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543:
847:
426:
22:
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554:'s intermediary position between the clerical and lay worlds is seen in the position of his accommodation on the Plan. The abbot's quarters are located at the other side of the abbey church from the monk's cloister, to the north-east, aligning itself with the secular elite guest houses where the royalty, the emperor and the emperor's court would lodge. The abbot's house also looks over the infirmary and
931:. The construction project includes plans to build a medieval monastery according to the early 9th-century Plan of Saint Gall using techniques from that era. The long-term financing of the project is to come from revenue generated from the site's operation as a tourist attraction. The construction site has been open for visitors since June 2013.
408:. Accordingly, she argues that the northwest is reserved for the secular elite while the southwest is for the secular lower classes. Regarding the sacred spaces, the northeast and southeast is reserved for the monastic elite, and the far east and far south for what she calls "the liminal", that is to say in between lay and monastic.
877:"perhaps larger but less well proportioned" (p. 26): Adso mentions actual monasteries that he had seen in Switzerland and France (St. Gall, Cluny, Fontenay), but the standard of "proportion" most likely alludes to the Carolingian (9th century) "Plan of St. Gall," which sets forth an architectural plan for an ideal monastery.
299:
For thee, my sweetest son
Gozbertus, have I drawn this briefly annotated copy of the layout of the monastic buildings, with which you may exercise your ingenuity and recognize my devotion, whereby I trust you do not find me slow to satisfy your wishes. Do not imagine that I have undertaken this task
176:
for the abbot of Saint Gall, Gozbert, who decided to build a new abbey church in the 820s. This argument is based on
Jacobsen's observations of marks left by pairs of compasses in the parchment, as well as alterations and changes undertaken during its drawing. Lawrence Nees has also argued that the
314:
Haec tibi dulcissime fili cozb(er)te de posicione officinarum paucis examplata direxi, quibus sollertiam exerceas tuam, meamq(ue) devotione(m) utcumq(ue) cognoscas, qua tuae bonae voluntari satisfacere me segnem non inveniri confido. Ne suspiceris autem me haic ideo elaborasse, quod vos putemus
416:
starting and ending at the abbot's house. He argues that the basis of the organisation would have been a division of public/private and lay/monastic which is represented in the Plan by an increasing lay presence in each sector of the monastery when moving around the cloister clockwise from the
346:
of the monks who had to dedicate themselves to prayer, meditation and study, and not worry about worldly matters. For this purpose, the
Benedictine Rule required a monastery which was self-sufficient, and which provided for the monks all the necessary facilities, food, and water. The Plan thus
959:. The website was released to the public in December 2007. Future resources will include intellectual and textual aspects of the plan and monasticism; space for publication of new papers and research, lesson plans and teaching aides, blogs and chat rooms.
429:
Monk's cloister. Plan of Saint Gall. Buildings surrounding the cloister clockwise from the top: warming room and dormitory, refectory, vestiary and kitchen, cellar and larder (bottom of the picture). The basilica can be seen to the left of the
272:
The scale to which the Plan was drawn has also been a subject of dispute. Horn and Born, for example, argue that a single scale was used while others, such as Reinle and
Jacobsen, argue that multiple scales were applied for different elements.
177:
fact that the manuscript was drawn and written by two scribes, a younger one and an elder who acted as a supervisor "filling in and completing where the knowledge of the main scribe ended", can only be explained if the drawing is an original.
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is placed. According to Horn and Born only one-sixth of the church is accessible to seculars while five-sixths of it is reserved for the sole use of the monks. Lay guests are only admitted in the side aisles of the church, the area around the
565:
opening to the outside world, in opposition with the monk's cloister porticoes which open to an enclosed green space. However, in order to comply with an ascetic way of life and to the
Benedictine Rule, the abbot shares his bedroom and
300:
supposing you to stand in need of our instruction, but rather believe that out of love of God and in the friendly zeal of brotherhood I have depicted this for you alone to scrutinise. Farewell in Christ, always mindful of us, Amen
260:
About 333 inscriptions, forty of them in meter, in the handwritings of two different scribes, describe the functions of the buildings. It has been possible to attribute the handwriting of these scribes to the monastery of
894:, Germany. This became the inspiration for the book he co-authored in 1979 with Walter Horn, but was also the first in a tradition of modeling the plan. More recently the plan has been modeled on computers using
108:
of
Switzerland and remains a significant object of interest among modern scholars, architects, artists and draftspeople for its uniqueness, its beauty, and the insights it provides into medieval culture.
411:
Alfons
Zettler has recently identified another criterion that the authors of the Plan may have followed for the layout of the structures, which does not follow the cardinal points but is determined by a
651:
where they are separated to different parts of the monastery depending on their status – the elite is directed to the north gate and the pilgrims and lower-classes to the south gate – or to the church.
939:
The St. Gall
Project was founded to produce a digital online presence for the plan including models and an extensive online database on early medieval monastic culture. The project is directed by
184:
Plan of Saint Gall. Verso. Life of Saint Martin. 12th
Century. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 1092, f. verso – Plan of Saint Gall (https://www.e-codices.ch/en/list/one/csg/1092)
315:
n(ost)ris indigere magisteriis, sed potius ob amore(m) dei tibi soli p(er) scrutinanda pinxisse amicabili fr(ater)nitatis intuitu crede. Vale in Chr(ist)o semp(er) memor n(ost)ri ame(n).
455:– illustrating the ideal of a monk's experience removed from the world. Secondly, it is foursquare and four paths lead from its covered galleries to the centre –
117:
There are two main theories concerning the motivations behind the drawing of the Plan. The dispute between scholars centres around the assertion put forward by
172:
Other scholars, particularly Werner
Jacobsen, Norbert Stachura and Lawrence Nees have, on the contrary, argued that the Plan is an original drawing made at
948:
1196:
The abbey church of the medieval period was excavated in 1964–66, but its form does not reflect that on the plan. Excavations were reported in Horn,
438:
occupies the centre of the Plan. It is placed in the southeast aligning itself both with the sacred east and with the poor – the accommodation for
1113:
241:, and here the abbey church was enlarged; buildings were added around the cloister; and the abbot's house, outer school, guest house and
659:
and railings which not only direct the lay visitors to their authorised spaces but also block their view of the sacred east where the
1019:
The Plan of St. Gall: A Study of the Architecture & Economy of, & Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery, Volumes I–III
442:
and the poor is placed in the east just beneath the cloister – far from the worldly commodities and pleasures of the secular elite.
165:
to the Continent. Horn and Born argued that the Plan was a "paradigmatic" drawing of how a Benedictine monastery should look if the
257:, garden were drawn; and finally a fifth parchment was added to the bottom to accommodate the designs for the livestock quarters.
180:
978:
886:
The Plan has inspired a tradition of model making. In 1965 Ernest Born and others created a scale model of the plan for the
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1473:
445:
The structure of the cloister is highly symbolic. Firstly, it is a closed space looking inwards to its own centre where a
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1086:
1027:
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Finally, the abbot's residence has a privileged entry to the east-end of the basilica through a private passageway –
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The reverse of the Plan was inscribed in the 12th century, after it had been folded into book form, with the Life of
229:
The sequence in which the parchment was joined is the following: the first parchment consisted of the drawing of the
1917:
101:
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in each side, three of them "railed off" to prevent the entry of laymen. The main surface of the nave houses the
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The entrance to the church is also the only entrance to the whole monastic complex and it is marked by a square
1907:
138:
1803:
647:(Here all the arriving crowd will find their entry). From here the visitors are directed to a semi-circular
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28:. Reichenau, early 9th century (ca.820–830). Ms. 1092. Parchment, 1 folio, ca. 112cm x 77.5 cm. Latin.
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Geschichte der Bildenden Künste in der Schweiz. Von den Ältesten Zeiten bis zum Schlusse des Mittelalters
956:
130:
90:
860:
736:
225: in). It is drawn with red ink lines for the buildings, and brown ink for lettered inscriptions
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373:: basilica, round towers, hostel for visiting monks, abbot's house, cemetery and cloister complex.
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It is the only surviving major architectural drawing from the roughly 700-year period between the
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142:
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is separated from the nave by further screens and railings, in its southern arm is the altar of
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952:
339:
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in Early Medieval Monasteries. The example of the virtual monastery of the Plan of Saint Gall"
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It is widely held that the Plan was dedicated to Gozbertus, the Abbot of St Gall from 816–36.
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831:
779:
664:
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335:
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44:
40:
1040:
Nees, L. (1986). "The Plan of Saint Gall and the Theory of the Program of Carolingian Art".
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Agricultural and artisanal: workshops, animal pens, houses for agrarian workers and gardens.
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924:
237:; the second and third parchments were added to the bottom and right side of the original
8:
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was to be strictly followed; a guide for the construction of future monastic ensembles.
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530:, had a private entrance to the basilica either through their dormitory or through the
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being applied in the architectural design. One of the main aspects of the Rule was the
245:'s house were drawn. A fourth parchment was then added to the top where the infirmary,
162:
146:
70:
The Plan was never actually built. It was so named because it is dedicated to Gozbert,
55:, houses, stables, kitchens, workshops, brewery, infirmary, and a special building for
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Abbot's House. Plan of Sain Gall. See private passageway to Basilica (right of image).
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1305:
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1069:
1023:
974:
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52:
1376:
McClendon, C (2005). The Origins of Medieval Architecture. London. p. 232, n.51
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She has also identified a status differentiation in the structures which follow the
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898:. It is possible to see the different models in the Saint Gall Project website.
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depicts 40 ground plans which include not only the properly monastic buildings (
21:
1725:"Umberto Eco, The Name of the Rose – First Day: Terce (pp. 27–39) – Study Page"
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783:
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to the east and to the west. It measures c.91.44 meters from apse to apse, the
582:
1658:
1656:
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692:; the only place in the church where monks and seculars mix to worship at the
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Artist's reconstruction of the buildings in the plan by J. Rudolf Rahn, 1876.
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634:– give them a surveillance function while no indication of bells is given.
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to the east, the outer school and the house for elite guests to the west.
379:: elite guest houses, servant quarters, hospice for pilgrims and the poor.
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The northern and southern aisles of the basilica are furnished with four
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326:
122:
118:
971:
Dark Age Bodies: Gender and Monastic Practice in the Early Medieval West
920:
747:. The altars on the southern aisle are dedicated (from west to east) to
988:
Heitz, C. (1994). "Nouvelles perspectives pour le Plan de Saint Gall".
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728:
668:
343:
86:
1142:
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The cloister is surrounded by two-storied buildings consisting of the
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and James. From the transcript the monks and lay brothers access the
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Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France pour 1992
973:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 165–215.
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435:
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89:. The plan was stored in the library of the monastery, the famous
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McClendon, C (2005). The origins of Medieval Architecture. London.
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each. The northern aisle houses the altars (from west to east) of
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627:
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330:
Plan of Saint Gall. Simplified view showing different structures.
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158:
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Der Klosterplan con St. Gallen und die Karolingische Architektur
969:
Coon, L. (2011). "Chapter 6. Gendering the Plan of Saint Gall".
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with seven other monks, and his servant quarters are set apart.
1120:"The Plan of St.Gall" www.stgallplan.org. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
891:
803:
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67:, 115 lay visitors, and 150 craftmen and agricultural workers.
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who, although now Benedictine, were bringing some elements of
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64:
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Edward A. Segal (1989). "Monastery and Plan of St. Gall".
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Lynda Coon has identified five distinct "spatial-units":
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was a copy of an original drawing issued by the court of
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Website of the project, building the plan in full-scale.
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Bulletin du centre d'études médievales d'Auxerre, BUCEMA
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59:. According to calculations based on the manuscript's
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compound dating from 820–830 AD. It depicts an entire
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1048:(1 – Essays in Honor of Whitney Snow Stoddard): 1–8.
16:
Medieval architectural drawing of a monastic compound
1743:"Campus Galli – karolingische Klosterstadt Meßkirch"
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822:. Finally, at the easternmost of the church is the
630:(southern tower). The inscriptions on the towers –
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sewn together, and measures 113 by 78 centimetres (
1819:Campus Galli – Karolingische Klosterstadt Meßkirch
1704:
1268:
1173:
1158:
1830:. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft.
1770:"Carolingian Culture at Reichenau & St. Gall"
1334:
720:to the east) being solely for the ascetics' use.
1894:
1227:
112:
78:. The planned church was intended to hold the
149:as a bulwark against renewed activity by the
141:. The purpose of the synods was to establish
82:of the monastery's founder and namesake, the
1306:"The Making of the Monastery Plan depiction"
1081:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1022:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
644:Adueniens adytum populus hic cunctus habebit
359:) but also secular buildings for the use of
265:and one of them has been identified as monk
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93:, where it remains to this day (indexed as
1112:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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655:The interior of the church is divided by
458:semitae per transuersum claustri quattuor
393:Medicinal: infirmary, physician's house,
334:As mentioned above the Plan represents a
104:and the 13th century. It is considered a
63:the complex was meant to house about 110
1840:Ochsenbein, Peter; Schmuki, Karl (ed.):
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561:The abbot's house faces outwards, its
488:, vestiary and kitchen to the south –
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1842:Studien zum St. Galler Klosterplan II
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814:and in its northern arm the altar of
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618:In the west entrance there are two
322:Architectural design and structures
13:
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14:
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867:references the plan in his novel
611:is c.12 meters in width and each
287:
188:
1295:, p. 3 Citing W. Horn.
102:fall of the Western Roman Empire
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1749:
1735:
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1370:
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1079:The Plan of Saint Gall in Brief
901:
590:
193:The Plan was created from five
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854:
338:and it is possible to see the
1:
1804:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1151:
632:ad universa super inspicienda
586:Basilica. Plan of Saint Gall.
131:Stiftsbibliothek Sankt Gallen
51:monastic compound, including
859:According to Earl Anderson (
526:. The monks, as well as the
472:and dormitory to the east –
7:
1851:
1689:, Vol. I, pp. 136–139.
957:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
113:Motivations behind the Plan
91:Abbey library of Saint Gall
10:
1934:
905:
861:Cleveland State University
1126:"Spaces for servants and
955:) with funding from the
881:
800:Holy Saviour at the Cross
796:Saint John the Evangelist
386:and outer school for the
151:Hiberno-Scottish missions
137:after the synods held at
1096:Rahn, J. Rudolf (1876).
615:is c.6 meters in width.
595:The monastery church or
1918:9th-century manuscripts
1597:, Vol. I, p. 129..
1367:, Vol. III, p. 16.
1002:10.3406/bsnaf.1994.9735
143:Benedictine monasteries
129:, that the Plan in the
95:Codex Sangallensis 1092
1863:Rule of Saint Benedict
1701:, Vol. I, p. 139.
1699:Horn & Born (1979)
1687:Horn & Born (1979)
1665:, Vol. I, p. 133.
1663:Horn & Born (1979)
1614:, Vol. I, p. 128.
1612:Horn & Born (1979)
1595:Horn & Born (1979)
1585:, Vol. I, p. 127.
1583:Horn & Born (1979)
1474:"The Plan of St. Gall"
1365:Horn & Born (1979)
1210:Horn & Born (1979)
1200:, vol. 2, pp. 256–359.
953:University of Virginia
919:under construction in
879:
851:
792:Saint John the Baptist
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363:workers and visitors.
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127:The Plan of Saint Gall
29:
1908:Medieval architecture
875:
863:), it is likely that
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626:(northern tower) and
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576:ad eclesiam ingressus
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465:and its four rivers.
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336:Benedictine monastery
329:
310:
297:
183:
139:Aachen in 816 and 817
41:architectural drawing
24:
1824:Jacobsen, W (1992).
1759:," official website.
1198:The Plan of St. Gall
1124:Zettler, A. (2015).
1102:(in German). Zürich.
870:The Name of the Rose
355:, abbot's house and
1903:Abbey of Saint Gall
1868:Abbey of Saint Gall
1136:(Hors-série no.8).
798:, the altar of the
696:of Saint Gall. The
421:The monk's cloister
414:clockwise direction
125:in their 1979 work
76:Abbey of Saint Gall
1888:Carolingian Empire
1844:. St. Gallen 2002.
1478:www.stgallplan.org
1310:www.stgallplan.org
1077:Price, L. (1982).
963:Cited bibliography
917:monastic community
912:Campus Galli is a
888:Age of Charlemagne
852:
588:
548:
475:calefactoria domus
432:
395:bloodletting house
332:
186:
163:Celtic monasticism
147:Carolingian Empire
34:Plan of Saint Gall
30:
26:Plan of Saint Gall
1731:on April 4, 2005.
1143:10.4000/cem.13624
980:978-0-8122-4269-0
925:Baden-Württemberg
538:The abbot's house
534:of the cloister.
282:Sulpicius Severus
106:national treasure
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1776:. Archived from
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1757:Bernard Frischer
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949:Bernard Frischer
935:St. Gall Project
842:Derivative works
716:to the west and
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340:Benedictine Rule
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295:The text reads :
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167:Benedictine Rule
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1883:Louis the Pious
1873:Cluniac Reforms
1858:Carolingian art
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1835:Further reading
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1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:, pp. 4–5.
1351:
1347:
1339:
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1314:
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1304:
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1299:
1291:
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1105:
1104:
1089:
1030:
981:
965:
937:
910:
904:
884:
857:
844:
761:Saint Mauritius
757:Saint Sebastian
593:
540:
423:
406:cardinal points
324:
290:
221:
217:
214:
212:
207:
203:
200:
198:
191:
174:Reichenau Abbey
145:throughout the
135:Louis the Pious
115:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1891:
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1853:
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1849:
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1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1797:
1796:External links
1794:
1791:
1790:
1774:stgallplan.org
1761:
1748:
1734:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1677:, p. 209.
1667:
1652:
1650:, p. 173.
1640:
1638:, p. 210.
1628:
1626:, p. 178.
1616:
1599:
1587:
1572:
1570:, p. 197.
1560:
1558:, p. 185.
1548:
1533:
1521:
1519:, p. 172.
1506:
1504:, p. 193.
1494:
1456:
1454:, p. 192.
1441:
1439:, p. 181.
1429:
1425:Zettler (2015)
1417:
1405:
1390:
1388:, p. 165.
1378:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1329:Zettler (2015)
1321:
1297:
1282:
1280:, p. 168.
1267:
1263:Zettler (2015)
1255:
1253:, p. 170.
1243:
1226:
1222:Zettler (2015)
1214:
1202:
1189:
1187:, p. 170.
1172:
1156:
1155:
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1121:
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1054:10.2307/766891
1037:
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936:
933:
906:Main article:
903:
900:
890:exhibition in
883:
880:
856:
853:
843:
840:
816:Saints Philipp
784:baptismal font
765:Saint Lawrence
737:Holy Innocents
712:(dedicated to
674:baptismal font
592:
589:
539:
536:
514:to the west –
461:– symbolising
422:
419:
402:
401:
398:
397:, herb garden.
391:
380:
374:
323:
320:
289:
288:The Dedication
286:
190:
189:The manuscript
187:
114:
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15:
9:
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1814:
1813:0-684-18276-9
1810:
1807:. Volume 10.
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1780:on 2012-09-11
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1723:Anderson, E.
1719:
1713:, p. 91.
1712:
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1579:
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1552:
1546:, p. 38.
1545:
1540:
1538:
1531:, p. 19.
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1484:on 2016-10-28
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1415:, p. 18.
1414:
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1170:, p. ix.
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833:
830:dedicated to
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:through nine
777:
774:opens to the
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
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750:
749:Saints Agatha
746:
745:Saint Stephen
742:
738:
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622:dedicated to
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
605:doubled-apsed
603:in shape and
602:
598:
584:
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487:
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459:
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443:
441:
437:
434:The monastic
427:
418:
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409:
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399:
396:
392:
389:
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382:Educational:
381:
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68:
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54:
50:
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42:
39:
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27:
23:
19:
1913:Medieval art
1841:
1825:
1802:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1773:
1764:
1751:
1745:(in German).
1737:
1729:the original
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1590:
1563:
1551:
1544:Price (1982)
1529:Price (1982)
1524:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1477:
1432:
1420:
1413:Price (1982)
1408:
1401:Price (1982)
1381:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1343:, p. 4.
1336:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1258:
1251:Heitz (1994)
1246:
1241:, p. 3.
1217:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1168:Price (1982)
1133:
1127:
1098:
1078:
1045:
1041:
1018:
993:
989:
970:
938:
911:
908:Campus Galli
902:Campus Galli
896:CAD software
887:
885:
876:
868:
858:
812:Saint Andrew
769:
741:Saint Martin
729:Saints Lucia
722:
708:and the two
654:
636:
631:
617:
594:
591:The basilica
572:
560:
549:
470:warming room
467:
449:is placed –
444:
433:
410:
403:
365:
344:ascetic life
333:
311:
303:
298:
294:
291:
278:Saint Martin
275:
271:
259:
226:
192:
171:
126:
116:
99:
94:
69:
57:bloodletting
33:
31:
25:
18:
1878:Charlemagne
1846:(in German)
1711:Rahn (1876)
1675:Coon (2011)
1648:Coon (2011)
1636:Coon (2011)
1624:Coon (2011)
1568:Coon (2011)
1556:Coon (2011)
1517:Coon (2011)
1502:Coon (2011)
1452:Coon (2011)
1437:Coon (2011)
1427:, para. 15.
1386:Coon (2011)
1353:Nees (1986)
1341:Nees (1986)
1293:Nees (1986)
1278:Coon (2011)
1239:Nees (1986)
1185:Coon (2011)
1128:provendarii
996:: 169–173.
914:Carolingian
865:Umberto Eco
855:Umberto Eco
714:Saint Peter
641:inscribed:
628:St. Gabriel
624:St. Michael
491:refectorium
481:dormitorium
417:infirmary.
233:church and
49:Benedictine
1897:Categories
1784:2014-04-10
1488:2019-02-24
1331:, para. 6.
1315:2019-02-24
1265:, para. 7.
1224:, para. 1.
1152:References
836:Saint Gall
832:Saint Mary
828:high altar
824:presbytery
718:Saint Paul
702:presbytery
682:– and the
669:Saint Gall
665:Saint Mary
506:– and the
497:uestiarium
447:savin tree
195:parchments
87:Saint Gall
1108:cite book
1070:163824526
826:with the
763:, and to
743:, and of
735:, of the
601:cruciform
563:porticoes
556:novitiate
523:lardarium
517:cellarium
486:refectory
463:Jerusalem
384:novitiate
267:Reginbert
263:Reichenau
247:novitiate
1852:See also
1016:(1979).
1014:Born, E.
1010:Horn, W.
921:Meßkirch
808:transept
802:and the
698:transept
597:basilica
503:coquinam
440:pilgrims
436:cloister
430:picture.
357:cemetery
353:cloister
349:basilica
251:cemetery
235:cloister
45:monastic
38:medieval
929:Germany
780:arcades
733:Cecilia
657:columns
532:portico
255:orchard
243:pilgrim
220:⁄
206:⁄
159:Ireland
155:Britain
74:of the
1811:
1085:
1068:
1062:766891
1060:
1026:
977:
947:) and
892:Aachen
882:Models
806:. The
786:, the
776:aisles
725:altars
704:, the
700:, the
689:cripta
649:atrium
620:towers
512:larder
508:cellar
484:– the
452:sauina
371:Sacred
308:reads:
239:vellum
84:hermit
80:relics
61:tituli
53:church
1066:S2CID
1058:JSTOR
1042:Gesta
820:crypt
788:altar
759:, to
755:, to
753:Agnes
739:, of
710:apses
684:crypt
661:altar
639:porch
613:aisle
568:privy
552:abbot
528:abbot
388:elite
306:Latin
231:abbey
153:from
72:abbot
65:monks
43:of a
36:is a
1809:ISBN
1114:link
1083:ISBN
1024:ISBN
994:1992
975:ISBN
945:UCLA
834:and
804:ambo
794:and
772:nave
770:The
751:and
731:and
706:nave
694:tomb
679:fons
667:and
609:nave
550:The
520:and
510:and
500:and
478:and
304:The
157:and
123:Born
121:and
119:Horn
32:The
1138:doi
1050:doi
998:doi
790:of
663:of
599:is
377:Lay
361:lay
280:by
97:).
1899::
1772:.
1655:^
1602:^
1575:^
1536:^
1509:^
1476:.
1459:^
1444:^
1393:^
1308:.
1285:^
1270:^
1229:^
1175:^
1160:^
1132:.
1110:}}
1106:{{
1064:.
1056:.
1046:25
1044:.
1012:;
992:.
927:,
923:,
838:.
767:.
686:–
676:–
494:,
351:,
284:.
269:.
253:,
249:,
213:30
199:44
1815:.
1787:.
1755:"
1491:.
1318:.
1212:.
1146:.
1140::
1116:)
1091:.
1072:.
1052::
1032:.
1004:.
1000::
983:.
951:(
943:(
873::
390:.
227:.
222:2
218:1
215:+
208:2
204:1
201:+
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