Iapetus (moon) - Knowledge

1125:. It would have been darkened by exposure to sunlight. A portion of any such material that crossed Iapetus's orbit would have been swept up by its leading hemisphere, coating it; once this process created a modest contrast in albedo, and so a contrast in temperature, the thermal feedback described above would have come into play and exaggerated the contrast. In support of the hypothesis, simple numerical models of the exogenic deposition and thermal water redistribution processes can closely predict the two-toned appearance of Iapetus. A subtle color dichotomy between Iapetus's leading and trailing hemispheres, with the former being more reddish, can in fact be observed in comparisons between both bright and dark areas of the two hemispheres. In contrast to the elliptical shape of Cassini Regio, the color contrast closely follows the hemisphere boundaries; the gradation between the differently colored regions is gradual, on a scale of hundreds of kilometers. The next moon inward from Iapetus, chaotically rotating 1436: 1416: 1449: 1483: 1466: 1098: 45: 4867: 882: 960: 1404: 1181: 827: 1213: 5939: 894: 2798: 1034: 1388: 1253: 1231: 1086:

lose only 10 cm (4 in), not considering the ice transferred from the dark regions. This model explains the distribution of light and dark areas, the absence of shades of grey, and the thinness of the dark material covering Cassini Regio. The redistribution of ice is facilitated by Iapetus's weak gravity, which means that at ambient temperatures a water molecule can migrate from one hemisphere to the other in just a few hops.

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inaccurate on the kilometer scale as Iapetus's entire surface has not yet been imaged in high enough resolution. The observed oblateness would be consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium if Iapetus had a rotational period of approximately 16 hours, but it does not; its current rotation period is 79 days. A possible explanation for this is that the shape of Iapetus was frozen by formation of a thick

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imaging resolution of 30 metres (98 ft). There is dark material filling in low-lying regions, and light material on the weakly illuminated pole-facing slopes of craters, but no shades of grey. The dark material is a very thin layer, only a few tens of centimeters (approx. one foot) thick at least in some areas, according to Cassini radar imaging and the fact that very small

3706: 1482: 1201:. The ridge forms a complex system including isolated peaks, segments of more than 200 km (120 mi) and sections with three near parallel ridges. Within the bright regions there is no ridge, but there are a series of isolated 10 km (6.2 mi) peaks along the equator. The ridge system is heavily cratered, indicating that it is ancient. The prominent 1435: 1448: 1415: 1465: 1221:

It is not clear how the ridge formed. One difficulty is to explain why it follows the equator almost perfectly. There are many hypotheses, but none explain why the ridge is confined to Cassini Regio. Theories include that the ridge is a remnant of Iapetus's oblate shape during its early life, that it

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Because of its slow rotation of 79 days (equal to its revolution and the longest in the Saturnian system), Iapetus would have had the warmest daytime surface temperature and coldest nighttime temperature in the Saturnian system even before the development of the color contrast; near the equator,

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between pre-existing moons. Iapetus and Rhea are thought to have formed from part of the debris of these collisions. More-recent studies, however, suggest that all of Saturn's moons inward of Titan are no more than 100 million years old; thus, Iapetus is unlikely to have formed in the same series of

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process of ever greater contrast in albedo, ending with all exposed ice being lost from Cassini Regio. It is estimated that over a period of one billion years at current temperatures, dark areas of Iapetus would lose about 20 meters (70 ft) of ice to sublimation, while the bright regions would

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Cassini discovered Iapetus when the moon was on the western side of Saturn, but when he tried viewing it on the eastern side some months later, he was unsuccessful. This was also the case the following year, when he was again able to observe it on the western side, but not the eastern side. Cassini

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orbiter, which passed within 1,227 km (762 miles), show that both Cassini Regio and the Terra's are heavily cratered. The color dichotomy of scattered patches of light and dark material in the transition zone between Cassini Regio and the bright areas exists at very small scales, down to the

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have more inclined orbits. Because of this distant, inclined orbit, Iapetus is the only large moon from which the rings of Saturn would be clearly visible; from the other inner moons, the rings would be edge-on and difficult to see. The cause of this highly inclined orbit is unknown; however, the

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Current triaxial measurements of Iapetus give it radial dimensions of 746 km × 746 km × 712 km (464 mi × 464 mi × 442 mi), with a mean radius of 734.5 ± 2.8 km (456.4 ± 1.7 mi). However, these measurements may be

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An image of Iapetus from its nightside that was photographed by an approaching Cassini, showing it as a slender crescent with its massive equatorial ridge clearly visible at the middle. This image was taken on September 10, 2007, at a distance of 83,000 kilometers (52,000

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became the next probe to visit Saturn on August 22, 1981, and made its closest approach to Iapetus at a distance of 909,000 km (565,000 mi). It took photos of Iapetus's north pole as it entered the Saturnian system - opposite the approach direction of Voyager 1.

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A super-close image of Iapetus's transition area between its light and dark side, showing white materials sharply spattering into the dark materials. Imaged by Cassini on September 10, 2007, at a distance of 9,240 kilometers (5,740 miles) somewhere in the area of the

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A series of images of Iapetus's north pole taken by Voyager 2 as it flew by. The white dots at the lower part of the images (Iapetus's equator) hinted at the presence of high mountains there which will later turn out to be the equatorial bulge and duly named Voyager

2802:; E. Baker, J. Barbara, K. Beurle, A. Brahic, J. A. Burns, S. Charnoz, N. Cooper, D. D. Dawson, A. D. Del Genio, T. Denk, L. Dones, U. Dyudina, M. W. Evans, B. Giese, K. Grazier, P. Helfenstein, A. P. Ingersoll, R. A. Jacobson, T. V. Johnson, A. McEwen, 1140:

in the plane of and just inside Phoebe's orbit was announced on 6 October 2009, supporting the model. The disk extends from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn, while Phoebe orbits at an average distance of 215 Saturn radii. It was detected with the

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One of Cassini's final images of Iapetus taken on May 30, 2017, a few months before Cassini plunge into Saturn, at a distance of 2.5 million kilometers (1.6 million miles). The clearly-visible craters right of center on the white side are

1242:, did not provide any images of Iapetus and it came no closer than 1,030,000 km (640,000 mi) from the moon. Nonetheless, Pioneer 11 was humanity's first attempt to obtain direct measurements from the objects within the Saturnian system. 1248:

arrived at Saturn on November 12, 1980, and it became the first probe to return pictures of Iapetus that clearly show the moon's two-tone appearance from a distance of 2,480,000 km (1,540,000 mi) as it was exiting the Saturnian system.

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spacecraft imaged Iapetus on December 31, 2004, although its existence had been inferred from the moon's polar images by Voyager 2. Peaks in the ridge rise more than 20 km (12 mi) above the surrounding plains, making them some of the

858:, a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the Solar System. As the young gas giants formed, they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons. However, a proposed model on the formation of 1403: 641:, always keeping the same face towards Saturn. This means that the bright hemisphere is visible from Earth when Iapetus is on the western side of Saturn, and that the dark hemisphere is visible when Iapetus is on the eastern side. 1471:

A much clearer image of Iapetus's Taijitu (Yin-Yang) appearance, taken by Cassini on August 30, 2013, from a distance of 2.5 million km (1.6 million mi). The crater near the terminator at the lower center is

920:, but has a bulging waistline and squashed poles. Its unique equatorial ridge (see below) is so high that it visibly distorts Iapetus's shape even when viewed from a distance. These features often lead it to be characterized as 589:, Iapetus is home to several distinctive and unusual features, such as a striking difference in coloration between its leading hemisphere, which is dark, and its trailing hemisphere, which is bright, as well as a massive 1387: 3398: 1089:

However, a separate process of color segregation would be required to get the thermal feedback started. The initial dark material is thought to have been debris blasted by meteors off small outer moons in

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An image of a half-illuminated Iapetus, taken by Cassini on November 12, 2005, from a distance of 417,000 kilometers (259,000 miles) during its flyby of Saturn. The big crater at the center is

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One of the first-ever images that clearly shows Iapetus's light and dark areas, taken by Voyager 1 on Nov. 12, 1980, from a distance of 3.2 million kilometres (2.0 million miles).

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made its first targeted flyby of Iapetus on Dec. 31, 2004, at a distance of 123,400 km (76,700 mi) around the time when the spacecraft was settling in its orbit around Saturn.

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that runs along the center of Cassini Regio, about 1,300 km (810 mi) long, 20 km (12 mi) wide, and 13 km (8.1 mi) high. It was discovered when the

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Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Matson, D. L.; Sotin, C.; Johnson, T. V.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Thomas, P. C. (2007). "Iapetus' geophysics: Rotation rate, shape, and equatorial ridge".

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moon is not likely to have been captured. One suggestion for the cause of Iapetus's orbital inclination is an encounter between Saturn and another planet in the distant past.

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in the bright areas and especially at the even colder poles. Over geologic time scales, this would further darken Cassini Regio and brighten the rest of Iapetus, creating a

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The fourth flyby happened on April 8, 2006, at a distance of approximately 866,000 km (538,000 mi), and this time, Cassini crossed Iapetus' orbit. After this,

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Voyager 2's image of the north pole of Iapetus taken on August 22, 1981, from a distance of 910,000 km (570,000 mi). The crater on the lower part along the

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was created by the collapse of a ring system, that it was formed by icy material welling from Iapetus's interior, or that it is a result of convective overturn.

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Nesvorný, David; Vokrouhlický, David; Deienno, Rogerio; Walsh, Kevin J. (2014). "Excitation of the Orbital Inclination of Iapetus during Planetary Encounters".

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A map of the surface of Iapetus with its surface features labeled with their official names. 0° longitude marks the side of the moon that always faces Saturn.

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The orbit of Iapetus is somewhat unusual. Although it is Saturn's third-largest moon, it orbits much farther from Saturn than the next closest major moon,

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Despite being, on average, 2.4 times further from Saturn than Hyperion, the next moon inward, Iapetus is tidally locked to Saturn while Hyperion is not.

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closest flyby of Iapetus happened on September 10, 2007, at a minimum range of 1,227 km (762 mi). It approached Iapetus from its night side.

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orbits and swept up by the leading hemisphere of Iapetus. The core of this model is some 30 years old, and was revived by the September 2007 flyby.

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made a second flyby of Iapetus on November 12, 2005, at a distance of 415,000 km (258,000 mi), also without crossing the moon's orbit.

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A colored map of the surface of Iapetus by the Lunar and Planetary Institute clearly showing the dichotomy between its light and dark hemisphere.

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orbiter in false color, September 2007. Iapetus's unusual coloration can be seen, with the equatorial ridge on the right limb. The large craters

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Enhanced version of an image of Iapetus by Voyager 2. The left side of Iapetus in this image is its side that is always facing away from Saturn.

809:, which is still its Roman numerical designation today. Geological features on Iapetus are generally named after characters and places from the 3109: 1522: 3510: 2149: 2440:

Spencer, J. R.; Denk, T. (2010-01-22). "Formation of Iapetus' Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenically Triggered Thermal Ice Migration".

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Iapetus is also the setting for Czech writer Julie Nováková's story "The Long Iapetan Night", published in the November 2020 edition of

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Roatsch, T.; Jaumann, R.; Stephan, K.; Thomas, P. C. (2009). "Cartographic Mapping of the Icy Satellites Using ISS and VIMS Data".

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subsequent flybys of Titan would make the spacecraft's orbit smaller, preventing Cassini from flying close to Iapetus for months.

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of the trailing hemisphere is around 10.2, whereas that of the leading hemisphere is around 11.9—beyond the capacity of the best

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then made a third and more distant flyby of Iapetus on January 22, 2006, at a distance of 1,300,000 km (810,000 mi).

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Denk, T.; et al. (2010-01-22). "Iapetus: Unique Surface Properties and a Global Color Dichotomy from Cassini Imaging".

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which went into orbit around Saturn starting on July 1, 2004. Iapetus has been imaged many times from moderate distances by

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south of it. The original dark material is believed to have come from outside Iapetus, but now it consists principally of

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The difference in colouring between the two Iapetian hemispheres is striking. The leading hemisphere and sides are dark (

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images have revealed large impact basins, at least five of which are over 350 km (220 mi) wide. The largest,

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orbit was made smaller once again, preventing the probe from approaching Iapetus for more than a year this time.

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collisions as Rhea and all the other moons inward of Titan, and—along with Titan—may be a primordial satellite.

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Side view of Iapetus's orbit (red) compared to the other large moons, showing its unusually high inclination

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finally observed Iapetus on the eastern side in 1705 with the help of an improved telescope, finding it two

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coloring, while most of the trailing hemisphere and poles are bright (albedo 0.5–0.6, almost as bright as

785:). However, astronomers fell into the habit of referring to them using Roman numerals, with Iapetus being 3787: 3691: 1839: 1373: 1175: 590: 2882: 2626: 2565: 2540: 5955: 5483: 4881: 4814: 4740: 4730: 3337: 3190: 2598: 1755: 679:, in which he advocated naming the moons of Saturn after the Titans, brothers and sisters of the Titan 637:

Cassini correctly surmised that Iapetus has a bright hemisphere and a dark hemisphere, and that it is

3720: 3432: 3291: 3271: 3237: 3133: 2731:"Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" 1811: 615: 579: 79: 3266: 2807: 2464: 2024: 1967: 5915: 5577: 5276: 3831: 3232: 3076: 1926: 1512: 692: 4866: 3474:

NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Saturn's Iapetus: Moon with a Strange Surface (1 February 2005)

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because it was the fifth known Saturnian moon in order of distance from Saturn at that time. Once

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16 years prior in 1655; and the sixth extraterrestrial moon to be discovered in human history.

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Schenk et al. "Saturn's Other Icy Moons: Geologically Complex Worlds." In Schek et al. (2018)

5832: 3560: 2858: 24: 3095: 2948: 656:, the astronomer who suggested that the moons of Saturn be named after the Titans and Giants 5921: 5847: 5534: 5237: 4760: 3428: 3091: 3047: 2993: 2822: 2745: 2680: 2451: 2385: 2236: 2203: 2115: 2072: 1940: 1843: 1718: 1362: 1117:

Light debris outside of Iapetus's orbit, either knocked free from the surface of a moon by

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about 15 km (9.3 mi) high. Iapetus is known to support long-runout landslides or

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did not cross Iapetus's orbit when it flew by and remained inside the moon's orbit.

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shortly after its formation, while its rotation continued to slow afterwards due to

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heat absorption by the dark material results in a daytime temperatures of 129

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were discovered in 1789, the numbering scheme was extended and Iapetus became

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was created from a revision of this article dated 22 August 2013

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The monolith featured during the climax of Arthur C. Clarke's 1968 novel

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of 580 km (360 mi); its rim is extremely steep and includes a

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but its great distance from Saturn makes close observation difficult.

1033: 748:. These occurred because there was no distinction between the letters 5890: 5883: 5690: 5402: 5332: 5045: 5019: 4956: 4207: 3995: 3763: 3756: 3564: 3304: 3302: 2179: 1267: 1245: 1012: 984: 917: 5427: 5262: 2648:"Dark Side of a Saturnian Moon: Iapetus Is Coated With Foreign Dust" 1252: 1230: 4212: 3660: 3033: 1110: 940: 606: 56: 3823: 3299: 3042: 2067: 1057:

View of Cassini Regio. The large craters that are visible include

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Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope

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https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/resultsastronom00hers

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The moons of Saturn are typically thought to have formed through

426: 395: 155: 20: 2808:"Cassini imaging science: Initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus" 2052: 5550: 4907: 4872: 4141: 2302:"BBC News - Saturn moon Iapetus' huge landslides stir intrigue" 2150:"Giant impact scenario may explain the unusual moons of Saturn" 1071: 1047: 1020: 968: 921: 913: 680: 501: 485: 313: 3457: 3074: 2330: 2023:

Davis, Phil; Dunford, Bill; Boeck, Moore (December 19, 2019).

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Unlike most of the large moons, its overall shape is neither

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at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration site

2594: 2501: 2499: 2032: 1816: 886: 733: 696: 552: 546: 534: 433: 374: 194: 179: 176: 135: 129: 117: 19:"Japetus" redirects here. For the mythological figure, see 5976: 4801: 3705: 3575: 1023:, and it probably includes cyano-compounds such as frozen 718: 191: 5519: 1551:

The moons more massive than Iapetus are: the Moon, the 4

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The moon Iapetus is one of many galactic settings in the

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Saturn through the telescope: A brief historical survey

3219:"Cassini Caps off 2004 with Flyby of Icy Moon Iapetus" 2373: 1666: 1121:

impacts or created in a collision, would spiral in as

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suggests that Titan was instead formed in a series of

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Listed in approximate increasing distance from Saturn

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Mason, J.; Martinez, M.; Balthasar, H. (2009-12-10).

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1,492.0 × 1,492.0 × 1,424 km

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Solar System Exploration: Our Galactic Neighbourhood

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The largest reservoir of such infalling material is

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impacts have punched through to the ice underneath.

730: 724: 549: 543: 185: 132: 126: 3075:Czechowski, L.; J.Leliwa-Kopystynski (2013-09-25). 2668:Hendrix, A. R.; Hansen, C. J. (March 14–18, 2005). 905:of Iapetus indicates that it is mostly composed of 715: 593:running three-quarters of the way around the moon. 537: 182: 120: 2677:36th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 1655: 885:Size comparison between Iapetus (lower left), the 759:When first discovered, Iapetus was among the four 671:. The name was suggested by John Herschel (son of 30:"Saturn VIII" redirects here. For the rocket, see 3520:Images of Iapetus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal 2106:Buratti, Bonnie J. (September 2017). "Hyperion". 2022: 1932:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1772: 756:in Latin, and authors rendered them differently. 6025: 2717:Largest ring in solar system found around Saturn 1866:Mission to Saturn: Cassini and the Huygens Probe 610:Giovanni Domenico Cassini, discoverer of Iapetus 585:A relatively low-density body made up mostly of 3495:'s imaginative discussion of Iapetus's oddities 2439: 2227: 2225: 1019:; Earth-based observations have shown it to be 4241: 2907:"How Saturn's Icy Moons Get a (Geologic) Life" 2587:"Cassini Is on the Trail of a Runaway Mystery" 2002:A Practical Dictionary of the English Language 1804: 1778: 1700: 1698: 1696: 987:in the 17th century. The dark region is named 5535: 4787: 3839: 3591: 3481:—refereed article discussing the speculative 2046: 1628:"Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters" 1523:List of tallest mountains in the Solar System 1393:Iapetus seemingly in the shape of the famous 1113:, Iapetus's second largest, is at the bottom. 1011:similar to the substances found in primitive 3499:New attempts to crack Saturn's 'walnut' moon 2863:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2661: 2222: 2187: 2018: 2016: 1331:made no further targeted flybys of Iapetus. 3352:"A Moon with Two Dark Sides - NASA Science" 1978: 1976: 1693: 1647:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1626:Jacobson, R.A. (2009) SAT317 (2009-12-17). 870: 769:by their discoverer Giovanni Cassini after 5542: 5528: 4794: 4780: 3846: 3832: 3598: 3584: 2722: 2617: 2615: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 1920: 1918: 1829: 1274:The latest probe to visit Iapetus was the 43: 3253:"To the Relief of Iapetus - NASA Science" 3103: 3077:"Remarks on the Iapetus' bulge and ridge" 3041: 3005: 2922: 2792: 2463: 2231:Cowen, R. (2007). Idiosyncratic Iapetus, 2066: 2013: 1952: 1807:"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters" 1730: 706:The name has a largely obsolete variant, 6044:Discoveries by Giovanni Domenico Cassini 3449:Discussion of Iapetus dated October 2007 3424:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3407: 2326: 2324: 1973: 1892: 1805:Park, Ryan; Chamberlin, Alan B. (2021). 1781:"Classic Satellites of the Solar System" 1705:Jacobson, Robert. A. (1 November 2022). 1704: 1348:A team of scientists explore Iapetus in 1251: 1229: 1211: 1179: 1096: 1052: 1032: 991:, and the bright region is divided into 958: 892: 880: 825: 648: 605: 6039:Astronomical objects discovered in 1671 2698:Largest known planetary ring discovered 2612: 2420: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2105: 1995: 1924: 1915: 1860: 6026: 3366:"Bright and Dark mountains on Iapetus" 3287:"From Dark to Bright and Red to White" 2728: 2579: 2281:"PIA06171: Giant Landslide on Iapetus" 1893:Rotherty, David A. (January 1, 2016). 1619: 1238:The first spacecraft to visit Saturn, 954: 877:List of geological features on Iapetus 5523: 4775: 3827: 3579: 3177:"Eyes on the Solar System - NASA/JPL" 3149:"Eyes on the Solar System - NASA/JPL" 2881:. Saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from 2625:. Saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from 2564:. Saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from 2539:. Saturn.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from 2321: 2273: 1925:Lassell, William (January 14, 1848). 1779:Observatorio ARVAL (April 15, 2007). 1596:Enceladus and the Icy Moons of Saturn 1334: 1199:tallest mountains in the Solar System 1129:, also has an unusual reddish color. 951:, possibly supported by ice sliding. 578:, the moon was discovered in 1671 by 3501:—equatorial ridge formation theories 3458:NASA's Solar System Exploration site 3310:"Approaching Iapetus - NASA Science" 2904: 2879:"Cassini–Huygens: Multimedia-Images" 2623:"Cassini–Huygens: Multimedia-Images" 2562:"Cassini–Huygens: Multimedia-Images" 2537:"Cassini–Huygens: Multimedia-Images" 2358: 2248: 1783:. Observatorio ARVAL. Archived from 1753: 1188:A further mystery of Iapetus is the 569:eleventh-largest in the Solar System 3853: 3479:Mirror Objects in the Solar System? 2260:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 1747: 1169: 13: 3548:Iapetus atlas (October 2008) from 3394: 2979: 14: 6060: 3375: 1374:Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5938: 5937: 4871: 4865: 4859: 3704: 3565:USGS planetary nomenclature page 3532:Iapetus basemap (May 2008) from 3406: 3115:from the original on 2015-01-09. 1895:Moons: A Very Short Introduction 1756:"Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet" 1513:Former classification of planets 1481: 1464: 1447: 1434: 1414: 1402: 1386: 1148: 711: 530: 172: 113: 3358: 3344: 3330: 3324:"Publications - Julie Novakova" 3316: 3279: 3259: 3245: 3225: 3211: 3197: 3183: 3169: 3155: 3141: 3121: 2959:(5708): 349. January 21, 2005. 2905:Kerr, Richard A. (2006-01-06). 2896: 2871: 2778: 2710: 2691: 2640: 2554: 2529: 2294: 2167: 2142: 2099: 1989: 1961: 1886: 1854: 1823: 1545: 1354:, a science-fiction novella by 1184:Closeup of the equatorial ridge 1101:The bright regions of Iapetus. 3561:Iapetus map with feature names 3463:The Planetary Society: Iapetus 2786:"Iapetus' "Voyager Mountains"" 2650:. Sciencedaily.com. 2009-12-11 1999:(1884). Dorsey Gardner (ed.). 1798: 1601: 1588: 1581:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1568: 1225: 963:Natural-color image of Iapetus 1: 5823:Saturn-crossing minor planets 3485:, and Iapetus in this context 3470:, interactive map of the moon 2965:10.1126/science.307.5708.349c 1562: 1528:Lists of astronomical objects 1105:is at the top (north); while 3060:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.05.031 2986:Geophysical Research Letters 2758:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025 2597:. 2007-10-08. Archived from 2216:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.018 1677:10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_24 849: 601: 293:15.47° (to Saturn's equator) 23:. For the insect genus, see 7: 6049:Moons with a prograde orbit 3788:Titan Saturn System Mission 3605: 3444:mission page – Iapetus 3163:"Voyager - Saturn Approach" 2924:10.1126/science.311.5757.29 2729:Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). 1982:George William Hill (1952) 1840:University of Arizona Press 1830:Van Helden, Albert (1984). 1669:Saturn from Cassini-Huygens 1608:Pseudo-MPEC for Saturn VIII 1506: 1176:Equatorial ridge on Iapetus 660:Iapetus is named after the 10: 6065: 5549: 3267:"To the Relief of Iapetus" 2085:10.1088/0004-6256/148/3/52 1613:February 22, 2012, at the 1379: 1173: 995:north of the equator, and 874: 744:, with an adjectival form 675:) in his 1847 publication 614:Iapetus was discovered by 596: 29: 18: 5933: 5902: 5831: 5810: 5606: 5570: 5557: 5464: 5298: 4931: 4880: 4857: 4813: 4716: 4690: 4231: 4178: 4129: 4113: 4079: 4069: 3978: 3950: 3929: 3891: 3868: 3861: 3800: 3780: 3741: 3734: 3721:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 3713: 3702: 3684: 3648: 3622: 3613: 3292:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3272:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3238:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 3233:"Iapetus Spins and Tilts" 3205:"Timeline - NASA Science" 3134:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2128:10.1038/s41550-017-0243-9 1812:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1109:with its prominent basin 971:0.03–0.05) with a slight 616:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 580:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 519: 507: 494: 484: 472: 452: 440: 411: 392: 373: 352: 334: 324: 319: 307: 281: 268: 254:Orbital period (sidereal) 251: 236: 215: 208: 164: 149: 108: 98: 93: 85: 73: 68: 49:Iapetus as imaged by the 42: 5916:The Day the Earth Smiled 5316:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths 3084:Earth, Planets and Space 2511:Cassini Solstice Mission 2337:CICLOPS website newsroom 2055:The Astronomical Journal 1732:10.3847/1538-3881/ac90c9 1711:The Astronomical Journal 1538: 1138:tenuous disk of material 871:Physical characteristics 821: 805:in 1848, Iapetus became 801:. With the discovery of 320:Physical characteristics 290:17.28° (to the ecliptic) 3105:10.5047/eps.2012.12.008 3096:2013EP&S...65..929C 2835:10.1126/science.1107981 2474:10.1126/science.1177132 2398:10.1126/science.1177088 2341:Space Science Institute 2235:vol. 172, pp. 104–106. 1899:Oxford University Press 1345:is located on Iapetus. 1143:Spitzer Space Telescope 687:equated with their god 644: 455:Synodic rotation period 210:Orbital characteristics 3402: 3382:Listen to this article 2853:. 2005Sci...307.1237P. 2513:. NASA. Archived from 1927:"Satellites of Saturn" 1365:Science Fiction novel 1327:After this encounter, 1264: 1235: 1218: 1185: 1114: 1066: 1038: 1015:or on the surfaces of 964: 898: 890: 889:(upper left) and Earth 831: 773:(the other three were 657: 611: 563:) is the outermost of 3401: 3338:"Iapetus - Voyager 2" 3191:"Iapetus - Voyager 2" 1787:on September 20, 2011 1342:2001: A Space Odyssey 1255: 1233: 1215: 1183: 1100: 1056: 1036: 962: 896: 884: 829: 652: 634:dimmer on that side. 609: 25:Japetus (planthopper) 5489:Planetary-mass moons 3557:Iapetus nomenclature 3433:More spoken articles 3007:10.1029/2005GL025386 2949:"Ring around a moon" 1984:The Radiant Universe 1954:10.1093/mnras/8.3.42 1671:. pp. 763–781. 1363:Kim Stanley Robinson 565:Saturn's large moons 63:are near the bottom. 3570:Flight over Iapetus 3493:Richard C. Hoagland 3052:2011Icar..214..773L 2998:2006GeoRL..3316203I 2827:2005Sci...307.1237P 2821:(5713): 1237–1242. 2750:2010Icar..208..395T 2685:2005LPI....36.2272H 2456:2010Sci...327..432S 2390:2010Sci...327..435D 2262:. USGS Astrogeology 2208:2007Icar..190..179C 2120:2017NatAs...1..574B 2077:2014AJ....148...52N 2025:"Iapetus: In Depth" 1945:1848MNRAS...8...42L 1870:Springer Publishing 1848:1984satn.book...23V 1754:Williams, David R. 1723:2022AJ....164..199J 955:Two-tone coloration 927:Iapetus is heavily 86:Discovery date 39: 5925:(2018 documentary) 5469:Discovery timeline 4803:Natural satellites 3541:2010-02-17 at the 3526:Iapetus's rotation 3513:2011-07-25 at the 3489:A Moon with a View 3403: 3016:Levison, Harold F. 2703:2011-08-22 at the 2242:2007-10-13 at the 1842:. pp. 23–43. 1584:. Merriam-Webster. 1518:Iapetus in fiction 1335:In popular culture 1265: 1236: 1219: 1209:-like appearance. 1186: 1162:, until it became 1115: 1067: 1039: 981:apparent magnitude 965: 899: 891: 832: 815:The Song of Roland 658: 612: 571:. Named after the 510:Apparent magnitude 75:Discovered by 37: 5951: 5950: 5923:In Saturn's Rings 5619: 5517: 5516: 5317: 4769: 4768: 4271: 4270: 4174: 4173: 3930:Other inner moons 3821: 3820: 3796: 3795: 3700: 3699: 3508:images of Iapetus 3468:Google Iapetus 3D 3399: 2980:Ip, W.-H (2006). 2450:(5964): 432–435. 2384:(5964): 435–439. 2256:"Iapetus: Turgis" 1862:Harland, David M. 1686:978-1-4020-9216-9 1160:tidal dissipation 1080:positive feedback 1009:organic compounds 754:⟨j⟩ 750:⟨i⟩ 620:Christaan Huygens 523: 522: 309:Satellite of 6056: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5941: 5940: 5865: 5858: 5615: 5583:Great White Spot 5544: 5537: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5312: 5291: 5279: 5265: 5251: 5234: 5222: 5215: 5196: 5182: 5168: 5133: 5119: 5105: 5100: 5078: 5073: 5061: 5054: 5040: 5026: 5009: 4992: 4982: 4973: 4959: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4691:Outlier prograde 4239: 4238: 4130:Siarnaq subgroup 4114:Paaliaq subgroup 4077: 4076: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3739: 3738: 3708: 3692:Equatorial ridge 3620: 3619: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3423: 3421: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3081: 3071: 3045: 3011: 3009: 2976: 2944: 2926: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2812: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2760:. Archived from 2735: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2467: 2437: 2418: 2417: 2371: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2343:. Archived from 2328: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2183:. 25 March 2016. 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2108:Nature Astronomy 2103: 2097: 2096: 2070: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2020: 2011: 2010: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1702: 1691: 1690: 1664: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1623: 1617: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1572: 1556: 1549: 1501:(left to right). 1485: 1468: 1457:Carassone Montes 1451: 1438: 1418: 1406: 1390: 1205:gives Iapetus a 1203:equatorial bulge 1190:equatorial ridge 1170:Equatorial ridge 1123:its orbit decays 1041:Images from the 1025:hydrogen cyanide 811:French epic poem 755: 751: 743: 742: 739: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 673:William Herschel 591:equatorial ridge 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 462: 431: 407: 406:0.0127 g/cm 405: 388: 386: 383: 369: 367: 364: 348: 346: 264: 247: 246: 232: 230: 227: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 122: 119: 89:October 25, 1671 47: 40: 36: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5929: 5898: 5878:Voyager program 5861: 5854: 5842:Cassini–Huygens 5827: 5806: 5602: 5566: 5553: 5548: 5518: 5513: 5479:Irregular moons 5460: 5300: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5275: 5261: 5247: 5232: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5192: 5178: 5164: 5156:Jupiter trojans 5129: 5115: 5103: 5098: 5076: 5071: 5057: 5050: 5036: 5024: 5005: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4955: 4934: 4927: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4855: 4816: 4809: 4800: 4770: 4765: 4726:Cassini–Huygens 4721:Rings of Saturn 4712: 4693:irregular moons 4692: 4686: 4267: 4242:Phoebe subgroup 4227: 4170: 4125: 4109: 4080:Kiviuq subgroup 4065: 3980: 3974: 3946: 3925: 3887: 3864: 3857: 3855:Moons of Saturn 3852: 3822: 3817: 3792: 3776: 3771:Cassini–Huygens 3730: 3726:Sidera Lodoicea 3709: 3696: 3680: 3644: 3640:Saragossa Terra 3635:Roncevaux Terra 3609: 3604: 3543:Wayback Machine 3515:Wayback Machine 3454:Iapetus Profile 3437: 3436: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3414:This audio file 3411: 3404: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3079: 2947: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2856: 2855: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2719:, New Scientist 2715: 2711: 2705:Wayback Machine 2696: 2692: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2465:10.1.1.651.4218 2438: 2421: 2372: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2329: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2244:Wayback Machine 2230: 2223: 2192: 2188: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2104: 2100: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2021: 2014: 2007:Merriam-Webster 1994: 1990: 1981: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1901:. p. 102. 1891: 1887: 1880: 1859: 1855: 1836:Tucson, Arizona 1828: 1824: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1788: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1752: 1748: 1703: 1694: 1687: 1665: 1656: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1615:Wayback Machine 1606: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1509: 1502: 1486: 1477: 1469: 1460: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1419: 1410: 1407: 1398: 1391: 1382: 1351:The Saturn Game 1337: 1228: 1178: 1172: 1151: 1107:Saragossa Terra 1103:Roncevaux Terra 1083:thermal runaway 997:Saragossa Terra 993:Roncevaux Terra 957: 879: 873: 852: 824: 799:Saturn VII 766:Sidera Lodoicea 761:Saturnian moons 753: 749: 714: 710: 669:Greek mythology 647: 604: 599: 533: 529: 512: 477: 463: 460: 457: 445: 443:Escape velocity 424: 416: 414:Surface gravity 403: 401: 398: 384: 381: 379: 365: 362: 360: 357: 344: 342: 339: 303: 274: 259: 256: 244: 242: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218:Semi-major axis 175: 171: 152: 116: 112: 101: 64: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6062: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6034:Iapetus (moon) 6021: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5818:Delta Octantis 5814: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5271:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 5268: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5010: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3982: 3981:(with trojans) 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3893:Ring shepherds 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3567: 3554: 3545: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3486: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3460: 3451: 3446: 3426: 3412: 3405: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376:External links 3374: 3372: 3371: 3357: 3343: 3329: 3315: 3298: 3278: 3258: 3244: 3224: 3210: 3196: 3182: 3168: 3154: 3140: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3090:(8): 929–934. 3072: 3012: 2992:(16): L16203. 2977: 2945: 2895: 2870: 2791: 2777: 2744:(1): 395–401. 2721: 2709: 2707:, Science News 2690: 2660: 2639: 2611: 2578: 2553: 2528: 2495: 2419: 2357: 2320: 2293: 2272: 2247: 2221: 2202:(1): 179–202. 2186: 2166: 2141: 2098: 2045: 2012: 1988: 1972: 1960: 1914: 1907: 1885: 1879:978-1852336561 1878: 1868:. Chichester: 1853: 1822: 1797: 1771: 1746: 1692: 1685: 1654: 1618: 1600: 1587: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553:Galilean moons 1543: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1336: 1333: 1227: 1224: 1174:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1164:tidally locked 1150: 1147: 1119:micrometeoroid 1061:(upper left), 956: 953: 875:Main article: 872: 869: 851: 848: 823: 820: 771:King Louis XIV 646: 643: 639:tidally locked 603: 600: 598: 595: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 508: 505: 504: 498: 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 473: 470: 469: 461:79.3215 d 458: 453: 450: 449: 446: 441: 438: 437: 417: 412: 409: 408: 399: 393: 390: 389: 377: 371: 370: 358: 353: 350: 349: 340: 335: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 302: 301: 294: 291: 287: 285: 279: 278: 275: 269: 266: 265: 257: 252: 249: 248: 240: 234: 233: 221: 216: 213: 212: 206: 205: 168: 162: 161: 153: 150: 147: 146: 110: 106: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 71: 70: 66: 65: 48: 16:Moon of Saturn 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6061: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623:Ring moonlets 5621: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Magnetosphere 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Regular moons 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5181: 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4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3870:Ring moonlets 3867: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3630:Cassini Regio 3628: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483:mirror matter 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3415: 3367: 3361: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3206: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2885:on 2011-06-10 2884: 2880: 2874: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2781: 2767:on 2018-12-23 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2629:on 2015-01-07 2628: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2601:on 2022-05-01 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2568:on 2010-06-22 2567: 2563: 2557: 2543:on 2009-12-31 2542: 2538: 2532: 2517:on 2015-03-26 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2347:on 2012-02-03 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2282: 2276: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1997:Webster, Noah 1992: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1910: 1908:9780198735274 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1650: 1644: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1445: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1356:Poul Anderson 1353: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149:Overall shape 1146: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:Cassini Regio 986: 982: 979:). Thus, the 978: 974: 973:reddish-brown 970: 961: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 895: 888: 883: 878: 868: 865: 864:giant impacts 861: 857: 847: 844: 841: 837: 828: 819: 817: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767: 763:labelled the 762: 757: 747: 741: 709: 704: 702: 701:Olympian Gods 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 663: 655: 654:John Herschel 651: 642: 640: 635: 633: 627: 625: 621: 617: 608: 594: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 574: 570: 566: 560: 527: 518: 514: 511: 506: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 476: 471: 467: 459: 456: 451: 447: 444: 439: 435: 430: 429: 422: 418: 415: 410: 400: 397: 391: 378: 376: 372: 359: 356: 351: 341: 338: 333: 329: 327: 323: 318: 315: 312: 310: 306: 299: 298:Laplace plane 295: 292: 289: 288: 286: 284: 280: 276: 273: 272:orbital speed 267: 263: 260:79.3215 258: 255: 250: 241: 239: 235: 222: 219: 214: 211: 207: 202: 169: 167: 163: 160: 157: 154: 148: 143: 111: 109:Pronunciation 107: 103: 97: 92: 88: 84: 81: 80:G. D. Cassini 78: 76: 72: 67: 62: 58: 54: 53: 46: 41: 33: 26: 22: 6018:Solar System 5922: 5914: 5889: 5882: 5870: 5846: 5840: 5783:Gallic group 5754: 5753: 5741: 5734: 5715: 5696: 5689: 5667: 5578:Dragon Storm 5509:Trojan moons 5499:Subsatellite 5367: 5313: 5038:Petit-Prince 4933:Minor-planet 4882:Dwarf planet 4807:Solar System 4672:Saturn LVIII 4249: 4248: 4189: 4188: 4180:Gallic group 4147: 4146: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4039: 4020: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3813:In mythology 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3606: 3549: 3533: 3505: 3441: 3360: 3346: 3332: 3318: 3290: 3281: 3270: 3261: 3247: 3236: 3227: 3213: 3199: 3185: 3171: 3157: 3143: 3132: 3123: 3087: 3083: 3029: 3023: 2989: 2985: 2956: 2952: 2917:(5757): 29. 2914: 2910: 2898: 2887:. Retrieved 2883:the original 2873: 2859:cite journal 2818: 2814: 2804:C. D. Murray 2800:Porco, C. C. 2794: 2780: 2769:. Retrieved 2762:the original 2741: 2737: 2724: 2712: 2693: 2676: 2663: 2652:. Retrieved 2642: 2631:. Retrieved 2627:the original 2603:. 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