Pioneer anomaly - Knowledge

4638: 808:. This difference yields exactly the same numerical value and signature of the Doppler shift measured in the Pioneer experiment. However, this explanation requires the thermal effects be a small percentage of the total, in contradiction to the many studies that estimate it to be the bulk of the effect. 3935:

A lengthy survey of several years of debate by the authors of the original 1998 paper documenting the anomaly. The authors conclude, "Until more is known, we must admit that the most likely cause of this effect is an unknown systematic. (We ourselves are divided as to whether 'gas leaks' or 'heat' is

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to stay aligned with Earth. Spacecraft like the Voyagers acquire small and unpredictable changes in speed as a side effect of the frequent attitude control firings. This 'noise' makes it impractical to measure small accelerations such as the Pioneer effect; accelerations as large as 10 m/s would

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If the Pioneer anomaly had been a gravitational effect due to some long-range modifications of the known laws of gravity, it did not affect the orbital motions of the major natural bodies in the same way (in particular those moving in the regions in which the Pioneer anomaly manifested itself in its

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passed its Saturn encounter. However, the most recent analysis states: "Figure 2 is strongly suggestive that the previously reported "onset" of the Pioneer anomaly may in fact be a simple result of mis-modeling of the solar thermal contribution; this question may be resolved with further analysis of

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Further analysis of the retrieved Pioneer data. This includes not only the data that was first used to detect the anomaly, but additional data that until recently was saved only in older, inaccessible computer formats and media. This data was recovered in 2006, converted to more modern formats, and

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satellites refutes that simple gravity modification is the cause of the Pioneer anomaly. The precession of the longitudes of perihelia of the solar planets or the trajectories of long-period comets have not been reported to experience an anomalous gravitational field toward the Sun of the magnitude

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Before the thermal recoil explanation became accepted, other proposed explanations fell into two classes—"mundane causes" or "new physics". Mundane causes include conventional effects that were overlooked or mis-modeled in the initial analysis, such as measurement error, thrust from gas leakage, or

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Antonio Fernández-Rañada and Alfredo Tiemblo-Ramos propose "an explanation of the Pioneer anomaly that is a refinement of a previous one and is fully compatible with the cartography of the solar system. It is based on the non-equivalence of the atomic time and the astronomical time that happens to

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over eight years. This could be mapped on to a clock acceleration theory, which meant all clocks would be changing in relation to a constant acceleration: in other words, that there would be a non-uniformity of time. Moreover, for such a distortion related to time, Anderson's team reviewed several

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The possibility of observational errors, which include measurement and computational errors, has been advanced as a reason for interpreting the data as an anomaly. Hence, this would result in approximation and statistical errors. However, further analysis has determined that significant errors are

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First, the anomaly has an apparent annual periodicity and an apparent Earth sidereal daily periodicity with amplitudes that are formally greater than the error budget. However, the same paper also states this problem is most likely not related to the anomaly: "The annual and diurnal terms are very

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mission—its RTG is mounted close to the spacecraft body, so thermal radiation from it, bouncing off the spacecraft, will produce a systematic thrust of a not-easily predicted magnitude, as large or larger than the Pioneer effect. However, it was hoped that despite any large systematic bias

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Starting in 1998, there were suggestions that the thermal recoil force was underestimated, and perhaps could account for the entire anomaly. However, accurately accounting for thermal forces was hard, because it needed telemetry records of the spacecraft temperatures and a detailed thermal model,

124:. If the excess radiation and attendant radiation pressure were pointed in a general direction opposite the Sun, the spacecraft's velocity away from the Sun would be decreasing at a rate greater than could be explained by previously recognized forces, such as gravity and trace friction due to the 248:

One by one these objections were addressed. Many of the old telemetry records were found, and converted to modern formats. This gave power consumption figures and some temperatures for parts of the spacecraft. Several groups built detailed thermal models, which could be checked against the known

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The effect is so small that it could be a statistical anomaly caused by differences in the way data were collected over the lifetime of the probes. Numerous changes were made over this period, including changes in the receiving instruments, reception sites, data recording systems and recording

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By 2012, several papers by different groups, all reanalyzing the thermal radiation pressure forces inherent in the spacecraft, showed that a careful accounting of this explains the entire anomaly; thus the cause is mundane and does not point to any new phenomenon or need to update the laws of

2439: 779:, and such a trajectory-dependent theory could account for the different accelerations apparently acting on the orbiting planets and the Pioneer craft on their escape trajectories. A possible terrestrial test for evidence of a different model of modified inertia has also been proposed. 290:

The Pioneers were uniquely suited to discover the effect because they have been flying for long periods of time without additional course corrections. Most deep-space probes launched after the Pioneers either stopped at one of the planets, or used thrusting throughout their mission.

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over a period of ten years. The two spacecraft were launched in 1972 and 1973. The anomalous acceleration was first noticed as early as 1980 but not seriously investigated until 1994. The last communication with either spacecraft was in 2003, but analysis of recorded data continues.

350:. This increases the acceleration caused by the radiation forces because they are acting on less mass. This change in acceleration allows the radiation forces to be measured independently of any gravitational acceleration. Comparing cruise and Saturn-orbit results shows that for 820:, which has been observed in other spacecraft. Although the circumstances are very different (planet flyby vs. deep space cruise), the overall effect is similar—a small but unexplained velocity change is observed on top of a much larger conventional gravitational acceleration. 132:

physics. The most detailed analysis to date, by some of the original investigators, explicitly looks at two methods of estimating thermal forces, concluding that there is "no statistically significant difference between the two estimates and that once the thermal

379:, and given the uncertainties, the acceleration appears consistent with thermal radiation as the source of the non-gravitational forces measured. The measured acceleration is slowly decreasing as would be expected from the decreasing thermal output of the RTG. 199:—small compared to their distance from the Sun, but still statistically significant. This apparent discrepancy grew over time as the measurements were repeated, suggesting that whatever was causing the anomaly was still acting on the spacecraft. 270:

has the most detailed analysis to date, the explanation based on thermal recoil force has the support of other independent research groups, using a variety of computational techniques. Examples include "thermal recoil pressure is not the cause of the

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that explained the anomaly. The work explored the effect of the thermal recoil force on Pioneer 10, and concluded that "once the thermal recoil force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains." Although the paper by Turyshev

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Second, the value of the anomaly measured over a period during and after the Pioneer 11 Saturn encounter had a relatively high uncertainty and a significantly lower value. The Turyshev, et al. 2012 paper compared the thermal analysis to the

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background 'gravitational potential'. The increased gravitational potential would then accelerate cosmological time. It was proposed that this particular effect causes the observed deviation from predicted trajectories and velocities of

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Various explanations, both of spacecraft behavior and of gravitation itself, were proposed to explain the anomaly. Over the period from 1998 to 2012, one particular explanation became accepted. The spacecraft, which are surrounded by an

614:(see modified inertia below). Likewise, the anomaly does not appear in the orbits of Neptune's moons, challenging the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly may be an unconventional gravitational phenomenon based on range from the Sun. 799:

that is not Minkowski flat. In this model of spacetime manifold, light moves uniformly with respect to the conformal cosmological time whereas physical measurements are performed with the help of atomic clocks that count the

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likely different manifestations of the same modeling problem. Such a modeling problem arises when there are errors in any of the parameters of the spacecraft orientation with respect to the chosen reference frame."

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and Toth claims to rule out the cosmological connection by considering rather conventional sources whereas other scientists provided a disproof based on the physical implications of cosmological models themselves.

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and their satellites undermined the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly is a phenomenon of gravitational origin. However, others believed that our knowledge of the motions of the outer planets and dwarf planet

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maneuvers to track Earth in its orbit, leaving them on a long "cruise" phase through the outer Solar System. During this period, both spacecraft were repeatedly contacted to obtain various measurements on their

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Anderson, J D.; Laing, P. A.; Lau, E. L.; Liu, A. S.; Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G. (1998). "Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration".

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There are two features of the anomaly, as originally reported, that are not addressed by the thermal solution: periodic variations in the anomaly, and the onset of the anomaly near the orbit of Saturn.

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was still insufficient to disprove the gravitational nature of the Pioneer anomaly. The same authors ruled out the existence of a gravitational Pioneer-type extra-acceleration in the outskirts of the

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Turyshev, Slava G., John D. Anderson, Philip A. Laing, Eunice L. Lau, Anthony S. Liu, and Michael Martin Nieto (1999). "The apparent anomalous, weak, long-range acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11."".

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models in which time distortion as a phenomenon is considered. They arrived at the "clock acceleration" model after completion of the review. Although the best model adds a quadratic term to defined

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environment. When these effects were taken into account, along with all other known effects, the calculated position of the Pioneers did not agree with measurements based on timing the return of the

79:'s gravity. Upon very close examination of navigational data, the spacecraft were found to be slowing slightly more than expected. The effect is an extremely small acceleration towards the Sun, of 232:

for both spacecraft. If the positions of the spacecraft were predicted one year in advance based on measured velocity and known forces (mostly gravity), they were actually found to be some

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divided into sections such as primary references, attempts at explanation, proposals for new physics, possible new missions, popular press, and so on. A sampling of these are shown here:

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Turyshev, S. G.; Toth, V. T.; Ellis, J.; Markwardt, C. B. (2011). "Support for temporally varying behavior of the Pioneer anomaly from the extended Pioneer 10 and 11 Doppler data sets".

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Another theoretical explanation was based on a possible non-equivalence of the atomic time and the astronomical time, which could give the same observational fingerprint as the anomaly.

2232: 3073: 354:, almost all the unmodelled acceleration was due to radiation forces, with only a small residual acceleration, much smaller than the Pioneer acceleration, and with opposite sign. 835:) were deliberately disposed of in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn respectively at the ends of their missions. This leaves several remaining options for further research: 322:. These spacecraft indicate a similar effect, although for various reasons (such as their relative proximity to the Sun) firm conclusions cannot be drawn from these sources. The 1872:

André G. C. Guerra, Frederico Francisco, Paulo J. S. Gil, and Orfeu Bertolami (June 16, 2017). "Estimating the thermally induced acceleration of the New Horizons spacecraft".

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temperatures and powers, and allowed a quantitative calculation of the recoil force. The longer span of navigational records showed the acceleration was in fact decreasing.

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When all known forces acting on the spacecraft were taken into consideration, a very small but unexplained force remained. It appeared to cause an approximately constant

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of the solar medium by its effect on the spacecraft's motion. In the outer Solar System this effect would be easily calculable, based on ground-based measurements of the

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as well as thrusters for attitude control, and during cruise could rely for long periods on the reaction wheels alone, thus enabling precision measurements. It also had

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neither of which was available at the time. Furthermore, all thermal models predicted a decrease in the effect with time, which did not appear in the initial analysis.

690:. Later, with the Doppler shifted signal confirmed, the team again speculated that one explanation may lie with new physics, if not some unknown systemic explanation. 1743:

Turyshev, S. G.; Nieto, M. M.; Anderson, J. D. (2005). "A Route to Understanding of the Pioneer Anomaly". In Chen, P.; Bloom, E.; Madejski, G.; Petrosian, V. (eds.).

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Bertolami, O.; Francisco, F.; Gil, P. J. S.; Páramos, J. (2012). "The Contribution of Thermal Effects to the Acceleration of the Deep-Space Pioneer Spacecraft".

755:. Given the low accelerations placed on the spacecraft while in the outer Solar System, MOND may be in effect, modifying the normal gravitational equations. The 518: 195:

being sent back from the spacecraft. These consistently showed that both spacecraft were closer to the inner Solar System than they should be, by thousands of

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Bertolami, O.; Francisco, F.; Gil, P. J. S.; Páramos, J. (2008). "Thermal analysis of the Pioneer anomaly: A method to estimate radiative momentum transfer".

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Iorio, L. (2009). "Can the Pioneer Anomaly be Induced by Velocity-Dependant Forces? Tests in the Outer Regions of the Solar System with Planetary Dynamics".

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proposed that the force of gravity deviates from the traditional Newtonian value to a very different force law at very low accelerations on the order of

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Anderson, J D.; Laing, P. A.; Lau, E. L.; Liu, A. S.; Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G. (2002). "Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11".

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Katz, J. I. (1999). "Comment on "Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses data, of an apparent anomalous, weak, long-range acceleration"".

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The Pioneer spacecraft are no longer providing new data (the last contact was on 23 January 2003) and other deep-space missions that might be studied (

570:—this is known both from conventional theory and by direct measurement. This does not necessarily interfere with paths new physics can take with 3985:

Theory establishes a gravitational connection between the unexplained periastron advance observed in two binary star systems and the Pioneer anomaly.

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Turyshev, S. G; Toth, V. T.; Kellogg, L.; Lau, E.; Lee, K. (2006). "A study of the pioneer anomaly: new data and objectives for new investigation".

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As the anomaly was growing, it appeared that the spacecraft were moving more slowly than expected. Measurements of the spacecraft's speed using the

4504: 3057: 1925: 1858: 610:. However, this acceleration does not show up in the orbits of the outer planets, so any generic gravitational answer would need to violate the 1118:

Turyshev, S. G.; Toth, V. T.; Kinsella, G.; Lee, S.-C.; Lok, S. M.; Ellis, J. (2012). "Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly".

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Because the spacecraft were flying with almost no additional stabilization thrusts during their "cruise", it is possible to characterize the

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spacecraft to Pluto is spin-stabilised for long intervals, and there were proposals to use it to investigate the anomaly. It was known that

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Clock acceleration was an alternate explanation to anomalous acceleration of the spacecraft towards the Sun. This theory took notice of an

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Iorio, L.; Giudice, G. (2006). "What do the orbital motions of the outer planets of the Solar System tell us about the Pioneer anomaly?".

426:, which states that all objects are affected the same way by gravity. It was therefore argued that increasingly accurate measurements and 1825: 4548: 3991: 2377: 1378: 899:

The Pioneer Explorer Collaboration was formed to study the Pioneer Anomaly and has hosted three meetings (2005, 2007, and 2008) at

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sunward, somewhat larger than the effect on Pioneer. Modelling of thermal effects indicates an expected sunward acceleration of

3062:"As stated before, we believe the most plausible explanation of the anomaly is systematics, such as radiant heat or gas leaks". 1781: 2431: 1023: 333: 298:

flew a mission profile similar to the Pioneers, but were not spin stabilized. Instead, they required frequent firings of their

3803: 3714: 2351: 900: 658: 105: 112:. If, due to the design of the spacecraft, more heat is emitted in a particular direction by what is known as a radiative 4499: 4456: 2960: 343:

arrived at Saturn, it shed a large fraction of its mass from the fuel used in the insertion burn and the release of the

4476:"Exposing PseudoAstronomy, Episode 110: Solar System Mysteries "Solved" by PseudoScience, Part 2 – The Pioneer Anomaly" 236:

closer to the sun at the end of the year. This anomaly is now believed to be accounted for by thermal recoil forces.

116:, then the spacecraft would accelerate slightly in the direction opposite of the excess emitted radiation due to the 566:

Gravitationally bound objects such as the Solar System, or even the Milky Way, are not supposed to partake of the

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Another proposed explanation of Pioneer anomaly is that the background spacetime is described by a cosmological

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not likely because seven independent analyses have shown the existence of the Pioneer anomaly as of March 2010.

171:. Although the spacecraft included thrusters, after the planetary encounters they were used only for semiannual 3951: 756: 4356: 3647: 4541: 4255: 4196: 4081: 4048:

Dittus, H.; et al. (Pioneer Explorer Collaboration) (2005). "A Mission to Explore the Pioneer Anomaly".

3240: 2861: 1999: 1871: 960: 4637: 4429: 1676: 61:. The apparent anomaly was a matter of much interest for many years but has been subsequently explained by 1207:

Murphy, E. M. (1999). "A Prosaic explanation for the anomalous accelerations seen in distant spacecraft".

4683: 3483: 772: 744: 303: 4493: 336:(RTGs) mounted close to the spacecraft body, radiating kilowatts of heat in hard-to-predict directions. 3586: 2810: 2271: 4513: 1062:"High precision thermal modeling of complex systems with application to the flyby and Pioneer anomaly" 4151: 3949:

Reardon, A. C. (2011). "Gravitational Analysis of V541 Cygni, DI Herculis, and the Pioneer anomaly".

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Standish, E. M. (2008). "Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides: testing alternate gravitational theories".

728: 567: 555: 4228: 4113: 4023: 3380: 2334: 2031: 992: 4794: 4723: 4534: 4341: 2538:"Does the Neptunian system of satellites challenge a gravitational origin for the Pioneer anomaly?" 2175:

Iorio, L. (2007). "Can the Pioneer anomaly be of gravitational origin? A phenomenological answer".

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Lachièze-Rey, M. (2007). "Cosmology in the solar system: the Pioneer effect is not cosmological".

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Iorio, L. (2007). "Jupiter, Saturn and the Pioneer anomaly: a planetary-based independent test".

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Anderson, J. D.; et al. (2002). "Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11".

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Toth, V. T.; Turyshev, S. G. (2009). "Thermal recoil force, telemetry, and the Pioneer anomaly".

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Scheffer, L. (2003). "Conventional forces can explain the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10".

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Brownstein, J. R.; Moffat, J. W. (2006). "Gravitational solution to the Pioneer 10/11 anomaly".

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Anderson, J. D.; Turyshev, S. G.; Nieto, M. M. (2002). "A mission to test the Pioneer anomaly".

3775:"Conference on The Pioneer Anomaly - Observations, Attempts at Explanation, Further Exploration" 414:

uneven heat radiation. The "new physics" explanations proposed revision of our understanding of

282:." and "It is shown that the whole anomalous acceleration can be explained by thermal effects". 4799: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4223: 4108: 4018: 3375: 3110: 2329: 2177: 2026: 987: 440: 310:

Newer spacecraft have used spin stabilization for some or all of their mission, including both

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Fienga, A.; Laskar, J.; Kuchynka, P.; Leponcin-Lafitte, C.; Manche, H.; Gastineau, M. (2010).

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connection, but this is now believed to be of no particular significance. In fact the latest

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Nieto, M. M.; Anderson, J. D. (2005). "Using Early Data to Illuminate the Pioneer Anomaly".

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Nieto, M. M.; Anderson, J. D. (2005). "Using early data to illuminate the Pioneer anomaly".

1818: 907:, Switzerland, to discuss the anomaly, and discuss possible means for resolving the source. 4388: 4320: 4274: 4215: 4170: 4100: 4067: 4010: 3960: 3941: 3906: 3850: 3686: 3551: 3502: 3432: 3367: 3318: 3259: 3188: 3169: 3129: 2987: 2929: 2880: 2829: 2774: 2719: 2661: 2606: 2561: 2483: 2444: 2396: 2321: 2280: 2251: 2196: 2138: 2083: 2018: 1963: 1891: 1761: 1695: 1625: 1562: 1507: 1452: 1397: 1338: 1283: 1228: 1139: 1085: 979: 893: 526: 449: 318: 861:

A dedicated mission has also been proposed. Such a mission would probably need to surpass

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from the RTG, the 'onset' of the anomaly at or near the orbit of Saturn might be observed.

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was less than expected, which meant that the Pioneers had slowed down more than expected.

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can also be interpreted as a modification of inertia, perhaps due to an interaction with

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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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Because the "Pioneer anomaly" does not show up as an effect on the planets, Anderson

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spacecraft are escaping the Solar System but are slowing under the influence of the

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Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G. (2004). "Finding the Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly".

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presently known form). Hence a gravitational explanation would need to violate the

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Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S.G. (2004). "Finding the origin of the Pioneer anomaly".

3800:"The Pioneer Explorer Collaboration: Investigation of the Pioneer Anomaly at ISSI" 3724: 3444: 2999: 926:

is a summarized term derived from the source or sources used for this sub-section.

180:, providing valuable information long after their initial missions were complete. 4557: 4475: 4466: 4461: 2916:"The Effect of Cosmological Expansion on Self-Gravitating Ensembles of Particles" 2844: 2805: 2751:"Testing Gravity in the Outer Solar System: Results from Trans-Neptunian Objects" 2150: 831: 521: 295: 3862: 1295: 1240: 853:

would have the same problem that precluded good data from the cruise portion of

4741: 3918: 3563: 3238:) gravity: Evidence against the co-variant resolution of the Pioneer anomaly". 2343: 2095: 1975: 1903: 1838: 1519: 1464: 1350: 623: 571: 559: 498: 329: 253: 203: 4032: 3972: 3200: 3141: 3019: 2621: 2592: 2497: 2408: 2208: 1409: 4788: 4518: 4494:

Shows number of publications about the Pioneer anomaly on arXiv.org, by year.

4422: 3752: 3719: 3165:"The modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) and its implications for new physics" 2062:

Tangen, K. (2007). "Could the Pioneer anomaly have a gravitational origin?".

1181: 939: 817: 776: 599: 344: 275: 30: 4457:"The Pioneer Anomaly, a 30-Year-Old Cosmic Mystery, May Be Resolved At Last" 4746: 4619: 4614: 4408: 3452: 3108:

Rañada, A. F. (2005). "The Pioneer anomaly as acceleration of the clocks".

3007: 2310:. The Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting. Vol. 11. pp. 2558–2560. 1729: 1645: 1582: 1159: 1098: 1061: 845: 587: 436: 359: 58: 3799: 3530:

Kopeikin, S. M. (2012). "Celestial Ephemerides in an Expanding Universe".

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Ignatiev, A. Yu. (2007). "Is violation of Newton's second law possible?".

4756: 4609: 4604: 4165: 3362: 3313: 3183: 2714: 805: 801: 639: 607: 603: 188: 177: 4147:"Can Minor Planets be Used to Assess Gravity in the Outer Solar System?" 2696:"Can Minor Planets Be Used to Assess Gravity in the Outer Solar System?" 1789:

Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics

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The Lense–Thirring Effect and the Pioneer Anomaly: Solar System Tests

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From their data, Anderson's team deduced a steady frequency drift of

642:. However, the measured densities are too small to cause the effect. 196: 168: 136:

force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains."

3074:"Pioneer Anomaly Project Update: A Letter From the Project Director" 2461: 4185: 4146: 4139:

Further elaboration on a dedicated mission plan (restricted access)

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It is possible, but not proven, that this anomaly is linked to the

731:, the team encountered problems with this theory. This then led to 207: 4526: 4342:"The Problem with Gravity: New Mission Would Probe Strange Puzzle" 3681: 3546: 3497: 3254: 2769: 2656: 2556: 2478: 2391: 2246: 1819:"Deep-Space Navigation: a Tool to Investigate the Laws of Gravity" 1791:. International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics. Archived from 1690: 1620: 1557: 1502: 1447: 1134: 1080: 790: 184: 152: 91:, which is equivalent to a reduction of the outbound velocity by 3346:

Milgrom, M. (1999). "The Modified Dynamics as a vacuum effect".

2961:"Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity" 1782:"The non-gravitational accelerations of the Cassini spacecraft" 760: 654: 590:

is not accounted for in the current model for several reasons.

133: 121: 117: 2110: 4438:"March 2009: Is there something we don't know about gravity?" 1028: 1024:"Pioneer Anomaly Solved By 1970s Computer Graphics Technique" 887: 883:

may provide insights if the anomaly's cause is gravitational.

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but likely resolves the anomalous acceleration observed for

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The non-gravitational acceleration of the deep space probe

3587:"NASA Baffled by Unexplained Force Acting on Space Probes" 1540: 650: 214: 76: 4377:

Hellemans, A. (October 2005). "A Force to Reckon With".

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have the same observational fingerprint as the anomaly."

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G. D. Rogers, S. H. Flanigan, and D. Stanbridge (2014).

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Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G.; Anderson, J. D. (2005).

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Williams, J. G.; Turyshev, S. G.; Boggs, D. H. (2004).

2531: 2529: 1117: 924:

non-uniform time in relation to a constant acceleration

733:

non-uniform time in relation to a constant acceleration

2638:"How Well do We Know the Orbits of the Outer Planets?" 1375: 686:

speculated that this would be interesting if this was

155:

and Jupiter/Saturn respectively. Both spacecraft were

3988: 3292: 2958: 2170: 2168: 1742: 529: 506: 452: 4309:

Musser, G. (December 1998). "Pioneering Gas Leak?".

2913: 2526: 1779: 664: 400:

only. The Pioneer anomaly was unnoticed until after

239: 3884: 3827: 3779:

Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity

3663:"New Horizons and the Onset of the Pioneer Anomaly" 2598:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

2465:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

1016: 408: 2803: 2368: 2165: 1055: 1053: 1051: 542: 512: 465: 285: 4500:"TPS Enables Study of Mysterious Pioneer Anomaly" 4145:Page, J. F.; Dixon, D. S.; Wallin, J. F. (2005). 2749:Wallin, J. F.; Dixon, D. S.; Page, G. L. (2007). 2694:Page, G. L.; Dixon, D. S.; Wallin, J. F. (2006). 2636:Page, G. L.; Wallin, J. F.; Dixon, D. S. (2009). 2543:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1059: 767: 738: 4786: 4252: 2806:"Cosmological effects in the local static frame" 2432:"Gravity tests with INPOP planetary ephemerides" 1780:Di Benedetto, M.; Iess, L.; Roth, D. C. (2009). 4144: 3476:"Parametric invariance and the Pioneer anomaly" 2748: 2693: 2635: 2223: 1665: 1663: 1048: 3103: 3101: 3099: 791:Celestial ephemerides in an expanding universe 598:It is possible that deceleration is caused by 4542: 4193: 4078: 3473: 1996: 957: 602:forces from unidentified sources such as the 485:) is numerically quite close to the product ( 428:modelling of the motions of the outer planets 57:10 mi) on their trajectories out of the 3056:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2858: 2116: 1924:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1857:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1747:Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics 1669: 1660: 1534: 1485: 661:(RTGs) have been thought as possible cause. 29:, was the observed deviation from predicted 4418:"Gravity theory dispenses with dark matter" 3096: 2689: 2687: 811: 764:capable of describing the Pioneer anomaly. 586:It has been viewed as possible that a real 4549: 4535: 4432:) theory claims to predict Pioneer anomaly 3162: 2914:Noerdlinger, P. D.; Petrosian, V. (1971). 888:Meetings and conferences about the anomaly 797:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 383:Potential issues with the thermal solution 206:demonstrated the same thing: the observed 4454: 4376: 4268: 4227: 4209: 4184: 4174: 4164: 4112: 4094: 4061: 4022: 4004: 3992:International Journal of Modern Physics D 3900: 3879:The original paper describing the anomaly 3844: 3698: 3680: 3545: 3496: 3426: 3379: 3361: 3330: 3312: 3253: 3221: 3182: 3123: 3041: 2981: 2943: 2933: 2874: 2843: 2833: 2823: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2675: 2665: 2655: 2620: 2610: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2487: 2477: 2390: 2378:International Journal of Modern Physics D 2333: 2315: 2245: 2190: 2132: 2077: 2030: 2012: 1957: 1937: 1935: 1885: 1755: 1719: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1619: 1556: 1501: 1446: 1424: 1391: 1379:International Journal of Modern Physics D 1370: 1368: 1332: 1277: 1222: 1133: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1097: 1079: 991: 973: 4435: 3940:The ISSI meeting above has an excellent 3529: 3410: 3071: 2684: 2268: 1941: 1826:Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques 1316: 896:in 2004 to discuss the Pioneer anomaly. 4473: 4354: 3948: 3792: 3345: 2590: 4787: 4308: 4047: 3748:"Lost asteroid clue to Pioneer puzzle" 3339: 3222:Exirifard, Q. (2010). "Constraints on 3107: 2429: 2061: 1990: 1932: 1845:Advances in the Astronautical Sciences 1365: 1206: 1106: 659:radioisotope thermoelectric generators 334:radioisotope thermoelectric generators 68:caused by the spacecraft's heat loss. 45:spacecraft after they passed about 20 4530: 4415: 3804:International Space Science Institute 3745: 3660: 3404: 2804:Mizony, M.; Lachièze-Rey, M. (2005). 2535: 2374: 2305: 2229: 2174: 1670:Turyshev, S. G.; Toth, V. T. (2010). 901:International Space Science Institute 693: 581: 106:radioisotope thermoelectric generator 4339: 3584: 3156: 1816: 1768:. Stanford e-Conf #C04, paper #0310. 1261: 1060:Rievers, B.; Lämmerzahl, C. (2011). 446:The magnitude of the Pioneer effect 16:Deviation in spacecraft deceleration 4556: 4455:Wolchover, N. (December 15, 2010). 3723:. September 1, 2004. Archived from 3474:Rañada, A. F.; Tiemblo, A. (2012). 2518:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 13: 4636: 4333:10.1038/scientificamerican1298-26b 3821: 3072:Turyshev, S. G. (March 28, 2007). 1750:. Vol. 2004. pp. 13–17. 782: 14: 4811: 4487: 4436:Anderson, J. (January 28, 2009). 4401:10.1038/scientificamerican1005-24 3715:"Pioneer anomaly put to the test" 702:, which was thought to create an 665:Observational or recording errors 578:of possible cosmological origin. 240:Explanation: thermal recoil force 4480:Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast 4340:Brit, R. R. (October 18, 2004). 2593:"EPM ephemerides and relativity" 2577:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16637.x 2430:Fienga, A.; et al. (2009). 2233:Journal of Gravitational Physics 1032:. March 31, 2011. Archived from 804:of observer coinciding with the 409:Previously proposed explanations 4355:Johnson, J. (January 2, 2005). 3767: 3739: 3707: 3654: 3632: 3606: 3578: 3523: 3467: 3286: 3215: 3065: 3029: 2952: 2907: 2852: 2797: 2742: 2629: 2584: 2423: 2299: 2262: 2055: 1865: 1832: 1810: 1773: 1736: 1597: 1479: 1186:Weebau Spaceflight Encyclopedia 917: 576:planetary secular accelerations 286:Indications from other missions 4416:McKee, M. (January 25, 2006). 3952:Astrophysics and Space Science 3700:10.1016/j.physletb.2007.11.067 3646:. June 1, 2006. Archived from 3332:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.03.035 1638:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.081103 1575:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.081103 1310: 1255: 1200: 1174: 1152:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101 951: 840:is now available for analysis. 768:Definition of inertia modified 757:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment 739:Definition of gravity modified 677: 139: 108:(RTG), can shed heat only via 1: 4256:Classical and Quantum Gravity 4197:Classical and Quantum Gravity 4082:Classical and Quantum Gravity 3585:Choi, C. Q. (March 3, 2008). 3445:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.101101 3390:10.1016/S0375-9601(99)00077-8 3272:10.1088/0264-9381/26/2/025001 3241:Classical and Quantum Gravity 3000:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.261101 2862:Classical and Quantum Gravity 2000:Classical and Quantum Gravity 961:Classical and Quantum Gravity 945: 4430:Scalar-tensor-vector gravity 4357:"Opening New Doors in Space" 2677:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1226 2151:10.1016/j.newast.2006.04.001 1677:Living Reviews in Relativity 645: 558:review (2010) undertaken by 7: 4287:10.1088/0264-9381/23/10/013 4238:10.1088/0264-9381/22/24/008 4123:10.1088/0264-9381/21/17/001 3936:this 'most likely cause.')" 3863:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2858 3484:Canadian Journal of Physics 2893:10.1088/0264-9381/24/10/016 2041:10.1088/0264-9381/22/24/008 1296:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1892 1241:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1890 1002:10.1088/0264-9381/21/17/001 933: 745:Modified Newtonian dynamics 735:as the most likely theory. 363:has been measured at about 10: 4816: 3919:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.082004 3746:Clark, S. (May 10, 2005). 3564:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.064004 3163:Bekenstein, J. D. (2006). 2845:10.1051/0004-6361:20042195 2811:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2344:10.1142/9789812834300_0458 2272:AIP Conference Proceedings 2096:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.042005 1976:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.082004 1904:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.124027 1770:In particular, Appendix C. 1520:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.043011 1465:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.103001 1351:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.084021 892:A meeting was held at the 593: 104:and are each powered by a 4734: 4706: 4648: 4634: 4564: 4152:The Astrophysical Journal 4033:10.1142/S0218271802002876 3973:10.1007/s10509-011-0789-4 3201:10.1080/00107510701244055 3142:10.1007/s10701-004-1629-y 2756:The Astrophysical Journal 2701:The Astrophysical Journal 2643:The Astrophysical Journal 2622:10.1017/S1743921309990342 2498:10.1017/S1743921309990330 2409:10.1142/S0218271809014856 2209:10.1007/s10701-007-9132-x 1817:Iess, L. (January 2011). 1410:10.1142/S0218271806008218 729:International Atomic Time 568:expansion of the universe 556:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 151:were sent on missions to 4724:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 4474:Robbins, S. (May 2014). 910: 812:Further research avenues 405:early trajectory data". 4050:ESA Special Publication 3965:2011Ap&SS.336..369R 3832:Physical Review Letters 3414:Physical Review Letters 2969:Physical Review Letters 2835:2005A&A...434...45M 2591:Pitjeva, E. V. (2010). 1607:Physical Review Letters 1544:Physical Review Letters 1265:Physical Review Letters 1210:Physical Review Letters 1121:Physical Review Letters 870:hyperbolic escape orbit 617: 441:Trans-Neptunian objects 262:Physical Review Letters 159:in order to keep their 4642: 4514:"Wanted - Einstein Jr" 3614:"The Pioneer Missions" 3111:Foundations of Physics 3025:on September 29, 2006. 2178:Foundations of Physics 1374:See pp. 10–15 in 1099:10.1002/andp.201100081 1029:The Physics arXiv Blog 759:combined with data of 657:from the spacecraft's 544: 514: 467: 4719:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 4714:Pioneer Venus project 4640: 4469:on December 19, 2010. 3661:Nieto, M. M. (2008). 3078:The Planetary Society 2921:Astrophysical Journal 1672:"The Pioneer Anomaly" 628:interplanetary medium 612:equivalence principle 545: 543:{\displaystyle H_{0}} 515: 468: 466:{\displaystyle a_{p}} 439:by using a sample of 424:equivalence principle 416:gravitational physics 259:published a paper in 126:interplanetary medium 4641:Pioneer 11 at Saturn 3170:Contemporary Physics 3084:on December 30, 2010 894:University of Bremen 527: 504: 450: 178:physical environment 128:(imperfect vacuum). 4762:Linda Salzman Sagan 4393:2005SciAm.293d..24H 4380:Scientific American 4325:1998SciAm.279f..26M 4312:Scientific American 4279:2006CQGra..23.3427B 4220:2005CQGra..22.5343N 4176:2006ApJ...642..606P 4105:2004CQGra..21.4005N 4072:2005gr.qc.....6139T 4015:2002IJMPD..11.1545A 3911:2002PhRvD..65h2004A 3855:1998PhRvL..81.2858A 3806:. February 18, 2008 3691:2008PhLB..659..483N 3556:2012PhRvD..86f4004K 3507:2012CaJPh..90..931R 3437:2007PhRvL..98j1101I 3372:1999PhLA..253..273M 3323:2005PhLB..613...11N 3264:2009CQGra..26b5001E 3193:2006ConPh..47..387B 3134:2004FoPh...34.1955R 2992:2004PhRvL..93z1101W 2935:1971ApJ...168....1N 2885:2007CQGra..24.2735L 2780:2007ApJ...666.1296W 2725:2006ApJ...642..606P 2667:2009ApJ...697.1226P 2612:2010IAUS..261..170P 2567:2010MNRAS.405.2615I 2489:2010IAUS..261..159F 2449:2009sf2a.conf..105F 2401:2009IJMPD..18..947I 2326:2008mgm..conf.2558I 2285:2008AIPC..977..254S 2256:2007JGrPh...1....5I 2201:2007FoPh...37..897I 2143:2006NewA...11..600I 2088:2007PhRvD..76d2005T 2023:2005CQGra..22.5343N 1968:2002PhRvD..65h2004A 1896:2017PhRvD..95l4027G 1766:2005tsra.conf..121T 1711:10.12942/lrr-2010-4 1701:2010LRR....13....4T 1630:2011PhRvL.107h1103T 1567:2011PhRvL.107h1103T 1512:2009PhRvD..79d3011T 1457:2008PhRvD..78j3001B 1402:2006IJMPD..15....1T 1343:2003PhRvD..67h4021S 1288:1999PhRvL..83.1892K 1233:1999PhRvL..83.1890M 1144:2012PhRvL.108x1101T 1090:2011AnP...523..439R 1036:on January 11, 2012 984:2004CQGra..21.4005N 622:The cause could be 4643: 4443:Astronomy Magazine 3650:on April 18, 2012. 2536:Iorio, L. (2010). 2460:Also published in 2306:Iorio, L. (2008). 1188:. November 9, 2010 1067:Annalen der Physik 868:from the Sun in a 700:expanding universe 694:Clock acceleration 582:Deceleration model 540: 510: 463: 161:high-gain antennas 66:radiation pressure 47:astronomical units 4782: 4781: 4263:(10): 3427–3436. 4204:(24): 5343–5354. 4089:(17): 4005–4024. 3888:Physical Review D 3839:(14): 2858–2861. 3668:Physics Letters B 3644:Planetary Society 3533:Physical Review D 3515:10.1139/p2012-086 3349:Physics Letters A 3300:Physics Letters B 3118:(12): 1955–1971. 2869:(10): 2735–2742. 2458:on July 20, 2011. 2353:978-981-283-426-3 2293:10.1063/1.2902789 2065:Physical Review D 2007:(24): 5343–5354. 1945:Physical Review D 1798:on April 26, 2014 1489:Physical Review D 1434:Physical Review D 1320:Physical Review D 968:(17): 4005–4024. 653:leaks, including 513:{\displaystyle c} 307:be undetectable. 169:gyroscopic forces 110:thermal radiation 102:ultra-high vacuum 4807: 4620:Pioneer P-31 (Z) 4615:Pioneer P-30 (Y) 4551: 4544: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4509: 4483: 4470: 4465:. Archived from 4451: 4427: 4412: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4351: 4336: 4298: 4272: 4249: 4231: 4213: 4190: 4188: 4178: 4168: 4166:astro-ph/0504367 4134: 4116: 4098: 4075: 4065: 4044: 4026: 4008: 3984: 3930: 3904: 3874: 3848: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3727:on April 4, 2012 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3684: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3549: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3500: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3430: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3383: 3365: 3363:astro-ph/9805346 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3316: 3314:astro-ph/0501626 3290: 3284: 3283: 3257: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3186: 3184:astro-ph/0701848 3160: 3154: 3153: 3127: 3105: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3080:. Archived from 3069: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3047: 3045: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3018:. 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km 140:Description 120:of thermal 93:1 km/h 89:10 m/s 63:anisotropic 4789:Categories 4752:Carl Sagan 4697:Pioneer 11 4690:Pioneer 10 4159:(1): 606. 3177:(6): 387. 3052:cite arXiv 2240:(1): 5–8. 1887:1703.05831 1074:(6): 439. 946:References 881:20 AU 749:hypothesis 716:Pioneer 11 710:Pioneer 10 704:increasing 636:solar wind 402:Pioneer 10 398:Pioneer 10 280:Pioneer 10 197:kilometres 189:deep space 145:Pioneer 10 114:anisotropy 42:Pioneer 11 36:Pioneer 10 4774:Pioneer H 4684:Pioneer E 4678:Pioneer 9 4671:Pioneer 8 4664:Pioneer 7 4657:Pioneer 6 4626:Pioneer 5 4599:Pioneer 4 4592:Pioneer 3 4585:Pioneer 2 4578:Pioneer 1 4572:Pioneer 0 4347:Space.com 4224:CiteSeerX 4131:250852698 4109:CiteSeerX 4019:CiteSeerX 3981:120040068 3871:119046858 3682:0710.5135 3592:Space.com 3572:118822571 3547:1207.3873 3498:1106.4400 3376:CiteSeerX 3280:119304817 3255:0708.0662 3016:119358769 2770:0705.3408 2657:0905.0030 2557:0912.2947 2479:0906.3962 2392:0806.3011 2362:119426961 2330:CiteSeerX 2247:0712.1273 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