Pliosaurus - Knowledge

713: 1899: 7280: 1780: 2828:, another large pliosaurid, as a guide, a specimen found in the Svalbard islands of northern Europe has been estimated to have been 15 metres (49 ft) long, 45 metric tons (50 short tons) in body mass and had teeth 30 centimetres (12 in) long. It is estimated to have lived approximately 147 million years ago. Later on, thorough scrutiny of this Svalbard specimen revealed that it was not as massive as originally claimed; total length estimates have been revised to 10–13 metres (33–43 ft) and was named 7265: 1401: 2663: 132: 5256: 1460: 2483: 1576: 1588: 6367: 1055:

lacking enamel ridges; mediolateral expansion of caniniform regions of the premaxilla and maxilla relatively pronounced, although this might be due to crushing; six closely spaced premaxillary alveoli; anisodont premaxillary dentition; diastema present between maxillary and premaxillary alveolar rows; premaxilla–parietal suture located level with the anterior region of the orbit; cervical centra lacking ventral ridge; and epipodials with highly convex proximal surfaces.

1073: 5709: 7273: 1674: 5261: 5721: 5715: 6373: 6361: 111: 694: 2240: 4723: 1496:

cross-section with slightly flattened labial surface bearing only thinly distributed enamel ridges; pronounced mediolateral expansion of caniniform regions of the premaxilla and maxilla; six closely spaced premaxillary alveoli; anisodont premaxillary dentition; and premaxilla–parietal suture located level with the anterior region of the orbit.

2832:

in Knutsen et al. (2012), with estimated skull lengths of 1.6–2 m (5.2–6.6 ft) and a forelimb length of 3 m (9.8 ft) for the holotype (PMO 214.135), and an estimated skull length of 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for the referred specimen (PMO 214.136), suggesting that the animal

1434:

ammonite zone, Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the Ancholme Group, dating to the early Kimmeridgian. DORCM G.13,675 was collected over a period of eight years as pieces up to 60 kilograms (130 lb) in mass weathered out of the sea-cliff of Black Head. Most pieces were collected from loose or fallen

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also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: low dentary alveolar count including only 18 postsymphysial alveoli, and a total count of 27; intermediate low count of syphysial alveoli including only 9; teeth fully trihedral, possessing a flat, anteroposteriorly broad labial surface

1314:

preserve mostly different regions of the skeleton and overlap only by cervical vertebrae. Nevertheless, these cervical vertebrae are morphologically indistinguishable, and both individuals were found in proximity to one another, at exactly the same stratigraphic horizon of the Slottsmøya member,

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also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: low dentary alveolar count including only 18 postsymphysial alveoli; teeth fully trihedral in cross-section, possessing a flat, anteroposteriorly broad labial surface lacking enamel ridges; relatively slight mediolateral expansion of

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has widely spaced premaxillary alveoli, with interalveolar walls approximately half the anteroposterior length of a single alveolus. It also has a long, sheet-like process of the maxilla that extends back to the anterolateral part of the maxilla–frontal contact medial to the external naris, and

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Team. Due to its large size and completeness, the specimen gained extensive media coverage, and its acquisition was announced publicly in October 2009. Additional elements were later donated by Patrick Clarke and purchased from Shirley Swaine. DORCM G.13,675 went on display in Dorchester County

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and degraded upon drying during the preparation process (individual fragments are catalogued at the University of Oslo Natural History Museum by specimen number followed by a slash and a number). Estimates of skull length are approximately 1.6–2.0 m (5.2–6.6 ft) for the holotype and

1486:

have a shallow fossa containing anteroposteriorly oriented grooves or ridges, that extends anteriorly from the pineal foramen. The mesial postsymphysial dentary alveoli are everted to face dorsolaterally, and not dorsally as seen in other species. Finally, the lateral surface of the mandible

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also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: high dentary alveolar count including 22 postsymphysial alveoli and an estimated total count of 36–37; high count of symphysial dentary alveoli including at least 7, estimated as 14–15; subtrihedral teeth, possessing a suboval

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ammonite zone, of the upper part of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay. Knutsen (2012) noted that there is no overlap between the cranial portions of CAMSM J.35990 and NHMUK PV OR 39362 or OUMNH J.10454. Halstead (1989) referred a more recently discovered, complete specimen (NHMUK R8928) to

2624:, together with two associated fragments, OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377, each constituting one ramus of a lower jaw from a single individual. All three specimens were collected from the same pit, are of similar size, and have "type III" retroarticular process. The referral to 1958:. It was later noted by Pocock (1908), that the material was found in the lower part of the Kimmeridge Clay, as the pits expose the contact between the Kimmeridge Clay Formation and the underlying Corallian beds. Several other cervical centra from the same strata at 1302:, its cervical centra possess a rugose ventral surface, but lack ventral keel. Finally, it possesses comparatively longer forelimbs than other known pliosaurids, with a long humerus, more than 7 times the average width of cervical vertebral centra, in comparison to 881:

elements and limb material. Other specimens that are referable to this species include OUMNH J.9285, and OUMNH J.9192 through OUMNH J.9301, all described by Owen (1841–1842) and were found associated with the holotype. The specimens were collected by Prof.

1752:. OXFUM J.10454 is a highly reconstructed and fragmentary specimen, with a total length of 287.5 cm (9.43 ft). Tarlo estimated that the skull length of this individual had originally been more than 3 m (9.8 ft), however Benson 1310:, which have humeri less than 4.5 times the cervical width. Its complete teeth count is not known, however, it has at least six pairs of teeth in the mandibular symphysis, and at least five premaxillary tooth pairs. The two known individuals of 2114:, with CAMSM J.35991 as the new neotype, because both specimens and possibly the lost holotype are from the same locality and horizon, and similar in size. CAMSM J.35991 is much more complete and can be distinguished from all other species of 2652:. Another possible difference between NHMUK PV OR 39362 and OUMNH J.10454, is that the latter had greater mandibular tooth count of approximately 60, although this is possibly an artifact of its reconstruction according to Knutsen (2012). 1262:

and a well developed anterior process on the coracoid, and abnormal hardening and increase in density of bone, indicate that both specimens were adult individuals. Even though none of the neural arches are fused to their centra in the

4641:

Glenn W. Storrs; Maxim S. Arkhangel'skii; Vladmir M. Efimov (2003). "11 – Mesozoic Marine Reptiles of Russia and Other Former Soviet Republics". In Michael J. Benton; Mikhail A. Shishkin; David M. Unwin; Evgenii N. Kurochkin (eds.).

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was about 10 metres (33 ft) long and weighed 11 metric tons (12 short tons). Some specimens may even be 11.7–14.4 metres (38–47 ft) long and are based on a giant mandible and giant neck vertebrae that may be referred to

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premaxilla and maxillary caniniform region; six premaxillary alveoli; lack of anisodont premaxillary dentition; lack of diastema between maxillary and premaxillary alveolar rows; and cervical centra lacking ventral ridge.

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based on the presence of an autapomorphic short symphysis containing only six alveoli. Based on the presence of this trait, they tentatively referred OUMNH J.10454 (and thus possibly OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377) to

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possesses the following combination of characters (based on its holotype): 5 premaxillary tooth pairs; cervical vertebrae with ornamented ventral surface, but lacking ventral keel; proportionally shorter humeri than

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before collection, extensively fracturing and degrading the material. PMO 214.136 was discovered in 2007, following the collection of approximately 20,000 fragments that compose PMO 214.135 which were found moist

945:

is not known, but the rounded edge on the distal end of the femur and lack of separation between the femoral capitulum and trochanter suggests that it is from a relatively young individual. According to Benson

2057:). Additionally, Seeley's referral was based on a single character, "articular surface is very slightly concave, with a small round depression at the centre", a feature that is now known to be common in other 2320:, and reassigned NHMUK PV OR 39362 to this species with other material, based solely on large size. NHMUK PV OR 39362, a complete skull and mandible, was first described by Owen (1869) who referred it to 1554: 1444:

Museum in July 2011, after being in preparation between March 2010 and March 2011. Preparation of the lower jaws took 200 hours and a further 365 hours were needed to complete preparation of the skull.

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based on the presence of a similar number of mandibular symphyseal teeth with the holotye and their relative stratigraphic co-occurrence. Another specimen of large pliosaur was tentatively assigned to

2582:(2013) agreed that it cannot be confidently diagnosed as a distinct species, or referred to an existing species with certainty. Nevertheless, they differentiated CAMSM J.35990 from most specimens of 1236:

and incomplete left surangular and articular. Several fragmentary and unidentified bones also pertain to PMO 214.136. Due to the Arctic climate of Svalbard, the specimens were subjected to repeated

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stage. The skeletons were discovered during eight seasons of fieldwork (2004–2012 field seasons) in the Slottsmøya Member, that have yielded other skeletal remains of marine reptiles, including the

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as a separate species, as the stratigraphic ranges of the two taxa do not overlap, and the specimens were not adequate described. However, a reexamination of NHMUK PV OR 39362 (proposed neotype of

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an interdigitating premaxilla-maxilla suture is located midway between the mesialmost maxillary and distalmost premaxillary alveoli. Its pineal foramen is surrounded by a raised rim, while other

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with at least 50 teeth in the lower jaw (probably 54), at least 7 pairs (probably 9) of symphyseal teeth and 5 pairs of premaxillary teeth. It also has "type III" retroarticular process. Benson

4451:

Taylor, M. A.; Cruickshank, A. R. I. (1993). "Cranial Anatomy and Functional Morphology of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Westbury, Wiltshire".

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ammonite zones, of the lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation. Although the measurements of the neotype agree with these of the lost holotype, they are also similar to these of referred specimens of

4565: 2363:. Tarlo (1959b) described the lectotype as "somewhat roughened", while Lydekker (1889a) described it as being "very coarse and rough" in reference to its ventral rugosity, resembling that of 2174: 601:

would have been one of the largest plesiosaurs of all time, exceeding 10 metres (33 ft) in length. This genus has contained many species in the past but recent reviews found only six (

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of the holotype. The subrectangular sheet of the maxilla extends anteriorly on alveolar surface of the premaxilla to contact the distalmost premaxillary alveolus, while in other species of

1830:(2012) and Knutsen (2012) and reassigned to its own species by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest in 4075:

Noè, L. F.; Smith, D. T. J.; Walton, D. I. (2004). "A new species of Kimmeridgian pliosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the nomenclature of Liopleurodon macromerus".

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Espen M. Knutsen; Patrick S. Druckenmiller; Jørn H. Hurum (2012). "A new species of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Middle Volgian of central Spitsbergen, Norway".

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based on the presence of an autapomorphic short symphysis containing only six alveoli, and tentatively referred OUMNH J.10454 (and thus possibly OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377) to

1346:

Analysis of bones from the four flippers suggest that the animal cruised using only the fore-flippers, using the back flippers for extra speed when pursuing and capturing prey.

2846:. Analysis of bones from the four flippers suggest that the animal cruised using just two fore-flippers, using the back pair for extra speed when pursuing and capturing prey. 1818:

of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian. Nicknamed "Westbury pliosaur I", it was first described by Taylor & Cruickshank (1993) and referred to

1748:. These specimens were all collected at Chawley brick pit, of the upper part of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay, dating to the late Kimmeridgian, and were originally assigned to 1815: 992: 1003:. It was reassigned to its own species by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest in 1456:

honors Kevan Sheehan, the owner of a small café overlooking the sea at Osmington Mills, who collected most of the holotype during daily walks along the foreshore.

1666:, as it exhibits the diagnostic traits of the genus such as trihedral teeth. PIN 304/1 has also been interpreted as a juvenile by both Halstead (1971) and Storrs 1254:" before its formal description, gained extensive media coverage, which claimed that it was "most fearsome animal ever to swim in the oceans". Morphological and 2704: 1627: 3835: 1122: 3845: 1545:

a very large body size and stratigraphically closer to it, otherwise the specimens cannot be directly compared. Therefore, it was tentatively referred to as

2414:, OUMNH J.10454, represented by an anterior rostral tip and associated trihedral teeth. Nicknamed "Cumnor mandible", it was collected at Chawley brick pit, 1439:

and purchased from land owners. They were first identified as a pliosaurid skull by Richard Edmonds, Earth Sciences Manager for Dorset and East Devon Coast

2142:(2013)) teeth in the lower jaw, 9 pairs of symphyseal teeth in dorsal view. It had "type II" retroarticular process and proportionally shorter humeri than 1650:). Novozhilov (1964) later also described some pectoral remains associated with the holotype. The holotype preserved trihedral teeth like other members of 1448:

was first described and named by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest in

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honors Bjørn Funke, the discoverer of the holotype, and his wife May-Liss Knudsen Funke for volunteering in the paleontological collections at the Museum.

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Tarlo (1959b) erected OUMNH J. 10441, one of the partial cervical vertebrae from the collection of unassociated remains listed by Philips (1871), as the

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indet. as it has a broad, dorsolaterally facing surangular fossa, bounded laterally by a fossa and ridge. Another specimen, BRSMG Cc332, was referred to

5055: 4598: 2707:, consists of partial cranium and postcranium of a medium-sized individual. The cranial remains of PIN 426 are currently suffering from the effects of 2166: 5567: 4575: 1121:

within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of one another, approximately 30 metres (98 ft) below the Myklegardfjellet Bed from the black shales of the

1099: 4389: 4165:"Cranial anatomy, taxonomic implications and palaeopathology of an Upper Jurassic Pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Westbury, Wiltshire, UK" 2391:

skeleton. Tarlo (1959b) referred CAMSM J.35990, and two other very large, anterior cervical vertebral centra, CAMSM J.29562 and CAMSM J.30057, to

7359: 5651: 1220:, and a complete right forelimb. The referred specimen is represented by five partial cervical centra, one partial dorsal centrum, and a partial 4748: 2019:

had traditionally been given priority over it. This centrum was the only not dorsal centrum from a series of thirty associated centra listed by

1997:

have been lost or destroyed since their initial descriptions. Therefore, he selected a single posterior cervical centrum, CAMSM J.29564, as the

5205: 311: 7405: 4204: 2205:

has a similar count of dentary and symphysial teeth, and thus the specimen cannot be identified to species level. However it was referred to

786: 630: 2146:. As also seen in CAMSM J.29564, it had cervical centra with ventral surface ornamentation, but lacking a ventral keel. According to Benson 1030:(2013) showed that the differences between them are relatively great even in the context of specimens from other localities. They diagnosed 7415: 4733: 2833:

had proportionally bigger flippers than other pliosaurs compared to the skull size and dimensions of the vertebrae. Other species, such as

1208:

and two partial cervical centra, three pectoral centra with neural arches, fifteen dorsal centra and eight neural arches, a complete right

2292:, from Greek, in reference to the large size of OUMNH J.12498 (a thigh bone). These specimens were collected during the excavation of the 5040: 2632:, and their occurrence at approximately the same stratigraphic level. However, a reexamination of NHMUK PV OR 39362 (proposed neotype of 2247: 1246:

2.0–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for PMO 214.136, suggesting a total body length of 10–12 m (33–39 ft) for the species, making

866: 4669:"Functional anatomy and feeding biomechanics of a giant Upper Jurassic pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Weymouth Bay, Dorset, UK" 995:

of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian. Nicknamed "Westbury pliosaur II", it was first described by Sassoon

2178: 4753: 1857:

as the former has a "type IV" retroarticular process and a much lower degree of fusion between the anterior mandibular bones. Benson

4290: 7346: 3992:"A truly gigantic pliosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) of England" 4790: 7455: 4621:, an 8m-long fossil pliosaur (extinct marine reptile) skeleton for Bristol City Museum, including the 3D printed 2m-long skull" 2395:

based on similar size and ornamentation of the cervical vertebrae. Knutsen (2012) noted that this ornamentation is shared with

933:, which had a smooth ventral surface and a ventral keel, unlike rounded to flat ventral surface seen in other species. Benson 793:

is the correct spelling of the generic name as well. However, because this spelling had been abandoned since Phillips (1871),

4651: 4056: 3922: 2810:(2013) to be undiagnostic, with its holotype specimen most likely being a juvenile individual of one of the other species of 1630:, consists of cranial and some postcranial remains of a relatively small pliosaur. It was collected at the right bank of the 2628:

was based on this trait, a suggested similar symphyseal tooth count (six) between OUMNH J.10454 and the proposed neotype of

1723:

based on the presence of only six symphysial and five premaxillary alveoli in both. Nevertheless, he provisionally retained

1654:, and bears 6 tooth pairs in the mandibular symphysis, similar to OUMNH J.10454. Halstead (1971) reassigned this species to 7410: 2513:

due to vertebral ornamentation. NHMUK PV OR 39362 is much more complete and can be distinguished from all other species of

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in the following two traits; it has ventral surface ornamentation but lacks a ventral keel. Nevertheless, the neotype for

7460: 1803: 980: 4811: 1250:

one of the largest pliosaurs described so far. Due to its large size and relative completeness, the species, nicknamed "

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Foffa, Davide; Cuff, Andrew R.; Sassoon, Judyth; Rayfield, Emily J.; Mavrogordato, Mark N.; Benton, Michael J. (2014).

2375:, due to the unusual scapular morphology of a specimen he described and referred to it, CAMSM J.35990. It was found at 7279: 2150:(2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia suggests that CAMSM J.35991 is a juvenile. 1267:

of both individuals (a possible juvenile trait), this feature is present in all large pliosaurids, and thus possibly

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Knutsen (2012) revised the validity of this species and was able to diagnose it on a basis of combination of traits.

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relies solely on the similarity in size to the original material described by Owen (1839), which is also similar to

1670:(2000) based on its relatively small size and poorly developed dorsal blade and anteroventral ramus of the scapula. 7440: 3832: 3842: 3975: 3603: 2545:

indet., until a petition to the ICZN is made. Based on NHMUK PV OR 39362, Knutsen (2012) provisionally diagnosed

1822:

based on the absence of a ventral keel on the cervical vertebral centra. BRSMG Cc332 was assigned tentatively to

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posteriorly, while other thalassophoneans show flat or weakly convex lateral surface of the postedentary bones.

950:(2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia also suggests that it is a juvenile. 7465: 4763: 2640:(2013), revealed that it had at least seven symphyseal tooth, but more likely nine. Therefore, they considered 1735:(2013), revealed that it had at least seven symphyseal tooth, but more likely nine. Therefore, they considered 2406:

Based on similar number of mandibular symphyseal teeth with NHMUK PV OR 39362, Tarlo (1959b) also assigned to

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In the same paper, Tarlo (1959a) described an associated pliosaur skeleton, CAMSM J.35991, and referred it to

712: 2130:

indet., until a petition to the ICZN is made. Based on CAMSM J.35991, Knutsen (2012) provisionally diagnosed

4595: 3684:

Benson, R. B. J.; Evans, M.; Smith, A. S.; Sassoon, J.; Moore-Faye, S.; Ketchum, H. F.; Forrest, R. (2013).

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based on their similar sizes and stratigraphic co-occurrence, as the only difference between the species is

7435: 7264: 6077: 5255: 3084: 1026:, due to fact that both were collected from close stratigraphic levels of the same quarry. However, Benson 773:, Owen published another study in which the species was relocated to its own genus, which he misspelled as 4758: 2312:

ammonite zone, Upper Kimmeridge Clay, of the Swindon Clay and Cemetery Beds. Lydekker (1889a) amended the

1978:

but did not provide diagnosis to distinguish these vertebrae from those of the type species of the genus.

7425: 4783: 4727: 2743:. These assignments were criticized by other workers, including Tarlo (1960), Halstead (1971) and Storrs 2677: 1603: 1146: 1066: 538: 4734:

https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2771508220080227?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0

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Novozhilov, N.I. (1948). "Two new pliosaurs from the Lower Volga Beds Provolzhe (Right bank of Volga)".

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The mandible of BRSMG Cc332 is approximately 50 cm longer than CAMSM J.35991 (proposed neotype for

1488: 869:, OUMNH J.9245, OUMNH J.9247 through OUMNH J.9301 and OUMNH J.10453. The specimen consists of a partial 7450: 6366: 2959: 2942: 131: 4257: 1137:

ammonite zones (probably to the latter), of the middle Volgian stage which correlates with the middle

7420: 3248: 3231: 3009: 2911: 2592: 2257: 1529: 1363: 899: 7445: 7430: 4139:

Report of the Eleventh Meeting for the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth

2711:, and its associated remains have been lost. It was collected at Savel-evsk Mine No. 1, of eastern 2106:

ammonite zone of the lower Kimmeridge Clay, at the same locality as CAMSM J.29564 (the neotype for

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Report of the Ninth Meeting for the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Birmingham

4214: 1898: 1046:, the dorsal surface of the surangular lacks any fossa, and in contrast to all other specimens of 6372: 2692: 2273: 1923: 1835: 1611: 1453: 1358: 1186: 1181:

was first described and named by Espen M. Knutsen, Patrick S. Druckenmiller and Jørn H. Hurum in

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measured around 8 metres (26 ft) long and weighed about 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons), but

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ammonite zones of the Upper Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian or early

7377: 7299: 5720: 5714: 4776: 3060: 7364: 4048: 4041: 7372: 6360: 5708: 3865:(Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". 3214: 3033: 2293: 2099: 4738: 917:(2013)), 8-9 or more pairs of symphyseal teeth in dorsal view (12 pairs according to Benson 7400: 7337: 4640: 4460: 4176: 4084: 4003: 3701: 2976: 2681: 2420: 2261: 1913: 1831: 1708:

by Malakhov (1999). The specimen was collected from the lower Volgian (early Tithonian) of

1607: 1449: 1182: 1091: 1004: 770: 749: 339: 318: 1282:(2012) diagnosed the species based on a unique combination of characters of the holotype. 8: 4875: 4749:

Sea Monsters: A Prehistoric Adventure Movie - Interactive Time Line - National Geographic

4570: 4540: 2837:, was about 8 metres (26 ft) long and weighed 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons), while 2045: 2028: 1839: 1440: 4464: 4180: 4088: 4007: 3705: 2806:

is known from the late Kimmeridgian of England. Considered by Knutsen (2012) and Benson

6965: 6188: 5177: 5048: 4695: 4668: 4476: 4021: 3892: 3724: 3689: 3139: 2612:, but cannot be otherwise compared to it. Therefore, it was tentatively referred to as 2387:

ammonite zone. It represents an associated fragmentary skull and a relatively complete

1939: 1799: 1779: 1205: 1110: 930: 481: 126: 4096: 1870:

terminates just anterior to midlength of the orbital. Finally, the suture between the

1769:, less than 4.5 times the average width of cervical centra, versus more than 7 times. 1684:

Halstead (1971) referred a second, larger specimen PIN 2440/1 consisting of a partial

1349:

Predator X's brain was of a similar type and size, proportionally, to that of today's

6160: 5851: 5323: 5069: 5001: 4700: 4647: 4189: 4164: 4134: 4052: 4025: 3966: 3956: 3918: 3896: 3823: 3729: 3685: 2851: 2597: 1685: 1534: 1350: 1225: 1023: 938: 753: 629:) to be valid, while the validity of two additional species awaits a petition to the 4480: 1712:, and represents postcranial remains No. 13-1958, at Institute of Zoology MS-AS RK. 7140: 7065: 6839: 6269: 6153: 5997: 5930: 5813: 5484: 5411: 5375: 4690: 4680: 4546: 4468: 4184: 4092: 4011: 3882: 3874: 3719: 3709: 3115: 2732: 2696: 1959: 1264: 1237: 1022:) and BRSMG Cd6172 to intraspecific variation, with these specimens possibly being 883: 878: 852: 702: 4235: 2533:, and there is no overlapping material between them and NHMUK PV OR 39362. Benson 2437:

based on its long mandibular symphysis. Using this specimen he re-identified the "

1366:

in 2009. It was also featured in the fourth episode of the BBC documentary series

7204: 6997: 6895: 6830: 6812: 6757: 6720: 6519: 6430: 6234: 6207: 6109: 6011: 5969: 5588: 5361: 5291: 5278: 5227: 5198: 5030: 5019: 5011: 4981: 4602: 4321: 4209: 4016: 3991: 3878: 3849: 3839: 3714: 3159: 1955: 1368: 733: 649:

is considered undiagnostic. Species of this genus are differentiated from other

2662: 1400: 1018:(2012) originally ascribed the differences between BRSMG Cc332 (the holotype of 7195: 7169: 7155: 7098: 7087: 7035: 6986: 6909: 6881: 6729: 6702: 6617: 6501: 6478: 6406: 6310: 6280: 6241: 6220: 6167: 6125: 6063: 6056: 6042: 6022: 6004: 5923: 5909: 5902: 5830: 5794: 5772: 5603: 5499: 5491: 5453: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5404: 5126: 3046: 2790: 2712: 2542: 2472: 2380: 2127: 1862: 1483: 1475: 1196:

is represented by the anterior portions of the upper and lower jaws (including

1039: 926: 742: 670: 654: 563: 228: 4743: 7394: 7322: 7118: 7044: 7024: 6979: 6902: 6819: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6748: 6737: 6675: 6648: 6605: 6550: 6528: 6494: 6446: 6419: 6317: 6181: 6174: 5983: 5859: 5801: 5637: 5616: 5553: 5546: 5537: 5460: 5439: 5397: 5368: 5346: 5076: 5062: 4966: 4959: 4945: 4932: 4891: 4799: 4295: 3970: 3827: 2740: 2281: 2011: 1935: 1875: 1459: 1427: 1423: 1374: 1229: 1167: 1142: 1103: 816: 586: 570: 186: 68: 30: 4550: 4316: 2866:) at the anterior dentary tooth to 27,685–48,728 N (2,823–4,969 kg 2482: 1575: 1118: 7211: 7162: 7132: 7125: 7073: 7058: 7051: 6958: 6930: 6688: 6664: 6656: 6641: 6626: 6584: 6535: 6487: 6467: 6439: 6390: 6328: 6303: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6227: 6118: 6049: 5990: 5962: 5942: 5916: 5895: 5844: 5837: 5822: 5765: 5665: 5510: 5446: 5390: 5353: 5312: 5212: 5184: 5101: 4704: 4472: 3733: 2897: 2824: 2785: 2772: 2767:. Knutsen (2012) considered the material to be non-diagnostic and referred 2570: 2451: 2442: 2083: 2020: 1918: 1757: 1587: 1426:, Dorchester, England. The specimen was collected at Wyke Siltstone bed of 1272: 1268: 1255: 1158: 1035: 903: 891: 887: 757: 745: 738: 642: 606: 574: 530: 509: 257: 248: 212: 2858:

which produced varying results from 9,617–16,927 N (981–1,726 kg

7331: 7225: 7183: 7111: 7080: 7010: 6972: 6937: 6916: 6846: 6805: 6798: 6764: 6633: 6597: 6460: 6139: 6070: 6035: 5866: 5658: 5644: 5574: 5560: 5519: 5332: 5191: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5142: 5088: 4973: 4844: 3173: 2850:

brain was of a similar type and size, proportionally, to that of today's

2686: 2525:, Lydekker (1889a) showed that there is no evidence that the syntypes of 2415: 2388: 2325: 1951: 1631: 1163: 983:, Bristol, England. The specimen was collected at the Westbury Clay pit, 666: 43: 1646:

ammonite zone, dating to the middle Volgian stage (also known as middle

1072: 7351: 7176: 7148: 7017: 6944: 6853: 6695: 6570: 6542: 6508: 6453: 6296: 6098: 5976: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5787: 5779: 5751: 5738: 5676: 5630: 5623: 5526: 5382: 5305: 4989: 4860: 4829: 2058: 1947: 1871: 1756:(2013) argued that this cannot be currently determined. Apart from the 1709: 1500: 1386:, showing damage consistent with an attack of a very large animal with 1379: 1197: 1152: 922: 828: 658: 650: 566: 199: 88: 53: 4685: 4453:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3887: 1673: 1435:

blocks without any permits required, while other parts were collected

1011:

honors Simon Carpenter, the discoverer and collector of BRSMG Cd6172.

937:(2013) also noted that it lacks anisodont premaxillary dentition. The 7232: 7218: 6951: 6289: 5471: 5339: 4394:(Novozhilov) - a pliosaur from the Lower Volgian of the Moscow basin" 4262: 2883: 2720: 2586:

based on its subtrihedral teeth, which are otherwise present only in

2344: 2337: 2301: 1807: 1647: 1635: 1523:

based on its subtrihedral teeth, which are otherwise present only in

1233: 1217: 1173: 1138: 999:(2012) who, together with Knutsen (2012), assigned it tentatively to 984: 976: 874: 578: 143: 93: 37: 7293: 4616: 1658:

based on this symphyseal tooth count, but Knutsen (2012) and Benson

913:

had approximately 70 teeth in the lower jaw (72 according to Benson

110: 7316: 6709: 5955: 5135: 5115: 5108: 4823: 4494:

Owen, Richard (1839). "Report on British fossil reptiles, part 1".

2764: 2700: 2411: 2376: 2186: 2182: 2158: 2095: 2069:. The neotype centrum, CAMSM J.29564, differs from the holotype of 1943: 1791: 1619: 1415: 1209: 1087: 972: 964: 862: 163: 83: 78: 63: 58: 48: 2165:

based solely on a similar number of dentary and symphyseal teeth;

865:

which includes seven specimens found in association and housed at

6146: 6132: 5149: 4835: 4258:"Predator X was the most fearsome animal ever to swim the oceans" 2578:, stating that it is non-diagnostic at the species level. Benson 2502: 2498: 2438: 2297: 2239: 2221:(2012) and Knutsen (2012), but was reassigned to its own species 1998: 1436: 1259: 1242: 1201: 847:. The specific name has occasionally erroneously been spelled as 839:

was not specified, but it probably refers to the shorter neck of

797:

should be preserved according to Article 33.3.1 of the ICZN. The

693: 556: 173: 98: 73: 4768: 2471:

is invalid, and NHMUK PV OR 39362 and CAMSM J.35990 exhibit the

1806:, Bristol. The specimen was collected at the Westbury Clay pit, 1418:

DORCM G.13,675, a nearly complete 2.0 metres (6.6 ft) long

4817: 4722: 2716: 2708: 2190: 1639: 1615: 1114: 1107: 1095: 824: 582: 153: 2747:(2000), because of the general and non-specific diagnosis for 1286:

has a possibly unique "type I" retroarticular process, unlike

967:

BRSMG Cd6172, a nearly complete 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) long

741:

of the genus. It was first described and named by the English

6923: 2723:). Novozhilov (1964) reassigned the material to a new genus, 2620:. According to Knutsen (2012), OUMNH J.10454 is referable to 2557:(2013) noted that it lacks anisodont premaxillary dentition. 2445:, but in spite of their similar ilial morphology, reassigned 2289: 2272:, OUMNH J.12498, and a series of unassociated vertebrae. The 2269: 1902:

Lower jaw from France, MNHN cat.24.1, previously referred to

1795: 1419: 1221: 968: 870: 806: 798: 559: 4764:

NATURE Attenborough and the Jurassic Sea Monster (PBS video)

3810:

Espen M. Knutsen (2012). "A taxonomic revision of the genus

3690:"A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England" 2854:. In 2014, Foffa and colleagues estimated the bite force of 1849:), but is shorter than the two French specimens referred to 3990:

Martill, David M.; Jacobs, Megan L.; Smith, Roy E. (2023).

2601: 1538: 662: 1382:. The scene is based on damages to the one known skull of 1125:, which is the uppermost out of four named members in the 4326: 2793:

indet, and stating that PIN 426 requires re-description.

2537:(2013) agreed with the suggestion to assign a neotype of 1213: 975:

and postcranial skeleton, including at least 17 complete

4759:

BBC Earth (video): The most powerful marine reptile ever

4666: 4446: 4444: 4043:

Planet Dinosaur: The Next Generation of Killer Dinosaurs

2886:

below follows a 2013 analysis by paleontologists Benson

2197:(2013) discussed only BHN 2R.370 originally referred to 2169:

2R.370, collected at the Moulin-Wibert quarry, from the

1938:. It was named on the basis of a series of unassociated 1553:. A subtrihedral tooth from the Kimmeridge Clay of Ely, 1258:

characters, such as the presence of a tuberosity on the

843:

compared to the necks of other species then referred to

4429:

gen. nov., a giant pliosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay".

3683: 2608:

a very large body size and stratigraphically closer to

2517:. NHMUK PV OR 39362 has been traditionally assigned to 2110:). Knutsen (2012) suggested to replace the neotype for 2027:. They were collected at the Roswell (Roslyn) pit near 1515:. Although non-diagnostic at the species level, Benson 4566:"Biggest and smallest prehistoric predators unearthed" 3861:

Gasparini, Z.; O'Gorman, J. (2014). "A new species of

2719:, from the middle Volgian stage (also known as middle 2705:

Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

1628:

Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

925:

teeth. It shows "type III" retroarticular process and

4441: 3860: 2521:, and even though it has previously been assigned to 2493:

Knutsen (2012) suggested to replace the lectotype of

1050:

faces dorsally, not inclined to face dorsolaterally.

3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 2367:. Tarlo (1959b) also erected a new generic name for 460: 446: 419: 405: 377: 363: 345: 324: 301: 287: 264: 4291:"Fossil of 'ultimate predator' unearthed in Arctic" 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 2122:(2013) agreed with this suggestion, but considered 1715:Knutsen (2012) suggested possible synonymy between 1315:strongly supporting the referral of PMO 214.136 to 1106:, from the southeast side of Mount Knerten, in the 1090:PMO 214.135 and the referred PMO 214.136, from the 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4040: 3989: 3915:The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles 2501:, because the lectotype (as well as the remaining 2050: 4450: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 2053:R.1243, cast of mid-cervical centrum referred to 1700:by Rozhdestvenskii (1947), but later referred to 1065:"Predator X" redirects here. For other uses, see 661:in cross section. Their diet would have included 7392: 4739:Gigantic Pliosaurus discovered on Norwegian soil 4646:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–192. 4366:Novozhilov, N.I. (1964). "Order Sauropterygia". 4162: 3917:. Princeton University Press. pp. 101–102. 3809: 3740: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 2061:as well. Thus, Tarlo's choice of the neotype of 1853:. Knutsen (2012) distinguished BRSMG Cc332 from 1519:(2013) differentiated it from most specimens of 4383: 4381: 4163:Sassoon, J.; Noè, L. F.; Benton, M. J. (2012). 4149: 2775:indet, as dentition, which is autapomorphic in 1982:was later synonymised by Lydekker (1889a) with 785:, and therefore according to Article 32 of the 5289: 4542:Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames 4359: 4340: 4074: 3908: 3906: 2138:with approximately 60 (58 according to Benson 2098:, most of the axial skeleton and parts of the 6405: 4784: 4511: 4509: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4288: 4070: 4068: 3616: 2355:based on its large size, similar to those of 1989:According to Tarlo (1959a), the holotypes of 1891: 1541:. Even though it shares with the holotype of 631:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4943: 4890: 4532: 4378: 2783:(2013) also considered this species to be a 1861:(2013) diagnosed the species based on three 1129:. This stratigraphic horizon belongs to the 6583: 5749: 4644:The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia 4545:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 523 pp. 4135:"Report on British fossil reptiles, part 2" 4128: 4126: 3903: 2796: 2751:, and differences from the type species of 2574:. Knutsen (2012) referred CAMSM J.35990 to 2564:are currently assigned to other species of 2505:) is indistinguishable from all species of 2424:. This locality most likely belongs to the 2248:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 1970:by Owen (1839). Eichwald (1868) reassigned 1966:by Conybeare (1824), were also referred to 1772: 1474:(2013) diagnosed the species based on four 867:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 4791: 4777: 4506: 4411: 4365: 4346: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4077:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 4065: 4032: 3996:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 1798:and postcranial fragments, including four 681: 109: 4859: 4694: 4684: 4614: 4557: 4188: 4015: 3886: 3723: 3713: 2779:, was not described from PIN 426. Benson 2081:, and thus the name must be considered a 1912:was first described and named by Owen in 1692:. PIN 2440/1 was originally described as 1100:University of Oslo Natural History Museum 1086:is known from two partial skeletons, the 777:. As have been noted by several authors, 4538: 4487: 4387: 4123: 3854: 2661: 2655: 2481: 2238: 2232: 2213:by Taylor and Cruickshank (1993) and to 2077:is non-diagnostic from other species of 1897: 1778: 1672: 1586: 1574: 1458: 1399: 1071: 953: 676: 470:Gasparini, Spalleti & O'Gorman, 2018 4563: 4103: 3931: 2560:Other specimens previously referred to 2383:, probably from the early Kimmeridgian 2094:. CAMSM J.35991 consists of a complete 1113:. Both individuals were collected by a 767:Plesiosaurus (Pleiosaurus) brachydeirus 7393: 4115:Owen, Richard (1841). "Odontography". 2324:. It was collected at Kimmeridge Bay, 2189:, both from the early Kimmeridgian of 1810:, England, from subdivision E5 of the 1568: 991:ammonite zone, seven metres below the 7298: 7297: 6388: 5736: 5276: 4930: 4810: 4772: 4515: 4424: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4255: 4249: 4038: 3985: 3983: 1878:is located around orbital midlength. 819:, in reference to Owen's belief that 7406:Kimmeridgian genus first appearances 4493: 4132: 4114: 3912: 2699:, where the holotype was found. The 2175:Calcaires de Moulin-Wibert Formation 2153:According to Knutsen (2012), Bardet 2031:, also in England, from between the 1946:. These specimens were collected at 1618:, where the holotype was found. The 1393: 1102:, the skeletons were found south of 1058: 7416:Late Jurassic plesiosaurs of Europe 5277: 4228: 1962:, Dorsetshire, that had been named 1842:near which the holotype was found. 1814:ammonite zone, one metre below the 1804:Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery 1642:, from the Buinsk Mine oil shales, 1557:G418.1965.108, is also referred to 1372:in 2011, where it is shown hunting 1042:other than the proposed neotype of 981:Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery 13: 4744:Pliosaurus - Naturhistorisk museum 4596:"Fossil 'makes T-Rex look feeble'" 4520:(Owen) from the Kimmeridge Clay". 4277: 3980: 2874:) at the 36th dentary tooth pair. 14: 7477: 4931: 4798: 4715: 4236:"Arctic sea monster's giant bite" 4205:"Predator X: monster of the deep" 2676:was first described and named by 2256:was first described and named by 2246:jaw, approx. 287.5 cm in length, 1930:, meaning "short" and σπόνδυλος, 1760:noted above and trihedral teeth, 1602:was first described and named by 7278: 7271: 7263: 6389: 6371: 6365: 6359: 5737: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5259: 5254: 4721: 4516:Tarlo, Lambert Beverly (1959). " 4425:Tarlo, Lambert Beverly (1959). " 4190:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01151.x 2695:is derived from the name of the 1886: 1503:skeleton originally referred to 1356:A television programme entitled 711: 692: 130: 41: 4660: 4634: 4617:"Mounting the Type specimen of 4608: 4589: 4564:Alleyne, Richard (2009-03-17). 4309: 4197: 3604:Timeline of plesiosaur research 2330:Aulacostephanus autissidorensis 2157:(1993) referred two additional 1794:BRSMG Cc332, a nearly complete 4754:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 2817: 2604:. Furthermore, it shares with 2497:, with NHMUK PV OR 39362 as a 2102:. It was found in 1889 in the 718:Cast of a flipper referred to 555:(meaning 'more lizard') is an 456:Gasparini & O'Gorman, 2014 1: 7456:Fossil taxa described in 1842 4388:Halstead, L. Beverly (1971). 4097:10.1016/S0016-7878(04)80031-2 3609: 987:, from subdivision E4 of the 439:Species pending ICZN petition 4615:Larkin, N.; Dey, S. (2021). 4605:, news24.com, 17 March 2009. 4289:Coghlan, Andy (2009-03-17). 4213:. 2009-03-31. Archived from 4017:10.1016/j.pgeola.2023.04.005 3959:Norwegian Journal of Geology 3879:10.5710/amgh.03.04.2014.2225 3816:Norwegian Journal of Geology 3814:(Owen, 1841a) Owen, 1841b". 3715:10.1371/journal.pone.0065989 2877: 2399:and the proposed neotype of 1968:Plesiosaurus brachyspondylus 1614:is derived from the name of 1565:based on similar arguments. 1404:Restoration of the skull of 1339:and the proposed neotype of 1331:and the proposed neotype of 1204:teeth), one nearly complete 781:is the original spelling of 398:Species pending reassessment 7: 7411:Tithonian genus extinctions 4256:Smith, Lewis (2009-03-17). 4117:London: Hippolyte Bailliere 3597: 2678:Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov 2568:, rendering this species a 2177:of Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and 1662:(2013) referred it back to 1604:Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov 1591:Cast skeleton and skull of 1422:and mandible housed at the 1343:in its cranial morphology. 1147:Colymbosaurus svalbardensis 1067:Predator X (disambiguation) 898:ammonite zone of the lower 823:was more close in form to " 657:, including teeth that are 589:. Most European species of 10: 7482: 7461:Taxa named by Richard Owen 4518:Pliosaurus brachyspondylus 4349:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 3316:Pliosaurus brachyspondylus 2960:Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus 2943:Hauffiosaurus longirostris 2541:, but considered it to be 2268:, on the basis of a large 1910:Pliosaurus brachyspondylus 1893:Pliosaurus brachyspondylus 1499:CAMSM J.35990, a complete 1064: 835:was. The etymology of the 807: 779:Plesiosaurus (Pleiosaurus) 7306: 7260: 7194: 7106: 7097: 7034: 7005: 6996: 6890: 6879: 6829: 6774: 6747: 6719: 6683: 6674: 6616: 6592: 6579: 6568: 6518: 6477: 6429: 6414: 6401: 6397: 6384: 6357: 6327: 6279: 6215: 6206: 6108: 6030: 6021: 5950: 5941: 5812: 5760: 5745: 5732: 5705: 5675: 5611: 5602: 5536: 5509: 5479: 5470: 5322: 5300: 5285: 5272: 5252: 5226: 5125: 5096: 5087: 5029: 5000: 4954: 4939: 4926: 4886: 4868: 4855: 4806: 4047:. Firefly Books. p. 3913:Paul, Gregory S. (2022). 3471: 3454: 3447: 3421: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3369: 3352: 3332: 3312: 3295: 3288: 3249:Polyptychodon interruptus 3245: 3232:Megacephalosaurus eulerti 3228: 3211: 3198: 3191: 3170: 3163: 3153: 3136: 3129: 3112: 3105: 3081: 3074: 3057: 3050: 3030: 3023: 3010:Attenborosaurus conybeari 3006: 2999: 2973: 2956: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2912:Thalassiodracon hawkinsii 2908: 2901: 2759:might be synonymous with 2644:to be a valid species of 2593:Gallardosaurus iturraldei 2459:(2004), the specimens of 2441:" of CAMSM J.35990 as an 2385:Aulacostephanus mutabilis 2033:Aulacostephanus mutabilis 1790:is known solely from the 1739:to be a valid species of 1595:, Wyoming Dinosaur Center 1530:Gallardosaurus iturraldei 1414:is known solely from the 963:is known solely from the 900:Kimmeridge Clay Formation 487: 480: 284: 279: 263: 256: 127:Scientific classification 125: 117: 108: 23: 16:Extinct genus of reptiles 4574:. London. Archived from 3356:Pliosaurus westburyensis 2804:Pliosaurus portentificus 2798:Pliosaurus portentificus 2276:is derived from μακρός, 2043:(OUMNH J.9291-9301) and 1934:, meaning "vertebra" in 1926:is derived from βραχυς, 1783:The skull of BRSMG Cc332 1774:Pliosaurus westburyensis 1511:, might also pertain to 1131:Dorsoplanites ilovaiskyi 801:is derived from πλειων, 769:. Later that year or in 7441:Agardhfjellet Formation 4551:10.5962/bhl.title.32635 4539:Phillips, John (1871). 3373:Pliosaurus almanzaensis 3299:Pliosaurus brachydeirus 2590:, and possibly also in 2426:Aulacostephanus eudoxus 2393:Stretosaurus macromerus 2306:Pectinatites hudlestoni 2104:Aulacostephanus eudoxus 2037:Aulacostephanus eudoxus 2023:(1869) as belonging to 1816:Crussoliceras Limestone 1812:Aulacostephanus eudoxus 1527:, and possibly also in 1505:Stretosaurus macromerus 1127:Agardhfjellet Formation 993:Crussoliceras Limestone 989:Aulacostephanus eudoxus 929:(unique) traits of the 729:Pliosaurus brachydeirus 683:Pliosaurus brachydeirus 269:Pliosaurus brachydeirus 4473:10.1098/rstb.1993.0124 4133:Owen, Richard (1841). 4039:Naish, Darren (2012). 3061:Peloneustes philarchus 2870:; 6,224–10,954 lb 2670: 2490: 2463:should be referred to 2379:, southwest of Ely in 2314:Pleiosaurus macromerus 2250: 2181:cat.24.1 collected at 1964:Plesiosaurus giganteus 1906: 1784: 1681: 1626:, PIN 304/1 housed at 1596: 1584: 1467: 1408: 1323:(2012) suggested that 1080: 921:(2013)) and 5 or more 902:, dating to the early 815:, meaning "lizard" in 752:, as a species of the 521:Plesiosaurus recentior 7466:Sauropterygian genera 7373:Paleobiology Database 4619:Pliosaurus carpenteri 4392:Liopleurodon rossicus 3458:Pliosaurus carpenteri 3336:Pliosaurus macromerus 3215:Brachauchenius lucasi 3034:Marmornectes candrewi 2862:; 2,162–3,805 lb 2665: 2657:Pliosaurus irgisensis 2485: 2351:. It was assigned to 2310:Pavlovia pallasioides 2294:Great Western Railway 2288:, meaning "thigh" in 2254:Pliosaurus macromerus 2242: 2234:Pliosaurus macromerus 2173:ammonite zone of the 2100:appendicular skeleton 2046:"Pliosaurus" andrewsi 2015:, forgotten name, as 1901: 1782: 1676: 1644:Dorsoplanites panderi 1590: 1578: 1462: 1403: 1135:Dorsoplanites maximus 1075: 955:Pliosaurus carpenteri 805:, meaning "more" and 677:Discovery and Species 4730:at Wikimedia Commons 4368:Osnovy Paleontologii 2977:Hauffiosaurus zanoni 2703:, PIN 426 housed at 2421:Cumnoria prestwichii 2334:Pectinatites elegans 2304:, probably from the 2280:, meaning "long" in 1986:, the type species. 1954:, England, from the 1838:honours the town of 1092:Svalbard archipelago 761:in its own subgenus 7436:Fossils of Svalbard 4571:The Daily Telegraph 4465:1993RSPTB.341..399T 4181:2012Palgy..55..743S 4089:2004PrGA..115...13N 4008:2023PrGA..134..361M 3843:High resolution pdf 3706:2013PLoSO...865989B 2727:, meaning "round" ( 2715:, European part of 2486:Paddle referred to 2475:trihedral teeth of 2455:. According to Noè 2029:Ely, Cambridgeshire 1638:, European part of 1593:Pliosaurus rossicus 1581:Pliosaurus rossicus 1570:Pliosaurus rossicus 1441:World Heritage Site 1327:is more similar to 1038:– unlike all other 941:of the holotype of 7426:Fossils of England 6966:Plesioelasmosaurus 6189:Stenorhynchosaurus 5178:Protenodontosaurus 5049:Largocephalosaurus 4673:Journal of Anatomy 4601:2009-03-21 at the 3976:Low resolution pdf 3848:2013-12-24 at the 3838:2013-12-24 at the 3833:Low resolution pdf 3340:(proposed neotype) 3320:(proposed neotype) 3140:Liopleurodon ferox 2789:, referring it to 2749:Strongylokrotaphus 2725:Strongylokrotaphus 2671: 2650:P. ? rossicus 2547:P. brachyspondylus 2491: 2435:P. brachyspondylus 2430:A. autissidorensis 2401:P. brachyspondylus 2365:P. brachyspondylus 2322:Pliosaurus grandis 2264:, as a species of 2251: 2211:P. brachyspondylus 2199:Pliosaurus grandis 2163:P. brachyspondylus 2132:P. brachyspondylus 2124:P. brachyspondylus 2112:P. brachyspondylus 2108:P. brachyspondylus 2092:P. brachyspondylus 2075:P. brachyspondylus 2063:P. brachyspondylus 2025:P. brachyspondylus 2017:P. brachyspondylus 2003:P. brachyspondylus 1995:P. brachyspondylus 1972:P. brachyspondylus 1950:Pits near Oxford, 1940:cervical vertebrae 1916:, as a species of 1907: 1904:P. brachyspondylus 1855:P. brachyspondylus 1851:P. brachyspondylus 1847:P. brachyspondylus 1820:P. brachyspondylus 1800:cervical vertebrae 1785: 1746:P. ? rossicus 1688:and hind limb, to 1682: 1597: 1585: 1468: 1409: 1341:P. brachyspondylus 1304:P. brachyspondylus 1292:P. brachyspondylus 1238:freeze-thaw cycles 1228:, a complete left 1111:Spitsbergen island 1081: 1044:P. brachyspondylus 1034:based on a single 931:cervical vertebrae 861:is known from the 635:P. brachyspondylus 410:P. brachyspondylus 7451:Fossils of Russia 7388: 7387: 7300:Taxon identifiers 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6380: 6379: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6161:Megacephalosaurus 5852:Bishanopliosaurus 5728: 5727: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5598: 5597: 5582:Proneusticosaurus 5324:Pachypleurosauria 5268: 5267: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5222: 5221: 5070:Sinosaurosphargis 5002:Helveticosauridae 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4726:Media related to 4686:10.1111/joa.12200 4653:978-0-521-54582-2 4238:. BBC. 2009-03-17 4058:978-1-77085-049-1 3924:978-0-691-19380-9 3686:Butler, Richard J 3594: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3485: 3475:Pliosaurus funkei 3436: 3435: 3425:Pliosaurus kevani 3341: 3321: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3180: 2988: 2987: 2852:great white shark 2830:Pliosaurus funkei 2684:, under the name 2588:Pliosaurus kevani 1525:Pliosaurus kevani 1395:Pliosaurus kevani 1390:-like dentition. 1353:, the team says. 1351:great white shark 1232:, a partial left 1226:occipital condyle 1123:Slottsmøya Member 1060:Pliosaurus funkei 939:ontogenetic stage 851:, for example by 754:wastebasket taxon 548: 547: 542: 526: 517: 505: 496: 471: 457: 430: 416: 392: 374: 360: 342: 321: 298: 252: 7473: 7421:Jurassic England 7381: 7380: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7295: 7294: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7268: 7267: 7141:Hydrotherosaurus 7104: 7103: 7066:Hydrotherosaurus 7003: 7002: 6888: 6887: 6840:Dolichorhynchops 6827: 6826: 6681: 6680: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6412: 6411: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6386: 6385: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6270:Westphaliasaurus 6213: 6212: 6028: 6027: 5998:Pachycostasaurus 5948: 5947: 5931:Yuzhoupliosaurus 5814:Rhomaleosauridae 5758: 5757: 5747: 5746: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5609: 5608: 5485:Brevicaudosaurus 5477: 5476: 5412:Majiashanosaurus 5376:Dianopachysaurus 5298: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5094: 5093: 5056:Prosaurosphargis 4952: 4951: 4941: 4940: 4928: 4927: 4888: 4887: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4808: 4807: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4725: 4709: 4708: 4698: 4688: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4612: 4606: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4286: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4101: 4100: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4046: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4019: 3987: 3978: 3974: 3965:(2–3): 235–258. 3954: 3929: 3928: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3858: 3852: 3831: 3822:(2–3): 259–276. 3807: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3717: 3681: 3450: 3449: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3339: 3319: 3291: 3290: 3252: 3194: 3193: 3178: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3132: 3131: 3116:Simolestes vorax 3108: 3107: 3077: 3076: 3053: 3052: 3026: 3025: 3002: 3001: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2904: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2697:Maly Irgiz River 2397:P. westburyensis 2357:P. westburyensis 2223:P. westburyensis 2171:Rasenia cymodoce 2052: 1880:P. westburyensis 1867:P. westburyensis 1788:P. westburyensis 1583:Novozhilov, 1948 1484:thalassophoneans 1432:Rasenia cymodoce 1265:vertebral column 1206:cervical centrum 1192:The holotype of 1117:team led by Dr. 1098:. Housed at the 1040:thalassophoneans 1020:P. westburyensis 896:Rasenia cymodoce 884:William Buckland 855:(1889a, 1889b). 853:Richard Lydekker 810: 809: 715: 703:life restoration 696: 647:P. portentificus 627:P. westburyensis 536: 524: 515: 503: 494: 469: 462: 455: 448: 428: 421: 414: 407: 386: 382:P. westburyensis 379: 373:Novozhilov, 1948 372: 365: 354: 347: 333: 326: 310: 303: 296: 289: 266: 247: 240: 227: 211: 198: 185: 135: 134: 113: 103: 40: 29:Temporal range: 21: 20: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7446:Jurassic Russia 7431:Jurassic Norway 7391: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7376: 7371: 7363: 7358: 7350: 7345: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7302: 7292: 7283: 7270: 7262: 7238: 7205:Alexandronectes 7190: 7093: 7030: 6998:Euelasmosaurida 6992: 6896:Callawayasaurus 6884: 6859: 6831:Dolichorhynchia 6825: 6813:Serpentisuchops 6770: 6758:Plesiopleurodon 6743: 6721:Palmulasaurinae 6715: 6670: 6612: 6573: 6556: 6520:Muraenosaurinae 6514: 6473: 6431:Colymbosaurinae 6425: 6393: 6376: 6343: 6323: 6275: 6235:Franconiasaurus 6208:Plesiosauroidea 6194: 6110:Brachaucheninae 6104: 6017: 6012:Thalassiodracon 5970:Attenborosaurus 5937: 5808: 5754: 5741: 5724: 5691: 5671: 5594: 5589:Silvestrosaurus 5568:Metanothosaurus 5532: 5505: 5466: 5362:Diandongosaurus 5318: 5294: 5292:Eosauropterygia 5281: 5279:Eosauropterygia 5264: 5242: 5228:Eosauropterygia 5218: 5199:Psephosauriscus 5121: 5083: 5031:Saurosphargidae 5025: 5020:Helveticosaurus 5012:Eusaurosphargis 4996: 4982:Pomolispondylus 4948: 4935: 4906: 4882: 4851: 4813: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4613: 4609: 4603:Wayback Machine 4594: 4590: 4581: 4579: 4562: 4558: 4537: 4533: 4514: 4507: 4492: 4488: 4449: 4442: 4423: 4412: 4396: 4386: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4322:Planet Dinosaur 4315: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4210:Cosmos Magazine 4203: 4202: 4198: 4161: 4150: 4131: 4124: 4113: 4104: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4037: 4033: 3988: 3981: 3955: 3932: 3925: 3911: 3904: 3859: 3855: 3850:Wayback Machine 3840:Wayback Machine 3808: 3741: 3682: 3617: 3612: 3600: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3437: 3273: 3264: 3160:Brachaucheninae 2989: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2820: 2801: 2660: 2529:even belong to 2511:P. brachydeirus 2237: 2201:, stating that 2071:P. brachydeirus 2067:P. brachydeirus 2041:P. brachydeirus 1984:P. brachydeirus 1956:Kimmeridge Clay 1896: 1889: 1777: 1573: 1507:, and later to 1487:dorsoventrally 1398: 1369:Planet Dinosaur 1362:first aired on 1337:P. brachydeirus 1300:P. brachydeirus 1288:P. brachydeirus 1076:Restoration of 1070: 1063: 1024:sexual dimorphs 958: 943:P. brachydeirus 911:P. brachydeirus 859:P. brachydeirus 841:P. brachydeirus 734:combinatio nova 726: 725: 724: 723: 722: 720:P. brachydeirus 716: 707: 706: 705: 700:P. brachydeirus 697: 686: 679: 671:marine reptiles 653:based on seven 641:are considered 603:P. brachydeirus 569:known from the 564:thalassophonean 535: 525:Parkinson, 1822 523: 516:Conybeare, 1824 514: 502: 493: 476: 468: 465:P. almanzaensis 454: 441: 440: 435: 429:(Philips, 1871) 427: 413: 400: 399: 385: 371: 353: 332: 309: 295: 292:P. brachydeirus 275: 272: 246: 238: 225: 209: 196: 183: 129: 121:holotype skull 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 36:155.7–147 35: 34: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7369: 7356: 7343: 7328: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7198: 7196:Aristonectinae 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7173: 7170:Tuarangisaurus 7166: 7159: 7156:Marambionectes 7152: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7101: 7099:Weddellonectia 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7088:Terminonatator 7084: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7038: 7036:Elasmosaurinae 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6987:Woolungasaurus 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6910:Eromangasaurus 6906: 6899: 6891: 6885: 6882:Elasmosauridae 6880: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6730:Pahasapasaurus 6725: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6706: 6703:Mauriciosaurus 6699: 6692: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6622: 6620: 6618:Leptocleididae 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6602: 6593: 6587: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6505: 6502:Ophthalmothule 6498: 6491: 6483: 6481: 6479:Cryptoclidinae 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6407:Cryptoclididae 6395: 6394: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6311:Occitanosaurus 6307: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6283: 6281:Microcleididae 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6242:Leurospondylus 6238: 6231: 6224: 6221:Eoplesiosaurus 6216: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6168:Monquirasaurus 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6126:Brachauchenius 6122: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6074: 6067: 6064:Megalneusaurus 6060: 6057:Lorrainosaurus 6053: 6046: 6043:Gallardosaurus 6039: 6031: 6025: 6023:Thalassophonea 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6005:Rhaeticosaurus 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5924:Thaumatodracon 5920: 5913: 5910:Sthenarosaurus 5906: 5903:Rhomaleosaurus 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5831:Archaeonectrus 5827: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5798: 5795:Sinopliosaurus 5791: 5784: 5776: 5773:Bathyspondylus 5769: 5761: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5742: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5606: 5604:Pistosauroidea 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5500:Sanchiaosaurus 5496: 5492:Hispaniasaurus 5488: 5480: 5474: 5472:Nothosauroidea 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5454:Serpianosaurus 5450: 5443: 5436: 5433:Prosantosaurus 5429: 5426:Odoiporosaurus 5422: 5419:Neusticosaurus 5415: 5408: 5405:Luopingosaurus 5401: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5129: 5127:Cyamodontoidea 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4936: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4803: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4717: 4716:External links 4714: 4711: 4710: 4679:(2): 209–219. 4659: 4652: 4633: 4607: 4588: 4556: 4531: 4505: 4486: 4440: 4410: 4377: 4358: 4339: 4308: 4276: 4248: 4227: 4196: 4148: 4122: 4102: 4064: 4057: 4031: 4002:(3): 361–373. 3979: 3930: 3923: 3902: 3873:(4): 269–283. 3853: 3739: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3047:Thalassophonea 3043: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2819: 2816: 2800: 2795: 2791:Thalassophonea 2713:Saratov Oblast 2659: 2654: 2576:Pliosaurus sp. 2543:Thalassophonea 2381:Cambridgeshire 2236: 2231: 2215:Pliosaurus sp. 2128:Thalassophonea 1895: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1863:autapomorphies 1824:Pliosaurus sp. 1776: 1771: 1572: 1567: 1509:Pliosaurus sp. 1476:autapomorphies 1397: 1392: 1224:including the 1216:fragments and 1143:plesiosauroids 1062: 1057: 1001:Pliosaurus sp. 957: 952: 743:paleontologist 717: 710: 709: 708: 698: 691: 690: 689: 688: 687: 685: 680: 678: 675: 655:autapomorphies 546: 545: 544: 543: 527: 518: 506: 500:Spondylosaurus 497: 485: 484: 478: 477: 475: 474: 473: 472: 458: 451:P. patagonicus 438: 437: 436: 434: 433: 432: 431: 417: 397: 396: 395: 394: 393: 375: 361: 343: 322: 299: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 261: 260: 254: 253: 236: 232: 231: 229:Thalassophonea 223: 216: 215: 207: 203: 202: 194: 190: 189: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 123: 122: 115: 114: 106: 105: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7478: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7266: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7119:Chubutinectes 7116: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7045:Albertonectes 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7025:Thalassomedon 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6980:Wapuskanectes 6977: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6903:Cimoliasaurus 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6878: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6820:Trinacromerum 6817: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6792:Georgiasaurus 6789: 6787: 6786: 6785:Eopolycotylus 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6776:Polycotylinae 6773: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6749:Occultonectia 6746: 6740: 6739: 6738:Palmulasaurus 6735: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Polycotylidae 6673: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649:Nichollssaura 6646: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6607: 6606:Nichollssaura 6603: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6567: 6553: 6552: 6551:Vinialesaurus 6548: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529:Muraenosaurus 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6495:Kimmerosaurus 6492: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6447:Colymbosaurus 6444: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6420:Opallionectes 6417: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6318:Seeleyosaurus 6315: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6182:Sachicasaurus 6179: 6177: 6176: 6175:Polyptychodon 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5984:Hauffiosaurus 5981: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5860:Borealonectes 5857: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5803: 5802:Termatosaurus 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5652:Tanaisosaurus 5649: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5638:Kwangsisaurus 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5617:Augustasaurus 5614: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554:Germanosaurus 5551: 5549: 5548: 5547:Ceresiosaurus 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5538:Nothosauridae 5535: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5461:Wumengosaurus 5458: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5440:Panzhousaurus 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5398:Keichousaurus 5395: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5369:Dianmeisaurus 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5347:Dactylosaurus 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5257: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5078: 5077:Stauromatodon 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5063:Saurosphargis 5060: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4967:Atopodentatus 4964: 4962: 4961: 4960:Alexeyisaurus 4957: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4946:Sauropterygia 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933:Sauropterygia 4929: 4925: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4892:Sauropterygia 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800:Sauropterygia 4794: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4578:on 2009-03-20 4577: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4522:Palaeontology 4519: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4459:(1298): 399. 4458: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4431:Palaeontology 4428: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4401:Palaeontology 4395: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4298: 4297: 4296:New Scientist 4292: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4217:on 2009-03-27 4216: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169:Palaeontology 4166: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3700:(5): e65989. 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3615: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3253:(DOKDM G/1–2) 3251: 3250: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2835:P. carpenteri 2831: 2827: 2826: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769:P. irgisensis 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:P. irgisensis 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:Ancient Greek 2738: 2735:" or "head" ( 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693:specific name 2690: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:P. irgisensis 2669: 2664: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:P. macromerus 2631: 2630:P. macromerus 2627: 2626:P. macromerus 2623: 2622:P. macromerus 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2562:P. macromerus 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:P. macromerus 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519:P. macromerus 2516: 2512: 2509:, apart from 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495:P. macromerus 2489: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473:autapomorphic 2470: 2466: 2465:P. macromerus 2462: 2461:S. macromerus 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2447:S. macromerus 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408:S. macromerus 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:P. macromerus 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:P. macromerus 2350: 2349:P. macromerus 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:Ancient Greek 2279: 2275: 2274:specific name 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:John Phillips 2255: 2249: 2245: 2244:P. macromerus 2241: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:P. carpenteri 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2012:nomen oblitum 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:Ancient Greek 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:specific name 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1887:Other species 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876:parietal bone 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1836:specific name 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750:P. macromerus 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:P. macromerus 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:P. macromerus 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612:specific name 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1454:specific name 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1428:Osmington Bay 1425: 1424:Dorset Museum 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1384:Kimmerosaurus 1381: 1377: 1376: 1375:Kimmerosaurus 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:P. macromerus 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:P. macromerus 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1187:specific name 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168:Cryopterygius 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104:Sassenfjorden 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1052:P. carpenteri 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:P. carpenteri 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1009:specific name 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:P. carpenteri 956: 951: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:autapomorphic 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:specific name 834: 830: 827:" (including 826: 822: 818: 817:Ancient Greek 814: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759: 755: 751: 747: 744: 740: 736: 735: 730: 721: 714: 704: 701: 695: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:P. macromerus 636: 633:. Currently, 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611:P. carpenteri 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:South America 584: 580: 576: 572: 571:Late Jurassic 568: 565: 561: 558: 554: 553: 540: 534: 532: 528: 522: 519: 513: 511: 507: 504:Fischer, 1845 501: 498: 492: 489: 488: 486: 483: 479: 467: 466: 459: 453: 452: 445: 444: 443: 442: 426: 425: 424:P. macromerus 418: 412: 411: 404: 403: 402: 401: 390: 384: 383: 376: 370: 369: 362: 358: 352: 351: 344: 341: 337: 331: 330: 323: 320: 316: 313: 308: 307: 306:P. carpenteri 300: 294: 293: 286: 285: 283: 278: 271: 270: 262: 259: 255: 250: 245: 244: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 205: 204: 201: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187:Sauropterygia 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 133: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 32: 31:Late Jurassic 26: 22: 19: 7307: 7269: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7212:Aristonectes 7210: 7203: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7163:Morenosaurus 7161: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7133:Fresnosaurus 7131: 7126:Futabasaurus 7124: 7117: 7110: 7086: 7079: 7074:Nakonanectes 7072: 7064: 7059:Fluvionectes 7057: 7052:Elasmosaurus 7050: 7043: 7023: 7016: 7009: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6959:Orophosaurus 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6931:Lagenanectes 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6763: 6756: 6736: 6728: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6689:Edgarosaurus 6687: 6665:Vectocleidus 6663: 6657:Umoonasaurus 6655: 6647: 6642:Leptocleidus 6640: 6632: 6627:Brancasaurus 6625: 6604: 6596: 6585:Leptocleidia 6549: 6541: 6536:Picrocleidus 6534: 6527: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6488:Cryptoclidus 6486: 6468:Spitrasaurus 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6440:Abyssosaurus 6438: 6418: 6391:Cryptoclidia 6364: 6329:Cryptoclidia 6316: 6309: 6304:Microcleidus 6302: 6295: 6288: 6268: 6263:Plesiosaurus 6261: 6256:Plesiopterys 6254: 6249:Plesiopharos 6247: 6240: 6233: 6228:Eretmosaurus 6226: 6219: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6119:Acostasaurus 6117: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6050:Liopleurodon 6048: 6041: 6034: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5991:Marmornectes 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5963:Arminisaurus 5961: 5954: 5943:Pliosauridae 5929: 5922: 5917:Stratesaurus 5915: 5908: 5901: 5896:Meyerasaurus 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5845:Avalonnectes 5843: 5838:Atychodracon 5836: 5829: 5823:Anningasaura 5821: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5771: 5766:Anningasaura 5764: 5752:Plesiosauria 5739:Plesiosauria 5712: 5677:Plesiosauria 5666:Yunguisaurus 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5525: 5518: 5511:Simosauridae 5498: 5490: 5483: 5459: 5452: 5447:Qianxisaurus 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5391:Honghesaurus 5389: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5354:Dawazisaurus 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5313:Cymatosaurus 5311: 5304: 5213:Sinocyamodus 5211: 5206:Psephosaurus 5204: 5197: 5190: 5185:Psephochelys 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5114: 5107: 5102:Paraplacodus 5100: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5018: 5010: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4840: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4643: 4636: 4624:. Retrieved 4618: 4610: 4591: 4580:. Retrieved 4576:the original 4569: 4559: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4456: 4452: 4434: 4430: 4427:Stretosaurus 4426: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4320: 4317:"Predator X" 4311: 4300:. Retrieved 4294: 4268:. Retrieved 4261: 4251: 4240:. Retrieved 4230: 4219:. Retrieved 4215:the original 4208: 4199: 4172: 4168: 4142: 4138: 4116: 4083:(1): 13–24. 4080: 4076: 4042: 4034: 3999: 3995: 3962: 3958: 3914: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3697: 3693: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3247: 3246: 3230: 3229: 3213: 3212: 3199: 3172: 3171: 3138: 3137: 3114: 3113: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3059: 3058: 3032: 3031: 3008: 3007: 2975: 2974: 2958: 2957: 2941: 2940: 2910: 2909: 2898:Pliosauridae 2887: 2881: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825:Liopleurodon 2823: 2821: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2786:nomen dubium 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:Pliosauridae 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2709:pyrite decay 2685: 2673: 2672: 2668:P. chilensis 2667: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:) by Benson 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571:nomen dubium 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2476: 2469:Stretosaurus 2468: 2467:as the name 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452:Liopleurodon 2450: 2446: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2418:, alongside 2407: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2373:Stretosaurus 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2285: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2252: 2243: 2233: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2170: 2162: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2091: 2089: 2084:nomen dubium 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2021:Harry Seeley 2016: 2010: 2007:P. giganteus 2006: 2002: 1994: 1991:P. giganteus 1990: 1988: 1983: 1980:P. giganteus 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1931: 1927: 1919:Plesiosaurus 1917: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1787: 1786: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1758:autapomorphy 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:) by Benson 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656:Liopleurodon 1655: 1651: 1643: 1623: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1580: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1445: 1431: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1394: 1388:Liopleurodon 1387: 1383: 1378:, a smaller 1373: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273:Pliosauridae 1269:paedomorphic 1256:histological 1251: 1247: 1198:premaxillary 1193: 1191: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1164:ichthyosaurs 1159:Spitrasaurus 1157: 1151: 1145: 1134: 1130: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036:autapomorphy 1031: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1000: 996: 988: 960: 959: 954: 947: 942: 934: 923:premaxillary 918: 914: 910: 908: 904:Kimmeridgian 895: 892:Lincolnshire 888:Market Rasen 858: 857: 848: 845:Plesiosaurus 844: 840: 833:Plesiosaurus 832: 829:crocodilians 820: 812: 802: 799:generic name 794: 790: 782: 778: 774: 766: 762: 758:Plesiosaurus 756: 746:Richard Owen 739:type species 732: 728: 727: 719: 699: 682: 646: 638: 634: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607:type species 602: 598: 594: 590: 575:Kimmeridgian 551: 550: 549: 531:Liopleurodon 529: 520: 510:Plesiosaurus 508: 499: 491:Stretosaurus 490: 464: 463: 450: 449: 423: 422: 415:(Owen, 1839) 409: 408: 388: 381: 380: 367: 366: 356: 349: 348: 335: 328: 327: 314: 305: 304: 297:(Owen, 1841) 291: 290: 268: 267: 258:Type species 242: 241: 219: 213:Pliosauridae 200:Plesiosauria 180:Superorder: 118: 24: 18: 7401:Pliosaurids 7332:Wikispecies 7226:Morturneria 7184:Zarafasaura 7112:Aphrosaurus 7081:Styxosaurus 7011:Cardiocorax 6973:Scanisaurus 6938:Leivanectes 6917:Goniosaurus 6847:Martinectes 6806:Scalamagnus 6799:Polycotylus 6765:Sulcusuchus 6634:Hastanectes 6598:Hastanectes 6461:Pantosaurus 6140:Kronosaurus 6071:Peloneustes 6036:Eardasaurus 5867:Eurycleidus 5659:Wangosaurus 5645:Pistosaurus 5575:Nothosaurus 5561:Lariosaurus 5520:Paludidraco 5333:Anarosaurus 5192:Psephoderma 5171:Placochelys 5164:Parahenodus 5157:Macroplacus 5143:Glyphoderma 5089:Placodontia 4974:Palatodonta 4845:Neodiapsida 4626:January 25, 3867:Ameghiniana 3174:Kronosaurus 2839:P. rossicus 2818:Description 2765:ontogenetic 2761:P. rossicus 2753:Peloneustes 2687:Peloneustes 2642:P. rossicus 2416:Oxfordshire 2389:postcranial 2328:, from the 2326:Dorsetshire 2266:Pleiosaurus 2217:by Sassoon 2059:pliosaurids 1952:Oxfordshire 1826:by Sassoon 1762:P. rossicus 1737:P. rossicus 1725:P. rossicus 1721:P. rossicus 1706:P. rossicus 1702:P. rossicus 1690:P. rossicus 1680:restoration 1678:P. rossicus 1632:Volga River 1624:P. rossicus 1600:P. rossicus 1501:postcranial 1430:, from the 1329:P. rossicus 1308:P. rossicus 1212:, numerous 894:, from the 849:brachydirus 791:Pleiosaurus 765:, creating 763:Pleiosaurus 667:cephalopods 651:pliosaurids 623:P. rossicus 595:P. rossicus 581:stages) of 495:Tarlo, 1960 368:P. rossicus 7395:Categories 7338:Pliosaurus 7308:Pliosaurus 7177:Vegasaurus 7149:Kawanectes 7018:Libonectes 6945:Mauisaurus 6854:Unktaheela 6696:Manemergus 6571:Xenopsaria 6543:Tricleidus 6509:Tatenectes 6454:Djupedalia 6338:see below↓ 6297:Lusonectes 6099:Simolestes 6092:Pliosaurus 6080:Pliosaurus 5977:Cryonectes 5889:Maresaurus 5882:Macroplata 5874:Lindwurmia 5788:Lindwurmia 5780:Bobosaurus 5686:see below↓ 5631:Chinchenia 5624:Bobosaurus 5527:Simosaurus 5383:Hanosaurus 5306:Corosaurus 5237:see below↓ 4990:Hanosaurus 4901:see below↓ 4876:Sauropsida 4861:Sauropsida 4834:Subclass: 4830:Sauropsida 4728:Pliosaurus 4582:2009-03-17 4528:: 283–291. 4407:: 566–570. 4374:: 309–332. 4355:: 115–118. 4302:2009-03-17 4270:2009-03-17 4242:2009-03-17 4221:2013-10-22 4175:(4): 743. 3888:11336/9372 3863:Pliosaurus 3812:Pliosaurus 3610:References 3404:Pliosaurus 3284:Pliosaurus 3200:MNA V9433 3179:(MCZ 1285) 3087:Pliosaurus 2844:Pliosaurus 2812:Pliosaurus 2777:Pliosaurus 2729:strongylos 2689:irgisensis 2666:Paddle of 2646:Pliosaurus 2614:Pliosaurus 2584:Pliosaurus 2566:Pliosaurus 2551:Pliosaurus 2531:Pliosaurus 2527:P. grandis 2523:P. grandis 2515:Pliosaurus 2507:Pliosaurus 2488:P. grandis 2477:Pliosaurus 2410:a partial 2318:Pliosaurus 2225:by Benson 2207:Pliosaurus 2136:Pliosaurus 2116:Pliosaurus 2079:Pliosaurus 1976:Pliosaurus 1948:Headington 1872:premaxilla 1802:housed at 1741:Pliosaurus 1710:Kazakhstan 1694:Pliosaurus 1664:Pliosaurus 1652:Pliosaurus 1559:Pliosaurus 1547:Pliosaurus 1521:Pliosaurus 1480:Pliosaurus 1380:plesiosaur 1359:Predator X 1319:. Knutsen 1252:Predator X 1162:, and the 1153:Djupedalia 1119:Jørn Hurum 1048:Pliosaurus 979:housed at 877:, several 821:Pliosaurus 795:Pliosaurus 783:Pliosaurus 775:Pliosaurus 659:triangular 591:Pliosaurus 567:pliosaurid 552:Pliosaurus 539:Novozhilov 274:Owen, 1842 243:Pliosaurus 25:Pliosaurus 7233:Wunyelfia 7219:Kaiwhekea 6952:Ogmodirus 6290:Hydrorion 5340:Chusaurus 5041:Hemilopas 4816:Kingdom: 4502:: 43–126. 4263:The Times 4145:: 60–204. 4119:: 655 pp. 4026:258630597 3971:0029-196X 3897:130194647 3828:0029-196X 2884:cladogram 2878:Phylogeny 2856:P. kevani 2848:P. funkei 2737:krotaphos 2721:Tithonian 2610:P. kevani 2606:P. kevani 2598:Oxfordian 2596:from the 2361:P. funkei 2345:lectotype 2338:Tithonian 2302:Wiltshire 2193:. Benson 2159:mandibles 2144:P. funkei 2118:. Benson 2055:P. evansi 2009:became a 1932:spondylos 1808:Wiltshire 1767:P. funkei 1648:Tithonian 1636:Chuvashia 1579:Skull of 1543:P. kevani 1535:Oxfordian 1533:from the 1513:P. kevani 1493:P. kevani 1465:P. kevani 1463:Teeth of 1446:P. kevani 1412:P. kevani 1406:P. kevani 1325:P. funkei 1317:P. funkei 1312:P. funkei 1298:. Unlike 1284:P. funkei 1248:P. funkei 1234:squamosal 1218:gastralia 1194:P. funkei 1179:P. funkei 1174:Palvennia 1139:Tithonian 1115:Norwegian 1084:P. funkei 1078:P. funkei 985:Wiltshire 977:vertebrae 875:lower jaw 619:P. kevani 615:P. funkei 599:P. funkei 579:Tithonian 512:giganteus 350:P. kevani 329:P. funkei 150:Kingdom: 144:Eukaryota 119:P. kevani 7317:Wikidata 6710:Thililua 6154:Makhaira 6084:andrewsi 5956:Anguanax 5136:Cyamodus 5116:Placodus 5109:Pararcus 4836:Diapsida 4824:Chordata 4822:Phylum: 4818:Animalia 4705:24925465 4599:Archived 4481:85378579 4437:: 39–55. 4266:. London 3846:Archived 3836:Archived 3734:23741520 3694:PLOS ONE 3598:See also 3091:andrewsi 2701:holotype 2503:syntypes 2412:mandible 2377:Stretham 2229:(2013). 2187:Normandy 2183:Le Havre 2096:mandible 2005:, while 1960:Weymouth 1944:holotype 1840:Westbury 1792:holotype 1620:holotype 1416:holotype 1335:than to 1278:Knutsen 1230:quadrate 1210:coracoid 1088:holotype 1014:Sassoon 973:mandible 965:holotype 863:holotype 825:saurians 737:of the) 731:is the ( 645:, while 533:rossicus 482:Synonyms 334:Knutsen 280:Species 206:Family: 174:Reptilia 164:Chordata 160:Phylum: 154:Animalia 140:Domain: 7365:1320561 7352:4823616 7323:Q134771 6147:Luskhan 6133:Eiectus 5150:Henodus 4828:Class: 4696:4111928 4461:Bibcode 4177:Bibcode 4085:Bibcode 4004:Bibcode 3725:3669260 3702:Bibcode 3688:(ed.). 2499:neotype 2439:scapula 2298:Swindon 1999:neotype 1942:as the 1928:brachus 1698:grandis 1686:rostrum 1489:concave 1470:Benson 1437:in situ 1364:History 1271:within 1260:humerus 1243:in situ 1202:dentary 906:stage. 831:) than 643:dubious 557:extinct 541:, 1948) 387:Benson 355:Benson 235:Genus: 193:Order: 170:Class: 4703: 4693: 4650: 4479: 4055: 4024: 3969: 3921: 3895: 3826: 3732: 3722: 3408:kevani 2822:Using 2808:et al. 2781:et al. 2745:et al. 2733:temple 2717:Russia 2691:. The 2638:et al. 2618:kevani 2580:et al. 2555:et al. 2535:et al. 2457:et al. 2278:makros 2227:et al. 2219:et al. 2195:et al. 2191:France 2155:et al. 2148:et al. 2140:et al. 2126:to be 2120:et al. 1922:. The 1859:et al. 1834:. The 1828:et al. 1754:et al. 1733:et al. 1668:et al. 1660:et al. 1640:Russia 1616:Russia 1610:. The 1563:kevani 1551:kevani 1517:et al. 1472:et al. 1452:. The 1321:et al. 1280:et al. 1185:. The 1108:Arctic 1096:Norway 1028:et al. 1016:et al. 1007:. The 997:et al. 948:et al. 935:et al. 919:et al. 915:et al. 813:sauros 808:σαυρος 803:pleion 669:, and 583:Europe 391:, 2013 389:et al. 359:, 2013 357:et al. 336:et al. 315:et al. 312:Benson 251:, 1842 7378:36505 7360:IRMNG 6924:Jucha 4841:Clade 4477:S2CID 4397:(PDF) 4332:9 May 4022:S2CID 3893:S2CID 2888:et al 2739:) in 2549:as a 2443:ilium 2316:into 2296:near 2290:Latin 2286:mēros 2270:femur 2134:as a 2051:NHMUK 1796:skull 1634:, of 1555:LEICT 1420:skull 1222:skull 969:skull 879:axial 871:skull 560:genus 220:Clade 7347:GBIF 4874:see 4701:PMID 4648:ISBN 4628:2023 4334:2012 4053:ISBN 3967:ISSN 3919:ISBN 3824:ISSN 3730:PMID 3406:cf. 2882:The 2682:1948 2616:cf. 2602:Cuba 2359:and 2308:and 2284:and 2262:1871 2179:MNHN 1993:and 1914:1839 1874:and 1832:2013 1719:and 1696:cf. 1608:1948 1561:cf. 1549:cf. 1539:Cuba 1450:2013 1306:and 1294:and 1200:and 1183:2012 1171:and 1156:and 1005:2013 873:and 787:ICZN 771:1842 750:1841 663:fish 637:and 625:and 597:and 585:and 577:and 340:2012 319:2013 249:Owen 44:PreꞒ 4691:PMC 4681:doi 4677:225 4547:doi 4469:doi 4457:341 4327:BBC 4185:doi 4093:doi 4081:115 4049:134 4012:doi 4000:134 3883:hdl 3875:doi 3720:PMC 3710:doi 2771:to 2731:) " 2680:in 2600:of 2449:to 2428:or 2347:of 2332:or 2260:in 2167:BHN 2161:to 2035:or 2001:of 1974:to 1622:of 1606:in 1537:of 1214:rib 1133:to 1094:of 886:at 748:in 609:), 562:of 7397:: 7375:: 7362:: 7349:: 7334:: 7319:: 6082:" 4843:: 4699:. 4689:. 4675:. 4671:. 4568:. 4524:. 4508:^ 4498:. 4475:. 4467:. 4455:. 4443:^ 4433:. 4413:^ 4405:14 4403:. 4399:. 4380:^ 4372:12 4370:. 4353:60 4351:. 4325:. 4319:. 4293:. 4279:^ 4260:. 4207:. 4183:. 4173:55 4171:. 4167:. 4151:^ 4143:11 4141:. 4137:. 4125:^ 4105:^ 4091:. 4079:. 4067:^ 4051:. 4020:. 4010:. 3998:. 3994:. 3982:^ 3963:92 3961:. 3933:^ 3905:^ 3891:. 3881:. 3871:51 3869:. 3820:92 3818:. 3742:^ 3728:. 3718:. 3708:. 3696:. 3692:. 3618:^ 3176:sp 3089:" 2890:. 2814:. 2755:. 2479:. 2403:. 2371:, 2340:. 2300:, 2185:, 2087:. 1865:. 1290:, 1275:. 1177:. 1150:, 971:, 890:, 811:, 789:, 673:. 665:, 621:, 617:, 613:, 338:, 317:, 222:: 94:Pg 38:Ma 33:, 7187:? 7144:? 7136:? 7069:? 6733:? 6660:? 6652:? 6637:? 6609:? 6601:? 6546:? 6078:" 5934:? 5877:? 5855:? 5826:? 5805:? 5783:? 5495:? 5386:? 5357:? 5080:? 5044:? 5033:? 5015:? 5004:? 4993:? 4985:? 4977:? 4792:e 4785:t 4778:v 4707:. 4683:: 4656:. 4630:. 4585:. 4553:. 4549:: 4526:1 4500:9 4483:. 4471:: 4463:: 4435:2 4390:" 4336:. 4305:. 4273:. 4245:. 4224:. 4193:. 4187:: 4179:: 4099:. 4095:: 4087:: 4061:. 4028:. 4014:: 4006:: 3973:. 3927:. 3899:. 3885:: 3877:: 3830:. 3736:. 3712:: 3704:: 3698:8 3085:" 2872:f 2868:f 2864:f 2860:f 2049:( 1069:. 605:( 573:( 537:( 461:† 447:† 420:† 406:† 378:† 364:† 346:† 325:† 302:† 288:† 265:† 239:† 226:† 210:† 197:† 184:† 99:N 89:K 84:J 79:T 74:P 69:C 64:D 59:S 54:O 49:Ꞓ

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