135:, and critics saw the choice as a way that Carranza could continue to wield power even though no longer president of Mexico. Carranza was in the process of centralizing power and saw Sonora as too independent of central government control and moved to curtail its autonomy. Such a move, coupled with his attempt to impose a civilian as his successor, aroused the ire of revolutionary generals. They saw Carranza's maneuvering as trying to outflank the men who had won the Mexican Revolution and were not willing to allow a civilian nobody to come to power in 1920. The Plan of Agua Prieta outlined a series of charges against the Carranza regime, to articulate their grievances in written form to be distributed and to rally others to join their cause. De la Huerta, Calles and
30:
51:
41:
434:
20:
119:, although the underlying reasons were complex. Carranza and the revolutionary generals who controlled the state of Sonora were increasingly in conflict. Carranza's most successful general, Obregón, had retired from Carranza's cabinet, returning to Sonora to run his prosperous farm, but had political ambitions to run for president in the
123:. He received no encouragement from Carranza, and announced his candidacy which included a disparaging assessment of Carranza. Carranza sought a candidate from Sonora to back instead. The state governor, Adolfo de la Huerta, was not interested. Carranza chose
100:, often called the Sonoran Triumvirate, or the Sonoran Dynasty, rose in revolt against the civilian government of Carranza. It was proclaimed by Obregón on 22 April 1920, in English and 23 April in Spanish in the northern border city of
217:
The plan empowered De la Huerta to appoint interim governors in those states that aligned with or were defeated by the
Liberal Constitutionalist Army. It called on the state governments to appoint representatives to a
766:
237:, where he intended to set up a temporary seat of government as he had earlier during the Revolution. The train was attacked repeatedly as it left the capital and, arriving at Aljibes,
214:
of
Michoacan, who had served under Calles in the Revolution, and held a command in Veracruz state at the time. Only after the plan was issued did Obregón sign on to it.
528:
746:
264:, left President Carranza dead, either assassinated by the rebels or by suicide. Carranza's deposition is considered the last coup d'état in Mexican history.
222:, which would then select an interim President of the Republic. The interim president would, immediately upon assuming office, call a fresh general election.
934:
761:
289:
174:
Sonora withdrew its support from
Carranza's federal government; the plan also refused to recognize the results of local elections in the states of
248:
Carranza and a small group of followers were forced to change plans: they would head north on horseback, perhaps to
Carranza's home state of
241:, was unable to continue because of sabotage to the tracks. In addition, Carranza then learned that the military commander of Veracruz, Gen.
866:
479:
819:
139:
were the key authors of the plan. The rebellion in Sonora predated the Plan by a few days. The rebellion was joined by the governor of
856:
840:
198:. It offered to refrain from entering into combat with the authorities, provided that they refrained from attacking the Liberal
835:
814:
799:
543:
394:
368:
229:
rejected
Carranza and joined the rebellion. As De la Huerta's Liberal Constitutionalist Army made rapid progress toward
128:
829:
267:
Adolfo de la Huerta was appointed interim president. He served from 1 June to 30 November 1920, and was succeeded by
898:
472:
233:, Carranza refused to negotiate or surrender and fled the capital by train in May 1920, headed for the port of
579:
131:
was crucial, Bonillas was a virtual unknown in revolutionary Mexico. He did not have a military record in the
939:
127:, a civilian who served as Mexico's ambassador to the U.S. Although Bonillas was a skilled diplomat and the
120:
649:
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The Plan's stated pretext for rejecting the
Carranza administration was a dispute between the
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Support for the Plan was widespread across the country: more than three-quarters of the
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439:
553:
421:, José de Jesús Nieto López et al., Santillana, México, 2005. (p. 197).
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1920 declaration of rebellion against
Mexican president Venustiano Carranza
260:. A rebel ambush in the early hours of 21 May 1920, reputedly led by Gen.
187:
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306:, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 194.
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and the Sonora state government over control of the waters of the
195:
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293:, vol. 4, pp. 417-18. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
256:, and, on 20 May, reached the town of Tlaxcalantongo,
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155:. Signing on to the Plan, once it was issued, were
290:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
369:"THE LAST COUP D'ÉTAT IN MEXICO, 100 YEARS HENCE"
911:
319:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1961, p. 22.
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302:John Womack, Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in
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395:"EL ÚLTIMO GOLPE MILITAR EN MAYO DE 1920"
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332:. New York: The New Press 2005, 321.
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210:. Others joined as well, including
194:, and the governor of the state of
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894:Soldaderas
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