581:
3869:
616:) applied on the anal area which will pick up deposited eggs, and diagnosis can be made by examining the tape with a microscope. This test is most successful if done every morning for several days, because the females do not lay eggs every day, and the number of eggs varies. A third method of diagnosis is examining a sample from under their fingernails under a microscope as itching around the anal area is common and therefore they may have collected some eggs under their nails as a result.
46:
671:
hot dryer in order to kill off any eggs. Children can wear gloves while asleep, and the bedroom floor should be kept clean. Regular disinfection of kitchen and bathroom surfaces will help to prevent spread as well. Food should be covered to limit contamination with dust-borne parasite eggs. It is not recommended to shake clothes and bed linen as the eggs may detach and spread or to share clothes and towels. Nail biting and sucking on fingers is also discouraged.
3880:
5024:
3900:
3910:
3890:
3859:
5036:
608:. On the other hand, the light-yellowish thread-like adult pinworms are clearly visually detectable, usually during the night when they move near the anus, or on toilet paper. Shining a flashlight on the infected individual's anus about one hour after they fall asleep is one form of detection and may show worms crawling out of the anus. Another form of detection is the use of transparent
572:, and while moving on the skin near the anus, the female pinworms deposit eggs either through contracting and expelling the eggs, dying and then disintegrating, or bodily rupture due to the host scratching the worm. After depositing the eggs, the female becomes opaque and dies. The reason the female emerges from the anus is to obtain the oxygen necessary for the maturation of the eggs.
462:, by swallowing infectious pinworm eggs. The eggs are hardy and can remain infectious in a moist environment for up to three weeks, though in a warm dry environment they usually last only 1–2 days. They do not tolerate heat well, but can survive in low temperatures: at −8 degrees Celsius (18 °F), two-thirds of the eggs are still viable after 18 hours.
433:
305:. The itching occurs mainly during the night, and is caused by the female pinworms migrating to lay eggs around the anus. Both the migrating females and the clumps of eggs are irritating, as well as the sticky substance that is produced by the worms when the eggs are laid. The intensity of the itching varies, and it can be described as
822:
level C. Treatment of a pinworm infection during pregnancy is only recommended for patients with significant symptoms that may be causing adverse effects to the pregnant woman such as loss of sleep and weight loss. Pyrantel pamoate is the treatment of choice in pregnancy but should be used only after
277:. School-aged children are the most commonly infected. In the United States about 20% of children will develop pinworm at some point. Infection rates among high-risk groups may be as high as 50%. It is not considered a serious disease. Pinworms are believed to have affected humans throughout history.
230:
The disease is spread between people by pinworm eggs. The eggs initially occur around the anus and can survive for up to three weeks in the environment. They may be swallowed following contamination of the hands, food, or other articles. Those at risk are those who go to school, live in a health care
473:
and other objects. Household pets often carry the eggs in their fur, while not actually being infected. Dust containing eggs can become airborne and widely dispersed when dislodged from surfaces, for instance when shaking out bed clothes and linen. Consequently, the eggs can enter the mouth and nose
643:
Pinworm infection cannot be totally prevented under most circumstances. This is due to the prevalence of the parasite and the ease of transmission through soiled night clothes, airborne eggs, contaminated furniture, toys and other objects. Infection may occur in the highest strata of society, where
559:
and ingest colonic contents. Almost the entire body of a gravid female becomes filled with eggs. The estimations of the number of eggs in a gravid female pinworm ranges from about 11,000 to 16,000. The egg-laying process begins approximately five weeks after initial ingestion of pinworm eggs by the
670:
and before meals. Showering every morning is also highly recommended to wash off any eggs that may be still lying on the skin. Under ideal conditions, bed covers, sleeping garments, and hand towels should be changed daily and clothes and linens should be washed in hot water and then be placed in a
682:
is the primary treatment for pinworm infection. However, reinfection is frequent regardless of the medication used. Total elimination of the parasite in a household may require repeated doses of medication for up to a year or more. Because the drugs kill the adult pinworms, but not the eggs, the
826:
Mebendazole has less than 10% of the oral dose absorbed into systemic circulation with a clinically insignificant amount of drug excreted in breastmilk, and therefore treatment should not be withheld during breastfeeding. There is limited data on the use of pyrantel pamoate and albendazole in
419:
has been researched, but there is a lack of clear consensus on the matter: While Gutiérrez maintains that there exists a consensus that pinworms do not produce the inflammatory reaction, Cook (1994) states that it is controversial whether pinworms are causatively related to acute
623:, but sometimes eggs are deposited in the intestine. As such, routine examination of fecal material gives a positive diagnosis in only 5 to 15% of infected subjects, and is therefore of little practical diagnostic use. In a heavy infection, female pinworms may adhere to
823:
consultation with a health care practitioner rather than self-treatment. Treatment should be avoided in the first trimester, and if possible done in the third trimester. If the pregnant woman is asymptomatic, then they should be treated after the baby is delivered.
3489:
469:. The surface of the eggs is sticky when laid, and the eggs are readily transmitted from their initial deposit near the anus to fingernails, hands, night-clothing and bed linen. From here, eggs are further transmitted to food, water, furniture, toys, bathroom
494:
load and ensures that the pinworm infestation continues. This statement is contradictory to a statement by
Caldwell, who contends that retroinfection is rare and not clinically significant. Despite the limited, 13-week lifespan of individual pinworms,
1687:
831:
also classifies them as compatible with breastfeeding. This is due to the drugs acting mainly in the intestinal system of the mother with only a very small amount of drug being absorbed into the systemic circulation.
683:
first retreatment is recommended in two weeks. Also, if one household member spreads the eggs to another, it will be a matter of two or three weeks before those eggs become adult worms and thus amenable to treatment.
5094:
5079:
5064:
2191:
Hasegawa H, Ikeda Y, Fujisaki A, et al. (December 2005). "Morphology of chimpanzee pinworms, Enterobius (Enterobius) anthropopitheci (Gedoelst, 1916) (Nematoda: Oxyuridae), collected from chimpanzees,
403:
has been shown; however, Burkhart & Burkhart (2005) maintain that the incidence of pinworms as a cause of urinary tract infections remains unknown. One report indicated that 36% of young girls with a
254:
two weeks apart. Everyone who lives with or takes care of an infected person should be treated at the same time. Washing personal items in hot water after each dose of medication is recommended. Good
868:, enterobiasis is common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular
852:
of 11.4% among people of all ages. Pinworms are particularly common in children with approximately 30% of children being infected and most commonly seen in children between 7 and 11 years old. The
3484:
687:
infections, often in small children, can serve as reservoirs of infection, and therefore the entire household should be treated regardless of whether or not symptoms are present.
286:
5162:
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through inhalation, and be swallowed later. Although pinworms do not strictly multiply inside the body of their human host, some of the pinworm larvae may hatch on the anal
2317:
499:(infection from the original host to itself), either through the anus-to-mouth route or through retroinfection, causes the pinworms to inhabit the same host indefinitely.
3652:
399:, and presumably, they carry intestinal bacteria with them. According to Gutierrez (2000), a statistically significant correlation between pinworm infection and
227:
area. The period of time from swallowing eggs to the appearance of new eggs around the anus is 4 to 8 weeks. Some people who are infected do not have symptoms.
806:
compounds and is used as a second-line medication. Pyrantel pamoate is available over the counter and does not require a prescription. Pinworms located in the
231:
institution or prison, or take care of people who are infected. Other animals do not spread the disease. Diagnosis is by seeing the worms which are about one
3617:
535:(last part of the small intestine), whereafter the male pinworms usually die, and are passed out with stool. The gravid female pinworms settle in the
3647:
3103:
4239:
3607:
604:
Diagnosis relies on finding the eggs or the adult pinworms. Individual eggs are invisible to the naked eye, but they can be seen using a low-power
313:. The itching leads to continuously scratching the area around the anus, which can further result in tearing of the skin and complications such as
2087:
2784:
652:
is sometimes needed for upset parents who have discovered their children are infected, as they may not realize how prevalent the infection is.
2641:
Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (October 2005). "Assessment of frequency, transmission, and genitourinary complications of enterobiasis (pinworms)".
3539:
1138:
3792:
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with one repetition after two weeks, is considered the safest, and is usually effective with cure rate of 96%. Mebendazole has no serious
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1199:
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that pass out through the anus, and they may thus be detected on the surface on the stool. Adult pinworms are occasionally seen during
3568:
976:
3612:
3474:
1090:
3946:
3582:
1160:
2337:
69:
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in children having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in
England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark.
818:
The available data on mebendazole, albendazole, and pyrantel pamoate use in pregnancy is limited and they are all assigned to
531:
twice and become adults. Females survive for 5 to 13 weeks, and males about 7 weeks. The male and female pinworms mate in the
3573:
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3426:
2624:
2529:
873:
3913:
3776:
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3516:
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1011:
2004:"Breastfeeding and maternal medication : recommendations for drugs in the Eleventh WHO Model List of Essential Drugs"
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3642:
666:
The main measures are keeping fingernails short, and washing and scrubbing hands and fingers carefully, especially after
2777:
2032:
Dezsényi, Balázs; Sárközi, László; Kaiser, László; Tárkányi, Klára; Nikolova, Radka; Belics, Zorán (1 December 2018).
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status are typically high. The stigma associated with pinworm infection is hence considered a possible over-emphasis.
3781:
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3705:
3690:
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876:, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.
3786:
3622:
3553:
3548:
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After the eggs have been initially deposited near the anus, they are readily transmitted to other surfaces through
3725:
3632:
3496:
3411:
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of reinfection can be reduced through hygienic measures, and this is recommended especially in recurring cases.
265:
Pinworm infections commonly occur in all parts of the world. They are the most common type of worm infection in
3754:
3627:
3464:
3431:
844:(i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe. In the United States, a study by the
424:, and Burkhart & Burkhart (2004) state that pinworm infection causes symptoms of appendicitis to surface.
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1920:
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897:
2369:
parasitic in captive chimpanzees with special reference to its relationship with pinworms in humans".
523:
grow rapidly to a size of 140 to 150 micrometres, and migrate through the small intestine towards the
4982:
4905:
4876:
3838:
3558:
845:
828:
2551:
International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 10th Revision
1121:
Griffiths, Christopher; Barker, Jonathan; Bleiker, Tanya; Chalmers, Robert; Creamer, Daniel (2016).
5109:
4988:
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2344:. Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
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4623:
4597:
4579:
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2881:
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968:
807:
8:
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has been used as a treatment in the ancient cultures of China, India, Egypt, and Greece.
314:
3899:
2324:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2009
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1979:
1946:
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819:
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208:
101:
76:
17:
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1411:
16:
This article is about the human infection with pinworms. For the organism itself, see
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1415:
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depletion, thereby effectively starving the parasite. A single 100 milligram dose of
490:. According to Burkhart (2005), when this retroinfection occurs, it leads to a heavy
388:
380:
125:
64:
2398:
2361:
Nakano T, Okamoto M, Ikeda Y, Hasegawa H (December 2006). "Mitochondrial cytochrome
2225:
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3. Tucakov J. Beograd: Kultura; 1971. Lecenje biljem - fitoterapija; pp. 180–90.
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5028:
4848:
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4519:
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4305:
4284:
4253:
4225:
4168:
4095:
3818:
2982:
2947:
2843:
2734:
Brown MD (March 2006). "Images in clinical medicine. Enterobius vermicularis".
1880:
857:
849:
759:
632:
580:
372:
368:
364:
266:
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Hasegawa H, Takao Y, Nakao M, Fukuma T, Tsuruta O, Ide K (February 1998). "Is
2382:
1918:
1823:
1711:
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The earliest known instance of pinworms is evidenced by pinworm eggs found in
5141:
4835:
4816:
4590:
4585:
4336:
4324:
4075:
3959:
3823:
3343:
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3012:
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2903:
2868:
2290:
2057:
1970:
1850:
1625:
1419:
865:
803:
691:
609:
496:
466:
274:
5088:
2135:
2049:
2034:"Gynecological and obstetrical aspects of Enterobius vermicularis infection"
2033:
864:
has been similarly associated. Because it spreads from host to host through
4975:
4931:
4827:
4734:
4609:
4180:
3873:
3833:
3348:
3169:
3161:
3131:
3002:
2987:
2833:
2755:
2709:
2662:
2390:
2309:
2217:
2154:
2065:
1892:
1395:
1065:
911:
910:
mentioned garlic as a remedy against intestinal parasites. German botanist
889:
869:
755:
684:
597:
421:
416:
341:
325:
298:
294:
289:
Two female pinworms next to a ruler. The markings are one millimetre apart.
216:
158:
2747:
2605:
2587:
2478:
2437:
2003:
1988:
1962:
1643:
1617:
1427:
351:
Pinworms cannot damage the skin, and they do not normally migrate through
45:
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4684:
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115:
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2762:
2489:
Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations
2470:
2011:
810:(in this case, female genital area) may require other drug treatments.
771:
723:
699:
679:
667:
605:
585:
569:
321:
236:
232:
224:
149:
2209:
4489:
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3985:
3980:
3710:
3421:
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3328:
3290:
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3247:
3229:
3214:
3202:
3146:
3123:
3091:
3086:
2876:
885:
645:
508:
491:
384:
336:. A considerable proportion of children experience loss of appetite,
259:
173:
142:
2462:
2167:
Tucakov J. Beograd: Naucna knjiga; 1948. Farmakognozija; pp. 278–80.
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4916:
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4689:
4638:
4453:
3967:
3685:
3275:
3224:
3080:
3020:
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2818:
1824:
CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (18 December 2020).
841:
763:
747:
512:
345:
329:
318:
306:
302:
631:. On a microscopic level, pinworms have an identifying feature of
4527:
4269:
3141:
2858:
2828:
2524:(Twenty-second ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 1515–1519.
1919:
CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (26 August 2019).
860:
has been shown to increase both incidence and relapse rates, and
568:
at a rate of 12 to 14 centimetres per hour. They emerge from the
446:. The entire lifecycle – from egg to adult – takes place in the
409:
396:
1712:
CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (19 April 2019).
5083:
5068:
3285:
3243:
2813:
903:
565:
556:
540:
475:
360:
2492:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 354–366.
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3954:
3239:
2891:
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536:
532:
528:
520:
479:
376:
356:
285:
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2119:"Extracts from the history and medical properties of garlic"
450:
of a single human host. This process is two to eight weeks.
293:
One-third of individuals with pinworm infection are totally
893:
840:
Pinworm infection occurs worldwide, and is the most common
813:
560:
human host. The gravid female pinworms migrate through the
310:
220:
82:
635:(i.e., protruding ridges) running the length of the worm.
3136:
2001:
1921:"CDC - Enterobiasis - Resources for Health Professionals"
242:
Treatment is typically with two doses of the medications
2449:
Hugot, 1983 (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) a distinct species?".
2619:. American Society for Microbiology. pp. 246–247.
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1037:
742:) are the most effective. They work by inhibiting the
258:, daily bathing in the morning, and daily changing of
5163:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
5012:
2289:
Totkova A, Klobusicky M, Holkova R, Valent M (2003).
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1127:(9 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 33.13.
3618:
2024 United
Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2365:oxidase subunit 1 gene and nuclear rDNA regions of
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1779:
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1044:
Journal of
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
1040:"Pruritus ani: an approach to an itching condition"
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141:, daily bathing in the morning, daily changing of
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1185:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine
914:also recommended garlic against parasitic worms.
458:Pinworm infection spreads through human-to-human
415:The relationship between pinworm infestation and
5139:
1556:
1038:Stermer, E; Sukhotnic, I; Shaoul, R (May 2009).
659:and the cleanliness of the living quarters. The
1887:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1826:"CDC - Enterobiasis - Prevention & Control"
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1742:
1434:
1346:
1237:
963:
961:
959:
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949:
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2038:Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica
1685:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
900:unlike many other parasitic worm infections.
486:of the original host. This process is called
440:The cause of a pinworm infection is the worm
3793:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3608:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3507:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2416:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
2412:(Oxyuridae, Nematoda), a new human parasite"
1124:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set
998:
996:
994:
412:has been associated with pinworm infection.
3731:United Kingdom food information regulations
1878:
1181:
1077:
1075:
896:. Pinworm infection is not classified as a
4443:
3947:
3933:
2785:
2771:
2616:Practical guide to diagnostic parasitology
2088:"Fact sheets: neglected tropical diseases"
1879:Rawla, Prashanth; Sharma, Sandeep (2021),
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
924:
44:
3569:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2699:
2595:
2427:
2291:"Enterobius gregorii—reality or fiction?"
2144:
2134:
1978:
1633:
1055:
991:
3613:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3475:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
2792:
2733:
1072:
1033:
1031:
1029:
814:Treatment in pregnancy and breastfeeding
802:, and is considered as effective as the
746:function in the pinworm adults, causing
579:
431:
284:
3583:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1393:
1105:
5140:
3598:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3175:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1874:
1872:
1396:"The pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis"
555:, where they attach themselves to the
507:The life cycle begins with eggs being
3928:
2766:
1819:
1817:
1731:
1202:from the original on 5 November 2017.
1141:from the original on 5 November 2017.
1026:
309:, crawling sensations, or even acute
280:
3889:
3777:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3517:Australian meat substitution scandal
3485:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
3261:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
2643:International Journal of Dermatology
2274:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
2254:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
2248:
1944:
1599:
1163:from the original on 18 October 2016
1093:from the original on 18 October 2016
1014:from the original on 18 October 2016
979:from the original on 15 October 2016
385:inflammation of the vulva and vagina
3909:
3765:Food Information and Control Agency
2736:The New England Journal of Medicine
2716:
1947:"Enterobius vermicularis infection"
1905:
1869:
1602:"Enterobius vermicularis infection"
13:
2485:
2268:
2094:. WHO Media Centre. Archived from
2002:World Health Organization (2002).
1814:
1501:
1489:
1474:
1305:
1182:Bynum, W. F.; Porter, Roy (2013).
655:Preventive action revolves around
395:. The pinworms can also enter the
355:. However, they may move onto the
14:
5179:
3782:International Food Safety Network
3706:International Food Safety Network
3427:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3377:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3104:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
2727:
2677:
2640:
2553:. World Health Organization. 2007
2444:
2360:
2190:
2117:Petrovska BB, Cekovska S (2010).
1808:
1673:
1550:
1340:
1231:
1004:"Epidemiology & Risk Factors"
5034:
5022:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3867:
3857:
3787:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3623:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3554:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3549:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2655:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02332.x
2288:
2196:, on Rubondo Island, Tanzania".
1714:"CDC - Enterobiasis - Diagnosis"
770:(also called pyrantel embonate,
619:Pinworms do not lay eggs in the
3726:Quality Assurance International
3633:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3603:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3497:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3412:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2612:
2232:
2170:
2161:
2110:
2080:
2025:
1995:
1938:
1843:
1748:
1705:
1679:
1593:
1587:
1387:
835:
798:) kills adult pinworms through
3755:European Food Safety Authority
3628:Food safety incidents in China
3465:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3432:Water fluoridation controversy
2405:
1175:
1145:
365:external orifice of the uterus
315:secondary bacterial infections
299:itching in and around the anus
262:can help prevent reinfection.
1:
2678:Caldwell JP (February 1982).
2565:
2513:
2006:. World Health Organization.
1789:
1686:Health Canada (17 May 1996).
1455:
1412:10.1016/S0095-4543(21)00913-1
1381:
1276:
917:
638:
527:. During this migration they
502:
344:, emotional instability, and
215:. The most common symptom is
4406:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
3760:Food and Drug Administration
3442:Food contamination incidents
2613:Garcia, Lynne Shore (2009).
1551:Burkhart & burkhart 2005
1232:Burkhart & burkhart 2005
1057:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31818080c0
674:
575:
448:human gastrointestinal tract
7:
4743:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
4392:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
3814:Food and drink prohibitions
3588:Bihar school meal poisoning
3512:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3470:1900 English beer poisoning
2824:Antibiotic use in livestock
2429:10.1051/parasite/1983584403
2298:Bratislavské Lekárske Listy
2198:The Journal of Parasitology
363:, from there moving to the
10:
5184:
3809:Curing (food preservation)
2882:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
2566:Cook GC (September 1994).
2521:Manson's tropical diseases
1188:. Routledge. p. 358.
898:neglected tropical disease
879:
326:hair follicle inflammation
199:in the UK), also known as
93:4 to 8 weeks from exposure
15:
5050:
4983:Capillaria philippinensis
4946:
4915:
4906:Halicephalobus gingivalis
4877:Strongyloides stercoralis
4866:
4773:
4683:
4655:
4608:
4497:
4488:
4461:
4452:
4430:
4367:
4283:
4268:
4179:
4146:
4059:
3994:
3979:
3966:
3852:
3839:Genetically modified food
3801:
3739:
3691:Food labeling regulations
3663:
3559:2008 Chinese milk scandal
3440:
3362:
3309:
3238:
3188:
3160:
3122:
3011:
2919:
2867:
2800:
2688:Canadian Family Physician
2486:Gutiérrez, Yezid (2000).
2383:10.1007/s00436-006-0238-4
2336:
2316:
2236:. Encyclopædia Britannica
2092:World Health Organization
1881:"Enterobius Vermicularis"
1737:
846:Center of Disease Control
453:
235:long or the eggs under a
182:
172:
148:
134:
124:
114:
97:
89:
75:
63:
52:
43:
35:
30:
4989:Intestinal capillariasis
4084:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
3701:Food safety in Australia
2897:High-fructose corn syrup
2545:
969:"Pinworm Infection FAQs"
776:Reese's Pinworm Medicine
519:). The emerging pinworm
511:. The eggs hatch in the
427:
401:urinary tract infections
297:. The main symptoms are
130:Seeing the worms or eggs
39:Enterobiasis, oxyuriasis
4976:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
4926:Enterobius vermicularis
4721:Cutaneous larva migrans
4294:Echinococcus granulosus
4234:Heterophyes heterophyes
4220:Gastrodiscoides hominis
4043:Trichobilharzia regenti
3681:Acceptable daily intake
3593:2013 horse meat scandal
3034:Clostridium perfringens
2682:Enterobius vermicularis
2570:Enterobius vermicularis
2451:Journal of Parasitology
2367:Enterobius vermicularis
2136:10.4103/0973-7847.65321
2050:10.1556/030.65.2018.020
1394:Russell, L. J. (1991).
443:Enterobius vermicularis
406:urinary tract infection
328:. General symptoms are
213:Enterobius vermicularis
205:human parasitic disease
107:Enterobius vermicularis
56:Enterobius vermicularis
4824:Visceral larva migrans
4619:Gnathostoma spinigerum
4472:Dracunculus medinensis
4378:Diphyllobothrium latum
4157:Paragonimus westermani
4124:Opisthorchis viverrini
3749:Centre for Food Safety
3564:2008 Irish pork crisis
3266:Benzene in soft drinks
2719:Village Medical Manual
2322:NCBI taxonomy database
892:to 7837 BC at western
800:neuromuscular blockade
601:
484:gastrointestinal tract
437:
393:itchiness of the vulva
290:
4705:Ancylostoma duodenale
4248:Metagonimus yokogawai
3771:Food Standards Agency
3721:Organic certification
3716:Nutrition facts label
3460:Esing Bakery incident
3248:environment pollution
2748:10.1056/NEJMicm040931
2717:Vanderkooi M (2000).
2588:10.1136/gut.35.9.1159
2371:Parasitology Research
2123:Pharmacognosy Reviews
1963:10.1136/gut.35.9.1159
1618:10.1136/gut.35.9.1159
1089:. 23 September 2016.
583:
478:, and migrate up the
435:
367:, and onwards to the
288:
5153:Parasites of equines
4957:Trichinella spiralis
4784:Ascaris lumbricoides
4598:Lymphatic filariasis
4580:Wuchereria bancrofti
3540:2006 North American
3198:Acesulfame potassium
3027:Campylobacter jejuni
2921:Intestinal parasites
2794:Consumer food safety
1945:Cook, G. C. (1994).
848:reported an overall
808:genitourinary system
766:have been reported.
197:threadworm infection
5168:Foodborne illnesses
4971:Trichuris trichiura
4898:Trichostrongyliasis
4514:Onchocerca volvulus
4070:Clonorchis sinensis
4005:Schistosoma mansoni
3986:Trematode infection
3844:Conspiracy theories
3397:Heterocyclic amines
3301:Shellfish poisoning
2547:"B80: Enterobiasis"
2516:Zumla, Alimuddin I.
2447:Enterobius gregorii
2410:Enterobius gregorii
2348:on 27 November 2013
1600:Cook, G.C. (1994).
1159:. 10 January 2013.
1010:. 10 January 2013.
975:. 10 January 2013.
584:High magnification
515:(first part of the
436:Pinworm life cycle.
408:also had pinworms.
5148:Colorectal surgery
4857:Parascaris equorum
4843:Dioctophyme renale
4749:Angiostrongyliasis
4729:Necator americanus
4699:Hookworm infection
4559:Dirofilaria repens
4384:Diphyllobothriasis
4275:Tapeworm infection
4206:Fasciolopsis buski
3502:Toxic oil syndrome
3455:Swill milk scandal
3281:Diethylstilbestrol
2953:Diphyllobothriasis
2098:on 7 December 2014
827:breastfeeding but
820:pregnancy category
602:
543:(beginning of the
482:and back into the
438:
291:
281:Signs and symptoms
70:Infectious disease
18:Pinworm (parasite)
5135:
5134:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
4942:
4941:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4300:E. multilocularis
4264:
4263:
4104:Fasciola hepatica
3956:Parasitic disease
3922:
3921:
3829:Food preservation
3638:Foodborne illness
3190:Sugar substitutes
2943:Cryptosporidiosis
2925:parasitic disease
2839:HGH controversies
2806:food contaminants
2626:978-1-55581-154-9
2531:978-1-4160-4470-3
2406:Hugot JP (1983).
2276:. Merriam-Webster
2256:. Merriam-Webster
2210:10.1645/GE-569R.1
410:Painful urination
389:vaginal discharge
383:. This can cause
381:peritoneal cavity
322:skin inflammation
193:Pinworm infection
190:
189:
126:Diagnostic method
31:Pinworm infection
25:Medical condition
5175:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5026:
5018:
4891:Trichostrongylus
4883:Strongyloidiasis
4763:Metastrongylosis
4495:
4494:
4459:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4345:Hymenolepis nana
4281:
4280:
4181:Intestinal fluke
3992:
3991:
3977:
3976:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3912:
3911:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3874:Drink portal
3872:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3773:(United Kingdom)
3522:Jack in the Box
3493:
3480:Minamata disease
3392:Food irradiation
3372:4-Hydroxynonenal
3220:Sodium cyclamate
3063:Escherichia coli
3055:Escherichia coli
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2722:
2713:
2703:
2674:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2609:
2599:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2514:Cook, Gordon C;
2510:
2508:
2506:
2482:
2441:
2431:
2402:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2313:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2229:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1957:(9): 1159–1162.
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1857:. 8 January 2018
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1793:
1787:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1612:(9): 1159–1162.
1597:
1591:
1585:
1554:
1548:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1432:
1431:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1344:
1338:
1309:
1303:
1280:
1277:Cook et al. 2009
1274:
1235:
1229:
1204:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1000:
989:
988:
986:
984:
965:
854:prevalence rates
768:Pyrantel pamoate
657:personal hygiene
588:of a pinworm in
330:trouble sleeping
248:pyrantel pamoate
163:pyrantel pamoate
120:Attending school
48:
28:
27:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5059:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5021:
5013:
5011:
5002:
4938:
4911:
4862:
4769:
4717:Ancylostomiasis
4687:
4671:
4651:
4631:Gnathostomiasis
4604:
4501:
4484:
4435:
4432:
4418:
4369:Pseudophyllidea
4363:
4314:Taenia saginata
4272:
4260:
4212:Fasciolopsiasis
4197:Echinostomiasis
4175:
4142:
4136:Opisthorchiasis
4055:
4035:Schistosomiasis
4029:S. intercalatum
3983:
3981:Fluke/trematode
3972:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3923:
3918:
3868:
3866:
3864:Food portal
3856:
3848:
3797:
3735:
3696:Food libel laws
3659:
3487:
3436:
3402:Modified starch
3364:Food processing
3358:
3305:
3234:
3184:
3180:Sodium benzoate
3156:
3118:
3113:Vibrio cholerae
3007:
2978:Gnathostomiasis
2963:Fasciolopsiasis
2915:
2863:
2854:Mercury in fish
2796:
2791:
2730:
2725:
2721:(5th ed.).
2631:
2629:
2627:
2556:
2554:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2463:10.2307/3284542
2351:
2349:
2327:
2325:
2293:
2279:
2277:
2259:
2257:
2239:
2237:
2194:Pan troglodytes
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1877:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1796:
1788:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1688:"Anthelmintics"
1684:
1680:
1672:
1651:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1557:
1549:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1462:
1454:
1435:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1347:
1339:
1312:
1304:
1283:
1275:
1238:
1230:
1207:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1119:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1036:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1002:
1001:
992:
982:
980:
967:
966:
925:
920:
882:
838:
816:
677:
641:
578:
553:ascending colon
545:large intestine
517:small intestine
505:
456:
430:
373:fallopian tubes
283:
271:Northern Europe
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5181:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5117:
5106:
5091:
5076:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:Classification
5044:
5043:
5031:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4849:Dioctophymosis
4839:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4812:Toxocara canis
4808:
4807:
4806:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4757:Metastrongylus
4753:
4752:
4751:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4711:A. braziliense
4701:
4695:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4572:Dirofilariasis
4562:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:Mansonelliasis
4541:
4540:
4539:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4520:Onchocerciasis
4509:
4507:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4478:Dracunculiasis
4467:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4357:Hymenolepiasis
4341:
4340:
4339:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:Echinococcosis
4289:
4287:
4285:Cyclophyllidea
4278:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4254:Metagonimiasis
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:Heterophyiasis
4230:
4229:
4228:
4226:Amphistomiasis
4216:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4169:Paragonimiasis
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4096:Dicrocoeliasis
4080:
4079:
4078:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:Swimmer's itch
4039:
4038:
4037:
4023:S. haematobium
4000:
3998:
3989:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3819:Food marketing
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3802:Related topics
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:Food additives
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3013:Microorganisms
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Paragonimiasis
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:Cyclosporiasis
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2869:Food additives
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Lead poisoning
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2729:
2728:External links
2726:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2675:
2649:(10): 837–40.
2638:
2625:
2610:
2582:(9): 1159–62.
2563:
2543:
2530:
2511:
2498:
2483:
2442:
2403:
2358:
2338:"Enterobiasis"
2334:
2314:
2304:(3): 130–133.
2286:
2266:
2250:"Enterobiasis"
2246:
2230:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2109:
2079:
2044:(4): 459–465.
2024:
1994:
1937:
1904:
1868:
1842:
1813:
1794:
1753:
1741:
1730:
1704:
1678:
1649:
1592:
1555:
1506:
1502:Gutiérrez 2005
1494:
1490:Gutiérrez 2005
1479:
1475:Gutiérrez 2005
1460:
1433:
1386:
1345:
1310:
1306:Gutiérrez 2005
1281:
1236:
1205:
1194:
1174:
1144:
1133:
1104:
1071:
1025:
990:
922:
921:
919:
916:
881:
878:
858:Finger sucking
850:incidence rate
837:
834:
815:
812:
760:abdominal pain
676:
673:
640:
637:
577:
574:
504:
501:
488:retroinfection
455:
452:
429:
426:
387:. This causes
369:uterine cavity
282:
279:
267:Western Europe
207:caused by the
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
152:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
53:Pinworm eggs (
50:
49:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Helminthiases
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5016:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:Baylisascaris
4833:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:Brugia malayi
4582:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:Cysticercosis
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:P. kellicotti
4159:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:Clonorchiasis
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:platyhelminth
3965:
3961:
3960:helminthiases
3957:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3915:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Food politics
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:(South Korea)
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3653:United States
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3574:2011 Germany
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3531:1996 Odwalla
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:Preservatives
3159:
3153:
3152:Methamidophos
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Toxoplasmosis
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:Vegetable oil
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2499:0-19-512143-0
2495:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2418:(in French).
2417:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:(6): 1314–7.
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2129:(7): 106–10.
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1856:
1852:
1851:"Threadworms"
1846:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:Caldwell 1982
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1693:
1692:www.canada.ca
1689:
1682:
1675:
1674:Caldwell 1982
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
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1342:
1341:Caldwell 1982
1337:
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1195:9781136110368
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1134:9781118441176
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915:
913:
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905:
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899:
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887:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:contamination
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
833:
830:
824:
821:
811:
809:
805:
804:benzimidazole
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:benzimidazole
688:
686:
681:
672:
669:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
610:adhesive tape
607:
599:
598:H&E stain
595:
591:
590:cross section
587:
582:
573:
571:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
500:
498:
497:autoinfection
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
467:contamination
463:
461:
451:
449:
445:
444:
434:
425:
423:
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
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374:
370:
366:
362:
359:and into the
358:
354:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
287:
278:
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275:United States
272:
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257:
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245:
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238:
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226:
222:
218:
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177:
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109:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
23:
19:
5119:
5108:
5093:
5078:
5063:
4996:
4981:
4969:
4955:
4932:Enterobiasis
4924:
4904:
4890:
4875:
4855:
4841:
4834:
4828:Toxocariasis
4817:
4810:
4796:
4782:
4755:
4741:
4735:Necatoriasis
4727:
4710:
4703:
4664:
4637:
4624:
4617:
4610:Thelazioidea
4591:
4584:
4578:
4565:
4557:
4543:
4534:
4526:
4512:
4470:
4404:
4390:
4377:
4350:
4343:
4325:
4319:
4312:
4299:
4292:
4246:
4232:
4218:
4204:
4195:
4188:
4162:
4155:
4129:
4122:
4110:F. gigantica
4109:
4102:
4089:
4082:
4068:
4041:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4011:S. japonicum
4010:
4003:
3834:Food quality
3741:Institutions
3575:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3407:Nitrosamines
3170:Benzoic acid
3132:Chlorpyrifos
3111:
3105:
3096:
3079:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3003:Trichuriasis
2988:Toxocariasis
2958:Enterobiasis
2957:
2834:Formaldehyde
2739:
2735:
2718:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2646:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2615:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2555:. Retrieved
2550:
2535:. Retrieved
2520:
2503:. Retrieved
2488:
2457:(1): 131–4.
2454:
2450:
2446:
2422:(4): 403–4.
2419:
2415:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2341:
2326:. Retrieved
2321:
2318:"Enterobius"
2301:
2297:
2278:. Retrieved
2273:
2270:"Oxyuriasis"
2258:. Retrieved
2253:
2238:. Retrieved
2201:
2197:
2193:
2172:
2163:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2091:
2082:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
1997:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1896:, retrieved
1884:
1859:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1744:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1497:
1406:(1): 13–24.
1403:
1400:Primary Care
1399:
1389:
1184:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1123:
1095:. Retrieved
1086:
1050:(5): 513–6.
1047:
1043:
1016:. Retrieved
1007:
981:. Retrieved
972:
912:Adam Lonicer
902:
890:carbon dated
883:
870:social class
839:
836:Epidemiology
825:
817:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
756:side effects
739:
735:
731:
727:
715:
711:
707:
703:
689:
685:Asymptomatic
678:
665:
660:
654:
644:hygiene and
642:
618:
603:
564:towards the
506:
487:
464:
460:transmission
457:
441:
439:
422:appendicitis
417:appendicitis
414:
350:
342:irritability
334:restlessness
317:, including
295:asymptomatic
292:
264:
241:
229:
217:pruritus ani
212:
201:enterobiasis
200:
196:
192:
191:
159:Flubendazole
116:Risk factors
105:
54:
22:
4997:C. hepatica
4963:Trichinosis
4948:Adenophorea
4804:Anisakiasis
4685:Strongylida
4666:Gongylonema
4657:Spiruroidea
4645:Thelaziasis
4625:G. hispidum
4499:Filarioidea
4463:Camallanida
4445:Secernentea
4412:Sparganosis
4398:Sparganosis
4351:H. diminuta
4320:T. asiatica
4190:Echinostoma
4130:O. felineus
4116:Fasciolosis
4061:Liver fluke
3996:Blood fluke
3914:WikiProject
3751:(Hong Kong)
3488: [
3450:Devon colic
3324:Breast milk
3296:Nonylphenol
3271:Bisphenol A
3208:controversy
3075:Hepatitis E
3070:Hepatitis A
3048:Enterovirus
3041:Cronobacter
2998:Trichinosis
2968:Fasciolosis
2938:Anisakiasis
2909:controversy
2802:Adulterants
2742:(13): e12.
2680:"Pinworms (
2537:18 November
2377:(1): 51–7.
2017:24 November
2012:10665/62435
1930:30 November
1925:www.cdc.gov
1898:30 November
1861:23 November
1835:23 November
1830:www.cdc.gov
1749:Garcia 1999
1723:23 November
1718:www.cdc.gov
1697:23 November
1588:Garcia 1999
1083:"Treatment"
908:Hippocrates
862:nail biting
772:brand names
758:, although
752:mebendazole
744:microtubule
724:brand names
720:mebendazole
700:brand names
696:albendazole
650:Counselling
646:nutritional
629:colonoscopy
614:Scotch Tape
346:bed wetting
338:weight loss
256:handwashing
252:albendazole
244:mebendazole
178:Non-serious
167:albendazole
155:Mebendazole
139:Handwashing
90:Usual onset
36:Other names
5142:Categories
5121:DiseasesDB
4868:Rhabditida
4790:Ascariasis
4775:Ascaridida
4566:D. immitis
4545:Mansonella
4537:filariasis
4504:Filariasis
4431:Roundworm/
4148:Lung fluke
4017:S. mekongi
3958:caused by
3665:Regulation
3648:death toll
3417:Shortening
3382:Acrylamide
3311:Food fraud
3291:Mycotoxins
3124:Pesticides
3098:Salmonella
2973:Giardiasis
2933:Amoebiasis
2877:Flavorings
2632:5 December
2572:infection"
2557:5 December
2184:References
2102:6 December
1885:StatPearls
1167:16 October
1097:16 October
1018:16 October
983:16 October
918:References
784:Combantrin
694:compounds
680:Medication
668:defecation
639:Prevention
606:microscope
586:micrograph
503:Life cycle
237:microscope
233:centimetre
150:Medication
135:Prevention
4592:B. timori
4490:Spirurida
4436:infection
4333:Taeniasis
4326:T. solium
4090:D. hospes
3973:infection
3968:Flatworm/
3711:ISO 22000
3673:watchdogs
3669:standards
3643:outbreaks
3544:outbreaks
3422:Trans fat
3334:Olive oil
3256:Aflatoxin
3230:Sucralose
3215:Saccharin
3203:Aspartame
3147:Malathion
3092:Rotavirus
3087:Norovirus
2694:: 306–9.
2505:21 August
2234:"Pinworm"
2058:1217-8950
1971:0017-5749
1811:, p. 309.
1792:, p. 1161
1790:Cook 1994
1738:dpdx 2009
1676:, p. 308.
1626:0017-5749
1504:, p. 354.
1492:, p. 363.
1477:, p. 356.
1458:, p. 1160
1456:Cook 1994
1420:0095-4543
1384:, p. 1159
1382:Cook 1994
1343:, p. 307.
1308:, p. 355.
1279:, p. 1516
1153:"Biology"
886:coprolite
792:Helmintox
675:Treatment
576:Diagnosis
492:parasitic
319:bacterial
260:underwear
183:Frequency
174:Prognosis
143:underwear
65:Specialty
5041:Medicine
4917:Oxyurida
4798:Anisakis
4690:hookworm
4639:Thelazia
4454:Spiruria
4434:Nematode
3904:Cookbook
3884:Category
3686:E number
3578:outbreak
3535:outbreak
3526:outbreak
3276:Dieldrin
3225:Sorbitol
3081:Listeria
3021:Botulism
2849:Melamine
2819:Aldicarb
2756:16571876
2710:21286054
2663:16207185
2518:(2009).
2399:32762371
2391:16788831
2310:12940699
2226:32110983
2218:16539010
2155:22228949
2066:29552897
1893:30725659
1751:, p. 247
1590:, p. 246
1553:, p. 837
1234:, p. 838
1200:Archived
1161:Archived
1139:Archived
1091:Archived
1066:19412003
1012:Archived
977:Archived
842:helminth
764:diarrhea
748:glycogen
708:Eskazole
594:appendix
549:appendix
513:duodenum
509:ingested
471:fixtures
307:tickling
303:perineum
273:and the
102:Pinworms
77:Symptoms
5115:D017229
5029:Biology
5015:Portals
4818:T. cati
4535:Loa loa
4528:Loa loa
4270:Cestoda
3894:Commons
3767:(Spain)
3576:E. coli
3542:E. coli
3533:E. coli
3524:E. coli
3344:Seafood
3244:poisons
3142:Lindane
3106:E. coli
3065:O157:H7
3057:O104:H4
2859:Sudan I
2829:Cyanide
2701:2306321
2671:3193432
2606:7959218
2597:1375686
2479:9488350
2471:3284542
2438:6416131
2352:8 April
2328:8 April
2280:8 April
2260:8 April
2240:8 April
2146:3249897
2074:3981456
1989:7959218
1980:1375686
1644:7959218
1635:1375686
1428:2011634
880:History
740:Pripsen
716:Andazol
704:Albenza
592:in the
397:urethra
377:ovaries
353:tissues
223:in the
221:itching
209:pinworm
203:, is a
4328:(pork)
3349:Shrimp
3286:Dioxin
3240:Toxins
2814:3-MCPD
2754:
2708:
2698:
2669:
2661:
2623:
2604:
2594:
2528:
2496:
2477:
2469:
2436:
2397:
2389:
2308:
2224:
2216:
2153:
2143:
2072:
2064:
2056:
1987:
1977:
1969:
1891:
1855:nhs.uk
1642:
1632:
1624:
1426:
1418:
1192:
1131:
1064:
904:Garlic
796:Helmex
794:, and
788:Anthel
774:e.g.,
736:Antiox
732:Vermox
726:e.g.,
718:) and
712:Zentel
702:e.g.,
625:stools
612:(e.g.
566:rectum
557:mucosa
541:caecum
521:larvae
476:mucosa
454:Spread
379:, and
361:vagina
332:, and
324:, and
186:Common
98:Causes
81:Itchy
5126:13041
5104:127.4
3492:]
3339:Prawn
3319:Bread
2892:Sugar
2667:S2CID
2467:JSTOR
2395:S2CID
2294:(PDF)
2222:S2CID
2070:S2CID
780:Pin-X
621:feces
562:colon
537:ileum
533:ileum
529:moult
525:colon
480:bowel
428:Cause
357:vulva
250:, or
219:, or
165:, or
5110:MeSH
5099:9-CM
5074:1F65
4893:spp.
2887:Salt
2752:PMID
2706:PMID
2659:PMID
2634:2009
2621:ISBN
2602:PMID
2559:2009
2539:2009
2526:ISBN
2507:2009
2494:ISBN
2475:PMID
2434:PMID
2387:PMID
2354:2009
2342:DPDx
2330:2009
2306:PMID
2282:2009
2262:2009
2242:2009
2214:PMID
2151:PMID
2104:2014
2062:PMID
2054:ISSN
2019:2023
1985:PMID
1967:ISSN
1932:2021
1900:2021
1889:PMID
1863:2021
1837:2021
1725:2021
1699:2021
1640:PMID
1622:ISSN
1424:PMID
1416:ISSN
1190:ISBN
1169:2016
1129:ISBN
1099:2016
1062:PMID
1020:2016
985:2016
894:Utah
874:race
762:and
738:and
728:Ovex
714:and
690:The
661:rate
633:alae
570:anus
551:and
391:and
311:pain
301:and
225:anal
85:area
83:anal
5095:ICD
5089:B80
5080:ICD
5065:ICD
3354:Tea
3329:Egg
3137:DDT
2744:doi
2740:354
2696:PMC
2651:doi
2592:PMC
2584:doi
2576:Gut
2459:doi
2424:doi
2379:doi
2375:100
2302:104
2206:doi
2141:PMC
2131:doi
2046:doi
2008:hdl
1975:PMC
1959:doi
1951:Gut
1630:PMC
1614:doi
1606:Gut
1408:doi
1157:CDC
1087:CDC
1052:doi
1008:CDC
973:CDC
829:WHO
547:),
5144::
5124::
5113::
5102::
5087::
5084:10
5072::
5069:11
4826:/
4815:/
4719:/
4708:/
4622:/
4589:/
4583:/
4348:/
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4317:/
4297:/
4160:/
4127:/
4107:/
4087:/
4026:/
4020:/
4014:/
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
