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Polymer-bonded explosive

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297:. Thermochemical decomposition starts to occur at the crystal nonhomogeneities, e.g. intragranular interfaces between crystal growth zones, on damaged parts of the crystals, or on interfaces of different materials (e.g. crystal/binder). Presence of defects in crystals (cracks, voids, solvent inclusions...) may increase the explosive's sensitivity to mechanical shocks. 1751: 292:
Thermochemical changes involve decomposition of the explosives and binders, loss of strength of binder as it softens or melts, or stiffening of the binder if the increased temperature causes crosslinking of the polymer chains. The changes can also significantly alter the porosity of the material,
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PBX powders can be pressed into a desired shape at room temperature; casting normally requires hazardous melting of the explosive. High pressure pressing can achieve density for the material very close to the theoretical crystal density of the base explosive
206:. The elasticity of the matrix lowers sensitivity of the bulk material to shock and friction; their glass transition temperature is chosen to be below the lower boundary of the temperature working range (typically below -55 °C). 279:
Thermomechanical mechanisms involve stresses by thermal expansion (namely differential thermal expansions, as thermal gradients tend to be involved), melting/freezing or sublimation/condensation of components, and
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whether by increasing it (fracturing of crystals, vaporization of components) or decreasing it (melting of components). The size distribution of the crystals can be also altered, e.g. by
1749:, George W. Brooks & Eric E. Roach, "Enhanced Performance Insensitive Penetrator Warhead", issued 2003-02-25, assigned to Lockheed Martin Corporation 534: 1538: 284:
of crystals (e.g. transition of HMX from beta phase to delta phase at 175 °C involves a large change in volume and causes extensive cracking of its crystals).
983:). One of the most extensively studied high explosive formulations. BDNPA-F is 1:1 mixture of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal. 271:. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical. 1831: 1772: 255:
Energetic polymers (e.g. nitro or azido derivates of polymers) can be used as a binder to increase the explosive power in comparison with inert binders.
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Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called
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materials in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5–10% by weight) of a synthetic
1981: 1813: 1764: 91: 17: 56:. PBXs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form. 1522: 1643: 1532: 605: 118:(rubbery material), it tends to absorb shocks, making the PBX very insensitive to accidental detonation, and thus ideal for 1921: 259:
can be also used. The addition of a plasticizer lowers the sensitivity of the explosive and improves its processibility.
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Hard polymers can produce PBX that is very rigid and maintains a precise engineering shape even under severe stress.
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Kolev, Stefan K.; Tsonev, Tsvetomir T. (2022). "Aluminized Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder".
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Many PBXes are safe to machine; turning solid blocks into complex three-dimensional shapes. For example, a
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Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
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Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
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Technical Area 36 Open Detonation Unit — SUPPLEMENT 2-1 Waste Explosives Detonated at Technical Area 36
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temperature is at room temperature or above. This limits their use to insensitive explosives (e.g.
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Explosive materials where powder is bound together in a matrix with synthetic polymer
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4. Engineering and Design of Nuclear Weapons: 4.1 Elements of Fission Weapon Design
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Elastomers have to be used with more mechanically sensitive explosives like
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Alan K. Burnhamn; Laurence E. Fried. LLNL, Unclassified, 2007-04-24 (pdf)
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and similar weapons. Has high air blast equivalent, 1.39 times more than
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experiments, although the latter experiments are usually cited as using
556:. Caused serious safety problems. FEFO is 1,1--bis-, liquid explosive. 218: 95: 1561:"ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) Termination Report" 877:
Created in 1947 at Los Alamos, later given the PBX 9205 designation.
197: 176:) and inert chemical behavior (yielding long shelf stability and low 115: 49: 1846: 1952: 1045:), backfitted to earlier warheads to replace less safe explosives. 1845:
Sarah C. Chinn; Thomas S. Wilson; Robert S. Maxwell (March 2006).
169: 53: 1956: 839: 83: 1889:"High Explosives in Stockpile Surveillance Indicate Constancy" 1559:
James R.Bates; W.W.Lauderdale; Harold Kernaghan (April 1979).
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HTPB, DOA (dioctyladipate), and IPDI (isophorone diisocyanate)
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polymers are however sensitive to aging, mostly by action of
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Fluoropolymers are advantageous as binders due to their high
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Polymer-bonded explosives have several potential advantages:
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copolymer and its response to gamma rays has been studied.
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Inert simulant of mechanical properties of PBX 9501
229:(HTPB) are used for these applications extensively. 221:
of the bonds by traces of water vapor. Rubbers like
1942: 1880: 1894:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). 1591: 1589: 1587: 994:Estane 2.5%; BDNPA-F 2.5%; sieved white sugar 95% 2027: 1838: 548:). Prone to deterioration and separation of the 328:RDX 25%, ammonium perchlorate 30%, aluminium 33% 1886: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1595: 1584: 1527:(2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. 1828:A Blue Print for Building a Risk Assessment 1710: 1631: 1614: 1516: 1514: 1265:5.4% Polybutadiene, 5% Isodecylpelargonate 1552: 1826:H K Otsuki; E Eagan-McNeill (May 1997). 263:Insults (potential explosive inhibitors) 92:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package 1520: 1511: 180:). They are somewhat brittle, as their 105: 14: 2028: 2020:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1937: 1863:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.058 1771:(Report). September 1999. p. 2. 1713:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 895:Tris(b-chloroethyl)phosphate (CEF) 3% 250: 148:necessary for modern nuclear weapons. 300: 144:. This technique is used to machine 136:of PBX can be precisely shaped on a 274: 59:PBX was first developed in 1952 at 24: 1635:Non-Shock Initiation of Explosives 1521:Akhavan, Jacqueline (2004-01-01). 1196:polyethylene glycol/BDNPA-F binder 247:, combine the advantages of both. 25: 2057: 1851:Polymer Degradation and Stability 1362:Diaminotrinitrobenzene (DATB) 94% 331:HTPB 4.44%, dioctyl adipate 6.56% 287: 227:hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene 157: 1834:from the original on 2022-09-29. 1778:from the original on 2022-10-01. 1931: 1912: 1901:from the original on 2012-10-10 1869:from the original on 2022-04-17 1819: 1573:from the original on 2010-01-13 1541:from the original on 2023-02-15 1758: 1739: 1704: 1652: 1638:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 61:Los Alamos National Laboratory 13: 1: 1995:. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996. 1596:Carey Sublette (1999-02-20). 1505: 1239:Used in some versions of the 191: 1176:7%, AP 49.8%, Aluminum 25.8% 114:If the polymer matrix is an 7: 1949:Janes Weapons: Air Launched 1524:The Chemistry of Explosives 1463:High-velocity, extrudable; 235:thermoplastic polyurethanes 73:diisooctyl phthalate (DEHP) 10: 2062: 1959:: Jane's Group UK Limited. 1919:Kinetics of PBX 9404 Aging 1278:20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25% 535:2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate 340:GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb 195: 161: 152: 29: 2036:Polymer-bonded explosives 2012:"The B61 family of bombs" 1632:Blaine Asay, ed. (2009). 1353:AIM-9X Sidewinder Missile 1310:20%, AP 43%, Aluminum 25% 1133:(AP) 40%, Aluminum 27%, 1021:; principal in recent US 676:Estane & 5702-Fl 4.5% 46:plastic-bonded explosives 38:Polymer-bonded explosives 1598:"4.1.6.2.2.5 Explosives" 1438:Diisooctyl adipate (DOA) 30:Not to be confused with 18:Plastic bonded explosive 1747:US patent 6523477B1 1251:general-purpose bombs. 720:chlorotrifluoroethylene 537:(pDNPA) 4.6%; FEFO 2.4% 2016:http://thebulletin.org 2010:, and Joshua Handler. 1993:Explosives Engineering 1725:10.1002/prep.202100195 1680:Cite journal requires 1069:Also known as X-0351. 257:Energetic plasticizers 570:pDNPA 4.4%; FEFO 2.3% 518:) 34.3%, 2% Cab-O-Sil 334:Used in warheads for 314:Explosive ingredients 120:insensitive munitions 1887:Anders W. Lundberg. 1131:Ammonium perchlorate 106:Potential advantages 2006:Norris, Robert S., 307: 174:detonation velocity 2046:Physical chemistry 2008:Hans M. Kristensen 1924:2017-02-11 at the 600:(replaced LX-09), 306:Some example PBXs 305: 251:Energetic polymers 82:compositions with 1692:Missing or empty 1645:978-3-540-88089-9 1534:978-0-85404-640-9 1503: 1502: 1327:68%, Aluminum 20% 1293:78%, Aluminum 10% 1233:64%, Aluminum 20% 1116:59%, Aluminum 23% 1029:mods 3, 4, 6–10, 961:95%, BDNPA-F 2.5% 930:mods 0, 1, 2, 5, 317:Inert ingredients 301:Some example PBXs 282:phase transitions 237:are also in use. 100:hexanitrostilbene 32:plastic explosive 16:(Redirected from 2053: 1991:Cooper, Paul W. 1985: 1979: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1946: 1941:(26 July 2022), 1935: 1929: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1770: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1629: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1593: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1565: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1518: 1436:HYTEMP 4454 2%, 1220:BGM-109 Tomahawk 308: 304: 295:Ostwald ripening 275:Thermomechanical 241:Fluoroelastomers 231:Silicone rubbers 182:glass transition 146:explosive lenses 21: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2026: 2025: 2022:, Jan/Feb 2003. 1988: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1936: 1932: 1926:Wayback Machine 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1843: 1839: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1709: 1705: 1693: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1630: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1519: 1512: 1508: 1493:silicone rubber 1465:nuclear weapons 1458:silicone rubber 1383:fluoroelastomer 1147:Mk 48 torpedoes 1023:nuclear weapons 1017:High-velocity, 969:nuclear weapons 967:High-velocity; 902:, widely used ( 900:nuclear weapons 898:High-velocity; 847:nuclear weapons 845:High-velocity; 842:and 5703-Fl 10% 815:nuclear weapons 813:High-velocity; 748:nuclear weapons 742:High-velocity, 653:nuclear weapons 651:High-velocity; 594:nuclear weapons 592:High-velocity; 542:nuclear weapons 540:High-velocity; 516:silicone rubber 494:nuclear weapons 492:High-velocity; 462:nuclear weapons 460:High-velocity; 418:15% Viton A 15% 303: 290: 277: 265: 253: 200: 194: 172:(yielding high 166: 160: 155: 108: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2024: 2023: 2004: 1987: 1986: 1969: 1930: 1911: 1879: 1857:(3): 541–547. 1837: 1818: 1781: 1757: 1738: 1703: 1682:|journal= 1651: 1644: 1613: 1583: 1551: 1533: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1461: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1263: 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1491:Sylgard 182 ( 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456:Sylgard 182 ( 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416:35%, TATB 60% 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388:Naval shells 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199:Naval shells 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 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Retrieved 1882: 1871:. Retrieved 1854: 1850: 1840: 1821: 1816:, p. 2. 1760: 1741: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1694:|title= 1673:cite journal 1654: 1634: 1605:. Retrieved 1601: 1575:. Retrieved 1554: 1543:. Retrieved 1523: 1214:polyacrylate 714:FPC461 is a 404:composition 360:RTV silicone 291: 278: 268: 266: 254: 239: 201: 167: 109: 67:embedded in 58: 45: 41: 37: 36: 1019:insensitive 964:Estane 2.5% 868:Polystyrene 781:Polystyrene 744:insensitive 550:plasticizer 208:Crosslinked 142:CNC machine 76:plasticizer 69:polystyrene 2041:Explosives 2030:Categories 1905:2014-03-02 1873:2019-09-09 1607:2010-02-08 1577:2014-06-29 1545:2021-12-13 1506:References 808:Kel-F 3700 378:FPC 461 6% 219:hydrolysis 192:Elastomers 88:gun shells 1733:244902961 1665:115831591 1272:PBXN-111 1256:PBXN-110 1227:PBXN-109 1222:missiles 1084:Kel-F 800 1064:Kel-F 800 1012:Kel-F 800 948:FPC461 6% 737:Kel-F 800 711:FPC461 4% 693:Kel-F 800 198:Elastomer 129:material. 116:elastomer 50:explosive 1953:Coulsdon 1922:Archived 1896:Archived 1867:Archived 1832:Archived 1773:Archived 1568:Archived 1539:Archived 1482:XTX 8004 1447:XTX 8003 1304:PBXW-115 1287:PBXW-114 1204:PBXN-107 1187:PBXN-106 1170:PBXN-105 1153:PBXN-104 1127:PBXN-103 1110:PBXN-102 1093:PBXN-101 1074:PBX 9604 1050:PBX 9503 1002:PBX 9502 988:PBS 9501 955:PBX 9501 939:PBX 9407 882:PBX 9404 858:PBX 9205 830:PBX 9011 798:PBX 9010 771:PBX 9007 356:PETN 76% 94:(ALSEP) 90:and for 1249:Mark 84 1245:Mark 83 1241:Mark 82 926:mod 2, 727:LX-17-0 636:LX-11-0 629:-A 5.5% 617:LX-10-1 577:LX-10-0 561:LX-09-1 525:LX-09-0 325:AFX-757 269:insults 243:, e.g. 217:and by 170:density 153:Binders 102:(HNS). 96:seismic 54:polymer 1999:  1963:29 May 1957:Surrey 1753:  1731:  1663:  1642:  1531:  1427:PBXN-9 1410:PBXN-7 1393:PBXN-6 1373:PBXN-5 1359:PBXN-4 1338:PBXN-3 1321:PBXN-1 1216:binder 840:Estane 787:0.5%; 783:9.1%; 648:-A 20% 554:binder 489:-A 10% 457:-A 15% 425:EDC-37 409:EDC-32 385:EDC-29 369:EDC-28 320:Usage 223:Estane 211:rubber 134:billet 84:teflon 48:, are 1939:Janes 1899:(PDF) 1892:(PDF) 1776:(PDF) 1769:(PDF) 1729:S2CID 1719:(2). 1661:S2CID 1571:(PDF) 1495:) 20% 1460:) 20% 1348:Nylon 1141:TEGDN 1135:TMETN 1056:80%; 888:94%, 789:rosin 733:92.5% 702:LX-16 683:LX-15 673:95.5% 665:LX-14 646:Viton 627:Viton 623:94.5% 589:-A 5% 587:Viton 567:93.3% 511:63.7% 505:LX-08 487:Viton 477:LX-07 455:Viton 445:LX-04 431:91%, 353:EDC-8 336:JASSM 245:Viton 178:aging 138:lathe 71:with 63:, as 1997:ISBN 1965:2023 1698:help 1686:help 1640:ISBN 1529:ISBN 1451:PETN 1247:and 1143:2.5% 1054:TATB 1006:TATB 870:6%; 791:0.4% 739:7.5% 731:TATB 706:PETN 552:and 509:PETN 396:HTPB 311:Name 233:and 186:TATB 1859:doi 1721:doi 1488:80% 1486:RDX 1473:W76 1469:W68 1453:80% 1433:92% 1431:HMX 1414:RDX 1399:95% 1397:RDX 1379:95% 1377:HMX 1344:85% 1342:RDX 1325:RDX 1308:RDX 1291:HMX 1276:RDX 1262:88% 1260:HMX 1231:RDX 1210:86% 1208:RDX 1193:75% 1191:RDX 1174:RDX 1159:70% 1157:HMX 1137:23% 1114:HMX 1099:82% 1097:HMX 1080:96% 1078:RDX 1060:15% 1058:HMX 1043:W91 1039:B90 1035:W85 1031:W80 1027:B61 1008:95% 981:W88 977:W78 973:W76 959:HMX 945:94% 943:RDX 932:W69 928:B61 924:B57 920:W56 916:W55 912:W50 908:W48 904:B43 886:HMX 872:DOP 864:92% 862:RDX 851:B57 836:90% 834:HMX 823:B43 819:W50 810:10% 804:90% 802:RDX 785:DOP 777:90% 775:RDX 764:W89 760:W87 756:W84 752:B83 708:96% 689:95% 687:HNS 671:HMX 657:W71 642:80% 640:HMX 621:HMX 610:W82 606:W79 602:W70 598:W68 583:95% 581:HMX 565:HMX 546:W68 531:93% 529:HMX 498:W71 483:90% 481:HMX 470:W70 466:W62 451:85% 449:HMX 429:HMX 415:85% 413:HMX 392:95% 390:HMX 375:94% 373:RDX 362:24% 225:or 204:HMX 140:or 80:HMX 65:RDX 44:or 42:PBX 2032:: 2018:, 2014:, 1972:^ 1955:, 1951:, 1947:, 1865:. 1855:91 1853:. 1849:. 1784:^ 1727:. 1717:47 1715:. 1690:; 1677:: 1675:}} 1671:{{ 1659:. 1616:^ 1600:. 1586:^ 1537:. 1513:^ 1471:, 1440:6% 1385:5% 1243:, 1086:4% 1066:5% 1041:, 1037:, 1033:, 1014:5% 979:, 975:, 922:, 918:, 914:, 910:, 906:, 892:3% 890:NC 874:2% 825:) 821:, 766:) 762:, 758:, 754:, 746:; 695:5% 667:-0 659:) 612:) 608:, 604:, 500:) 472:) 468:, 435:1% 433:NC 402:UK 398:5% 388:β- 338:, 78:. 2003:. 1908:. 1876:. 1861:: 1735:. 1723:: 1700:) 1696:( 1688:) 1684:( 1667:. 1648:. 1610:. 1580:. 1548:. 1475:) 1467:( 1025:( 991:- 971:( 849:( 817:( 750:( 718:: 655:( 596:( 544:( 496:( 464:( 122:. 34:. 20:)

Index

Plastic bonded explosive
plastic explosive
explosive
polymer
Los Alamos National Laboratory
RDX
polystyrene
diisooctyl phthalate (DEHP)
plasticizer
HMX
teflon
gun shells
Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
seismic
hexanitrostilbene
elastomer
insensitive munitions
billet
lathe
CNC machine
explosive lenses
Fluoropolymer
density
detonation velocity
aging
glass transition
TATB
Elastomer
HMX
Crosslinked

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