757:
831:
719:
776:
665:
815:
692:
869:
738:
851:
74:
52:
950:
female becomes filled with eggs. The estimations of the number of eggs in a gravid female pinworm range from about 11,000 to 16,000. The egg-laying process begins about five weeks after initial ingestion of pinworm eggs by the human host. The gravid female pinworms migrate through the colon towards
1325:
Foitová, Ivona; Civáňová, Kristína; Baruš, Vlastimil; Nurcahyo, Wisnu (1 July 2014). "Phylogenetic relationships between pinworms (Nematoda: Enterobiinae) parasitising the critically endangered orang-utan, according to the characterisation of molecular genomic and mitochondrial markers".
630:
959:, and while moving on the skin near the anus, the female pinworms deposit eggs either through (1) contracting and expelling the eggs, (2) dying and then disintegrating, or (3) bodily rupture due to the host scratching the worm. After depositing the eggs, the female becomes
775:
2095:
Nakano T, Okamoto M, Ikeda Y, Hasegawa H (December 2006). "Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene and nuclear rDNA regions of
Enterobius vermicularis parasitic in captive chimpanzees with special reference to its relationship with pinworms in humans".
1922:
Hasegawa H, Ikeda Y, Fujisaki A, et al. (December 2005). "Morphology of chimpanzee pinworms, Enterobius (Enterobius) anthropopitheci (Gedoelst, 1916) (Nematoda: Oxyuridae), collected from chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, on
Rubondo Island, Tanzania".
992:
in the anal area. Extraintestinal disease is rare and most commonly involves the female reproductive tract, but spleen abscess has also been reported. Enterobius vermicularis infections are found to be correlated with stunting and lower mean
649:
by 20 to 30 μm, and have a thick shell flattened on one side. The small size and colourlessness of the eggs make them invisible to the naked eye, except in barely visible clumps of thousands of eggs. Eggs may contain a developing
756:
1037:, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class,
1751:
Agostinis, Paolo; Cappello, Dario; Riccardi, Niccolò; Michelutti, Teresa; Orsaria, Maria; Zerbato, Verena; Di Bella, Stefano (11 September 2023). Amoroso, Anthony; Nori, Priya; Riedel, David J (eds.).
664:
830:
641:
end, is 8 to 13 mm long, and 0.5 mm thick. The adult male is considerably smaller, measuring 2 to 5 mm long and 0.2 mm thick, and has a curved posterior end. The eggs are
718:
691:
2051:
1377:
Panidis, Stavros; Paramythiotis, Daniel; Panagiotou, Dimitris; Batsis, Georgios; Salonikidis, Spyridon; Kaloutsi, Vassiliki; Michalopoulos, Antonios (1 January 2011).
605:(i.e., sexual organ). Its existence is controversial, however; Totkova et al. (2003) consider the evidence to be insufficient, and Hasegawa et al. (2006) contend that
324:
315:
266:
207:
381:
372:
276:
217:
26:
This article is about the nematode of the family
Enterobius, known as pinworm in the US. For the different nematode known as pinworm in the rest of the world, see
1122:
187:
333:
227:
390:
236:
197:
919:(i.e., last part of the small intestine), whereafter the male pinworms usually die, and are passed out with stool. The gravid female pinworms settle in the
362:
352:
343:
296:
286:
257:
2168:
Hasegawa H, Takao Y, Nakao M, Fukuma T, Tsuruta O, Ide K (February 1998). "Is
Enterobius gregorii Hugot, 1983 (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) a distinct species?".
895:
of embryonated eggs by inadequate hand washing or nail biting, inhalation followed by swallowing of airborne eggs may occur rarely. The eggs hatch in the
306:
177:
418:
2743:
3673:
737:
2423:
2335:
Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (October 2005). "Assessment of frequency, transmission, and genitourinary complications of enterobiasis (pinworms)".
3699:
1044:
A fossilized nematode egg was detected in 240 million-year-old fossil dung, showing that parasitic pinworms already infested pre-mammalian
1851:""Effects of Enterobius vermicularis infection on intelligence quotient (I.Q) and anthropometric measurements of Egyptian rural children""
814:
2315:
2231:
1800:"Association between intestinal worm infection and malnutrition among rural children aged 9–11 years old in Guizhou Province, China"
1025:
in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in
England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark.
3647:
3760:
3686:
2450:
3755:
2071:
2206:
915:
twice and become adults. Females survive for 5 to 13 weeks, and males about 7 weeks. The male and female pinworms mate in the
2325:
2241:
2216:
1038:
3691:
1041:, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.
3626:
3704:
3639:
2017:
1893:
1048:. The earliest known instance of the pinworms associated with humans is evidenced by pinworm eggs found in human
409:
3770:
3765:
523:
is common in human children and transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Humans are the only natural host of
2909:
881:
963:
and dies. The female emerges from the anus to obtain the oxygen necessary for the maturation of the eggs.
3775:
3587:
3582:
3569:
3246:
2895:
2802:
2443:
2251:
1438:"A Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Bonnet Macaque ( Macaca radiata) of Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala"
1379:"Acute appendicitis secondary to Enterobius vermicularis infection in a middle-aged man: a case report"
1300:"A Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata) of Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala"
569:(nematode), and three species of pinworm have been identified with certainty. Humans are hosts only to
166:
73:
888:
molts four times; the first two within the egg before hatching and two before becoming an adult worm.
3714:
3486:
3409:
3380:
1014:
27:
2256:
International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 10th Revision
1198:
850:
3492:
2587:
2531:
1013:
infection) in the United States, western Europe, and
Oceania. In the United States, a study by the
790:
702:
3429:
3224:
3213:
2797:
2737:
2723:
2546:
2525:
1721:
1437:
399:
1619:
1299:
3522:
3327:
3122:
2975:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2627:
2436:
3678:
469:, especially in humans. The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as
3208:
2751:
2632:
2513:
994:
907:
grow rapidly to a size of 140 to 150 μm, and migrate through the small intestine towards the
3727:
2428:
2078:. Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
589:
distinguishable from the human pinworm. Hugot (1983) claims another species affects humans,
3595:
3560:
3460:
3287:
3127:
3101:
3083:
2853:
1960:
586:
8:
3499:
3474:
3401:
3068:
3017:
2592:
2573:
2519:
2508:
638:
462:
246:
2058:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2009
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2185:
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1996:
1948:
1826:
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1413:
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1359:
932:
706:
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536:
68:
34:
1976:
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1780:
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1418:
1400:
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981:
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578:
516:
470:
20:
2125:
1952:
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2177:
2146:
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1932:
1821:
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1408:
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1335:
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960:
482:
3574:
2151:
2134:
3220:
3134:
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2822:
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2715:
2700:
2639:
2538:
2227:
1849:
Bahader, S. M.; Ali, G. S.; Shaalan, A. H.; Khalil, H. M.; Khalil, N. M. (1995).
1737:
1699:
1022:
936:
928:
908:
900:
3634:
3621:
3352:
3315:
3260:
3075:
3054:
3023:
2981:
2860:
2809:
2788:
2757:
2729:
2672:
2599:
1894:"Scientists find 240 million-year-old parasite that infected mammals' ancestor"
1026:
1018:
1010:
794:
594:
496:
454:
2109:
1816:
1339:
1005:
The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common
3744:
3545:
3339:
3320:
3094:
3089:
2840:
2828:
2579:
2463:
1776:
1404:
1347:
1034:
1006:
545:
478:
405:
51:
1395:
1033:
has been similarly associated. Because it spreads from host to host through
1021:
of 11.4% among children. Pinworms are particularly common in children, with
3479:
3435:
3331:
3238:
3113:
2684:
2399:
2356:
2135:"[Enterobius gregorii (Oxyuridae, Nematoda), a new human parasite]"
2117:
2036:
1944:
1850:
1835:
1784:
1422:
1355:
1052:
806:
767:
748:
729:
710:
683:
474:
2306:
2288:
2197:
2160:
1866:
1768:
3660:
3554:
3466:
3451:
3307:
3188:
3169:
3160:
3148:
3002:
2966:
2948:
2915:
2901:
2693:
2619:
2564:
2499:
1753:"A 25-Year-Old Woman With Long-Lasting Abdominal Pain and Spleen Abscess"
1030:
642:
115:
766:
eggs, of the same size as early eggs but having undergone more mitoses.
3652:
3371:
3293:
3278:
3048:
3007:
2208:
Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations
2189:
1049:
821:
786:
698:
675:
646:
125:
3665:
2040:
1936:
645:
and have a surface that adheres to objects. The eggs measure 50 to 60
3608:
2993:
2836:
2489:
2484:
1068:
892:
798:
782:
671:
566:
508:
485:
135:
85:
3516:
2181:
1376:
1206:
3613:
3539:
3420:
3301:
3193:
3142:
2957:
2471:
1750:
1076:
1072:
1045:
896:
837:
466:
458:
105:
1720:
Graves, B.; Leder, K.; Sinickas, V.; Sheorey, H. (February 2018).
531:, another human species is morphologically indistinguishable from
3031:
2773:
1029:
has been shown to increase both incidence and relapse rates, and
989:
633:
Two female pinworms next to a ruler: The markings are 1 mm apart.
500:
437:
952:
947:
940:
924:
802:
651:
95:
3600:
2211:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 354–366.
2458:
1133:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information
955:
at a rate of 12 to 14 cm per hour. They emerge from the
920:
916:
912:
904:
880:
The entire life cycle, from egg to adult, takes place in the
655:
629:
1324:
539:
size. Throughout this article, the word "pinworm" refers to
1196:
1056:
956:
884:
of a single host, from about 2–4 weeks or about 4–8 weeks.
19:
This article is about the organism. For the infection, see
1719:
33:"Oxyuris" redirects here. For the genus of nematodes, see
2236:(22nd ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 1515–1519.
2320:. American Society for Microbiology. pp. 246–247.
1848:
876:
showing the stages inside and outside of the human body
481:) or less precisely as oxyuriasis in reference to the
449:(in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand) or
2016:
Totkova A, Klobusicky M, Holkova R, Valent M (2003).
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1601:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
613:. Regardless of its status as a distinct species,
1673:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1503:
781:Pinworms are sometimes diagnosed incidentally by
670:Pinworms are sometimes diagnosed incidentally by
3742:
1656:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1855:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
543:. In British usage, however, pinworm refers to
1637:
1269:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1218:
1216:
1094:
1092:
59:Pinworms (U.S.)/Threadworms (U.K.) (
2444:
1873:
1563:
1526:
1248:
1246:
1104:
2424:Enterobius vermicularis image library at DPD
2139:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
1280:
1227:
1213:
1089:
658:. The larvae grow to 140–150 μm in length.
2947:
2451:
2437:
2317:Practical guide to diagnostic parasitology
1492:
1243:
50:
2389:
2296:
2150:
2018:"Enterobius gregorii—reality or fiction?"
1825:
1815:
1722:"Extraintestinal Enterobius vermicularis"
1412:
1394:
1257:
867:
724:Partially longitudinal cross-section of
628:
1891:
1797:
1483:
1481:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
637:The adult female has a sharply pointed
3743:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
939:, where they attach themselves to the
617:is considered clinically identical to
3521:
3520:
2432:
1079:(similarly named parasites and fungi)
820:Pinworm eggs are easily seen under a
3715:b928493c-4ba6-486d-a630-6853a2b6b372
3640:e64c6d51-cc9e-4709-a45d-0eecc196bfda
2374:"Pinworms (Enterobius Vermicularis)"
2337:International Journal of Dermatology
2001:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
1981:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
1975:
1478:
1467:
1297:
1197:Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org (2022).
891:Although infection often occurs via
2406:
2273:"Enterobius vermicularis infection"
1892:Mitrica, Dragos (2 December 2014).
1461:
1145:
13:
2204:
1995:
1686:
1520:
1435:
1286:
14:
3787:
2417:
2371:
2334:
2258:. World Health Organization. 2007
2167:
2094:
1921:
1667:
1605:
1238:
1222:
1098:
556:
2349:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02332.x
2015:
1617:
1252:
849:
829:
813:
774:
755:
736:
717:
690:
663:
72:
2313:
1959:
1885:
1842:
1791:
1744:
1713:
1700:"Enterobiasis leads to itching"
1692:
1650:
1611:
1455:
1429:
1383:Journal of Medical Case Reports
1370:
1318:
1291:
1263:
1000:
3761:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
2132:
1498:
911:. During this migration, they
1:
3756:Parasitic nematodes of humans
2372:Caldwell JP (February 1982).
2270:
2225:
1914:
1879:
1572:
1557:
1276:Merriam-Webster: Enterobiasis
997:among prepubescent children.
980:causes the medical condition
943:and ingest colonic contents.
863:
654:or a fully developed pinworm
624:
601:, and has a slightly smaller
2910:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
2314:Garcia, Lynne Shore (2009).
1757:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1738:10.1016/j.pathol.2017.12.322
1606:Burkhart & burkhart 2005
1298:C.P., Arjun (October 2015).
1055:to 7837 BC found in western
966:
946:Almost the entire body of a
882:human gastrointestinal tract
836:This micrograph reveals the
7:
3247:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2896:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
2170:The Journal of Parasitology
2152:10.1051/parasite/1983584403
2025:Bratislavské Lekárske Listy
1925:The Journal of Parasitology
1474:NCBI taxonomy database 2009
1306:. Zoo Outreach Organization
1287:Merriam-Webster: Oxyuriasis
1062:
988:, whose primary symptom is
10:
3792:
2271:Cook GC (September 1994).
2233:Manson's tropical diseases
1798:Guan, M.; Han, B. (2019).
1436:CP, Arjun (October 2015).
970:
840:alae in the head region of
583:Enterobius anthropopitheci
513:Enterobius anthropopitheci
167:Enterobius anthropopitheci
32:
25:
18:
3529:
3487:Capillaria philippinensis
3450:
3419:
3410:Halicephalobus gingivalis
3381:Strongyloides stercoralis
3370:
3277:
3187:
3159:
3112:
3001:
2992:
2965:
2956:
2934:
2871:
2787:
2772:
2683:
2650:
2563:
2498:
2483:
2470:
2378:Canadian Family Physician
2205:Gutiérrez, Yezid (2000).
2110:10.1007/s00436-006-0238-4
2070:
2050:
1963:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1817:10.1186/s12889-019-7538-y
1620:"Enterobius vermicularis"
1487:
1473:
1340:10.1007/s00436-014-3892-y
1015:Center of Disease Control
899:(i.e., first part of the
461:(roundworm) and a common
162:
157:
69:Scientific classification
67:
58:
49:
44:
28:Strongyloides stercoralis
3493:Intestinal capillariasis
2588:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
2250:
1199:"GBIF Backbone Taxonomy"
1083:
927:(i.e., beginning of the
903:). The emerging pinworm
593:, which is supposedly a
499:. Other species seen in
3480:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
3430:Enterobius vermicularis
3225:Cutaneous larva migrans
2798:Echinococcus granulosus
2738:Heterophyes heterophyes
2724:Gastrodiscoides hominis
2547:Trichobilharzia regenti
1396:10.1186/1752-1947-5-559
1275:
1264:Encyclopædia Britannica
743:Cross-section of early
726:Enterobius vermicularis
571:Enterobius vermicularis
533:Enterobius vermicularis
525:Enterobius vermicularis
521:Enterobius vermicularis
493:Enterobius vermicularis
442:Enterobius vermicularis
400:Enterobius vermicularis
325:Enterobius paraguerezae
316:Enterobius magnispicula
267:Enterobius interlabiata
208:Enterobius callithricis
61:Enterobius vermicularis
3328:Visceral larva migrans
3123:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2976:Dracunculus medinensis
2882:Diphyllobothrium latum
2661:Paragonimus westermani
2628:Opisthorchis viverrini
2409:Village Medical Manual
2056:NCBI taxonomy database
1464:, p. B-152 & B-225
877:
634:
609:is a younger stage of
553:is called threadworm.
382:Enterobius schaefferae
373:Enterobius pygatrichus
277:Enterobius lagothricis
218:Enterobius duplicidens
3771:Parasites of primates
3209:Ancylostoma duodenale
2752:Metagonimus yokogawai
2407:Vanderkooi M (2000).
2289:10.1136/gut.35.9.1159
2098:Parasitology Research
2046:on 10 September 2011.
1328:Parasitology Research
871:
632:
575:Oxyurias vermicularis
188:Enterobius brevicauda
3766:Parasites of equines
3635:Fauna Europaea (new)
3461:Trichinella spiralis
3288:Ascaris lumbricoides
3102:Lymphatic filariasis
3084:Wuchereria bancrofti
1624:Animal Diversity Web
1239:Hasegawa et al. 2006
1223:Hasegawa et al. 1998
1201:. GBIF Secretariat.
1099:Hasegawa et al. 2005
1017:reported an overall
334:Enterobius parallela
228:Enterobius emodensis
173:(chimpanzee pinworm)
3475:Trichuris trichiura
3402:Trichostrongyliasis
3018:Onchocerca volvulus
2574:Clonorchis sinensis
2509:Schistosoma mansoni
2490:Trematode infection
2252:"B80: Enterobiasis"
2082:on 27 November 2013
1769:10.1093/cid/ciad047
1445:Zoos' Print Journal
1304:Zoos' Print Journal
1253:Totkova et al. 2003
789:of male pinworm in
697:High magnification
678:of pinworms in the
591:Enterobius gregorii
561:The pinworm (genus
529:Enterobius gregorii
505:Enterobius buckleyi
495:were reported from
463:intestinal parasite
391:Enterobius shriveri
247:Enterobius gregorii
237:Enterobius foecunda
198:Enterobius buckleyi
3776:Colorectal surgery
3361:Parascaris equorum
3347:Dioctophyme renale
3253:Angiostrongyliasis
3233:Necator americanus
3203:Hookworm infection
3063:Dirofilaria repens
2888:Diphyllobothriasis
2779:Tapeworm infection
2710:Fasciolopsis buski
2228:Zumla, Alimuddin I
878:
635:
491:Other than human,
363:Enterobius polyoon
353:Enterobius pitheci
344:Enterobius pesteri
297:Enterobius lerouxi
287:Enterobius lemuris
258:Enterobius inglisi
35:Oxyuris (nematode)
3738:
3737:
3723:Open Tree of Life
3523:Taxon identifiers
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3446:
3445:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2804:E. multilocularis
2768:
2767:
2608:Fasciola hepatica
2460:Parasitic disease
2327:978-1-55581-154-9
2243:978-1-4160-4470-3
2218:978-0-19-512143-8
2133:Hugot JP (1983).
2003:. Merriam-Webster
1983:. Merriam-Webster
1937:10.1645/GE-569R.1
1804:BMC Public Health
982:pinworm infection
973:Pinworm infection
471:pinworm infection
445:), also known as
430:
429:
424:
413:
395:
386:
377:
368:
358:
348:
339:
329:
320:
311:
307:Enterobius macaci
302:
292:
282:
272:
262:
252:
242:
232:
223:
213:
203:
193:
183:
178:Enterobius atelis
172:
153:
21:Pinworm infection
3783:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3518:
3517:
3395:Trichostrongylus
3387:Strongyloidiasis
3267:Metastrongylosis
2999:
2998:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2849:Hymenolepis nana
2785:
2784:
2685:Intestinal fluke
2496:
2495:
2481:
2480:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2368:
2331:
2310:
2300:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2247:
2226:Cook, Gordon C;
2222:
2201:
2164:
2154:
2129:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2047:
2045:
2039:. Archived from
2022:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1956:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1576:
1573:Cook et al. 2009
1570:
1561:
1555:
1524:
1518:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1398:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1334:(7): 2455–2466.
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1194:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1119:
1102:
1096:
1023:prevalence rates
853:
833:
817:
801:(red arrow) and
778:
759:
740:
721:
701:of a pinworm in
694:
667:
422:
419:Enterobius yagoi
403:
394:
385:
376:
366:
356:
347:
337:
328:
319:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
261:
250:
240:
231:
221:
211:
201:
191:
181:
171:(Gedoelst, 1916)
170:
151:
77:
76:
54:
42:
41:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3525:
3515:
3506:
3442:
3415:
3366:
3273:
3221:Ancylostomiasis
3191:
3175:
3155:
3135:Gnathostomiasis
3108:
3005:
2988:
2939:
2936:
2922:
2873:Pseudophyllidea
2867:
2818:Taenia saginata
2776:
2764:
2716:Fasciolopsiasis
2701:Echinostomiasis
2679:
2646:
2640:Opisthorchiasis
2559:
2539:Schistosomiasis
2533:S. intercalatum
2487:
2485:Fluke/trematode
2476:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2420:
2415:
2411:(5th ed.).
2328:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2219:
2182:10.2307/3284542
2085:
2083:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2020:
2006:
2004:
1986:
1984:
1966:
1964:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1847:
1843:
1796:
1792:
1749:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1649:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1527:
1519:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1462:Vanderkooi 2000
1460:
1456:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1375:
1371:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:10.15468/39omei
1195:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1065:
1003:
978:E. vermicularis
975:
969:
937:ascending colon
929:large intestine
901:small intestine
886:E. vermicularis
874:E. vermicularis
866:
859:
857:E. vermicularis
854:
845:
842:E. vermicularis
834:
825:
818:
809:
805:(black arrow),
779:
770:
764:E. vermicularis
760:
751:
745:E. vermicularis
741:
732:
722:
713:
695:
686:
668:
627:
619:E. vermicularis
611:E. vermicularis
599:E. vermicularis
587:morphologically
565:) is a type of
559:
414:(human pinworm)
367:(Linstow, 1909)
338:(Linstow, 1908)
301:Sandosham, 1950
271:Sandosham, 1950
241:(Linstow, 1879)
202:Sandosham, 1950
192:Sandosham, 1950
150:
71:
38:
31:
24:
17:
16:Species of worm
12:
11:
5:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3622:Fauna Europaea
3618:
3605:
3592:
3579:
3566:
3551:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3353:Dioctophymosis
3343:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3316:Toxocara canis
3312:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3261:Metastrongylus
3257:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3215:A. braziliense
3205:
3199:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:Dirofilariasis
3066:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3055:Mansonelliasis
3045:
3044:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:Onchocerciasis
3013:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2982:Dracunculiasis
2971:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:Hymenolepiasis
2845:
2844:
2843:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:Echinococcosis
2793:
2791:
2789:Cyclophyllidea
2782:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2758:Metagonimiasis
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:Heterophyiasis
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:Amphistomiasis
2720:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:Paragonimiasis
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:Dicrocoeliasis
2584:
2583:
2582:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:Swimmer's itch
2543:
2542:
2541:
2527:S. haematobium
2504:
2502:
2493:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:External links
2416:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2369:
2343:(10): 837–40.
2332:
2326:
2311:
2283:(9): 1159–62.
2268:
2248:
2242:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2165:
2130:
2092:
2072:"Enterobiasis"
2068:
2048:
2013:
1993:
1977:"Enterobiasis"
1973:
1957:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1884:
1872:
1861:(1): 183–194.
1841:
1790:
1763:(5): 795–798.
1743:
1712:
1691:
1687:Gutiérrez 2005
1672:
1655:
1636:
1610:
1577:
1562:
1525:
1521:Gutiérrez 2005
1502:
1491:
1477:
1466:
1454:
1428:
1369:
1317:
1290:
1279:
1268:
1256:
1242:
1226:
1212:
1144:
1103:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1064:
1061:
1027:Finger sucking
1019:incidence rate
1011:parasitic worm
1002:
999:
984:also known as
971:Main article:
968:
965:
872:Life cycle of
865:
862:
861:
860:
855:
848:
846:
835:
828:
826:
819:
812:
810:
797:(blue arrow),
780:
773:
771:
761:
754:
752:
742:
735:
733:
723:
716:
714:
696:
689:
687:
669:
662:
626:
623:
595:sister species
558:
557:Classification
555:
497:bonnet macaque
455:parasitic worm
428:
427:
426:
425:
415:
396:
387:
378:
369:
359:
349:
340:
330:
321:
312:
303:
293:
283:
273:
263:
254:
243:
233:
224:
214:
204:
194:
184:
174:
160:
159:
155:
154:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3788:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3340:Baylisascaris
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:Brugia malayi
3086:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Cysticercosis
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:P. kellicotti
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Clonorchiasis
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2474:platyhelminth
2469:
2465:
2464:helminthiases
2461:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2141:(in French).
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:(6): 1314–7.
1930:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1732:: S113–S114.
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1668:Caldwell 1982
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1149:
1132:
1131:NCBI taxonomy
1128:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1078:
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1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:contamination
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:helminthiasis
998:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
944:
942:
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930:
926:
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883:
875:
870:
858:
852:
847:
843:
839:
832:
827:
823:
816:
811:
808:
807:H&E stain
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:cross section
788:
784:
777:
772:
769:
768:H&E stain
765:
758:
753:
750:
749:H&E stain
746:
739:
734:
731:
730:H&E stain
727:
720:
715:
712:
711:H&E stain
708:
704:
703:cross section
700:
693:
688:
685:
684:H&E stain
681:
677:
673:
666:
661:
660:
659:
657:
653:
648:
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631:
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620:
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608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
547:
546:Strongyloides
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
484:
480:
479:helminthiasis
477:) (a type of
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
439:
435:
421:
420:
416:
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401:
397:
393:
392:
388:
384:
383:
379:
375:
374:
370:
365:
364:
360:
357:Cameron, 1929
355:
354:
350:
346:
345:
341:
336:
335:
331:
327:
326:
322:
318:
317:
313:
309:
308:
304:
299:
298:
294:
289:
288:
284:
281:Buckley, 1931
279:
278:
274:
269:
268:
264:
260:
259:
255:
251:(Hugot, 1983)
249:
248:
244:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:
222:Buckley, 1931
220:
219:
215:
212:Solomon, 1932
210:
209:
205:
200:
199:
195:
190:
189:
185:
182:Cameron, 1929
180:
179:
175:
169:
168:
164:
163:
161:
156:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
43:
40:
36:
29:
22:
3530:
3500:
3485:
3473:
3459:
3436:Enterobiasis
3428:
3408:
3394:
3379:
3359:
3345:
3338:
3332:Toxocariasis
3321:
3314:
3300:
3286:
3259:
3245:
3239:Necatoriasis
3231:
3214:
3207:
3168:
3141:
3128:
3121:
3114:Thelazioidea
3095:
3088:
3082:
3069:
3061:
3047:
3038:
3030:
3016:
2974:
2908:
2894:
2881:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2803:
2796:
2750:
2736:
2722:
2708:
2699:
2692:
2666:
2659:
2633:
2626:
2614:F. gigantica
2613:
2606:
2593:
2586:
2572:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2515:S. japonicum
2514:
2507:
2408:
2381:
2377:
2340:
2336:
2316:
2280:
2276:
2260:. Retrieved
2255:
2232:
2207:
2176:(1): 131–4.
2173:
2169:
2145:(4): 403–4.
2142:
2138:
2101:
2097:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2075:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2052:"Enterobius"
2041:the original
2031:(3): 130–3.
2028:
2024:
2005:. Retrieved
2000:
1997:"Oxyuriasis"
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
1965:. Retrieved
1928:
1924:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1887:
1875:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1618:Rett, Doug.
1613:
1494:
1469:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1282:
1271:
1259:
1135:. Retrieved
1130:
1124:
1053:carbon dated
1043:
1004:
1001:Distribution
986:enterobiasis
985:
977:
976:
945:
890:
885:
879:
873:
856:
841:
763:
744:
725:
636:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
590:
582:
581:are host to
574:
570:
562:
560:
550:
544:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
504:
492:
490:
475:enterobiasis
450:
446:
441:
440:
433:
431:
423:Sutton, 1979
417:
398:
389:
380:
371:
361:
351:
342:
332:
323:
314:
305:
295:
285:
275:
265:
256:
245:
235:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
176:
165:
146:
145:
60:
39:
3661:iNaturalist
3555:Wikispecies
3501:C. hepatica
3467:Trichinosis
3452:Adenophorea
3308:Anisakiasis
3189:Strongylida
3170:Gongylonema
3161:Spiruroidea
3149:Thelaziasis
3129:G. hispidum
3003:Filarioidea
2967:Camallanida
2949:Secernentea
2916:Sparganosis
2902:Sparganosis
2855:H. diminuta
2824:T. asiatica
2694:Echinostoma
2634:O. felineus
2620:Fasciolosis
2565:Liver fluke
2500:Blood fluke
2104:(1): 51–7.
1903:14 February
1898:ZME Science
1810:(1): 1204.
1651:Garcia 1999
1137:28 February
1031:nail biting
643:translucent
615:E. gregorii
607:E. gregorii
585:, which is
579:Chimpanzees
535:except the
457:. It is a
291:Baehr, 1935
152:Baird, 1853
116:Chromadorea
3745:Categories
3575:Enterobius
3561:Enterobius
3531:Enterobius
3372:Rhabditida
3294:Ascariasis
3279:Ascaridida
3070:D. immitis
3049:Mansonella
3041:filariasis
3008:Filariasis
2935:Roundworm/
2652:Lung fluke
2521:S. mekongi
2462:caused by
2262:5 December
1915:References
1499:Hugot 1983
1310:20 October
1125:Enterobius
1050:coprolites
864:Life cycle
822:microscope
787:Micrograph
699:micrograph
676:Micrograph
625:Morphology
573:(formerly
563:Enterobius
551:Enterobius
541:Enterobius
517:chimpanzee
447:threadworm
253:(disputed)
147:Enterobius
126:Rhabditida
3096:B. timori
2994:Spirurida
2940:infection
2837:Taeniasis
2830:T. solium
2594:D. hospes
2477:infection
2472:Flatworm/
2384:: 306–9.
1961:"Pinworm"
1882:, p. 1160
1880:Cook 1994
1777:1058-4838
1726:Pathology
1705:20 August
1689:, p. 355.
1670:, p. 307.
1629:4 January
1575:, p. 1516
1560:, p. 1159
1558:Cook 1994
1523:, p. 354.
1488:dpdx 2009
1405:1752-1947
1348:1432-1955
1069:Roundworm
1046:cynodonts
967:Infection
893:ingestion
799:intestine
783:pathology
672:pathology
639:posterior
567:roundworm
509:Orangutan
486:Oxyuridae
136:Oxyuridae
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
3751:Oxyurida
3540:Wikidata
3421:Oxyurida
3302:Anisakis
3194:hookworm
3143:Thelazia
2958:Spiruria
2938:Nematode
2400:21286054
2357:16207185
2230:(2009).
2126:32762371
2118:16788831
2037:12940699
1953:32110983
1945:16539010
1836:31477069
1785:37696671
1653:, p. 246
1608:, p. 837
1423:22128765
1364:15076891
1356:24880237
1077:ringworm
1073:hookworm
1063:See also
933:appendix
897:duodenum
838:cephalic
707:appendix
680:appendix
549:, while
503:include
501:primates
467:helminth
459:nematode
451:seatworm
406:Linnaeus
158:Species
132:Family:
106:Nematoda
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
45:Pinworm
3679:1275939
3653:2284339
3546:Q213912
3322:T. cati
3039:Loa loa
3032:Loa loa
2774:Cestoda
2391:2306321
2365:3193432
2307:7959218
2298:1375686
2198:9488350
2190:3284542
2161:6416131
2086:8 April
2062:8 April
2007:8 April
1987:8 April
1967:8 April
1867:7602161
1827:6719348
1414:3245485
1389:: 559.
990:itching
705:in the
603:spicule
537:spicule
453:, is a
438:species
434:pinworm
142:Genus:
122:Order:
112:Class:
3728:332063
3712:NZOR:
3666:622719
3627:392069
3614:1ENTRG
3588:169323
2832:(pork)
2398:
2388:
2363:
2355:
2324:
2305:
2295:
2240:
2215:
2196:
2188:
2159:
2124:
2116:
2035:
1951:
1943:
1865:
1834:
1824:
1783:
1775:
1421:
1411:
1403:
1362:
1354:
1346:
961:opaque
953:rectum
948:gravid
941:mucosa
925:caecum
905:larvae
803:testis
762:Later
652:embryo
483:family
3705:51027
3692:63892
3674:IRMNG
3601:58788
2361:S2CID
2186:JSTOR
2122:S2CID
2044:(PDF)
2021:(PDF)
1949:S2CID
1441:(PDF)
1360:S2CID
1084:Notes
921:ileum
917:ileum
913:moult
909:colon
747:egg,
656:larva
3700:NCBI
3687:ITIS
3648:GBIF
3609:EPPO
3583:BOLD
3397:spp.
2396:PMID
2353:PMID
2322:ISBN
2303:PMID
2264:2009
2238:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2194:PMID
2157:PMID
2114:PMID
2088:2009
2076:DPDx
2064:2009
2033:PMID
2009:2009
1989:2009
1969:2009
1941:PMID
1905:2023
1863:PMID
1832:PMID
1781:PMID
1773:ISSN
1707:2011
1631:2021
1419:PMID
1401:ISSN
1352:PMID
1344:ISSN
1312:2015
1139:2019
1057:Utah
1039:race
995:I.Q.
957:anus
951:the
935:and
795:alae
511:and
432:The
410:1758
3596:EoL
3570:AFD
2386:PMC
2345:doi
2293:PMC
2285:doi
2277:Gut
2178:doi
2147:doi
2106:doi
2102:100
2029:104
1933:doi
1822:PMC
1812:doi
1765:doi
1734:doi
1409:PMC
1391:doi
1336:doi
1332:113
1203:doi
931:),
597:of
577:).
519:.
515:in
507:in
465:or
3747::
3725::
3702::
3689::
3676::
3663::
3650::
3637::
3624::
3611::
3598::
3585::
3572::
3557::
3542::
3330:/
3319:/
3223:/
3212:/
3126:/
3093:/
3087:/
2852:/
2839:/
2827:/
2821:/
2801:/
2664:/
2631:/
2611:/
2591:/
2530:/
2524:/
2518:/
2512:/
2394:.
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2380:.
2376:.
2359:.
2351:.
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2339:.
2301:.
2291:.
2281:35
2279:.
2275:.
2254:.
2192:.
2184:.
2174:84
2172:.
2155:.
2143:58
2137:.
2120:.
2112:.
2100:.
2074:.
2054:.
2027:.
2023:.
1999:.
1979:.
1947:.
1939:.
1929:91
1927:.
1896:.
1859:25
1857:.
1853:.
1830:.
1820:.
1808:19
1806:.
1802:.
1779:.
1771:.
1761:77
1759:.
1755:.
1730:50
1728:.
1724:.
1675:^
1658:^
1639:^
1622:.
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1449:10
1447:.
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1381:.
1358:.
1350:.
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1330:.
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