: 536:. Nixon won in 1972 with 61% of the popular vote and 520 electoral votes to McGovern's 17. Polish-Americans voted for Nixon, 53–47%. 2811: 743: 780: 760: 599: 45:

that make issues important to Polish-Americans more likely to be heard by presidential candidates. According to John Kromkowski, a

3131: 2255:

McGinley, Theresa. "Embattled Polonia, Polish-Americans and World War II." East European Quarterly. XXXVII. No. 3. September 2003.

763:. Ciosek stated that Trump "wouldn't win" without Polish American votes, and cited the popularity of the Republican nominee among 3340: 2712:"Statement by President Obama on the death of Polish President Lech Kaczyński and those traveling with him | whitehouse.gov" 1856: 345:, whereas Polish minorities in Germany or Russia did not experience corresponding protections, despite continuous ethnic strife. 207:

for military training before being sent to France for battle. They fought in a separate regiment under the leadership of General

1807: 1793: 1634: 163: 685:, the Chairman of Foreign Policy, was an enthusiastic supporter of NATO's enlargement to Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary. 3198: 3164: 3063: 2529: 2506: 2132: 2047: 2940: 3355: 3093: 2906: 2596: 1755:"When the ballots were finally counted in 1972, Nixon polled roughly 53 percent of the Polish vote." Bukowczyk, p. 132 712: 3229: 2668: 644:

Ronald Reagan and Bush's stance on liberating Soviet-occupied Poland was a major bridge to the Polish-American community

800: 788: 706: 439:, a Polish-American politician who lost re-election due to a bitter internal party dispute over the Yalta conference. 400:, by means of the Polish-American vote. FDR asked the FBI to do an investigation on Willkie to find out his ancestry. 3026: 2992: 2924: 2343: 2166: 285: 251: 83: 35: 3244: 2914: 2693: 1662: 341:. Poles felt that the new nation was held to a double standard, as their national minorities were protected by the 2307: 656:

on it during his presidential run, Clinton asked for political research on the domestic impact of expanding NATO.

2234: 312:, as were the Germans, Italian, Czech, and Irish ethnics in the United States. Poles were also frustrated by the 297:

and the League, and said the Republican Party could take disaffected voters, such as the Poles, by opposing the

141:

swing states that make issues important to Polish-Americans more likely to be heard by presidential candidates.

3008: 2958: 2901: 2812:"Polish Solidarity Distances Itself From Romney: He 'Supported Attacks On Trade Unions And Employees' Rights'" 427: 2984:

The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War – Debra J. Allen – Google Books

2645: 2826: 2660: 2334: 313: 216: 199:, a fraternal Polish-American group within the United States since 1887. The American Poles were sent to 2396:"Polish Art Center – Robert Strybel – "The Polish Answer Man" Polonia's choice: Clinton, Obama, McCain?" 1940:

James S. Pula "Fact vs. Fiction: What Do We Really Know About The Polish Presence In Early Jamestown?"

304:

After Woodrow Wilson, Polish voters swung Republican starting in 1920, like many ethnics who supported

98:. FDR consistently won over 90% of the Polish vote during his four terms. Polish-Americans founded the 2189: 783:. Two campaign promises Trump made to American Polonia during his visit to Chicago were extending the 430:

had experienced some fallout among Polish-American voters. According to tapped phone conversations to

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of Delaware initially felt similarly, and said his constituents did not care about NATO enlargement.

676:, held meetings with Koźminski personally and immediately signed for Poland's enrollment into NATO. 256: 2788: 829: 756: 491: 431: 379: 338: 325: 229:

Polish-Americans grew highly patriotic towards the United States during World War I, and turned to

99: 39: 3188: 2456: 2771: 2373: 1770: 366:, making him a candidate Poles identified with on many levels. Prohibition was seen as a form of 27: 23: 2873: 284:, who spoke frequently to Polish-American social clubs. For his support, Wilson was awarded the 2039: 363: 3154: 2496: 2122: 1771:

Gerald Ford | Biography, Presidency, Accomplishments, Foreign Policy, & Facts | Britannica

388: 3053: 2853: 1098: 1074: 1050: 1026: 844:

Poland gained some attention during the 2012 presidential election, as Republican challenger

495: 487: 333: 329: 281: 169: 108: 94:, and gained strong support for the war effort by Polish-Americans who were fiercely against 91: 2950:

Two Who Were There: A Biography of Stanley Nowak – Margaret Collingwood Nowak – Google Books

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Anti-Communist Minorities in the U.S.: Political Activism of Ethnic Refugees – Google Books

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William Ciosek, a Polish American activist assisted in arranging a televised meeting with

543:

included the protracted investigations brought on by a Polish-American Special Prosecutor

8: 837: 784: 396:

President Franklin D. Roosevelt took measures to defeat his Republican opponent in 1940,

367: 200: 46: 409:

expanded Poland free from encroaching Soviet occupation. He made a pledge to uphold the

2032: 1954: 1920: 1178: 1154: 865: 626: 189: 87: 2744:"Trump Wouldn't Win Without Polish-Americans. An Interview with William "Bill" Ciosek" 2034:

The Lost Majority: Why the Future of Government Is Up for Grabs – and Who Will Take It

1656: 3194: 3160: 3111: 3059: 3022: 2988: 2954: 2920: 2622: 2574: 2554: 2502: 2339: 2162: 2128: 2043: 1394: 1362: 857: 677: 540: 468: 419: 342: 298: 294: 290: 260: 130: 103: 820: 718: 2897: 1629: 1594: 886: 849: 764: 607: 410: 383: 113: 19: 2536: 2395: 1831:"Romney hopes Polish visit can pay dividends in swing states – Political Hotsheet" 180: 1614: 1538: 1370: 1274: 1242: 1226: 1194: 1082: 978: 833: 806: 681:

talks on this issue. By 1997, during the U.S. Senate hearings on NATO expansion,

669: 512: 481: 460: 401: 397: 321: 212: 117: 75: 54: 49:

professor of political science, Polish-Americans make up an "almost archetypical

2600: 208: 125:. Poland's liberation from Soviet occupation during the 1980s was championed to 3018:

Polish Americans – Helena Znaniecka Lopata, Mary Patrice Erdmans – Google Books

2716: 1458: 1434: 1346: 1218: 1034: 1002: 954: 930: 603: 392:

FDR with the Polish-American Congress, discussing the future Polish state, 1944

358: 305: 264: 230: 196: 79: 71: 67: 3297:"Wstępne, prowizoryczne dane z naszego sondażu Polonii wraz z @piastinstitute" 776: 568: 3334: 1338: 1322: 1266: 1250: 1202: 986: 585: 544: 524: 508: 273: 126: 2781: 635: 2902:

https://davidjjackson.medium.com/the-2020-polish-american-vote-376e6ea4735b

2567: 2210: 1562: 1530: 1506: 1482: 1410: 1386: 1314: 1290: 1130: 1122: 1106: 962: 752: 529: 415: 332:. The Treaty provided minority safeguards to Jewish Poles, and Wilson sent 211:, and were also known as Haller's Army. Of the Polish-American war effort, 204: 134: 95: 2832: 1985: 515:. The Republicans further alienated the Polish-American vote in 1968 with 1514: 1490: 1298: 861: 853: 845: 657: 533: 516: 42: 1593:

According to exit polls, 15% of Polish-Americans voted for independent

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Republican inroads into the urban neighborhoods. Truman also met with

1554: 825: 682: 661: 22:

in the United States comprise a voter group sought after by both the

2835:"Poland's Solidarnosc Wants No Part of Romney's Anti-Labor Politics" 2694:"Obama Cancels Poland Trip For President's Funeral Due To Ash Cloud" 1418: 1010: 744:

Donald Trump speaks to Polish American Congress during his campaign

503: 499: 455:

JFK meeting with a delegation of the Polish-American Congress, 1961

151: 122: 168:

The first Americans of Polish extraction originated in 1608, when

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Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928

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because of their frustration with Wilson and the weakness of the

1584:

The results are for Polish-Americans in the city of Chicago only

373: 2300: 1665:

by Thaddeus C. Radzilowski & Dominik Stecula, printed 2010.

589: 277: 2833:

John Nichols on July 30, 2012 – 4:23 PM ET (2012-07-30).

2370:"H102 Lecture 29: The Twilight of Liberalism: The Nixon Years" 856:

because of Romney's alignment with business interests such as

451: 245: 3246:

Polish Americans Today. A Survey of Modern Polonia Leadership

3222:"Parsing the (Tracking) Poll: The White Catholic Weathervane" 2235:"Walter LaFeber, Historian. Truman. WGBH American Experience" 1663:

Polish Americans Today. A Survey of Modern Polonia Leadership

221: 2646:"Mitt Finds Solidarity in Poland « Commentary Magazine" 2615: 848:

visited the country during his campaign. He was endorsed by

38:. The Polish-American population is concentrated in several 2893: 2891: 2729: 900:

Polish-American vote in presidential elections (1916–2020)

815:

National Leadership Committee of Polish Americans for Obama

3190:

Cognitive Carpentry: A Blueprint for How to Build a Person

2669:"Bad idea to exclude Poland from U.S. Visa Waiver Program" 352: 112:

in 1947, Polish-Americans came to feel that they had been

446: 215:, the U.S. Secretary of War, said "their presence on the 3015:

Lopata, Helena Znaniecka; Erdmans, Mary Patrice (1976).

2888: 2364: 2362: 2498:

Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO

2266:"Citation: Polish American Citizens Club, October 1955" 1983: 1732:, Cablegram from Tumulty to the President. 22 May 1919. 1698:, Cablegram from Tumulty to the President. 22 May 1919. 1613:

Results based on the national surveys conducted by the

150:

Democratic Party was strengthened by the candidacy of

2874:"Polish Americans for Romney? | PRI's The World" 2359: 2094:"The Milwaukee Sentinel - Google News Archive Search" 1915: 1913: 137:

seized Polish voters through his expansion of NATO.

2070: 2068: 2066: 2007:"The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search" 650: 316:, which was signed at the same time as the official 2120: 1657:

Polish Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland

459:In 1960, Polish-Americans voted overwhelmingly for 175: 86:. The Democratic Party won over Polonia during the 2494: 2031: 1910: 308:. Poles were upset with the borders set up by the 263:addressing a Polish-American demonstration to the 154:, a Catholic politician, and FDR's labor reforms. 3271:Dominik Stecula; Thaddeus C. Radzilowski (2014). 3243:Thaddeus C. Radzilowski; Dominik Stecula (2000). 3152: 2755: 2753: 2063: 1640:Catholic Church and politics in the United States 267:urging for Polish support in maintaining autonomy 3332: 3047: 3045: 2490: 2488: 2116: 2114: 3186: 2449:"The Nation: The Blooper Heard Round the World" 3051: 2750: 2501:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 166–. 2127:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 107–. 2124:Polish-American Politics in Chicago, 1880–1940 1808:The Press-Courier - Google News Archive Search 871: 688: 3042: 3014: 2789:"Using Old Playbook, Kerry Seeks Ethnic Vote" 2575:"Using Old Playbook, Kerry Seeks Ethnic Vote" 2485: 2482:Printed 10-25-1976. Vol. 108. Issue 17. p.28. 2111: 2025: 2023: 374:World War II and the Polish-American Congress 3274:Polonia: Today's Profile, Tomorrow's Promise 3146: 2666: 2388: 1723:French pact and other controversial matters. 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 586:Presidential Candidates Debates, Oct 6, 1976 3180: 2858:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2029: 1645:Ethnocultural politics in the United States 787:to Poland and supporting the return of the 426:Truman sought re-election in 1948, and the 246:World War I and Polish Autonomy (1916–1928) 16:Overview of the Polish-American voting bloc 2704: 2182: 2020: 1825: 1823: 475: 3124: 2154: 1974:Alice Boberg and Ralph Wroblewski, p. 112 1849: 1600: 852:, but was rebuked by the pro-trade union 3058:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 81–. 2866: 2643: 2637: 2589: 1878: 1876: 1874: 819: 794: 781:2016 United States presidential election 450: 387: 255: 179: 114:betrayed by the United States government 2107:– via Google News Archive Search. 1820: 353:Relief Effort and Herbert Hoover (1928) 3351:Identity politics in the United States 3333: 3325:. Renaissance Books. . published 2000. 3116:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2900:, "The 2020 Polish American Vote", at 2809: 2803: 2559:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2419: 1833:. CBS News. 2012-08-01. Archived from 1635:Diaspora politics in the United States 447:JFK and return to the Democratic Party 164:1619 Jamestown Polish craftsmen strike 2980: 2946: 2336:Anti-Communist Minorities in the U.S. 2287:"Man of the Year Award March 2, 1958" 1871: 3346:Polish diaspora in the United States 2947:Nowak, Margaret Collingwood (1989). 2912: 2332: 2203: 2155:Beschloss, Michael R. (2008-02-05). 1794:The Age - Google News Archive Search 713:US missile defense complex in Poland 157: 36:3.2% of the United States population 3323:Republicans do the Stupidest Things 828:(R-IL) receiving an award from the 13: 3159:. Lexington Books. pp. 118–. 2121:Edward R. Kantowicz (1 May 1975). 1893:"No Polish jokes on Romney's tour" 1857:"No Polish jokes on Romney's tour" 613: 238:was drafted with backing from the 34:status. Polish Americans comprise 14: 3367: 3055:A History of the Polish Americans 3052:John Bukowczyk (30 August 2008). 2308:"Special Report: Clinton Accused" 1798: 1785: 1775: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1704: 1676: 811:Polish Americans for Clinton-Gore 651:Bill Clinton and NATO enlargement 511:ran for vice-president alongside 3153:Allan J. Lichtman (1 May 2000). 2478:"Fighting for the Ethnic vote." 885: 738: 634: 625: 592:Video Library, full-length video 580: 563: 176:Polish-Americans and World War I 3315: 3289: 3264: 3236: 3214: 3079: 2736: 2686: 2522: 2472: 2463: 2441: 2410: 2326: 2279: 2258: 2249: 2148: 2086: 2077: 1999: 1587: 1578: 779:that Trump won narrowly in the 3341:Elections in the United States 3187:John L. Pollock (4 May 1995). 2623:"Dems: Kerry Better Than Gore" 2030:Sean Trende (3 January 2012). 1977: 1968: 1947: 1934: 1885: 1730:"Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him" 1696:"Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him" 801:Poland–United States relations 550: 1: 2644:Stephens, Bret (2012-07-31). 1984:GlobeGroup - Jacek Spławski. 1814: 1800: 1787: 1777: 1760: 1750: 1740: 1706: 1678: 428:Democratic National Committee 252:History of Poland (1918–1939) 2455:. 1976-10-18. Archived from 1921:"POLISH AMERICAN – PART III" 1859:. Phillytrib.com. 2012-08-05 832:in 2011. He is supported by 789:Smoleńsk plane crash remains 7: 3356:Voting in the United States 2667:David Harris (2011-10-18). 2597:"Gore Snubs Polonia Again!" 2495:James M. Goldgeier (1999). 1955:"POLISH AMERICAN – PART II" 1623: 872:Presidential voting results 765:Polish Americans in Chicago 689:Bush presidency (2000–2008) 314:Little Treaty of Versailles 10: 3372: 3193:. MIT Press. pp. 1–. 2876:. Theworld.org. 2012-09-20 2810:Gharib, Ali (2012-07-31). 2190:"Tehran Conference begins" 798: 761:2016 presidential campaign 569:Ford-Carter Debate Excerpt 479: 377: 249: 187: 161: 144: 58:than the American public. 2913:Zake, Ieva (2009-05-15). 2333:Zake, Ieva (2009-05-15). 836:for his advocacy for the 737: 732: 579: 562: 557: 61: 2981:Allen, Debra J. (2003). 2761:"Polish Americans Today" 2648:. Commentarymagazine.com 1944:(2008). 53 (4): 477–493. 1897:The Philadelphia Tribune 1669: 1650: 860:perceived as hostile to 830:Polish American Congress 757:Polish American Congress 725: 697: 432:Thomas Gardiner Corcoran 405:Polish-American voters. 380:Polish American Congress 339:Polish National Alliance 286:Order of the White Eagle 100:Polish American Congress 1767:Encyclopædia Britannica 767:as well as neighboring 476:1960s and Richard Nixon 30:parties as they have a 2791:. Fox News. 2004-07-29 2625:. Fox News. 2004-07-30 2577:. Fox News. 2004-07-29 2098:The Milwaukee Sentinel 2038:. Macmillan. pp. 1735: 1701: 841: 719:Lech Kaczyński funeral 473: 456: 393: 268: 185: 1714: 1686: 1099:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1075:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1051:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1027:Franklin D. Roosevelt 823: 795:Contemporary politics 488:civil rights movement 465: 454: 391: 334:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 282:Ignacy Jan Paderewski 265:Wilson administration 259: 183: 109:I Saw Poland Betrayed 92:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2777:on January 27, 2013. 2158:Presidential Courage 1986:"New Eastern Europe" 1171:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1147:Dwight D. Eisenhower 939:Charles Evans Hughes 437:Thaddeus Wasielewski 326:Polish–Ukrainian War 318:Treaty of Versailles 310:Treaty of Versailles 236:Pittsburgh Agreement 90:forged by President 84:nascent Polish state 3226:The Washington Post 2429:. reagan.utexas.edu 901: 854:Solidarity (Poland) 838:visa waiver program 785:Visa Waiver Program 707:Visa Waiver Program 201:Niagara on the Lake 47:Catholic University 2398:. Polartcenter.com 2312:Washingtonpost.com 1728:Tumulty, Joseph., 1694:Tumulty, Joseph., 899: 842: 813:and organized the 541:forced resignation 457: 394: 347:Dziennik Zwiazkowy 269: 190:Blue Army (Poland) 186: 170:Captain John Smith 88:New Deal Coalition 3303:. 4 November 2020 3277:. Piast Institute 3252:. Piast Institute 3200:978-0-262-16152-7 3166:978-0-7391-0126-1 3065:978-1-4128-0680-0 2730:National Archives 2508:978-0-8157-3171-9 2459:on April 1, 2008. 2427:"CAPTIVE NATIONS" 2416:Bukowczyk, p. 132 2237:. PBS. 1945-06-26 2134:978-0-226-42380-7 2083:Kantowicz, p. 117 2074:Kantowicz, p. 118 2049:978-1-137-00011-8 1942:The Polish Review 1574: 1573: 1395:George H. W. Bush 1363:George H. W. Bush 858:right-to-work law 777:bellwether states 749: 748: 678:Robert Torricelli 596: 595: 469:satellite country 420:Arthur Bliss Lane 343:League of Nations 330:Polish–Soviet War 299:League of Nations 291:Joseph P. Tumulty 261:Joseph P. Tumulty 158:American Colonies 131:George H. W. Bush 104:Arthur Bliss Lane 3363: 3326: 3321:Crawford, Bill. 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3232:on July 9, 2009. 3228:. 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Kennedy 1179:Adlai Stevenson 1155:Adlai Stevenson 1083:Wendell Willkie 979:Calvin Coolidge 906: 897: 896: 895: 894: 893: 890: 881: 880: 874: 866:workers' rights 807:Piast Institute 803: 797: 739: 733:External videos 728: 700: 691: 670:Benjamin Gilman 653: 648: 647: 646: 645: 641: 640: 639: 631: 630: 616: 614:Reagan and Bush 581: 564: 558:External videos 553: 513:Hubert Humphrey 484: 482:Silent majority 478: 461:John F. Kennedy 449: 402:J. Edgar Hoover 398:Wendell Willkie 386: 378:Main articles: 376: 355: 322:protected class 254: 248: 213:Newton D. Baker 192: 178: 166: 160: 147: 118:John F. Kennedy 76:Calvin Coolidge 64: 55:Piast Institute 17: 12: 11: 5: 3369: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3328: 3327: 3314: 3288: 3263: 3235: 3213: 3199: 3179: 3165: 3145: 3123: 3078: 3064: 3041: 3027: 3007: 2993: 2973: 2959: 2939: 2925: 2905: 2887: 2865: 2825: 2802: 2780: 2749: 2735: 2717:whitehouse.gov 2703: 2685: 2659: 2636: 2614: 2588: 2566: 2521: 2507: 2484: 2471: 2462: 2440: 2418: 2409: 2387: 2358: 2344: 2325: 2299: 2278: 2257: 2248: 2226: 2211:"02949$ $ 195" 2202: 2181: 2167: 2147: 2133: 2110: 2085: 2076: 2062: 2048: 2019: 1998: 1976: 1967: 1946: 1933: 1909: 1884: 1870: 1848: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1796: 1783: 1773: 1756: 1746: 1725: 1713: 1712: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1599: 1586: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1459:George W. 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Bush 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1347:Walter Mondale 1344: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1219:Lyndon Johnson 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1035:Herbert Hoover 1032: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1003:Herbert Hoover 1000: 996: 995: 992: 989: 984: 981: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 960: 957: 955:Warren Harding 952: 948: 947: 944: 941: 936: 933: 931:Woodrow Wilson 928: 924: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 891: 884: 883: 882: 879:Political pins 878: 877: 876: 875: 873: 870: 796: 793: 747: 746: 735: 734: 727: 724: 723: 722: 716: 710: 699: 696: 690: 687: 652: 649: 643: 642: 633: 632: 624: 623: 622: 621: 620: 615: 612: 604:Terry Gabinski 594: 593: 577: 576: 560: 559: 552: 549: 480:Main article: 477: 474: 448: 445: 375: 372: 359:Herbert Hoover 354: 351: 306:Warren Harding 250:Main article: 247: 244: 231:Woodrow Wilson 197:Polish Falcons 188:Main article: 177: 174: 162:Main article: 159: 156: 146: 143: 80:Herbert Hoover 72:Warren Harding 68:Woodrow Wilson 63: 60: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3368: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3324: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3133: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3099:on 2012-12-20 3095: 3088: 3082: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3046: 3030: 3028:9781412831062 3024: 3020: 3019: 3011: 2996: 2994:9780313323591 2990: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2928: 2926:9780230606814 2922: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2875: 2869: 2861: 2855: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2813: 2806: 2790: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2746:. 2016-11-21. 2745: 2739: 2731: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2700:. 2010-04-17. 2699: 2695: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2576: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2542:on 2014-10-23 2538: 2531: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2428: 2422: 2413: 2397: 2391: 2376:on 2012-08-08 2375: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2347: 2345:9780230606814 2341: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2288: 2282: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2236: 2230: 2212: 2206: 2191: 2185: 2170: 2168:9780743257442 2164: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2008: 2002: 1987: 1980: 1971: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1858: 1852: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339:Ronald Reagan 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Ronald Reagan 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1267:Richard Nixon 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251:Richard Nixon 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1203:Richard Nixon 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 988: 987:John W. Davis 985: 982: 980: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 964: 961: 958: 956: 953: 950: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 934: 932: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 904: 903: 892:Kerry-Edwards 888: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824:U.S. Senator 822: 818: 816: 812: 808: 802: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 745: 736: 731: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 704: 703: 695: 686: 684: 679: 675: 671: 665: 663: 659: 637: 628: 619: 611: 609: 605: 601: 600:1976 election 591: 587: 578: 575:, Oct 6, 1976 574: 570: 561: 556: 548: 546: 545:Leon Jaworski 542: 537: 535: 531: 526: 525:Edmund Muskie 520: 518: 514: 510: 509:Edmund Muskie 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 472: 470: 464: 462: 453: 444: 440: 438: 433: 429: 424: 421: 417: 412: 406: 403: 399: 390: 385: 381: 371: 369: 365: 360: 350: 348: 344: 340: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 279: 275: 274:Upper Silesia 266: 262: 258: 253: 243: 241: 237: 232: 226: 223: 218: 217:Western front 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 191: 182: 173: 171: 165: 155: 153: 142: 138: 136: 132: 128: 127:Ronald Reagan 124: 119: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 3322: 3317: 3305:. 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