Tories (British political party)

1424:. Most Tories opposed voting with the opposition Whigs, only reversing this stance when the Pretender sent a letter to the Tories in 1730, ordering them to "unite in the measures against the Government and even with those who oppose it for different views than theirs". For the next decade, the Tories cooperated with the opposition Whigs against Walpole. Public admission of Jacobitism was treason, so the Tories challenged the Hanoverian-Whig regime without specifically addressing it by developing a rhetoric borrowed from the Whigs of the Exclusion Crisis; they denounced government corruption and the high taxation needed to spend on foreign entanglements, opposed the growth of the Army and denounced "tyranny" and "arbitrary power". In a speech on the Army estimates, Walpole claimed that "No man of common prudence will profess himself openly a Jacobite; by so doing he not only may injure his private fortune, but he must render himself less able to do any effectual service to the cause he has embraced...Your right Jacobite, Sir, disguises his true sentiments, he roars out for revolution principles; he pretends to be a great friend to liberty". He further claimed that a large Army was needed to defeat any possible Jacobite invasion. 1445:

Government and ministry and perhaps find some who will concur with them in that, though not out of goodwill to my cause. In such cases I hope my friends will make no scruples in joining heartily with them for whatever their particular motives may be anything that tends to the disadvantage of the present Government and to the bringing it into confusion cannot be but of advantage to my cause". As a result, 127 Tories joined the opposition Whigs in successfully voting against Walpole's nominated chairman of the elections committee in December 1741. The Tories continued to vote against Walpole with the opposition Whigs in subsequent divisions until Walpole was forced to resign in February 1742. The Pretender wrote to the Tories afterwards, declaring: "I cannot delay any longer expressing to you my satisfaction at the late behaviour of my friends in Parliament, and I take it as a great mark of their singular regard for what I wrote to you some months ago".

1499:. The "Declaration of King James" (written by Tory leaders) was signed by the Pretender on 23 December. This was to be published in the event of a successful French landing. However, the Whig government was informed by a spy of the intended French invasion and King George told Parliament on 15 February 1744 that a French invasion was planned, assisted by "disaffected persons from this country". The House of Commons passed a loyal address by 287 to 123. The Tories' insistence for the House to divide on this occasion seemed to the government a design by the Tories "to show the French what numbers in the House they might depend on". The Tories also opposed increasing the armed forces, it being noted "that none of the leaders amongst the Tories, either on this occasion or that of the King's first message, showed the least sign of zeal or affection to the Government". 1305: 1590:

Whig, an appellation rather dropped than disclaimed by the Court; and though the real Tories still adhered to their own distinctions while they secretly favoured, sometimes opposed, the Court, and fluctuated accordingly as they esteemed particular chiefs not of their connection or had the more agreeable opportunity of distressing those who supported the cause of freedom. As their whole conduct was comprised in silent votes, and never was considerable enough to turn a single scale in the political changes, I shall seldom mention them anymore.

780: 272: 1670:. The historian JCD Clark has written of the 1790s: "It cannot be too clearly stressed that no public figure at that date accepted the title 'Tory', and that they had the best reasons for denying its appropriateness". Pitt rejected the Tory label, preferring to refer to himself as an independent Whig, for he believed in the current constitutional arrangement as being well balanced, without particular favour towards the royal prerogative, unlike the Tories of the first half of the 18th century. 7066: 6269: 1528:, Charles could not establish contact with the English Tories. Captain Nagle, who had visited a peer in London, reported in December that they were all being monitored by the government, but that they would declare for Charles if he made his way to London or if the French invaded. However, Charles retreated from England and the French never landed, so the English Tories did not feel safe in coming out for the Pretender. After the collapse of the rising, Charles' captured secretary, 7078: 6259: 1495:'s Master of Horse, toured England ostensibly for purchasing bloodstock but in reality to gauge the health of Jacobitism in England, visiting leading Tories. Before he left for England. the French king briefed him personally to assure Tory leaders that all of their demands would be met. In November 1743 Amelot told Sempill officially that Louis XV was resolved to restore the House of Stuart and that he was planning a French invasion headed by the Pretender's son, 7090: 1620:), all of whom claimed the Whig mantle, while the material distinction in politics was between the "King's Friends" who supported the newly activist role of George III in government, and those who opposed the king. The proscription on the employment of Tories in government offices ended, which resulted in the Tories dividing into several factions and ceasing to function as a coherent political party. Sentimental Toryism remained, as in the writings of 1644: 7054: 1249:, which Anne defeated by creating new Tory peers. Following a long disagreement between the ministers, Anne dismissed Harley in 1714. The arch-Tory Bolingbroke became in effect Anne's chief minister and Tory power seemed to be at its zenith. However, Anne was extremely ill and died within a few days. Bolingbroke had not been able to formulate any coherent plans for dealing with the succession, for if he thought of proclaiming 1170:. During this time, the Tories fiercely competed with the Whigs for power, and there were frequent Parliamentary elections in which the two parties measured their strength. William III saw that the Tories were generally more friendly to royal authority than the Whigs, and he employed both groups in his government. His early ministry was largely Tory, but the government gradually came to be dominated by the so-called 1070:, offered O'Hanlon a pardon and a bribe if he would testify to Parliament that Ormonde was plotting a French invasion. In December 1680, the government seized these letters and the plan collapsed. In January 1681, the Whigs first began calling the supposed Irish plotters Tories, and on 15 February 1681 is recorded the first complaint from an English Royalist about the epithet Tory by the anti-Exclusion newspaper 3181: 3156: 3148: 3115: 3077: 3044: 3011: 2978: 2948: 2940: 2915: 2907: 2869: 2831: 2798: 2765: 2727: 2642: 2609: 2571: 2538: 2500: 2467: 2429: 2399: 2391: 2353: 2328: 2320: 2290: 2282: 2244: 2214: 2206: 2171: 2163: 2136: 2128: 2093: 2066: 2058: 2031: 2023: 1998: 1990: 1960: 1952: 1914: 1876: 1851: 1843: 1813: 1805: 1401:, in which the Pretender was to be put on the throne. A rising was planned for each county, assisted by Irish and Spanish troops. However, Sunderland's death in April 1722 led to the government discovering the plot and it subsequently collapsed. When the Commons voted on the bill of pains and penalties against Atterbury, nearly ninety per cent of Tory MPs voted against it. Although the Whig Prime Minister 7102: 3189: 3123: 3085: 3052: 3019: 2986: 2877: 2839: 2806: 2773: 2735: 2650: 2617: 2579: 2546: 2508: 2475: 2437: 2361: 2252: 2101: 1922: 1884: 1097:

the Bill possible), but rather upon the power of Parliament to elect a monarch of its own choosing, contrary to the established laws of succession. That the Parliament, with the consent of the King, had such power was not at issue; rather, it was the wisdom of a policy of creating a King whose sole title to the Crown was the will of Parliament and who was essentially a Parliamentary appointee.

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sentimental and conservative respect for the symbolic institutions of the British monarchy, in practice Tory ministries allowed the King no more freedom than Whig ones. The incompetence of George III's personal interventions in policy had been sufficiently shown in the American War (1775–1783), henceforward his active role was limited to negations of government policies such as the

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practical politics, a permanent minority in Parliament and entirely excluded from government. The latter exclusion, and the rigid party politics played by the Whigs, played a significant role in the cohesion of the Tories; the Whigs offered few opportunities for Tories who switched sides, and as a party the Tories found no possibilities for compromise with the Whigs.

1182:, who gradually merged with the Tory opposition in the later 1690s. Although William's successor Anne had considerable Tory sympathies and excluded the Junto Whigs from power, after a brief and unsuccessful experiment with an exclusively Tory government she generally continued William's policy of balancing the parties, supported by her moderate Tory ministers, the 1291:

peer or commoner, for obtaining the most deserved advancement in his profession, or any favour of the Crown; whilst, to our additional and insupportable vexation, the bare merit of hating us, and everything we love and hold sacred, daily advances dunces in the law and church, cowards in our fleets and armies, republicans in the King's house, and idiots everywhere!

1269:, the Queen's government was replaced by a Council of Regency until the new King should arrive from Hanover. Bolingbroke offered his services to the King but was coldly rejected; George I brought in a government composed entirely of Whigs, and the new Parliament, elected from January to May 1715, had a large Whig majority. In December 1714 1109:, the candidate of the radical Whigs to succeed Charles II, was easily crushed and Monmouth himself executed. However, in the long run Tory principles were to be severely compromised. Besides the support of a strong monarchy, the Tories also stood for the Church of England, as established in Acts of Parliament following the 1352:

conspirators intended to abandon the rising they had planned for the West Country, but the Scots forced their hand by unilaterally raising the Pretender's standard. One of Ormonde's agents betrayed the plans for an English rising and subsequently the government arrested many Tory MPs, ex MPs and peers. The subsequent

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in the Army had their commissions taken away, Tory lawyers could not now become judges or K.C.s. The predominantly Tory lower Anglican clergy could no longer become bishops and Tory merchants were refused government contracts or directorships in any major company. This proscription lasted for forty-five years.

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wrote to the Pretender that "the attempt against the university of Oxford brought them all up at once to town, which nothing else would, and in their zeal on that account, they entered into a sort of coalition with Prince Frederick's party to stand by the university of Oxford, to join in opposing all

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The Whig government, backed by royal favour and controlling the levers of power, was able to maintain a series of majorities through the infrequent elections of the next several decades (only 7 in the 46 years of the first two Georges, as opposed to 11 in the 26 years from the Revolution to the death

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The court party reproached their antagonists with their affinity to the fanatical conventiclers in Scotland, who were known by the name of Whigs: The country party found a resemblance between the courtiers and the popish banditti in Ireland, to whom the appellation of Tory was affixed. And after this

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in 1714, the Tories had no part in government and ceased to exist as an organised political entity in the early 1760s (although the term continued to be used in subsequent years as a term of self-description by some political writers). About twenty years later, a new Tory party arose and participated

1693:

It is almost unnecessary to observe that the British Government had for more than a century been and could only be a Whig Government; and that the present administration is, as every administration in this country must necessarily be, a Whig administration. For a Whig Government means now, as it has

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We are kept out of all public employments of power and profit, and live like aliens and pilgrims in the land of our nativity; no quality, no fortune, no eloquence, no learning, no wisdom, no probity is of any use to any man of our unfortunate denomination, ecclesiastic or layman, lawyer or soldier,

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stated that "hat took place in 1715 was not a change to an all-Whig ministry, it was a whole social revolution". For the first time, Tory gentlemen could no longer employ their sons, as they traditionally had done, in public offices such as the Army, Navy, civil service and the Church. Tory officers

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began as a strongly royalist body, and passed a series of acts re-establishing the Church by law and strongly punishing dissent by both Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants. These acts did not reflect the King's personal views and demonstrated the existence of a Royalist ideology beyond mere

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produced a reaction in which the King regained a large part of the power held by his father. However, Charles' ministers and supporters in England accepted a substantial role for Parliament in the government of the kingdoms. No subsequent British monarch would attempt to rule without Parliament, and

1589:

Hitherto it might be said that the two parties of Whig and Tory still subsisted; though Jacobitism, the concealed mother of the latter, was extinct...The subsequent contests were rather a struggle for power than the settled animosity of two parties, though the body of Opposition still called itself

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took office in this government, the Tories no longer looked to him as their leader as Lyttleton wrote that "when it was discovered that Gower was really a friend to the Hanover succession, the Tories discarded him for being their leader, and adopted a determined Jacobite the Duke of Beaufort in his

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noted that the number of Jacobites in the Tory party was increasing and in early 1715 he wrote that the Tories seemed to be "heading for civil war which they regard as their only resort". The former Tory chief minister, Lord Oxford, was impeached and sent to the Tower, with Bolingbroke and the Tory

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which begun in 1701 led most of the Tories to withdraw into opposition by 1708, so that Marlborough and Godolphin were heading an administration dominated by the Junto Whigs. Anne herself grew increasingly uncomfortable with this dependence on the Whigs, especially as her personal relationship with

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In a more general sense, the Tories (also known as the Court Party) represented the more conservative royalist supporters of Charles II, who endorsed a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the power of Parliament, and who saw in the Whig opponents of the Court a quasi-Republican tendency (similar

1444:

The Tories resumed their cooperation with the opposition Whigs after receiving another letter from the Pretender in September 1741, ordering them to "pursue vigorous and unanimous measures in the next session of Parliament. They will probably have many occasions of greatly distressing the present

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was willing to aid the English Tories by sending troops to put the Pretender on the throne, in conjunction with an English rising. Lord Oxford, who had already in 1716 offered the Pretender his services, directed the Swedish Plot from the Tower. In January 1717, the government discovered this plot

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powers and leave the Crown as a puppet entirely dependent upon Parliament. That the Exclusion Bill was the central question upon which parties diverged, did not hinge upon an assessment of the personal character of the Duke of York (though his conversion to Catholicism was the key factor that made

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recorded in October: "Ms. H. of Chesterfield told me a gentleman was at their house and had a red Ribband in his hat, she askt him what it meant, he said it signifyed that he was a Tory, whats that sd she, he ans. an Irish Rebel, — oh dreadful that any in England dare espouse that interest. I hear

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Protestant churches. Both were still committed to the political system in place at that time. The new Tory party was distinct both in composition and ideological orientation from the old. It consisted largely of former Whigs, alienated from the party that now bore that name. While it maintained a

1603:

All historians are agreed that the Tory party declined sharply in the late 1740s and 1750s and that it ceased to be an organized party by 1760. The research of Sir Lewis Namier and his disciples has convinced all historians that there were no organized political parties in Parliament between the

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was formed, which included a handful of Tories in minor offices. Some other Tories were offered places, but those serving for Jacobite counties "could not hazard a new election and therefore decline the acceptance of them". One of the Tories who accepted office, Sir John Cotton, did not swear the

1502:

On 24 February, a storm scattered the French invasion fleet and suspected Jacobites were arrested, leading to the French government cancelling their planned invasion. Charles Stuart, who was still in France and determined to start a Jacobite rising, looked to Scotland. However, the English Tories

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applied to Parliament for an increased allowance. This split the Tories, with 45 abstaining, leading to the motion being defeated by 30 votes. Bolingbroke, who wanted to dissociate the Tories from Jacobitism, denounced this as "the absurd behaviour of the Tories, which no experience can cure". In

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The proscription of the Tories alienated them from the Hanoverian regime and converted many of them to Jacobitism. Bolingbroke later wrote: "If milder measures had been pursued, certain it is that the Tories had never universally embraced Jacobitism. The violence of the Whigs forced them into the

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In 1747, Prince Frederick invited the Tories "to unite and coalesce with him" and declared his intention that when he became King, he would "abolish...all distinction of the party" and put an end to the proscription of the Tories. A meeting of leading Tories (including Beaufort, Wynn and Cotton)

1523:

Charles travelled to Scotland in July without consulting the Tories or the French and without a sizeable body of troops. After his landing, Sempill wrote: "The City of London, Sir John Hynde Cotton, Lord Barrymore, the Duke of Beaufort, and all the English cry loudly and vehemently for a body of

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in 1719. In 1722, Sunderland advised the King to admit leading Tories into government, thereby dividing them and ending their hopes for revenge by looking for support from abroad. He also advised the King in Cabinet that elections to Parliament should be free from government bribery, an idea Sir

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Louis XIV had promised them arms but no troops, as France was exhausted by war, despite Bolingbroke's claim that just one-tenth of the number of troops William of Orange brought with him in 1688 would have sufficed. However, this promise of arms disappeared when Louis died in September 1715. The

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noticed that for the reigns of George I and George II, Tory family papers are non-existent. As papers from before 1715 and after 1760 survive, Cruickshanks contends that these families were hiding their Jacobite leanings by destroying incriminating papers. A nineteenth-century historian who had

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would only support a rising in Scotland if accompanied by a French invasion near London to aid the English Tories in their own rising. The English Tories repeatedly told the Jacobite court that only regular soldiers invading at the same time as their rising could achieve a Stuart restoration.

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ensured that this popular appeal was never translated into a Tory majority in Parliament. The Tories would have won every general election between 1715 and 1747 had the number of seats obtained corresponded to the number of votes cast. The Tories were, therefore, an effectively null factor in

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upon which the King had declared war). This action resulted from the Parliament not allowing him to levy taxes without yielding to its terms. At the beginning of the Long Parliament (1641), the King's supporters pursued a course of reform of previous abuses. The increasing radicalism of the

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in 1739, there was renewed plotting amongst Tories for a Jacobite rising. Wyndham's death in 1740 led to the breakdown of the coalition between the Tories and opposition Whigs. An opposition Whig motion for Walpole's dismissal was defeated by 290 to 106, with many Tories abstaining. At the

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resulted in only 115 Tory MPs being elected, their lowest figure up until this point. After Jacobite riots in Oxford in 1748, the government wanted to give the King the power to nominate the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, which was considered a hotbed of Jacobitism and Toryism.

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On this original question, the Tories were in the short run entirely successful as the Parliaments that brought in the Exclusion Bill were dissolved, Charles II was enabled to manage the administration autocratically and upon his death the Duke of York succeeded without difficulty. The

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opposed due to the possibility of the election of a Tory Parliament. The King was also opposed: "King George stared the Earl of Sunderland in the face at the name of a Tory Parliament, for it seems nothing is so hideous and frightful to him as a Tory". The public outcry over the

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stead". In June 1745, the Tory leaders in the Commons, Wynn and Cotton (together with Beaufort), informed the Jacobite court that "if the Prince lands in present circumstances with ten battalions or even smaller body of troops there will be no opposition". Tory leaders sent

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oath of loyalty to King George and informed the French King that he still favoured a Jacobite French invasion; he added that the Tories in office would try to ensure that more British soldiers were sent to Flanders from England in order to help a French invasion. After

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After Wynn's death in 1749, a Jacobite agent reported to the Pretender that the Tory party was "without a head", dispirited and frightened. In 1751 Frederick died, followed in 1752 by Cotton. This effectively ended opposition in Parliament for the rest of the session.

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late 1750s and the early 1780s. Even the Whigs ceased to be an identifiable party, and Parliament was dominated by competing political connections, which all proclaimed Whiggish political views, or by independent backbenchers unattached to any particular group.

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troops to be landed near London, as the most effectual means to support the Prince". They could not rise for the Prince without "a body of troops to support them", but they "would join the Prince if His Highness could force his way to them". Throughout the

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noted that given the nature of the evidence, it is unlikely that the question will ever be answered, but added that "judged by the acid test of how they behaved in the '15 and '45 most Tories showed themselves to be Hanoverian and not Jacobite".

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and the radicalism unleashed by the American and French Revolutions. This was reinforced by the breakup of the Whig party in 1794 when the conservative group led by the Duke of Portland joined Pitt's ministry, leaving an opposition rump led by

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allegiance to the new monarchs allowed the government to pack the episcopate with bishops with decidedly Whiggish leanings. In both these respects the Tory platform had failed, but the institutions of monarchy and of a state Church survived.

1074:: "hey call me scurvy names, Jesuit, Papish, Tory; and flap me over the mouth with their being the only True Protestants". Within a few months, anti-Exclusionists were calling themselves Tories and a northern Dissenter called 1027:. Although the matter of these plots was fictitious, they reflected two uncomfortable political realities: first, that Charles II had (somewhat insincerely) undertaken measures to convert the kingdom to Catholicism (in a 1670 1128:

During his reign, James II fought for a broadly tolerant religious settlement under which his co-religionists could prosper—a position anathema to conservative Anglicans. James' attempts to use the government-controlled

5854: 951:, which was felt to be a primary support of royal government. By the end of the 1640s, the radical Parliamentary programme had become clear: reduction of the King to a powerless figurehead and replacement of Anglican 1532:, informed the government of the Tories' conspiracy with the Pretender. The government decided not to prosecute them. The trial of the Scottish rebel lords in London was boycotted by most Tory peers. After the 3337:

British politics of the first half of the nineteenth century was an ideological spectrum, with the Tories, or Conservative Party, on the right, the Whigs as liberal-centrists, and the radicals on the left.

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outlined a new conservative philosophy of reforming ills while conserving the good. The subsequent Peel administrations have been labelled Conservative rather than Tory, but the older term remains in use.

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examined many collections such as these, claimed that it was "the custom in Jacobite days to destroy all letters with any hint of political or religious feeling in them". However, some historians (such as

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and of those Parliamentarians who felt that the Long Parliament had gone too far in attempting to gain executive power for itself and, more specifically, in undermining the episcopalian government of the

1549:, stated that "the available evidence leaves no doubt that up to 1745 the Tories were a predominantly Jacobite party, engaged in attempts to restore the Stuarts by a rising with foreign assistance". Sir 1023:. As direct attacks on the King were politically impossible and could lead to execution for treason, opponents of the power of the Court framed their challenges as exposés of subversive and sinister 942:

Parliamentary majority, however, estranged many reformers even in the Parliament itself and drove them to make common cause with the King. The King's party was thus a mixture of supporters of royal

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A series of disasters in the late 1660s and 1670s discredited Charles II's governments, and powerful political interests (including some who had been identified with the Parliamentary side in the

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and won a vote of credit for defence measures against the projected invasion in the Commons against Tory opposition. Charles' death in 1718 ended hopes from that quarter and Ormonde's planned

708:. Despite their fervent opposition to state-sponsored Catholicism, Tories opposed his exclusion because of their belief that inheritance based on birth was the foundation of a stable society. 1405:

decided not to prosecute those Tories that he knew were involved in the plot, the Tories were demoralised and largely absented themselves from Parliament for a time. Upon the accession of

1624:, but in politics "Tory" was little more than an unfriendly epithet for politicians closely identified with George III. The label "Tory" was in this sense applied to the Prime Ministers 1141:

established by Parliament, the principles that the Tories had originally abhorred. The Tories' sole consolation was that the monarchs chosen were close to the main line of succession as

5899: 5829: 5859: 1739:), the protectionist wing of the party rejected the Conservative label. They preferred to be known as Protectionists or even to revive the older Tory as an official name. By 1859 the 1567:

accepted the Prince's offer and replied assuring him of their support for his "wise and salutary purposes". However, they refused to pledge themselves to a coalition with Whigs. The

5683: 5849: 5776: 5781: 5874: 5424: 271: 3388: 5824: 4592: 1715:. In foreign policy, the differences were even more marked as the old Tory party had been pacific and isolationist whereas the new one was bellicose and imperialistic. 1296:

of Queen Anne). For much of the period, the Tories commanded a broad base of support in rural England, but the relatively undemocratic nature of the franchise and the

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The group surrounding Pitt the Younger came to be the dominant force in British politics from 1783 until 1830 and, after Pitt's death (1806), the ministers in the

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1738 Frederick's attempts to reconcile with the Tories broke down on Wyndham's insistence that he join the Tories in favouring a reduced Army.With the outbreak of

1340:(in which the mob voiced their support for Jacobitism and local Tory parliamentary candidates) led to the Whig government strengthening their power by passing the 1723:

The Tories became associated with repression of popular discontent after 1815, but the Tories later underwent a fundamental transformation under the influence of

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Despite the failure of their founding principles, the Tories remained a powerful political party during the reigns of the next two monarchs, particularly that of

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The Tories were divided over whether to cooperate with the opposition Whigs against Walpole, with those in favour consisting of the Hanoverian faction led by

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of 1688, political disputes would be resolved through elections and parliamentary manoeuvring, rather than by an appeal to force. Charles II also restored

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manner, these foolish terms of reproach came into public and general use; and even at present seem not nearer their end than when they were first invented.

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in 1713, which pulled Great Britain out of the War of the Spanish Succession (to the dismay of Britain's allies, including Anne's eventual successor,

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and brought the ministry into popular discredit. In the spring of 1710, Anne dismissed Godolphin and the Junto ministers, replacing them with Tories.

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similarly argues: "The history of the Tory party in parliament between the early 1760s and the late 1820s may be simply written: it did not exist".

6304: 5448: 4702: 4547: 2893: 1674: 5063: 4717: 1457: 1175: 231: 7157: 4944: 1226: 4994: 5242: 6208: 6148: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5352: 5342: 5330: 5320: 5308: 5296: 4692: 3225: 1752: 4431: 3320: 7132: 5864: 4784: 6857: 5889: 4707: 1043:, had in fact converted to Catholicism, an act that many Protestant Englishmen in the 1670s saw as only one step below high treason. 6749: 6507: 6037: 5226: 5155: 5150: 5141: 4677: 4672: 3433: 3392: 3101: 1748: 764: 584: 474: 76: 1253:(the Pretender) king, he made no moves to do so. The Elector George succeeded to the throne entirely peacefully, supported by the 7122: 6443: 5252: 5038: 4789: 2964: 2453: 2377: 2268: 2230: 2192: 2187: 1686: 1488:. Amelot replied that the French government would need considerable proof of English support for Jacobitism before it could act. 1373: 1230: 1199: 1187: 1183: 721: 459: 71: 61: 6958: 5761: 4984: 4727: 4537: 2855: 2147: 1207: 1376:'s overtures in 1720. Nonetheless, their combined efforts helped the opposition win some victories, such as the defeat of the 1079:

further since that this is the distinction they make instead of Cavalier and Roundhead, now they are called Torys and Wiggs".

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to France with a request for 10,000 troops and 30,000 arms to be landed in England, where they would join them upon arrival.

1477: 1465: 1279: 1233:, Secretary of State. They were backed by a strong majority in the Parliament elected in 1710, rallying under the banner of " 1203: 1153:

also gave rights to Protestant dissenters that were hitherto unknown, while the elimination of a large number of bishops who

729: 7031: 7026: 6614: 6297: 5700: 5546: 5028: 4769: 4749: 4682: 3167: 3134: 3096: 3063: 3030: 2997: 2959: 2926: 2888: 2850: 741: 725: 454: 7016: 6974: 6777: 6020: 5796: 5500: 5221: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4799: 1824: 1632:(1770–1782), but these politicians considered themselves Whigs. In his study of the debates in Parliament for 1768–1774, 6232: 6004: 5771: 5564: 5495: 4969: 4929: 1533: 1517: 1512: 1481: 1469: 1270: 1093: 444: 155: 1577:

unconstitutional points, but to be under no obligation to visit Prince Frederick's court, nor unite in other points".

1324: 6943: 6666: 6572: 6567: 6542: 5969: 5959: 5814: 5766: 5720: 5013: 4627: 4348: 4308: 4281: 1976: 1682: 1329: 1051: 647: 6634: 6557: 6400: 6195: 6094: 5924: 5643: 5525: 5509: 5103: 4467: 2415: 1609: 1417: 1266: 689: 4362:. The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1715-1754. Vol. 1. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1694:

all along meant, nothing else than a Government established by laws equally binding upon the King and the subject.

6999: 6819: 6799: 6619: 6582: 6474: 6438: 6290: 6109: 5791: 1461: 1316: 697: 236: 6696: 6905: 6734: 6716: 6624: 6532: 6185: 5819: 5809: 5580: 5117: 4451: 1755:(once a Radical candidate for Parliament), adopted the Conservative label as the official name of their party. 1449: 1202:

deteriorated. This situation also became increasingly uncomfortable to many of the non-Junto Whigs, led by the

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to promote policies that undermined the church's own unique status in the state led some Tories to support the

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in Scotland while Whigs were more associated with trade, money, larger land holders or land magnates and the

1625: 1612:, the old political distinctions dissolved. The Whig factions became in effect distinct parties (such as the 1568: 1438: 1410: 1391: 1194: 1122: 1106: 469: 6948: 7172: 6938: 6847: 6220: 6154: 5999: 5939: 4687: 1485: 1473: 1464:) requesting French help for a Stuart restoration (including 10,000 French soldiers). It was signed by the 1304: 1167: 1055: 143: 1677:

ministry (1807–1809) called themselves the "Friends of Mr Pitt" rather than Tories. Portland's successor,

1456:, the Pretender's representative at the French court, carried a message from English Tories to the French 6979: 6772: 6706: 6360: 6226: 5786: 5078: 4949: 2690: 1629: 1362: 1308: 771:

went on to become the modern Conservative Party, whose members are still commonly referred to as Tories.

685: 599: 35: 3350: 7044: 6923: 6862: 6191: 6074: 5751: 4521: 1453: 1428: 1406: 1047: 733: 504: 345: 318: 6701: 7127: 6895: 6890: 6609: 6385: 6375: 6089: 6084: 5844: 4622: 4617: 4577: 4274:

English Society 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice During the Ancien Regime

3290: 1703: 1545: 1242: 1075: 712: 1394:, as they considered a Jacobite rising would be successful considering the state of public opinion. 6989: 6953: 6872: 6852: 6739: 6711: 6577: 6428: 6395: 6333: 5944: 5879: 5705: 5627: 5490: 4607: 4445: 2751: 1654: 1647: 1529: 1238: 1015:) began to agitate for a greater role of Parliament in government, coupled with more tolerance for 852: 717: 394: 66: 17: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6448: 6370: 6158: 5964: 5929: 5834: 5741: 5595: 4794: 4612: 4490: 1525: 1353: 1312: 756: 609: 136: 31: 1735:

When the Conservative Party split in 1846 on the issue of free trade (namely, the repeal of the

6984: 6345: 6202: 5934: 5585: 4602: 1433: 1150: 1142: 677: 6867: 3463: 3229: 7070: 6994: 6900: 6824: 6744: 6639: 6380: 6273: 6236: 5904: 5869: 4939: 4425: 4411:

Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England 1734-1832

1900: 1712: 1507: 1496: 1357: 1273:

wrote that "hardly one Tory is left in any place, though never so mean a one". The historian

1114: 987: 979: 681: 673: 640: 614: 399: 182: 166: 30:"Tory Party" redirects here. For the modern British party popularly known as the Tories, see 6928: 1214:'s Tories. In early 1710, the prosecution by the Whig government of the ultra-Tory preacher 6644: 6604: 6355: 5974: 5919: 5715: 5710: 5611: 4773: 4744: 4587: 4572: 1421: 1274: 1250: 1118: 1067: 975: 930: 848: 737: 4542: 8: 7147: 7082: 6882: 6809: 6791: 6691: 6654: 6552: 6522: 6420: 6410: 6390: 6316: 6263: 6099: 5746: 5590: 4959: 4844: 1938: 1138: 1134: 1040: 1032: 1004: 992: 864: 783: 701: 449: 380: 186: 6676: 3439: 1137:

of 1688. The result was a King established solely by parliamentary title and subject to

728:, which was fought largely on the issue of electoral reform, opposed by the Tories. The 6686: 6596: 6433: 6405: 6282: 6214: 5756: 5160: 5043: 4814: 4557: 4440: 4276:. Cambridge studies in the history and theory of politics. Cambridge University Press. 3272: 3264: 1744: 1728: 1492: 1337: 1146: 1110: 1102: 1020: 983: 868: 860: 752: 176: 1121:

and also as an exclusive body established by law, from which both Roman Catholics and

6658: 6499: 6337: 5994: 5914: 5369: 5313: 5247: 5197: 4954: 4889: 4874: 4864: 4849: 4779: 4765: 4697: 4344: 4314: 4304: 4287: 4277: 3326: 3276: 1699: 1667: 1219: 1215: 1130: 1012: 1000: 948: 922: 876: 872: 768: 665: 494: 298: 251: 963: 387: 6933: 6814: 6804: 6767: 6365: 5954: 5127: 4859: 4582: 4228:

J. C. D. Clark, "A General Theory of Party, Opposition and Government, 1688-1832",

3256: 1678: 1387: 1333: 1234: 1154: 1036: 952: 824: 779: 693: 633: 489: 6681: 4459: 3492:

Robert Willman, ‘The Origins of 'Whig' and 'Tory' in English Political Language’,

7094: 6839: 6104: 5093: 5088: 5048: 4839: 4567: 4331: 1791: 1689:(1812–1827) firmly rejected it in a ministerial memorandum to the Prince Regent: 1633: 1254: 1089: 1063: 1028: 971: 956: 938: 856: 705: 669: 619: 484: 414: 334: 1390:

led the Tories to believe that it would not be worthwhile raising funds for the

7106: 7058: 6350: 5541: 5381: 5262: 5179: 5170: 5098: 5023: 5018: 4894: 4804: 4660: 1621: 1582: 1402: 1398: 1382: 1372:

of 1717, the Tories refused to back either side and adopted the same stance to

1297: 1246: 967: 888: 828: 805: 594: 464: 404: 3260: 27:

Major political faction and then party in the United Kingdom from 1678 to 1834

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The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832

1743:(Peel's Conservative supporters) joined the Whigs and Radicals to form the 1573: 1555: 1550: 1537: 1413:, the Tories were reduced to 128 MPs, their lowest total up to this point. 1377: 795: 736:, many of which were controlled by Tories and the Party was reduced to 175 604: 544: 539: 534: 499: 479: 313: 151: 6562: 4444: 6759: 5441: 5405: 5108: 5053: 4919: 4904: 4739: 1724: 1613: 1448:

In 1743, war broke out between Britain and France, as part of the larger

1315:, by gaining some Tory support it was thus used to discredit them by the 1059: 1024: 748: 574: 554: 307: 303: 288: 200: 81: 7089: 1681:(Prime Minister, 1809–1812), never adopted the label of Tory and, after 6726: 5736: 5335: 5216: 5206: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5174: 4999: 4879: 3268: 3244: 1829: 1617: 1369: 1332:

fleeing to France to join the Pretender. A series of riots against the

1171: 1016: 996: 978:

executed and for the next 11 years the British kingdoms operated under

899: 840: 589: 409: 328: 293: 1653:

Applied by their opponents to parliamentary supporters of the younger

6915: 6592: 6495: 6069: 5429: 4914: 4834: 4809: 1736: 1727:, who was an industrialist rather than a landowner. Peel in his 1834 1637: 1348:

and increasing the army (including by importing 6,000 Dutch troops).

943: 934: 892: 760: 569: 564: 549: 419: 340: 161: 4424: 1636:

discovered that not a single politician labelled themselves a Tory.

5949: 5113: 1643: 1585:, in his memoirs for 1764, wrote of the decline of the Tory party: 1341: 1082: 926: 844: 823:, meaning "pursuit" since outlaws were "pursued men") that entered 579: 375: 350: 323: 126: 1543:

Eveline Cruickshanks in her study of the 1715-1754 Tory party for

1740: 1558:) have questioned the Tories' commitment to Jacobitism. In 2016, 524: 1420:

and with those opposed making up the Jacobite faction headed by

966:

which shifted power from Parliament itself to the Parliamentary

763:

in 1846 caused the party to break apart; the faction led by the

4092: 3322:

The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents

1536:'s brutal suppression of the Scots, English Tories adopted the 1323:

arms of the Pretender". In October 1714, the French ambassador

921:

The first Tory party traces its principles and politics to the

814: 529: 4051: 4027: 4015: 3937: 3886: 3862: 1698:

Generally, the Tories were associated with lesser gentry, the

4005: 4003: 3978: 3976: 1113:

of Charles II, both as a body governed by bishops, using the

839:, a "cattle driver") was initially a Scottish insult for the 799: 4360:

Introductory Survey, Appendices, Constituencies, Members A-D

4217:

Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics

3574: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3555: 3530: 3528: 4080: 260: 216: 4235: 4184: 4129: 4039: 4000: 3988: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3910: 3898: 3874: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3775: 3727: 3674: 3647: 3623: 5453: 4202:

H T Dickinson," Tories: 1714-1830," in David Loades, ed.

4174: 4172: 4170: 4124:

Crossroads of Power: Essays on Eighteenth-Century England

4070: 4068: 4066: 3927: 3925: 3792: 3790: 3751: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3664: 3662: 3613: 3611: 3584: 3567: 3552: 3540: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3511: 1229:, Chancellor of the Exchequer (later Lord Treasurer) and 6312: 1245:); the peace was enacted despite a Whig majority in the 1174:. This tight-knit political grouping was opposed by the 4301:

From Restoration to Reform: The British Isles 1660-1832

1661:

came to represent the political current opposed to the

1019:

dissenters. These interests would soon coalesce as the

962:

This prospective form of settlement was prevented by a

4167: 4104: 4063: 3922: 3787: 3763: 3739: 3698: 3659: 3635: 3608: 3596: 3508: 1260: 7042: 3202:

Note that the results for 1661–1708 are England only.

1161: 7022:

Current political parties in the Republic of Ireland

6166:

European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance

5684:

Organisations associated with the Conservative Party

3715: 3686: 3368: 1747:. The remaining Tories, under the leadership of the 1218:

for sermons delivered the previous year, led to the

4489: 3391:. Conservative Research Department. Archived from 5855:Conservative National Property Advisory Committee 4383:The Growth of the British Party System: 1640-1923 7114: 6630:Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation 4390:In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714-60 3303: 3228:. Conservatives. 24 October 2007. Archived from 1083:The Exclusion Crisis and the Glorious Revolution 7143:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom 4439: 4151:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), p. 392, n. 18. 4328:Political Untouchables; The Tories and the '45 4164:(London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016), p. 157. 3306:Britain: Be Fluent in British Life and Culture 6513:Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) 6298: 4475: 1468:(one of the four richest people in Britain), 859:that took place in September 1648. While the 724:. The Whigs won control of Parliament in the 641: 5665: 4325: 4135: 4098: 4086: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3994: 3982: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3733: 3680: 3653: 3590: 3578: 3561: 3546: 3534: 751:, who issued a policy document known as the 385: 6209:European Conservatives and Reformists Group 6149:European Conservatives and Reformists Party 5865:Conservative Science & Technology Forum 3291:"Making Sense of the Divine Right of Kings" 3226:"A Brief History of the Conservative Party" 818: 808: 7138:Centre-right parties in the United Kingdom 6305: 6291: 5890:Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists 4482: 4468: 4443:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). 3318: 1685:in 1812, the members of the government of 863:were those who supported the exclusion of 716:in government between 1783 and 1830, with 704:from the succession on the grounds of his 648: 634: 5605:Directly elected city mayoral authorities 1145:was James II's nephew and William's wife 1092:) to strip the monarchy of its essential 755:, the Tories began to transform into the 7168:Right-wing parties in the United Kingdom 7163:Political parties disestablished in 1834 7153:Politics of the Kingdom of Great Britain 6508:British and Irish Communist Organisation 5286: 4543:History of conservatism in Great Britain 4357: 4190: 4178: 4110: 4074: 3931: 3796: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3709: 3668: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3602: 3519: 3461:History of the great civil war 1642–1649 1758: 1642: 1303: 1035:); second, that his younger brother and 778: 6444:Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society 5243:Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party 4255:Wars and Revolutions. Britain 1760-1815 4126:(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1962), p. 35. 3416: 1237:". This Tory government negotiated the 1225:The new Tory ministry was dominated by 722:Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool 14: 7115: 6959:National Socialist Irish Workers Party 5910:Conservatives for International Travel 5762:Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation 4404:A History of the Tory Party, 1640-1714 4338: 4257:(London: Edward Arnold, 1982), p. 283. 4149:A Land of Liberty?: England, 1689-1727 3496:, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June, 1974), p. 259. 3389:"A Brief History of the Conservatives" 3374: 3242: 3218: 1458:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 7158:Political parties established in 1678 6750:Women's Social and Progressive League 6286: 6126: 6058: 5885:Conservative Women National Committee 5664: 5472: 5285: 4648: 4503: 4463: 4455:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 4298: 4271: 4241: 3721: 3692: 3386: 3348: 1718: 1594: 730:Representation of the People Act 1832 692:. They first emerged during the 1679 7032:List of political parties by country 7027:Elections in the Republic of Ireland 3419:New World Dictionary & Thesaurus 1397:Sunderland joined the Tories in the 1298:maldistribution of the borough seats 916: 843:faction in Scotland who opposed the 7017:Politics of the Republic of Ireland 6975:Fathers Rights-Responsibility Party 6858:Christian Democrat Party of Ireland 6127: 5797:Conservative Friends of the Chinese 5501:Treasurer of the Conservative Party 5473: 3325:. Hackett Publishing. p. XXX. 1261:Proscription and the Whig supremacy 24: 6233:Ulster Conservatives and Unionists 5772:Conservative Co-operative Movement 5496:Conservative Campaign Headquarters 4368: 4219:(London: Macmillan, 1970), p. 198. 1162:Balanced ministries and opposition 925:which divided England between the 867:from the succession to thrones of 25: 7184: 7133:1834 disestablishments in England 6944:Irish Monetary Reform Association 6667:All Ireland Anti-Partition League 6573:Socialist Party of Ireland (1971) 6568:Socialist Party of Ireland (1904) 5900:Conservatives Against Fox Hunting 5830:Conservative Humanist Association 5815:Conservative Friends of Palestine 5801:Conservative Friends of Gibraltar 5767:Conservative Christian Fellowship 5721:Association of Conservative Clubs 5701:Conservative Women's Organisation 4538:History of the Conservative Party 4417: 3349:Filby, Eliza (23 November 2013). 1657:(1783–1801, 1804–1806), the term 1599:Dickinson reports the following: 1441:, there were 136 Tories elected. 1365:was destroyed by a storm at sea. 1117:whilst subscribing to a specific 817:", "robber", from the Irish word 7100: 7088: 7076: 7064: 7052: 6401:Irish Socialist Republican Party 6267: 6257: 5860:Conservative Rural Affairs Group 5644:Conservative Party Review (2016) 5547:Conservative Chief Whip's Office 5526:National Conservative Convention 5510:Conservative Research Department 4397:The Second Tory Party, 1714-1832 4341:Politics under the later Stuarts 4204:Readers Guide to British History 3187: 3180: 3179: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3146: 3121: 3114: 3113: 3083: 3076: 3075: 3050: 3043: 3042: 3017: 3010: 3009: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2938: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2905: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2837: 2830: 2829: 2804: 2797: 2796: 2771: 2764: 2763: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2648: 2641: 2640: 2615: 2608: 2607: 2577: 2570: 2569: 2544: 2537: 2536: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2435: 2428: 2427: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2359: 2352: 2351: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2280: 2250: 2243: 2242: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2161: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2099: 2092: 2091: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2021: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1841: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1803: 1267:Succession to the Crown Act 1707 1149:was James's elder daughter. The 1054:, with the foremost Irish Tory, 794:was an insult (derived from the 270: 6800:Business and Professional Group 6439:Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union 6110:Society of Conservative Lawyers 6059: 5792:Conservative Friends of America 4492:Conservative and Unionist Party 4247: 4232:(Vol. 23, No. 2, 1980), p. 305. 4222: 4209: 4196: 4154: 4141: 4116: 3499: 3486: 3469: 3453: 3425: 3387:Cooke, Alistair (August 2008). 3351:"The death of Tory Anglicanism" 1462:Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou 1058:, in a supposed plot to murder 786:painted in a Romanesque costume 7123:1678 establishments in England 6906:Unionist Anti-Partition League 6735:Community Democrats of Ireland 6625:National Progressive Democrats 6543:League for a Workers' Republic 5850:Conservative Education Society 5820:Conservative Friends of Turkey 5810:Conservative Friends of Israel 5777:Conservative Countryside Forum 5581:Northern Ireland Conservatives 4649: 4452:New International Encyclopedia 4392:. (Cambridge University Press. 4358:Sedgwick, Romney, ed. (1970). 4326:Cruickshanks, Eveline (1979). 4264: 3475:Hume, David (1797). "LXVIII". 3410: 3380: 3342: 3312: 3304:Andrew Whittaker, ed. (2009). 3297: 3283: 3236: 3188: 3122: 3084: 3051: 3018: 2985: 2876: 2838: 2805: 2772: 2734: 2649: 2616: 2578: 2545: 2507: 2474: 2436: 2360: 2251: 2100: 1921: 1883: 1450:War of the Austrian Succession 1356:resulted in failure. However, 227:Politics of the United Kingdom 13: 1: 6558:Revolutionary Workers' Groups 6313:Defunct political parties in 6196:European People's Party Group 5805:Conservative Friends of India 5782:Conservative Disability Group 5565:Conservative Party Conference 4376:Britain in the Age of Walpole 3206: 1354:Jacobite rebellion of 1715–16 1210:, who began to intrigue with 1195:War of the Spanish Succession 759:. However, his repeal of the 110: 96: 6939:Immigration Control Platform 6697:Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann 6221:Movement for European Reform 6155:International Democrat Union 5940:Margaret Thatcher Foundation 5875:Conservative Transport Group 5870:Conservative Trade Unionists 4381:Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1967). 3245:"Eighteenth-Century Toryism" 3211: 1325:Charles-François d'Iberville 1046:The Whigs tried to link the 7: 6980:Independent Health Alliance 6707:Irish Anti-Partition League 6538:Irish Workers' Party (1948) 6533:Irish Workers' Party (1926) 6518:Independent Socialist Party 6361:Home Government Association 6227:Alliance for an Open Europe 6203:European Conservative Group 5787:Conservative European Forum 4593:General election manifestos 4504: 4413:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1311:, the Pretender during the 1008:subservience to the Court. 887:were those who opposed the 600:Traditionalist conservatism 36:Tory Party (disambiguation) 10: 7189: 6863:Christian Solidarity Party 6615:Democratic Socialist Party 6186:Conservative–DUP agreement 5825:Conservative History Group 5752:Blue Collar Conservativism 4522:Conservative Party Archive 1977:The Marquess of Carmarthen 1508:Broadbottom Administration 1429:Frederick, Prince of Wales 1243:George, Elector of Hanover 1048:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 911: 346:Traditionalist Catholicism 29: 7012: 6967: 6914: 6891:Donegal Progressive Party 6881: 6838: 6786: 6778:National Democratic Party 6758: 6725: 6653: 6591: 6494: 6487: 6457: 6419: 6386:Irish Parliamentary Party 6376:Irish National Federation 6332: 6325: 6274:United Kingdom portal 6254: 6174: 6144:List of current alliances 6137: 6133: 6122: 6090:Centre for Social Justice 6085:Centre for Policy Studies 6065: 6054: 6013: 6000:Young Britons' Foundation 5845:Conservative Muslim Forum 5729: 5693: 5675: 5671: 5660: 5636: 5628:Conservative Associations 5620: 5604: 5573: 5557: 5534: 5518: 5483: 5479: 5468: 5292: 5281: 5235: 4928: 4823: 4726: 4659: 4655: 4644: 4608:Irish Conservative Party 4578:Unionist Free Food League 4530: 4514: 4510: 4499: 3261:10.1017/S0018246X00021178 3243:Holmes, Geoffrey (1983). 3100: 2963: 2892: 2750: 2689: 2594: 2523: 2452: 2305: 1975: 1828: 1546:The History of Parliament 847:(a faction who supported 664:were a loosely organised 585:Spanish American royalism 222: 209: 193: 175: 142: 132: 122: 106: 90: 54: 45: 6990:Irish Monarchist Society 6954:National Corporate Party 6853:Christian Centrist Party 6740:Liberal Party of Ireland 6712:Irish Independence Party 6429:Irish Conservative Party 6396:Irish Reform Association 6181:List of former alliances 5970:One Nation Conservatives 5880:Conservative Way Forward 5666:Associated organisations 5491:Conservative Party Board 4409:O'Gorman, Frank (1989). 4299:Clark, J. C. D. (2014). 4272:Clark, J. C. D. (1985). 3417:Webster (1998), "Tory", 3319:James Frey, ed. (2020). 2752:William Pitt the Younger 2525:Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn 2454:The Viscount Bolingbroke 2378:The Viscount Bolingbroke 1648:William Pitt the Younger 1530:John Murray of Broughton 1478:Sir Watkin Williams Wynn 1439:general election of 1741 1409:in 1727 and the ensuing 853:Second English Civil War 747:Under the leadership of 718:William Pitt the Younger 711:After the succession of 672:, in the Parliaments of 460:1st Viscount Bolingbroke 395:Conservative corporatism 67:William Pitt the Younger 6702:Independent Fianna Fáil 6449:Irish Unionist Alliance 6371:Independent Irish Party 6264:Conservatism portal 6192:European People's Party 6159:European Democrat Union 5965:Northern Research Group 5930:European Research Group 5835:Conservative Mainstream 5596:Gibraltar Conservatives 4618:Scottish Unionist Party 4432:Encyclopædia Britannica 4402:Feiling, Keith (1950). 4395:Feiling, Keith (1938). 3308:. Thorogood Publishing. 2231:The Duke of Marlborough 2193:The Duke of Marlborough 1526:Jacobite rising of 1745 1313:Jacobite rising of 1715 937:(the supporters of the 865:James, the Duke of York 800: 774: 177:Political position 32:Conservative Party (UK) 6985:Irish Democratic Party 6635:Socialist Labour Party 6346:All-for-Ireland League 5895:Conservatives 4 Cities 5586:Scottish Conservatives 4628:National Liberal Party 4603:Liberal Unionist Party 4435:(11th ed.). 1911. 4388:Colley, Linda (1985). 4374:Black, Jeremy (1984). 4244:, p. 276, n. 222. 3494:The Historical Journal 3477:The History of England 3249:The Historical Journal 3102:The Duke of Wellington 1696: 1650: 1608:Upon the accession of 1606: 1592: 1506:In December 1744, the 1338:Hanoverian-Whig regime 1334:coronation of George I 1319: 1293: 1200:Duchess of Marlborough 1151:Act of Toleration 1689 909: 819: 809: 787: 475:1st Duke of Wellington 386: 34:. For other uses, see 6924:Ailtirí na hAiséirghe 6901:Irish Dominion League 6825:National League Party 6820:National Centre Party 6745:Progressive Democrats 6717:National Party (1924) 6620:National Labour Party 6583:World Socialist Party 6381:Irish National League 6237:Ulster Unionist Party 5990:Tory Green Initiative 5905:Conservatives at Work 4623:National Party (1917) 4446:"Whig and Tory" 4426:"Whig and Tory" 4385:. Vol. 1. John Baker. 3421:(2.0 for PC ed.) 2965:The Earl of Liverpool 2269:The Earl of Godolphin 2188:The Earl of Godolphin 1901:Charles II of England 1759:Electoral performance 1713:Catholic emancipation 1691: 1646: 1601: 1587: 1569:1747 general election 1497:Charles Edward Stuart 1482:Sir John Hynde Cotton 1358:Charles XII of Sweden 1307: 1288: 1115:Book of Common Prayer 980:military dictatorship 904: 831:crisis of 1678–1681. 790:As a political term, 782: 455:1st Earl of Rochester 445:1st Earl of Clarendon 400:Divine right of kings 167:Divine right of kings 72:2nd Earl of Liverpool 6645:United Left Alliance 6605:Cork Socialist Party 6528:Irish Workers' Group 6356:Healyite Nationalist 5975:Popular Conservatism 5920:COVID Recovery Group 5711:Conservatives Abroad 5612:London Conservatives 5287:Leadership elections 4613:Irish Unionist Party 4588:Carlton Club meeting 4573:Tariff Reform League 4399:. London: Macmillan. 4339:Harris, Tim (1993). 3459:Samuel R. Gardiner. 3442:on 23 September 2015 2894:The Duke of Portland 1751:(a former Whig) and 1284:Letter to the Tories 1275:Eveline Cruickshanks 1231:Viscount Bolingbroke 1193:The stresses of the 1088:to that seen in the 974:. The Army had King 929:(supporters of King 855:) and supported the 696:, when they opposed 62:Viscount Bolingbroke 7173:Tory MPs (pre-1834) 6873:Poblacht Chríostúil 6868:Muintir na hÉireann 6830:Social Credit Party 6810:Cumann na nGaedheal 6692:Cumann na Poblachta 6553:Republican Congress 6523:Irish Worker League 6434:Irish Liberal Party 6411:United Irish League 6391:Irish Patriot Party 6095:European Foundation 5980:Renewing One Nation 5925:European Foundation 5840:Conservative Health 5747:The Atlantic Bridge 5716:LGBT+ Conservatives 5706:Young Conservatives 5591:Welsh Conservatives 5425:July–September 2022 5325:Thatcher re-elected 4303:. London: Vintage. 4136:Cruickshanks (1979) 4101:, pp. 106–108. 4099:Cruickshanks (1979) 4087:Cruickshanks (1979) 4058:Cruickshanks (1979) 4046:Cruickshanks (1979) 4034:Cruickshanks (1979) 4022:Cruickshanks (1979) 4010:Cruickshanks (1979) 3995:Cruickshanks (1979) 3983:Cruickshanks (1979) 3968:Cruickshanks (1979) 3956:Cruickshanks (1979) 3944:Cruickshanks (1979) 3917:Cruickshanks (1979) 3905:Cruickshanks (1979) 3893:Cruickshanks (1979) 3881:Cruickshanks (1979) 3869:Cruickshanks (1979) 3857:Cruickshanks (1979) 3845:Cruickshanks (1979) 3833:Cruickshanks (1979) 3821:Cruickshanks (1979) 3809:Cruickshanks (1979) 3734:Cruickshanks (1979) 3681:Cruickshanks (1979) 3654:Cruickshanks (1979) 3591:Cruickshanks (1979) 3579:Cruickshanks (1979) 3562:Cruickshanks (1979) 3547:Cruickshanks (1979) 3535:Cruickshanks (1979) 3293:. 18 December 2020. 2416:Sir William Wyndham 1939:James II of England 1418:Sir William Wyndham 1265:In accordance with 1251:the son of James II 1184:Duke of Marlborough 1135:Glorious Revolution 1041:James, Duke of York 1033:Louis XIV of France 1005:Cavalier Parliament 993:Glorious Revolution 784:James, Duke of York 702:James, Duke of York 700:efforts to exclude 381:Cavalier Parliament 6929:Córas na Poblachta 6896:Irish Centre Party 6848:Catholic Democrats 6687:Clann na Poblachta 6406:Repeal Association 6215:European Democrats 5757:Common Sense Group 4558:Tamworth Manifesto 4406:. Clarendon Press. 4230:Historical Journal 4193:, pp. 77, 78. 4060:, pp. 90, 91. 4036:, pp. 81, 82. 4024:, pp. 77, 78. 3946:, pp. 63, 64. 3895:, pp. 50, 52. 3871:, pp. 39, 40. 3784:, pp. 70, 71. 3632:, pp. 64, 65. 1729:Tamworth Manifesto 1719:Conservative Party 1651: 1595:Friends of Mr Pitt 1534:Duke of Cumberland 1452:. Later that year 1320: 1208:Duke of Shrewsbury 788: 757:Conservative Party 753:Tamworth Manifesto 137:Conservative Party 7040: 7039: 7008: 7007: 6995:Natural Law Party 6548:Vanguard Movement 6483: 6482: 6280: 6279: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6118: 6117: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 5995:Tory Reform Group 5915:Cornerstone Group 5656: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5464: 5463: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 4760: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4548:Electoral history 3760:, pp. 64–74. 3483:. London. p. 126. 3332:978-1-6246-6905-7 3232:on 13 March 2008. 3199: 3198: 2660: 2659: 1700:Church of England 1683:his assassination 1668:Charles James Fox 1540:as their symbol. 1434:war against Spain 1239:Treaty of Utrecht 1220:Sacheverell riots 1216:Henry Sacheverell 1072:Heraclitus Ridens 1001:Church of England 949:Church of England 923:English Civil War 917:English Civil War 769:Benjamin Disraeli 666:political faction 658: 657: 495:Winston Churchill 299:Counterrevolution 245: 244: 232:Political parties 133:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 7180: 7128:1678 in politics 7105: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7092: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7048: 6934:Identity Ireland 6805:Cork Civic Party 6768:Clann na Talmhan 6677:Aontacht Éireann 6492: 6491: 6366:Home Rule League 6330: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6284: 6283: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6135: 6134: 6124: 6123: 6056: 6055: 5730:Factional groups 5694:Sectional groups 5673: 5672: 5662: 5661: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5347:Major re-elected 5283: 5282: 4932: 4931:Chairmen (1911–) 4827: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4730: 4729:House of Commons 4663: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4645: 4583:Coalition Coupon 4512: 4511: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4436: 4428: 4363: 4354: 4335: 4322: 4295: 4258: 4253:I. R. Christie, 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4215:I. R. Christie, 4213: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4165: 4160:Frank O'Gorman, 4158: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3523: 3517: 3506: 3505:Willman, p. 263. 3503: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3473: 3467: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3438:, archived from 3429: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3398:on 30 April 2010 3397: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3222: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2698: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1763: 1762: 1704:Episcopal Church 1679:Spencer Perceval 1628:(1762–1763) and 1466:Duke of Beaufort 1411:general election 1392:general election 1388:South Sea Bubble 1363:Spanish invasion 1280:George Lyttelton 1235:Church in Danger 1204:Duke of Somerset 1155:refused to swear 1056:Redmond O'Hanlon 1037:heir presumptive 970:, controlled by 825:English politics 822: 812: 803: 694:Exclusion Crisis 650: 643: 636: 519: 490:G. K. Chesterton 470:3rd Earl of Bute 450:Roger L'Estrange 434: 391: 370: 283: 274: 263: 247: 246: 215: 189: 123:Preceded by 115: 112: 101: 98: 77:Arthur Wellesley 43: 42: 21: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7004: 6963: 6910: 6877: 6840:Christian right 6834: 6782: 6754: 6721: 6649: 6610:Democratic Left 6587: 6479: 6453: 6415: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6281: 6276: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6256: 6242: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6170: 6162: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6128:Party alliances 6114: 6105:Policy Exchange 6061: 6042: 6009: 5960:No Turning Back 5725: 5689: 5667: 5648: 5632: 5616: 5600: 5569: 5553: 5530: 5514: 5475: 5474:Party structure 5460: 5288: 5269: 5231: 4930: 4924: 4826:Leaders (1922–) 4825: 4819: 4764: 4754: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4632: 4568:Primrose League 4526: 4506: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4423: 4420: 4371: 4369:Further reading 4366: 4351: 4332:Duckworth Books 4311: 4284: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4191:Sedgwick (1970) 4189: 4185: 4179:Sedgwick (1970) 4177: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4147:Julian Hoppit, 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4111:Sedgwick (1970) 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4075:Sedgwick (1970) 4073: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3932:Sedgwick (1970) 3930: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3797:Sedgwick (1970) 3795: 3788: 3782:Sedgwick (1970) 3780: 3776: 3770:Sedgwick (1970) 3768: 3764: 3758:Sedgwick (1970) 3756: 3752: 3746:Sedgwick (1970) 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3710:Sedgwick (1970) 3708: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3669:Sedgwick (1970) 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3642:Sedgwick (1970) 3640: 3636: 3630:Sedgwick (1970) 3628: 3624: 3618:Sedgwick (1970) 3616: 3609: 3603:Sedgwick (1970) 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3520:Sedgwick (1970) 3518: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3355:spectator.co.uk 3347: 3343: 3333: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3241: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3176: 3173: 3143: 3140: 3110: 3107: 3072: 3069: 3039: 3036: 3006: 3003: 2973: 2970: 2935: 2932: 2902: 2899: 2864: 2861: 2856:Henry Addington 2826: 2823: 2793: 2790: 2760: 2757: 2722: 2719: 2699: 2696: 2637: 2634: 2604: 2601: 2566: 2563: 2533: 2530: 2495: 2492: 2462: 2459: 2424: 2421: 2386: 2383: 2348: 2345: 2315: 2312: 2277: 2274: 2239: 2236: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2158: 2155: 2123: 2120: 2088: 2085: 2053: 2050: 2018: 2015: 1985: 1982: 1947: 1944: 1909: 1906: 1871: 1868: 1838: 1835: 1800: 1797: 1792:Sir Edward Hyde 1761: 1721: 1597: 1518:Robert MacCarty 1486:Sir Robert Abdy 1454:Francis Sempill 1422:William Shippen 1374:Lord Sunderland 1330:Duke of Ormonde 1263: 1255:Hanoverian Tory 1164: 1125:were excluded. 1090:Long Parliament 1085: 1064:Bishop of Meath 1052:Duke of Ormonde 988:King Charles II 984:The Restoration 972:Oliver Cromwell 957:Presbyterianism 955:with a form of 939:Long Parliament 919: 914: 857:Whiggamore Raid 777: 734:rotten boroughs 670:political party 654: 625: 624: 620:Veronese Easter 520: 517: 510: 509: 485:Stanley Baldwin 435: 432: 425: 424: 415:Oxford Movement 371: 368: 361: 360: 335:Noblesse oblige 319:Interventionism 284: 282:Characteristics 281: 261: 252:Politics series 241: 213: 205: 181: 171: 117: 113: 99: 95: 86: 50: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7186: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7110: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7071:United Kingdom 7061: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6773:Farmers' Party 6770: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6578:Workers League 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6458:Pan-UK parties 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6351:Catholic Union 6348: 6342: 6340: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6255: 6252: 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5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5542:1922 Committee 5538: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960:N. Chamberlain 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:Steel-Maitland 4936: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4845:N. Chamberlain 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4815:A. Chamberlain 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4662:House of Lords 4653: 4652: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4437: 4419: 4418:External links 4416: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4355: 4349: 4336: 4323: 4309: 4296: 4282: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4246: 4234: 4221: 4208: 4195: 4183: 4166: 4153: 4140: 4128: 4122:Lewis Namier, 4115: 4103: 4091: 4089:, p. 105. 4079: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 3999: 3987: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3724:, p. 224. 3714: 3697: 3695:, p. 212. 3685: 3673: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3566: 3551: 3539: 3524: 3507: 3498: 3485: 3468: 3452: 3424: 3409: 3379: 3377:, p. 124. 3367: 3341: 3331: 3311: 3296: 3282: 3255:(3): 755–760. 3235: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3119: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3015: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2802: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2769: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2062: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1994: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1809: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1720: 1717: 1687:Lord Liverpool 1622:Samuel Johnson 1596: 1593: 1583:Horace Walpole 1560:Frank O'Gorman 1491:James Butler, 1470:Lord Barrymore 1403:Robert Walpole 1399:Atterbury Plot 1383:Robert Walpole 1271:Lord Carnarvon 1262: 1259: 1247:House of Lords 1188:Lord Godolphin 1163: 1160: 1139:legal controls 1123:Nonconformists 1084: 1081: 1076:Oliver Heywood 1025:Catholic plots 968:New Model Army 918: 915: 913: 910: 889:Exclusion Bill 829:Exclusion Bill 776: 773: 742:1832 elections 690:United Kingdom 656: 655: 653: 652: 645: 638: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 595:Tory socialism 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 521: 518:Related topics 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 465:Samuel Johnson 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 436: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 405:Family Compact 402: 397: 392: 388:Château Clique 383: 378: 372: 369:General topics 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 341:Traditionalism 338: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 301: 296: 291: 285: 280: 279: 276: 275: 267: 266: 256: 255: 243: 242: 240: 239: 234: 229: 223: 220: 219: 211: 207: 206: 204: 203: 197: 195: 191: 190: 179: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 159: 148: 146: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 108: 104: 103: 92: 88: 87: 85: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 58: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7185: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6682:Clann Éireann 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6275: 6265: 6253: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6057: 6053: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6005:Five Families 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Selsdon Group 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535:Parliamentary 5533: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5467: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515:Organisations 4513: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4442: 4441:Gilman, D. C. 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4350:0-582-04082-5 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4310:9780099563235 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4283:9780521313834 4279: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4206:(2003) 2:1279 4205: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4181:, p. 76. 4180: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4150: 4144: 4138:, p. 45. 4137: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4113:, p. ix. 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4077:, p. 75. 4076: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4048:, p. 86. 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4012:, p. 77. 4011: 4006: 4004: 3997:, p. 75. 3996: 3991: 3985:, p. 72. 3984: 3979: 3977: 3970:, p. 71. 3969: 3964: 3958:, p. 69. 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3934:, p. 73. 3933: 3928: 3926: 3919:, p. 58. 3918: 3913: 3907:, p. 47. 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 40. 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3859:, p. 39. 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 38. 3846: 3841: 3835:, p. 33. 3834: 3829: 3823:, p. 28. 3822: 3817: 3811:, p. 27. 3810: 3805: 3799:, p. 71. 3798: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 70. 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3748:, p. 69. 3747: 3742: 3736:, p. 30. 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3712:, p. 68. 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3683:, p. 12. 3682: 3677: 3671:, p. 67. 3670: 3665: 3663: 3656:, p. 10. 3655: 3650: 3644:, p. 66. 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3620:, p. 64. 3619: 3614: 3612: 3605:, p. 63. 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3522:, p. 62. 3521: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3375:Harris (1993) 3371: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2497: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2307:Robert Harley 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2241: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2160: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2148:November 1701 2146: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1749:Earl of Derby 1746: 1745:Liberal Party 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1708:Nonconformist 1705: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1346:habeas corpus 1344:, suspending 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1282:wrote in his 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:Robert Harley 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180:Robert Harley 1177: 1176:Country Whigs 1173: 1169: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 816: 811: 807: 802: 797: 793: 785: 781: 772: 770: 766: 765:Earl of Derby 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 726:1831 election 723: 719: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Great Britain 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 651: 646: 644: 639: 637: 632: 631: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 514: 513: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 440:Robert Filmer 438: 437: 429: 428: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 390: 389: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 365: 364: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 336: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 309: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 278: 277: 273: 269: 268: 265: 264: 258: 257: 253: 249: 248: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 212: 208: 202: 199: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 178: 174: 168: 165: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 149: 147: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 118:1834 (second) 109: 105: 93: 89: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 57: 53: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7083:Conservatism 6788:Conservative 6672:Anti H-Block 6469: 6080:Bruges Group 5682: 5484:Professional 5437:October 2022 5370:Duncan Smith 5200: / 5191: / 5182: / 5173: / 5149: / 5140: / 5116: / 5044:Thorneycroft 5007: / 4890:Duncan Smith 4865:Douglas-Home 4850:W. Churchill 4795:R. Churchill 4772: / 4768: / 4756: 4698:Beaconsfield 4598:Fourth Party 4563:Carlton Club 4552: 4450: 4430: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4359: 4340: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4254: 4249: 4242:Clark (1985) 4237: 4229: 4224: 4216: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4186: 4161: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 3990: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3722:Clark (2014) 3717: 3693:Clark (2014) 3688: 3676: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3598: 3593:, p. 7. 3586: 3581:, p. 6. 3564:, p. 5. 3549:, p. 3. 3542: 3537:, p. 4. 3501: 3493: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3460: 3455: 3444:, retrieved 3440:the original 3434: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3393:the original 3382: 3370: 3358:. 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