297:. Thermochemical decomposition starts to occur at the crystal nonhomogeneities, e.g. intragranular interfaces between crystal growth zones, on damaged parts of the crystals, or on interfaces of different materials (e.g. crystal/binder). Presence of defects in crystals (cracks, voids, solvent inclusions...) may increase the explosive's sensitivity to mechanical shocks.
1751:
292:
Thermochemical changes involve decomposition of the explosives and binders, loss of strength of binder as it softens or melts, or stiffening of the binder if the increased temperature causes crosslinking of the polymer chains. The changes can also significantly alter the porosity of the material,
128:
PBX powders can be pressed into a desired shape at room temperature; casting normally requires hazardous melting of the explosive. High pressure pressing can achieve density for the material very close to the theoretical crystal density of the base explosive
206:. The elasticity of the matrix lowers sensitivity of the bulk material to shock and friction; their glass transition temperature is chosen to be below the lower boundary of the temperature working range (typically below -55 °C).
279:
Thermomechanical mechanisms involve stresses by thermal expansion (namely differential thermal expansions, as thermal gradients tend to be involved), melting/freezing or sublimation/condensation of components, and
293:
whether by increasing it (fracturing of crystals, vaporization of components) or decreasing it (melting of components). The size distribution of the crystals can be also altered, e.g. by
1749:, George W. Brooks & Eric E. Roach, "Enhanced Performance Insensitive Penetrator Warhead", issued 2003-02-25, assigned to Lockheed Martin Corporation
534:
1538:
284:
of crystals (e.g. transition of HMX from beta phase to delta phase at 175 °C involves a large change in volume and causes extensive cracking of its crystals).
983:). One of the most extensively studied high explosive formulations. BDNPA-F is 1:1 mixture of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal.
271:. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical.
1831:
1772:
255:
Energetic polymers (e.g. nitro or azido derivates of polymers) can be used as a binder to increase the explosive power in comparison with inert binders.
1977:
1975:
1973:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
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1785:
1970:
1782:
2011:
1633:
1567:
267:
Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called
52:
materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5–10% by weight) of a synthetic
1981:
1813:
1764:
91:
17:
56:. PBXs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form.
1522:
1643:
1532:
605:
118:(rubbery material), it tends to absorb shocks, making the PBX very insensitive to accidental detonation, and thus ideal for
1921:
259:
can be also used. The addition of a plasticizer lowers the sensitivity of the explosive and improves its processibility.
1895:
2035:
2000:
395:
226:
125:
Hard polymers can produce PBX that is very rigid and maintains a precise engineering shape even under severe stress.
1711:
Kolev, Stefan K.; Tsonev, Tsvetomir T. (2022). "Aluminized
Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder".
1827:
1765:
1866:
60:
1847:"Analysis of radiation induced degradation in FPC-461 fluoropolymers by variable temperature multinuclear NMR"
256:
132:
Many PBXes are safe to machine; turning solid blocks into complex three-dimensional shapes. For example, a
2045:
1083:
1063:
1011:
807:
736:
692:
234:
222:
188:) where the brittleness does not have detrimental effects on safety. They are also difficult to process.
72:
1746:
1697:
1982:
Technical Area 36 Open
Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
1938:
1814:
Technical Area 36 Open
Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
1766:
Technical Area 36 Open
Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
1018:
743:
339:
1437:
1685:
184:
temperature is at room temperature or above. This limits their use to insensitive explosives (e.g.
177:
1597:
719:
133:
1672:
1560:
1034:
1030:
915:
119:
934:). Serious safety problems related to aging and decomposition of the nitrocellulose binder.
1130:
1862:
1352:
8:
2040:
911:
818:
173:
2007:
1728:
1660:
87:
1996:
1732:
1664:
1639:
1528:
686:
553:
99:
31:
27:
Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer
1943:
1858:
1720:
1602:
4. Engineering and Design of
Nuclear Weapons: 4.1 Elements of Fission Weapon Design
1219:
1038:
1026:
927:
923:
903:
850:
822:
751:
294:
281:
210:
181:
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968:
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814:
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652:
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240:
230:
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889:
715:
432:
401:
145:
2029:
1830:(Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. p. 6. UCRL-JC-127467.
1146:
343:
163:
1888:
202:
Elastomers have to be used with more mechanically sensitive explosives like
1724:
1558:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1213:
359:
214:
1928:
Alan K. Burnhamn; Laurence E. Fried. LLNL, Unclassified, 2007-04-24 (pdf)
867:
780:
549:
342:
and similar weapons. Has high air blast equivalent, 1.39 times more than
207:
141:
75:
68:
98:
experiments, although the latter experiments are usually cited as using
556:. Caused serious safety problems. FEFO is 1,1--bis-, liquid explosive.
218:
95:
1561:"ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) Termination Report"
877:
Created in 1947 at Los Alamos, later given the PBX 9205 designation.
197:
176:) and inert chemical behavior (yielding long shelf stability and low
115:
49:
1846:
1952:
1045:), backfitted to earlier warheads to replace less safe explosives.
1845:
Sarah C. Chinn; Thomas S. Wilson; Robert S. Maxwell (March 2006).
169:
53:
1956:
839:
83:
1889:"High Explosives in Stockpile Surveillance Indicate Constancy"
1559:
James R.Bates; W.W.Lauderdale; Harold
Kernaghan (April 1979).
1236:
HTPB, DOA (dioctyladipate), and IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate)
1745:
1347:
1140:
1134:
788:
664:
645:
626:
586:
486:
454:
335:
244:
213:
polymers are however sensitive to aging, mostly by action of
168:
Fluoropolymers are advantageous as binders due to their high
137:
110:
Polymer-bonded explosives have several potential advantages:
1450:
1053:
1005:
871:
784:
730:
722:
copolymer and its response to gamma rays has been studied.
705:
508:
262:
185:
2015:
1825:
1485:
1472:
1468:
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1413:
1396:
1376:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1290:
1275:
1259:
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1207:
1190:
1173:
1156:
1113:
1096:
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1042:
980:
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389:
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203:
79:
64:
1944:"Mk 80 general‐purpose bombs (BLU‐110/111/117/126/129)"
346:, but low brisance due to low high explosive content.
86:-based binders were developed in 1960s and 1970s for
1566:. NASA-Scientific and Technical Information Office.
997:
Inert simulant of mechanical properties of PBX 9501
229:(HTPB) are used for these applications extensively.
221:
of the bonds by traces of water vapor. Rubbers like
1942:
1880:
1894:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).
1591:
1589:
1587:
994:Estane 2.5%; BDNPA-F 2.5%; sieved white sugar 95%
2027:
1838:
548:). Prone to deterioration and separation of the
328:RDX 25%, ammonium perchlorate 30%, aluminium 33%
1886:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1595:
1584:
1527:(2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry.
1828:A Blue Print for Building a Risk Assessment
1710:
1631:
1614:
1516:
1514:
1265:5.4% Polybutadiene, 5% Isodecylpelargonate
1552:
1826:H K Otsuki; E Eagan-McNeill (May 1997).
263:Insults (potential explosive inhibitors)
92:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
1520:
1511:
180:). They are somewhat brittle, as their
105:
14:
2028:
2020:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1937:
1863:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058
1771:(Report). September 1999. p. 2.
1713:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
895:Tris(b-chloroethyl)phosphate (CEF) 3%
250:
148:necessary for modern nuclear weapons.
300:
144:. This technique is used to machine
136:of PBX can be precisely shaped on a
274:
59:PBX was first developed in 1952 at
24:
1635:Non-Shock Initiation of Explosives
1521:Akhavan, Jacqueline (2004-01-01).
1196:polyethylene glycol/BDNPA-F binder
247:, combine the advantages of both.
25:
2057:
1851:Polymer Degradation and Stability
1362:Diaminotrinitrobenzene (DATB) 94%
331:HTPB 4.44%, dioctyl adipate 6.56%
287:
227:hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
157:
1834:from the original on 2022-09-29.
1778:from the original on 2022-10-01.
1931:
1912:
1901:from the original on 2012-10-10
1869:from the original on 2022-04-17
1819:
1573:from the original on 2010-01-13
1541:from the original on 2023-02-15
1758:
1739:
1704:
1652:
1638:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
61:Los Alamos National Laboratory
13:
1:
1995:. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996.
1596:Carey Sublette (1999-02-20).
1505:
1239:Used in some versions of the
191:
1176:7%, AP 49.8%, Aluminum 25.8%
114:If the polymer matrix is an
7:
1949:Janes Weapons: Air Launched
1524:The Chemistry of Explosives
1463:High-velocity, extrudable;
235:thermoplastic polyurethanes
73:diisooctyl phthalate (DEHP)
10:
2062:
1959:: Jane's Group UK Limited.
1919:Kinetics of PBX 9404 Aging
1278:20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25%
535:2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate
340:GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb
195:
161:
152:
29:
2036:Polymer-bonded explosives
2012:"The B61 family of bombs"
1632:Blaine Asay, ed. (2009).
1353:AIM-9X Sidewinder Missile
1310:20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25%
1133:(AP) 40%, Aluminum 27%,
1021:; principal in recent US
676:Estane & 5702-Fl 4.5%
46:plastic-bonded explosives
38:Polymer-bonded explosives
1598:"4.1.6.2.2.5 Explosives"
1438:Diisooctyl adipate (DOA)
30:Not to be confused with
18:Plastic bonded explosive
1747:US patent 6523477B1
1251:general-purpose bombs.
720:chlorotrifluoroethylene
537:(pDNPA) 4.6%; FEFO 2.4%
2016:http://thebulletin.org
2010:, and Joshua Handler.
1993:Explosives Engineering
1725:10.1002/prep.202100195
1680:Cite journal requires
1069:Also known as X-0351.
257:Energetic plasticizers
570:pDNPA 4.4%; FEFO 2.3%
518:) 34.3%, 2% Cab-O-Sil
334:Used in warheads for
314:Explosive ingredients
120:insensitive munitions
1887:Anders W. Lundberg.
1131:Ammonium perchlorate
106:Potential advantages
2006:Norris, Robert S.,
307:
174:detonation velocity
2046:Physical chemistry
2008:Hans M. Kristensen
1924:2017-02-11 at the
600:(replaced LX-09),
306:Some example PBXs
305:
251:Energetic polymers
82:compositions with
1692:Missing or empty
1645:978-3-540-88089-9
1534:978-0-85404-640-9
1503:
1502:
1327:68%, Aluminum 20%
1293:78%, Aluminum 10%
1233:64%, Aluminum 20%
1116:59%, Aluminum 23%
1029:mods 3, 4, 6–10,
961:95%, BDNPA-F 2.5%
930:mods 0, 1, 2, 5,
317:Inert ingredients
301:Some example PBXs
282:phase transitions
237:are also in use.
100:hexanitrostilbene
32:plastic explosive
16:(Redirected from
2053:
1991:Cooper, Paul W.
1985:
1979:
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1941:(26 July 2022),
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1436:HYTEMP 4454 2%,
1220:BGM-109 Tomahawk
308:
304:
295:Ostwald ripening
275:Thermomechanical
241:Fluoroelastomers
231:Silicone rubbers
182:glass transition
146:explosive lenses
21:
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2022:, Jan/Feb 2003.
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1926:Wayback Machine
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1493:silicone rubber
1465:nuclear weapons
1458:silicone rubber
1383:fluoroelastomer
1147:Mk 48 torpedoes
1023:nuclear weapons
1017:High-velocity,
969:nuclear weapons
967:High-velocity;
902:, widely used (
900:nuclear weapons
898:High-velocity;
847:nuclear weapons
845:High-velocity;
842:and 5703-Fl 10%
815:nuclear weapons
813:High-velocity;
748:nuclear weapons
742:High-velocity,
653:nuclear weapons
651:High-velocity;
594:nuclear weapons
592:High-velocity;
542:nuclear weapons
540:High-velocity;
516:silicone rubber
494:nuclear weapons
492:High-velocity;
462:nuclear weapons
460:High-velocity;
418:15% Viton A 15%
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172:(yielding high
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1857:(3): 541–547.
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853:mods 1 and 2)
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162:Main article:
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158:Fluoropolymers
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40:, also called
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1416:35%, TATB 60%
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1199:Naval shells
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
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1105:
1103:
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1098:
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1092:
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1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
929:
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921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
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880:
876:
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869:
866:
863:
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857:
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852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
824:
820:
816:
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809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
790:
786:
782:
779:
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773:
770:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
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575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:Sylgard 182 (
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
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453:
450:
447:
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403:
400:
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387:
384:
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377:
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371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
344:Composition B
341:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
298:
296:
285:
283:
272:
270:
260:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:free radicals
212:
209:
205:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
164:Fluoropolymer
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
112:
111:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2019:
1992:
1984:, p. 3.
1961:, retrieved
1948:
1933:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1854:
1850:
1840:
1821:
1816:, p. 2.
1760:
1741:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1694:|title=
1673:cite journal
1654:
1634:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:
1575:. Retrieved
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1523:
1214:polyacrylate
714:FPC461 is a
404:composition
360:RTV silicone
291:
278:
268:
266:
254:
239:
201:
167:
109:
67:embedded in
58:
45:
41:
37:
36:
1019:insensitive
964:Estane 2.5%
868:Polystyrene
781:Polystyrene
744:insensitive
550:plasticizer
208:Crosslinked
142:CNC machine
76:plasticizer
69:polystyrene
2041:Explosives
2030:Categories
1905:2014-03-02
1873:2019-09-09
1607:2010-02-08
1577:2014-06-29
1545:2021-12-13
1506:References
808:Kel-F 3700
378:FPC 461 6%
219:hydrolysis
192:Elastomers
88:gun shells
1733:244902961
1665:115831591
1272:PBXN-111
1256:PBXN-110
1227:PBXN-109
1222:missiles
1084:Kel-F 800
1064:Kel-F 800
1012:Kel-F 800
948:FPC461 6%
737:Kel-F 800
711:FPC461 4%
693:Kel-F 800
198:Elastomer
129:material.
116:elastomer
50:explosive
1953:Coulsdon
1922:Archived
1896:Archived
1867:Archived
1832:Archived
1773:Archived
1568:Archived
1539:Archived
1482:XTX 8004
1447:XTX 8003
1304:PBXW-115
1287:PBXW-114
1204:PBXN-107
1187:PBXN-106
1170:PBXN-105
1153:PBXN-104
1127:PBXN-103
1110:PBXN-102
1093:PBXN-101
1074:PBX 9604
1050:PBX 9503
1002:PBX 9502
988:PBS 9501
955:PBX 9501
939:PBX 9407
882:PBX 9404
858:PBX 9205
830:PBX 9011
798:PBX 9010
771:PBX 9007
356:PETN 76%
94:(ALSEP)
90:and for
1249:Mark 84
1245:Mark 83
1241:Mark 82
926:mod 2,
727:LX-17-0
636:LX-11-0
629:-A 5.5%
617:LX-10-1
577:LX-10-0
561:LX-09-1
525:LX-09-0
325:AFX-757
269:insults
243:, e.g.
217:and by
170:density
153:Binders
102:(HNS).
96:seismic
54:polymer
1999:
1963:29 May
1957:Surrey
1753:
1731:
1663:
1642:
1531:
1427:PBXN-9
1410:PBXN-7
1393:PBXN-6
1373:PBXN-5
1359:PBXN-4
1338:PBXN-3
1321:PBXN-1
1216:binder
840:Estane
787:0.5%;
783:9.1%;
648:-A 20%
554:binder
489:-A 10%
457:-A 15%
425:EDC-37
409:EDC-32
385:EDC-29
369:EDC-28
320:Usage
223:Estane
211:rubber
134:billet
84:teflon
48:, are
1939:Janes
1899:(PDF)
1892:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1769:(PDF)
1729:S2CID
1719:(2).
1661:S2CID
1571:(PDF)
1495:) 20%
1460:) 20%
1348:Nylon
1141:TEGDN
1135:TMETN
1056:80%;
888:94%,
789:rosin
733:92.5%
702:LX-16
683:LX-15
673:95.5%
665:LX-14
646:Viton
627:Viton
623:94.5%
589:-A 5%
587:Viton
567:93.3%
511:63.7%
505:LX-08
487:Viton
477:LX-07
455:Viton
445:LX-04
431:91%,
353:EDC-8
336:JASSM
245:Viton
178:aging
138:lathe
71:with
63:, as
1997:ISBN
1965:2023
1698:help
1686:help
1640:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1451:PETN
1247:and
1143:2.5%
1054:TATB
1006:TATB
870:6%;
791:0.4%
739:7.5%
731:TATB
706:PETN
552:and
509:PETN
396:HTPB
311:Name
233:and
186:TATB
1859:doi
1721:doi
1488:80%
1486:RDX
1473:W76
1469:W68
1453:80%
1433:92%
1431:HMX
1414:RDX
1399:95%
1397:RDX
1379:95%
1377:HMX
1344:85%
1342:RDX
1325:RDX
1308:RDX
1291:HMX
1276:RDX
1262:88%
1260:HMX
1231:RDX
1210:86%
1208:RDX
1193:75%
1191:RDX
1174:RDX
1159:70%
1157:HMX
1137:23%
1114:HMX
1099:82%
1097:HMX
1080:96%
1078:RDX
1060:15%
1058:HMX
1043:W91
1039:B90
1035:W85
1031:W80
1027:B61
1008:95%
981:W88
977:W78
973:W76
959:HMX
945:94%
943:RDX
932:W69
928:B61
924:B57
920:W56
916:W55
912:W50
908:W48
904:B43
886:HMX
872:DOP
864:92%
862:RDX
851:B57
836:90%
834:HMX
823:B43
819:W50
810:10%
804:90%
802:RDX
785:DOP
777:90%
775:RDX
764:W89
760:W87
756:W84
752:B83
708:96%
689:95%
687:HNS
671:HMX
657:W71
642:80%
640:HMX
621:HMX
610:W82
606:W79
602:W70
598:W68
583:95%
581:HMX
565:HMX
546:W68
531:93%
529:HMX
498:W71
483:90%
481:HMX
470:W70
466:W62
451:85%
449:HMX
429:HMX
415:85%
413:HMX
392:95%
390:HMX
375:94%
373:RDX
362:24%
225:or
204:HMX
140:or
80:HMX
65:RDX
44:or
42:PBX
2032::
2018:,
2014:,
1972:^
1955:,
1951:,
1947:,
1865:.
1855:91
1853:.
1849:.
1784:^
1727:.
1717:47
1715:.
1690:;
1677::
1675:}}
1671:{{
1659:.
1616:^
1600:.
1586:^
1537:.
1513:^
1471:,
1440:6%
1385:5%
1243:,
1086:4%
1066:5%
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1014:5%
979:,
975:,
922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
892:3%
890:NC
874:2%
825:)
821:,
766:)
762:,
758:,
754:,
746:;
695:5%
667:-0
659:)
612:)
608:,
604:,
500:)
472:)
468:,
435:1%
433:NC
402:UK
398:5%
388:β-
338:,
78:.
2003:.
1908:.
1876:.
1861::
1735:.
1723::
1700:)
1696:(
1688:)
1684:(
1667:.
1648:.
1610:.
1580:.
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1025:(
991:-
971:(
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718::
655:(
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544:(
496:(
464:(
122:.
34:.
20:)
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