1677:
3059:
1298:
1611:
1034:
769:
322:). Ganymede and Titan are additionally larger than the planet Mercury, and Callisto is almost as large. All of these moons are ellipsoidal. That said, the two moons larger than Mercury have less than half its mass, and it is mass, along with composition and internal temperature, that determine whether a body is plastic enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. Io, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, and Triton are generally believed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, but Earth's Moon is known not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and the situation for Callisto is unclear.
1740:
1101:
836:
635:
1361:
20:
1231:
1168:
1405:
1279:
1212:
1149:
817:
750:
444:
967:
1548:
1424:
1486:
702:
240:
203:
283:– on the body's mass being sufficient to render it plastic, so that it relaxes into an ellipsoid under its own gravity. The IAU definition specifies that the mass is great enough to overcome 'rigid-body forces', and it does not address objects that may be in hydrostatic equilibrium due to a subsurface ocean or (in the case of Io) due to magma caused by tidal heating. Many of the larger icy moons could have subsurface oceans.
3053:
1802:
3065:
904:
1082:
1015:
884:
683:
428:
1846:
1721:
1655:
1592:
1342:
948:
436:
381:) are no longer in equilibrium. In addition to not being in equilibrium, Mimas and Tethys have very low densities and it has been suggested that they may have non-negligible internal porosity, in which case they would not be satellite planets. The situation for Uranus's three smaller ellipsoidal moons (
2907:
Widemann, T.; Sicardy, B.; Dusser, R.; Martinez, C.; Beisker, W.; Bredner, E.; Dunham, D.; Maley, P.; Lellouch, E.; Arlot, J. -E.; Berthier, J.; Colas, F.; Hubbard, W. B.; Hill, R.; Lecacheux, J.; Lecampion, J. -F.; Pau, S.; Rapaport, M.; Roques, F.; Thuillot, W.; Hills, C. R.; Elliott, A. J.; Miles,
1873:
Titan has a denser atmosphere than Earth, with a surface pressure of 1.4 bar, while Triton has a relatively thinner atmosphere of 14 μbar; Titan and Triton are the only known moons to have atmospheres significant enough to drive weather and climate processes. Io (1.9 nbar) and
Callisto (26 pbar) have
416:
are at least the size of Mimas, the smallest ellipsoidal moon of Saturn. However, trans-Neptunian objects appear to become solid bodies at a larger size (around 900–1000 km diameter) than the moons of Saturn and Uranus (around 400 km diameter). Both
Dysnomia and Vanth are dark bodies
344:
Earth's entirely rocky moon solidified out of equilibrium billions of years ago, but most of the other six moons larger than Pluto, four of which are predominantly icy, are assumed to still be in equilibrium. (Ice has less tensile strength than rock, and is deformed at lower pressures and
325:
Another dozen moons are ellipsoidal as well, indicating that they achieved equilibrium at some point in their histories. However, it has been shown that some of these moons are no longer in equilibrium, due to them becoming increasingly rigid as they cooled over time.
263:
The masses of the mid-sized moons, compared to Triton. Values are ×10 kg. Dysnomia is given a value at the center of the known range (0.3–0.5). Unmeasured Vanth and Ilmarë are excluded. Enceladus, Miranda, and Mimas are nearly invisible at this
349:, which has a magnetic field that indicates the fluid movement of electrically conducting material in its interior, though whether that fluid is a metallic core or a subsurface ocean is unknown. One of the mid-sized moons of Saturn (
2850:
Teolis, B. D.; Jones, G. H.; Miles, P. F.; Tokar, R. L.; Magee, B. A.; Waite, J. H.; Roussos, E.; Young, D. T.; Crary, F. J.; Coates, A. J.; Johnson, R. E.; Tseng, W. - L.; Baragiola, R. A. (2010).
174:) in 1686, it referred to them strictly as "satellites", though sometimes to Saturn as the "primary planet". When William Herschel announced his discovery of two objects in orbit around Uranus (
2105:
182:) in 1787, he referred to them as "satellites" and "secondary planets". All subsequent reports of natural satellite discoveries used the term "satellite" exclusively, though the 1868 book
1878:
at most. Exospheres have been detected around Earth's Moon, Europa, Ganymede, Enceladus, Dione, and Rhea. An exosphere around
Titania is a possibility, though it has not been confirmed.
2042:
1980:"An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans. On April 22 st. N. 1686. Giving an Account of Two New Satellites of Saturn, Discovered Lately by Mr. Cassini at the Royal Observatory in Paris"
333:(Neptune VIII) has occasionally been included by authors discussing or advocating geophysical conceptions of the 'planet'. It is larger than Mimas but is quite far from being round.
3660:
1887:
2078:
1912:
2985:
417:
smaller than 900–1000 km, and
Dysnomia is known to be low-density, suggesting that it cannot be solid. Consequently, these bodies have been excluded.
138:
of
Jupiter), he referred to them as "four planets flying around the star of Jupiter at unequal intervals and periods with wonderful swiftness." Similarly,
2154:
2753:
2494:
146:
in 1655, employed the terms "planeta" (planet), "Stella" (star), "luna" (moon), and the more modern "satellite" (attendant) to describe it.
2774:
Dougherty, M. K.; Khurana, K. K.; et al. (2006). "Identification of a
Dynamic Atmosphere at Enceladus with the Cassini Magnetometer".
2414:
Schenk, Paul; Buratti, Bonnie; Clark, Roger; Byrne, Paul; McKinnon, William; Matsuyama, Isamu; Nimmo, Francis; Scipioni, Francesca (2022).
226:
Comparative masses of the seven largest moons. Values are ×10 kg. The moons smaller than Triton would be barely visible at this scale.
341:
Determining whether a moon is currently in hydrostatic equilibrium requires close observation, and is easier to disprove than to prove.
2978:
2324:
2960:, William M. Grundy, Mark Sykes, S. Alan Stern, James F. Bell III, Charlene E. Detelich, Kirby D. Runyon, Michael Summers, 22 Oct 2021
1916:
2358:
1865:
are in hydrostatic equilibrium. However, as they are not planetary-mass objects, these are not included as planetary-mass moons.
3462:
2224:
1874:
very thin atmospheres, but still enough to have collisions between atmospheric molecules. Other planetary-mass moons only have
2971:
1892:
63:, is just slightly smaller than it, although all three are less massive. Additionally, seven – Ganymede, Titan, Callisto,
2908:
R.; Platt, T.; Cremaschini, C.; Dubreuil, P.; Cavadore, C.; Demeautis, C.; Henriquet, P.; et al. (February 2009).
2082:
2514:
115:
3700:
2626:
Garrick-Bethell, I.; Wisdom, J; Zuber, MT (4 August 2006). "Evidence for a Past High-Eccentricity Lunar Orbit".
2182:"Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-Neptunian objects"
279:("planetary-mass object") covers all three populations. Stern's and the IAU's definition of 'planet' depends on
2909:
269:
In the modern era, Alan Stern considers satellite planets to be one of three categories of planets, along with
2268:
Nimmo, Francis; et al. (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New
Horizons images".
1676:
3721:
3675:
3073:
3006:
2954:
Moons Are
Planets: Scientific Usefulness Versus Cultural Teleology in the Taxonomy of Planetary Science
2910:"Titania's radius and an upper limit on its atmosphere from the September 8, 2001 stellar occultation"
2750:
2415:
2356:'Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the Saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission'
1975:
252:
215:
3468:
2242:
2029:
An
Account of the Discovery of Two Satellites Around the Georgian Planet. Read at the Royal Society
3058:
1297:
3736:
2061:
280:
40:
290:, which is known to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. (They are also known to be more massive than
2459:
1610:
126:
The distinction between a satellite and a classical planet was not recognized until after the
2379:
Leliwa-Kopystyński, J.; Kossacki, K. J. (2000). "Evolution of porosity in small icy bodies".
32:
2677:
Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Hedman, M. M.; Helfenstein, P. (March 2013).
2392:
2321:
1947:
Systema
Saturnium: Sive de Causis Miradorum Saturni Phaenomenon, et comite ejus Planeta Novo
3429:
2924:
2863:
2783:
2714:
2687:
2635:
2547:
2532:
2423:
2388:
2287:
2195:
2142:
2130:
1991:
2826:
2678:
2597:
8:
3229:
3178:
2963:
291:
84:
2928:
2867:
2787:
2718:
2691:
2639:
2551:
2427:
2355:
2291:
2199:
2134:
2055:
1995:
3477:
3371:
2889:
2807:
2730:
2659:
2571:
2486:
2458:
Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (2019).
2303:
2277:
2146:
2120:
2009:
1033:
768:
139:
127:
107:
2400:
1739:
3420:
3162:
3124:
3104:
2994:
2957:
2893:
2881:
2799:
2651:
2575:
2531:
Durante, Daniele; Hemingway, D. J.; Racioppa, P.; Iess, L.; Stevenson, D. J. (2019).
2490:
2181:
2150:
1404:
1278:
1211:
1148:
816:
749:
443:
110:). This conceptualization of planets as three classes of objects (classical planets,
103:
36:
3629:
2811:
2307:
2221:
3726:
3357:
3340:
3171:
3042:
3027:
2932:
2871:
2791:
2734:
2722:
2643:
2563:
2555:
2478:
2431:
2396:
2295:
2203:
2186:
2138:
1999:
835:
634:
613:
497:
468:
147:
56:
44:
2663:
1360:
248:
211:
3685:
3639:
3589:
3519:
3499:
3322:
3114:
3109:
3094:
3037:
3032:
2936:
2757:
2559:
2518:
2482:
2362:
2328:
2299:
2228:
2207:
757:
623:
488:
477:
401:
346:
311:
307:
131:
60:
48:
39:. They are large and ellipsoidal (sometimes spherical) in shape. Moons may be in
1100:
3731:
3670:
3609:
3599:
3569:
3559:
3544:
3434:
3404:
3379:
3243:
3089:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1728:
1412:
1286:
1089:
515:
390:
382:
378:
354:
330:
175:
151:
135:
3411:
2460:"The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà (
1230:
3715:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3584:
3564:
3554:
3539:
3534:
3440:
3351:
3308:
3285:
3206:
3142:
3137:
3022:
2852:"Cassini Finds an Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere at Saturn's Icy Moon Rhea"
2521:, apart from the masses of the Uranian moons, which are from Jacobson (2014).
1599:
1349:
1219:
1022:
955:
394:
370:
358:
319:
303:
179:
167:
106:(that is, whether it is a planetary body) than its solar or non-solar orbit (
76:
72:
2876:
2851:
2795:
2647:
1167:
3695:
3690:
3604:
3579:
3574:
3514:
3448:
3385:
3250:
3198:
3156:
3084:
2998:
2885:
2803:
2655:
2004:
1979:
1536:
1474:
690:
409:
405:
386:
374:
315:
270:
171:
143:
111:
52:
19:
966:
3549:
3398:
3330:
3280:
3275:
3192:
2567:
2511:
2436:
2125:
1547:
1156:
583:
350:
155:
1423:
1081:
1014:
883:
682:
427:
294:, a dwarf planet even more massive than Pluto.) These seven are Earth's
3665:
3365:
3335:
3316:
3258:
3223:
1944:
353:) may also be in equilibrium, as may a couple of the moons of Uranus (
99:
23:
Planetary-mass moons larger than Pluto, the largest Solar dwarf planet.
2013:
1485:
701:
247:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
210:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
3594:
3524:
3237:
3211:
3148:
2726:
2686:. 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The Woodlands, Texas.
1875:
1665:
824:
600:
593:
576:
366:
299:
64:
3619:
3454:
1845:
1720:
1654:
1591:
1341:
947:
435:
413:
2953:
2282:
3302:
3052:
501:
472:
275:
94:– the idea that all planetary-mass objects, including moons, are
2705:
Ingersoll, Andrew P. (1990). "Dynamics of Triton's atmosphere".
1801:
3099:
3064:
903:
492:
481:
345:
temperatures than rock.) The evidence is perhaps strongest for
286:
The seven largest moons are more massive than the dwarf planet
95:
3614:
2906:
2180:
Hussmann, Hauke; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman (November 2006).
2043:
Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
1934:. Albert van Helden. University of Chicago Press. p. 26.
1790:
519:
463:
362:
287:
80:
2900:
2533:"Titan's gravity field and interior structure after Cassini"
2530:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
134:
discovered the first satellites of another planet (the four
43:
due to tidal or radiogenic heating, in some cases forming a
3529:
3017:
1888:
List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
891:
459:
295:
102:, who are more concerned with whether a celestial body has
68:
2993:
2676:
2625:
2378:
2164:
1984:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
166:
reported Cassini's discovery of two new Saturnian moons (
2320:
Planetary Science Decadal Survey Community White Paper,
2680:
Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff?
2413:
1962:
Decouverte de deux Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne
2457:
16:
Planetary-mass bodies that are also natural satellites
2849:
2416:"Red Streaks on Tethys: Evidence for Recent Activity"
79:– are larger and more massive than the dwarf planets
2179:
114:
and satellite planets) has not been accepted by the
2079:"Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?"
1913:"Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?"
361:). However, the other ellipsoidal moons of Saturn (
2589:
2106:"Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?"
2081:. News.discovery.com. May 14, 2010. Archived from
130:of the Solar System was established. When in 1610
2322:Ganymede science questions and future exploration
2071:
554:
162:("New planets around Saturn"). However, when the
3713:
2773:
2214:
2026:
1959:
1945:Christiani Hugenii (Christiaan Huygens) (1659).
1915:. News.discovery.com. 2010-05-14. Archived from
150:, in announcing his discovery of Saturn's moons
98:– is used by some planetary scientists, such as
1968:
1929:
186:referred to satellites as "secondary planets".
2698:
2595:
2979:
2746:
2744:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2113:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
510:Satellites of generally agreed dwarf planets
2263:
2261:
2259:
1974:
336:
2605:42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
2596:Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; et al. (2011).
2510:Most figures are from the NASA/JPL list of
2986:
2972:
2843:
2741:
2670:
2451:
2333:
2103:
1964:. Sabastien Mabre-Craniusy. pp. 6–14.
2875:
2767:
2704:
2435:
2281:
2256:
2124:
2003:
393:) is unclear, as is that of Pluto's moon
142:, upon discovering Saturn's largest moon
2104:Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E. (2006).
18:
2512:Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters
3714:
2143:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058
298:, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter (
2967:
2824:
2818:
2267:
2053:
611:
608:
598:
591:
581:
574:
551:
548:
2422:. Europlanet Science Congress 2022.
2240:
2231:The Planetary Society, 21 April 2020
2047:
1905:
1893:List of Solar System objects by size
439:– confirmed not to be in equilibrium
314:), and the largest moons of Saturn (
233:
196:
160:Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne
158:in 1671 and 1672, described them as
2827:"Oxygen envelops Saturn's icy moon"
2420:European Planetary Science Congress
13:
2947:
2500:from the original on 7 April 2019.
1800:
1738:
1675:
1609:
1546:
1484:
1422:
1359:
1296:
1229:
1166:
1099:
1032:
965:
902:
834:
767:
700:
633:
14:
3748:
2243:"A geophysical planet definition"
189:
47:. Two moons in the Solar System,
3063:
3057:
3051:
2598:"How differentiated is Callisto"
1844:
1719:
1653:
1590:
1403:
1340:
1277:
1210:
1147:
1080:
1013:
946:
882:
815:
748:
681:
442:
434:
426:
273:and classical planets. The term
238:
201:
121:
116:International Astronomical Union
2619:
2524:
2504:
2407:
2372:
2314:
2234:
2097:
1949:. Adriani Vlacq. pp. 1–50.
431:– believed to be in equilibrium
2825:Ghosh, Pallab (2 March 2012).
2060:. Nichols & Hall. p.
2035:
2020:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1868:
329:Neptune's second-largest moon
1:
2401:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00038-6
2057:Smith's Illustrated Astronomy
1898:
1799:
1737:
1674:
184:Smith's Illustrated Astronomy
55:, are larger than the planet
2937:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.09.011
2560:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.003
2483:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037
2300:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027
2208:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005
1861:, and, with less certainty,
7:
2381:Planetary and Space Science
2031:. J. Nichols. pp. 1–4.
1881:
10:
3755:
2066:secondary planet Herschel.
532:List of ellipsoidal moons
3656:
3490:
3123:
3072:
3049:
3005:
2220:Emily Lakdawalla et al.,
2041:See primary citations in
2027:William Herschel (1787).
1960:Giovanni Cassini (1673).
559:
545:
542:
539:
536:
509:
453:
337:Current equilibrium moons
3508:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths
1930:Galileo Galilei (1989).
2877:10.1126/science.1198366
2796:10.1126/science.1120985
2648:10.1126/science.1128237
2393:2000P&SS...48..727L
420:
281:hydrostatic equilibrium
41:hydrostatic equilibrium
2751:A Moon with Atmosphere
2005:10.1098/rstl.1686.0013
1805:
1743:
1680:
1614:
1551:
1489:
1427:
1364:
1301:
1234:
1171:
1104:
1037:
970:
907:
839:
772:
705:
638:
454:Satellites of planets
24:
2762:The Planetary Society
1804:
1742:
1679:
1613:
1550:
1488:
1426:
1363:
1300:
1233:
1170:
1103:
1036:
969:
906:
838:
771:
704:
637:
400:The TNO moons Eris I
33:planetary-mass object
22:
3681:Planetary-mass moons
2437:10.5194/epsc2022-732
447:– uncertain evidence
2929:2009Icar..199..458W
2868:2010Sci...330.1813T
2862:(6012): 1813–1815.
2788:2006Sci...311.1406D
2760:, Emily Lakdwalla,
2719:1990Natur.344..315I
2692:2013LPI....44.1598T
2640:2006Sci...313..652G
2552:2019Icar..326..123D
2428:2022EPSC...16..732S
2354:P.C. Thomas (2010)
2292:2017Icar..287...12N
2200:2006Icar..185..258H
2135:2006AREPS..34..193B
2054:Smith, Asa (1868).
1996:1686RSPT...16...79C
533:
29:planetary-mass moon
3661:Discovery timeline
2995:Natural satellites
2756:2022-02-08 at the
2517:2019-01-04 at the
2361:2018-12-23 at the
2327:2022-01-21 at the
2227:2022-01-22 at the
1990:(179–191): 79–85.
1806:
1744:
1681:
1615:
1552:
1490:
1428:
1365:
1302:
1235:
1172:
1105:
1038:
971:
908:
840:
773:
706:
639:
531:
318:) and of Neptune (
164:Journal de Scavans
140:Christiaan Huygens
128:heliocentric model
108:planetary dynamics
25:
3722:Planetary science
3709:
3708:
3509:
2958:Philip T. Metzger
2713:(6264): 315–317.
2634:(5787): 652–655.
2222:What Is A Planet?
2160:on July 31, 2013.
1852:
1851:
529:
528:
260:
259:
223:
222:
104:planetary geology
92:satellite planets
37:natural satellite
3744:
3504:
3483:
3471:
3457:
3443:
3426:
3414:
3407:
3388:
3374:
3360:
3325:
3311:
3297:
3292:
3270:
3265:
3253:
3246:
3232:
3218:
3201:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3151:
3067:
3061:
3055:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2941:
2940:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2879:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2782:(5766): 1406–9.
2771:
2765:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2727:10.1038/344315a0
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2466:
2462:(229762) 2007 UK
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2387:(7–8): 727–745.
2376:
2370:
2352:
2331:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2285:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2241:Williams, Matt.
2238:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2177:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2153:. Archived from
2128:
2126:astro-ph/0608417
2110:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2085:on July 20, 2011
2075:
2069:
2068:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:Siderius Nuncius
1927:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1848:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1797:
1777:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1735:
1723:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1672:
1657:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1594:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1543:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1481:
1461:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1419:
1407:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1374:
1372:
1356:
1344:
1331:
1329:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1293:
1281:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1214:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1163:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1096:
1084:
1071:
1069:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1029:
1017:
1004:
1002:
992:
984:
982:
978:
962:
950:
937:
935:
925:
917:
915:
899:
886:
873:
871:
861:
853:
851:
847:
831:
819:
806:
804:
794:
786:
784:
780:
764:
752:
739:
737:
727:
719:
717:
713:
697:
685:
672:
670:
660:
652:
650:
646:
630:
572:
552:Surface gravity
534:
530:
451:
450:
446:
438:
430:
242:
241:
234:
205:
204:
197:
148:Giovanni Cassini
45:subsurface ocean
3754:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3671:Irregular moons
3652:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3453:
3439:
3424:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3384:
3370:
3356:
3348:Jupiter trojans
3321:
3307:
3295:
3290:
3268:
3263:
3249:
3242:
3228:
3216:
3197:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3147:
3126:
3119:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2950:
2948:Further reading
2945:
2944:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2772:
2768:
2758:Wayback Machine
2749:
2742:
2703:
2699:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2519:Wayback Machine
2509:
2505:
2497:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2412:
2408:
2377:
2373:
2363:Wayback Machine
2353:
2334:
2329:Wayback Machine
2319:
2315:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2229:Wayback Machine
2219:
2215:
2178:
2165:
2157:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2025:
2021:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1884:
1871:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1733:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1659:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1604:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1541:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1417:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1291:
1264:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1161:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1027:
1000:
998:
990:
980:
976:
974:
960:
933:
931:
923:
913:
911:
897:
869:
867:
859:
849:
845:
843:
829:
802:
800:
792:
782:
778:
776:
762:
735:
733:
725:
715:
711:
709:
695:
668:
666:
658:
648:
644:
642:
628:
604:
587:
570:
561:
556:
423:
408:, and possibly
339:
267:
266:
265:
261:
256:
243:
239:
229:
228:
227:
224:
219:
206:
202:
192:
124:
90:The concept of
59:, and a third,
35:that is also a
17:
12:
11:
5:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3737:Lists of moons
3734:
3729:
3724:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3463:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
3460:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2923:(2): 458–476.
2899:
2842:
2817:
2766:
2764:(8 April 2015)
2740:
2697:
2669:
2618:
2588:
2523:
2503:
2463:
2450:
2406:
2371:
2332:
2313:
2255:
2233:
2213:
2194:(1): 258–273.
2163:
2096:
2070:
2046:
2034:
2019:
1976:Cassini, G. D.
1967:
1952:
1937:
1922:
1919:on 2014-10-25.
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1870:
1867:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1039:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1005:
996:
993:
988:
985:
972:
963:
958:
952:
951:
944:
941:
938:
929:
926:
921:
918:
909:
900:
895:
888:
887:
880:
877:
874:
865:
862:
857:
854:
841:
832:
827:
821:
820:
813:
810:
807:
798:
795:
790:
787:
774:
765:
760:
754:
753:
746:
743:
740:
731:
728:
723:
720:
707:
698:
693:
687:
686:
679:
676:
673:
664:
661:
656:
653:
640:
631:
626:
620:
619:
610:
607:
602:
597:
590:
585:
580:
573:
568:
564:
563:
558:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
527:
526:
524:
522:
512:
511:
507:
506:
504:
495:
485:
484:
475:
466:
456:
455:
449:
448:
440:
432:
422:
419:
338:
335:
262:
258:
257:
246:
244:
237:
232:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
209:
207:
200:
195:
194:
193:
191:
190:Modern concept
188:
136:Galilean moons
123:
120:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Regular moons
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:11573/1281269
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2454:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:(1686–1692).
1977:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
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122:Early history
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112:dwarf planets
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3701:Trojan moons
3691:Subsatellite
3680:
3505:
3230:Petit-Prince
3125:Minor-planet
3074:Dwarf planet
2999:Solar System
2920:
2916:
2902:
2859:
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2834:. Retrieved
2830:
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2609:. Retrieved
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2441:. Retrieved
2419:
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2369:208: 395–401
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2247:. Retrieved
2236:
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2155:the original
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2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
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2028:
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1970:
1961:
1955:
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1917:the original
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943:Prehistoric
614:
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285:
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183:
163:
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125:
91:
89:
28:
26:
3666:Inner moons
3372:Skamandrios
2546:: 123–132.
2443:20 November
2119:: 193–216.
2089:November 4,
1869:Atmospheres
1292:Saturn VIII
629:Jupiter III
571:Designation
560:Hydrostatic
249:Phabricator
212:Phabricator
118:(the IAU).
3716:Categories
3430:Sila–Nunam
3296:Cleoselene
3291:Alexhelios
3269:Gorgoneion
3207:Euphrosyne
3134:Near-Earth
3076:satellites
3009:satellites
2836:2012-03-02
2283:1603.00821
2249:2022-05-25
2245:. Phys.org
1899:References
1876:exospheres
1605:Saturn III
1095:Uranus III
961:Jupiter II
763:Jupiter IV
596: kg)
557:discovery
516:Satellites
498:Satellites
489:Satellites
478:Satellites
469:Satellites
404:, Orcus I
100:Alan Stern
67:, Earth's
3595:Enceladus
3469:Gǃòʼé ǃHú
3380:Eurybates
3358:Menoetius
3352:Patroclus
3341:Dinkinesh
3286:Kleopatra
3189:Main belt
3149:Dimorphos
3007:Planetary
2894:206530211
2611:2 January
2576:127984873
2491:126574999
2477:: 30–38.
2276:: 12–29.
2151:119338327
1671:Saturn II
1666:Enceladus
1542:Saturn IV
1418:Uranus II
1225:Uranus IV
1028:Neptune I
830:Jupiter I
696:Saturn VI
460:Satellite
367:Enceladus
3640:Hyperion
3590:Dysnomia
3520:Callisto
3500:Ganymede
3323:Olympias
3193:Kalliope
3163:Squannit
3138:Florence
3110:Gonggong
3105:Makemake
2886:21109635
2831:BBC News
2812:42050327
2804:16527966
2754:Archived
2656:16888135
2515:Archived
2495:Archived
2359:Archived
2325:Archived
2308:44935431
2225:Archived
1882:See also
1796:Saturn I
1734:Uranus V
1480:Uranus I
1162:Saturn V
758:Callisto
624:Ganymede
549:Density
402:Dysnomia
347:Ganymede
312:Callisto
308:Ganymede
61:Callisto
49:Ganymede
3727:Planets
3630:Hiʻiaka
3610:Proteus
3600:Miranda
3570:Umbriel
3560:Iapetus
3545:Titania
3506:largest
3493:by size
3478:2013 FY
3435:Salacia
3421:2002 UX
3343:(Selam)
3331:Pulcova
3281:Elektra
3276:Camilla
3259:Minerva
3244:Romulus
3224:Eugenia
3217:Peneius
3179:2001 SN
3172:1994 CC
3143:Didymos
3043:Neptune
3028:Jupiter
2997:of the
2925:Bibcode
2864:Bibcode
2856:Science
2784:Bibcode
2776:Science
2735:4250378
2715:Bibcode
2688:Bibcode
2636:Bibcode
2628:Science
2581:3 April
2548:Bibcode
2424:Bibcode
2389:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2196:Bibcode
2131:Bibcode
1992:Bibcode
1863:Aegaeon
1859:Pallene
1855:Methone
1729:Miranda
1413:Umbriel
1355:Pluto I
1287:Iapetus
1090:Titania
898:Earth I
864:121.7%
856:104.9%
797:146.6%
789:138.8%
730:183.2%
722:148.2%
663:201.8%
655:156.4%
609:(g/cm)
555:Year of
543:Radius
502:Neptune
473:Jupiter
391:Miranda
383:Umbriel
379:Iapetus
355:Titania
331:Proteus
276:planemo
251:and on
214:and on
176:Titania
152:Iapetus
132:Galileo
96:planets
57:Mercury
3686:Naming
3645:Phoebe
3635:Actaea
3625:Nereid
3620:Ilmarë
3585:Tethys
3565:Charon
3555:Oberon
3540:Triton
3535:Europa
3491:Ranked
3455:Ilmarë
3441:Actaea
3366:Hektor
3317:Roxane
3309:Dactyl
3238:Sylvia
3212:Daphne
3157:Moshup
3100:Quaoar
3095:Haumea
3038:Uranus
3033:Saturn
2917:Icarus
2892:
2884:
2810:
2802:
2733:
2707:Nature
2664:317360
2662:
2654:
2607:: 2580
2574:
2540:Icarus
2489:
2471:Icarus
2367:Icarus
2306:
2270:Icarus
2187:Icarus
2149:
2014:101844
2012:
1838:0.006
1826:0.05%
1818:11.4%
1780:0.008
1768:0.09%
1756:13.6%
1713:0.011
1701:0.15%
1693:14.5%
1647:0.015
1635:0.84%
1627:30.7%
1600:Tethys
1584:0.024
1564:32.3%
1526:0.028
1502:33.3%
1464:0.023
1440:33.7%
1397:0.029
1377:34.7%
1350:Charon
1334:0.022
1314:42.3%
1271:0.036
1247:43.8%
1220:Oberon
1204:0.027
1184:44.0%
1141:0.040
1117:45.4%
1074:0.080
1062:29.1%
1054:79.9%
1023:Triton
1007:0.134
995:65.4%
987:89.9%
956:Europa
940:0.165
894:(Luna)
876:0.183
809:0.126
742:0.138
675:0.146
540:Image
493:Saturn
482:Uranus
414:Ilmarë
395:Charon
371:Tethys
359:Oberon
320:Triton
304:Europa
264:scale.
180:Oberon
168:Tethys
77:Triton
75:, and
73:Europa
3732:Moons
3615:Mimas
3605:Vanth
3580:Dione
3575:Ariel
3515:Titan
3449:Varda
3405:Hiisi
3399:Lempo
3386:Queta
3336:Balam
3264:Aegis
3251:Remus
3199:Linus
3127:moons
3090:Pluto
3085:Orcus
3018:Earth
2913:(PDF)
2890:S2CID
2808:S2CID
2731:S2CID
2684:(PDF)
2660:S2CID
2601:(PDF)
2572:S2CID
2536:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2487:S2CID
2304:S2CID
2278:arXiv
2158:(PDF)
2147:S2CID
2121:arXiv
2109:(PDF)
2010:JSTOR
1841:1789
1834:0.004
1830:1.150
1822:0.038
1810:198.2
1791:Mimas
1783:1948
1764:0.003
1760:0.064
1748:235.8
1716:1789
1709:0.003
1705:1.608
1697:0.108
1685:252.1
1650:1684
1643:0.004
1639:0.973
1631:0.617
1619:533.0
1587:1684
1580:0.004
1576:1.476
1572:1.5%
1556:561.4
1537:Dione
1529:1851
1514:1.7%
1494:578.9
1475:Ariel
1467:1851
1452:1.7%
1432:584.7
1400:1978
1393:0.012
1389:1.664
1385:2.1%
1369:603.6
1337:1671
1330:0.007
1326:1.083
1322:2.5%
1306:735.6
1274:1787
1259:4.2%
1239:761.4
1207:1672
1200:0.005
1196:1.233
1192:3.1%
1176:764.3
1144:1787
1129:4.6%
1109:788.9
1077:1846
1070:0.005
1066:2.059
1010:1610
1003:0.005
999:3.013
936:0.005
932:3.344
928:100%
920:100%
879:1610
872:0.006
868:3.528
812:1610
805:0.003
801:1.834
793:107.6
745:1655
738:0.001
734:1.882
726:134.5
691:Titan
678:1610
671:0.005
667:1.942
659:148.2
567:Name
546:Mass
537:Moon
520:Pluto
464:Earth
410:Varda
406:Vanth
387:Ariel
375:Dione
363:Mimas
316:Titan
288:Pluto
172:Dione
144:Titan
81:Pluto
53:Titan
31:is a
3676:List
3550:Rhea
3530:Moon
3412:Paha
3395:TNOs
3115:Eris
3023:Mars
2882:PMID
2800:PMID
2652:PMID
2613:2020
2583:2022
2445:2022
2091:2011
1776:0.11
1772:1.21
1568:1.10
1522:0.09
1518:1.59
1510:0.02
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1381:1.53
1318:1.81
1267:0.06
1263:1.56
1255:0.09
1251:3.08
1188:2.31
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1137:0.04
1133:1.66
1125:0.06
1121:3.40
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377:and
357:and
351:Rhea
310:and
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