152:
127:
451:
Molecular evidence from DNA and other molecules conflicts with the commonly held classification of platynotans. A 2004 molecular study of living anguimorph lizards found a close relationship between helodermatids and xenosaurids, but not between helodermatids and varanids. Similarly, a 2005 study
316:
Many skeletal features support the grouping of monitor lizards, helodermatids, and several extinct species in
Platynota. All platynotans have a hinged upper jaw with widely spaced teeth, each having a large base, that erupt from behind existing teeth. The teeth are plicidentine, meaning that they
329:
on the top of their skulls (in other lizards, these bones are separated into pairs). Some platynotan features that are not seen in the skeleton, and therefore only known from living species, include a deeply forked tongue and a venom gland called the gland of Gabe.
381:, a taxon that included monitor lizards and helodermatids and had been in use for many years. McDowell and Bogert's usage of Platynota gained favor in the following decades, although it was substituted by the name Varanoidea in some studies.
442:(monitor lizards) and all of its descendants. Under this definition, Platynota includes the same forms as Varanoidea in its traditional sense. Varanoidea, however, has been redefined as a node-based clade including the extinct
510:. Although they lived in close association with each other, they represent a diversity of different anguimorphs. The earliest and most generalized platynotans were once called necrosaurians after the genus
458:(the California legless lizard) and helodermatids. A cladistic study synthesizing molecular and morphological data for squamates reinforced the placement of Helodermatidae as closer to Xenosauridae.
410:(monitor lizards), and all lizards that are more closely related to them than to other anguimorphs. These other anguimorphs were traditionally called
476:
276:
lizards and thus belongs to the order
Squamata of the class Reptilia. Since it was named in 1839, it has included several groups, including
892:
690:
506:
738:
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L. Jr.; Sites, Jack W. Jr.; Wiens, John J. (2015).
647:"Molecular phylogenetics of Squamata:the position of snakes, amphisbaenians, and dibamids, and the root of the squamate tree"
474:, living around 80 million years ago. They include forms that are similar in appearance to living monitor lizards, such as
691:"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes"
740:"Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa"
548:(Reptilia: Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert and phylogenetic relationships of anguimorphan lizards"
366:, gained favor in the following years. Consequently, some researchers also included snakes within Platynota.
431:
151:
370:
377:, and their closest extinct relatives. Their use of Platynota made it essentially equivalent to
864:
799:
721:
859:
339:
887:
751:
609:
369:
A more restricted definition was proposed by the herpetologists Samuel Booker McDowell and
8:
837:
755:
613:
292:. Its taxonomic use still varies, as it is sometimes considered equivalent to the group
774:
739:
630:
597:
343:
146:
362:). A close relationship between mosasaurs and snakes, which together formed the group
846:
779:
713:
671:
851:
769:
759:
705:
661:
625:
617:
555:
454:
427:
389:
20:
543:
764:
646:
467:
35:
822:
709:
374:
355:
289:
277:
666:
881:
512:
482:
435:
363:
351:
254:
248:
77:
783:
717:
675:
621:
423:
385:
322:
297:
831:
500:
494:
444:
419:
411:
400:
273:
213:
134:
115:
52:
378:
359:
347:
326:
293:
259:
126:
97:
62:
644:
559:
488:
439:
394:
305:
163:
102:
46:
793:
816:
471:
430:
definition was first given in 1998 in which
Platynota included the
415:
285:
203:
183:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
39:
573:
McDowell, S.B.; Bogert, C.M. (1954). "The systematic position of
406:
318:
193:
107:
82:
598:"The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes"
373:
in 1954. Within
Platynota, they included only monitor lizards,
173:
308:(the monitor lizards). It also includes many extinct species.
301:
281:
737:
645:
Townsend, T.M.; Larson, A.; Louis, E.; Macey, J.R. (2005).
354:, or monitor lizards and mosasaurs (a group of large
572:
245:
577:and the affinities of the anguinomorphan lizards".
579:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
296:and other times viewed as a distinct group. It is
688:
879:
602:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
541:
333:
125:
773:
763:
665:
629:
388:definition in 1997. It was erected as a
880:
638:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
398:(the Gila monster and Beaded lizard),
798:
797:
589:
466:The oldest platynotans are from the
682:
595:
566:
526:
452:found a close relationship between
13:
893:Extant Campanian first appearances
404:(the Earless monitor lizard), and
321:in their centers. Many have fused
14:
904:
689:Vidal, N.; Hedges, S.B. (2005).
422:(American legless lizards), and
342:of anguimorph lizards. In 1923,
150:
50:
731:
542:Gao, K.; Norrel, M.A. (1998).
338:Platynota was first used as a
311:
1:
519:
317:have highly folded layers of
765:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199
461:
7:
272:is a polyphyletic group of
19:For the genus of moth, see
10:
909:
710:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001
334:History and classification
18:
806:
667:10.1080/10635150490522340
552:American Museum Novitates
426:(knob-scaled lizards). A
241:
236:
147:Scientific classification
145:
133:
124:
30:
698:Comptes Rendus Biologies
231:DumΓ©ril and Bibron, 1839
544:"Taxonomic revision of
371:Charles Mitchill Bogert
622:10.1098/rstb.1997.0005
384:Platynota was given a
860:Paleobiology Database
704:(10β11): 1000β1008.
596:Lee, M.S.Y. (1997).
438:(helodermatids) and
432:last common ancestor
346:included the groups
756:2015PLoSO..1018199R
614:1997RSPTB.352...53L
654:Systematic Biology
344:Charles Lewis Camp
875:
874:
800:Taxon identifiers
267:
266:
232:
119:
900:
868:
867:
855:
854:
842:
841:
840:
827:
826:
825:
795:
794:
788:
787:
777:
767:
735:
729:
728:
726:
720:. Archived from
695:
686:
680:
679:
669:
651:
642:
636:
635:
633:
593:
587:
586:
570:
564:
563:
539:
455:Anniella pulchra
390:stem-based clade
298:phylogenetically
247:
230:
155:
154:
129:
113:
112:
49:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
21:Platynota (moth)
16:Clade of lizards
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
898:
897:
878:
877:
876:
871:
863:
858:
850:
845:
836:
835:
830:
821:
820:
815:
802:
792:
791:
750:(3): e0118199.
736:
732:
724:
693:
687:
683:
649:
643:
639:
608:(1349): 53β91.
594:
590:
571:
567:
540:
527:
522:
468:Late Cretaceous
464:
356:marine reptiles
336:
314:
278:monitor lizards
229:
149:
139:Varanus gouldii
120:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:Late Cretaceous
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
906:
896:
895:
890:
873:
872:
870:
869:
856:
843:
828:
812:
810:
804:
803:
790:
789:
730:
727:on 2012-09-18.
681:
660:(5): 735β757.
637:
588:
565:
554:(3230): 1β51.
524:
523:
521:
518:
463:
460:
448:and varanids.
414:, and include
392:that included
335:
332:
313:
310:
265:
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257:
252:
239:
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177:
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131:
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122:
121:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
905:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
833:
829:
824:
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813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
785:
781:
776:
771:
766:
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753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
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685:
677:
673:
668:
663:
659:
655:
648:
641:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
584:
580:
576:
569:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
525:
517:
515:
514:
513:Palaeovaranus
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
483:Proplatynotia
479:
478:
473:
469:
459:
457:
456:
449:
447:
446:
441:
437:
436:Monstersauria
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
375:helodermatids
372:
367:
365:
364:Pythonomorpha
361:
357:
353:
352:Mosasauroidea
349:
345:
341:
331:
328:
324:
320:
309:
307:
303:
300:defined as a
299:
295:
291:
290:helodermatids
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
258:
256:
255:Lanthanotidae
253:
251:
250:
249:Proplatynotia
243:
242:
240:
235:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
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185:
182:
179:
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169:
168:
165:
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144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
37:
29:
26:
22:
807:
747:
743:
733:
722:the original
701:
697:
684:
657:
653:
640:
605:
601:
591:
582:
578:
574:
568:
551:
545:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
465:
453:
450:
443:
424:Xenosauridae
405:
399:
393:
386:phylogenetic
383:
368:
337:
315:
269:
268:
244:
226:
220:
138:
25:
888:Anguimorpha
832:Wikispecies
575:Lanthanotus
501:Telmasaurus
495:Cherminotus
477:Paravaranus
445:Telmasaurus
420:Anniellidae
412:Diploglossa
401:Lanthanotus
340:superfamily
327:nasal bones
312:Description
304:containing
214:Anguimorpha
135:Sand goanna
116:Valanginian
882:Categories
520:References
428:node-based
379:Varanoidea
360:Cretaceous
348:Varanoidea
294:Varanoidea
274:anguimorph
260:Varanoidea
237:Subgroups
210:Suborder:
45:94β0
838:Platynota
808:Platynota
560:2246/3367
507:Saniwides
489:Gobiderma
462:Evolution
440:Varanidae
395:Heloderma
358:from the
306:Varanidae
286:mosasaurs
270:Platynota
227:Platynota
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
114:Possible
31:Platynota
823:Q3392049
817:Wikidata
784:25803280
744:PLOS ONE
718:16286089
676:15545252
585:: 1β141.
472:Mongolia
416:Anguidae
204:Squamata
194:Reptilia
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
40:Holocene
775:4372529
752:Bibcode
631:1691912
610:Bibcode
546:Carusia
407:Varanus
323:frontal
319:dentine
200:Order:
190:Class:
782:
772:
716:
674:
628:
504:, and
288:, and
282:snakes
118:record
865:57281
852:8H5NL
725:(PDF)
694:(PDF)
650:(PDF)
302:clade
221:Clade
780:PMID
714:PMID
672:PMID
350:and
325:and
53:Preκ
847:CoL
770:PMC
760:doi
706:doi
702:328
662:doi
626:PMC
618:doi
606:352
583:105
556:hdl
470:of
434:of
884::
862::
849::
834::
819::
778:.
768:.
758:.
748:10
746:.
742:.
712:.
700:.
696:.
670:.
658:53
656:.
652:.
624:.
616:.
604:.
600:.
581:.
550:.
528:^
516:.
498:,
492:,
486:,
480:,
418:,
284:,
280:,
223::
141:)
103:Pg
47:Ma
42:,
38:-
786:.
762::
754::
708::
678:.
664::
634:.
620::
612::
562:.
558::
246:β
137:(
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:κ
23:.
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