768:
842:
730:
787:
676:
826:
703:
880:
749:
862:
85:
63:
961:
female becomes filled with eggs. The estimations of the number of eggs in a gravid female pinworm range from about 11,000 to 16,000. The egg-laying process begins about five weeks after initial ingestion of pinworm eggs by the human host. The gravid female pinworms migrate through the colon towards
1336:
Foitová, Ivona; Civáňová, Kristína; Baruš, Vlastimil; Nurcahyo, Wisnu (1 July 2014). "Phylogenetic relationships between pinworms (Nematoda: Enterobiinae) parasitising the critically endangered orang-utan, according to the characterisation of molecular genomic and mitochondrial markers".
641:
970:, and while moving on the skin near the anus, the female pinworms deposit eggs either through (1) contracting and expelling the eggs, (2) dying and then disintegrating, or (3) bodily rupture due to the host scratching the worm. After depositing the eggs, the female becomes
786:
2106:
Nakano T, Okamoto M, Ikeda Y, Hasegawa H (December 2006). "Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene and nuclear rDNA regions of
Enterobius vermicularis parasitic in captive chimpanzees with special reference to its relationship with pinworms in humans".
1933:
Hasegawa H, Ikeda Y, Fujisaki A, et al. (December 2005). "Morphology of chimpanzee pinworms, Enterobius (Enterobius) anthropopitheci (Gedoelst, 1916) (Nematoda: Oxyuridae), collected from chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, on
Rubondo Island, Tanzania".
1003:
in the anal area. Extraintestinal disease is rare and most commonly involves the female reproductive tract, but spleen abscess has also been reported. Enterobius vermicularis infections are found to be correlated with stunting and lower mean
660:
by 20 to 30 μm, and have a thick shell flattened on one side. The small size and colourlessness of the eggs make them invisible to the naked eye, except in barely visible clumps of thousands of eggs. Eggs may contain a developing
767:
1048:, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household. The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender, nor with any particular social class,
1762:
Agostinis, Paolo; Cappello, Dario; Riccardi, Niccolò; Michelutti, Teresa; Orsaria, Maria; Zerbato, Verena; Di Bella, Stefano (11 September 2023). Amoroso, Anthony; Nori, Priya; Riedel, David J (eds.).
675:
841:
652:
end, is 8 to 13 mm long, and 0.5 mm thick. The adult male is considerably smaller, measuring 2 to 5 mm long and 0.2 mm thick, and has a curved posterior end. The eggs are
729:
702:
2062:
1388:
Panidis, Stavros; Paramythiotis, Daniel; Panagiotou, Dimitris; Batsis, Georgios; Salonikidis, Spyridon; Kaloutsi, Vassiliki; Michalopoulos, Antonios (1 January 2011).
616:(i.e., sexual organ). Its existence is controversial, however; Totkova et al. (2003) consider the evidence to be insufficient, and Hasegawa et al. (2006) contend that
335:
326:
277:
218:
392:
383:
287:
228:
37:
This article is about the nematode of the family
Enterobius, known as pinworm in the US. For the different nematode known as pinworm in the rest of the world, see
1133:
198:
344:
238:
401:
247:
208:
930:(i.e., last part of the small intestine), whereafter the male pinworms usually die, and are passed out with stool. The gravid female pinworms settle in the
373:
363:
354:
307:
297:
268:
2179:
Hasegawa H, Takao Y, Nakao M, Fukuma T, Tsuruta O, Ide K (February 1998). "Is
Enterobius gregorii Hugot, 1983 (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) a distinct species?".
906:
of embryonated eggs by inadequate hand washing or nail biting, inhalation followed by swallowing of airborne eggs may occur rarely. The eggs hatch in the
317:
188:
429:
2754:
3684:
748:
2434:
2346:
Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (October 2005). "Assessment of frequency, transmission, and genitourinary complications of enterobiasis (pinworms)".
3710:
1055:
A fossilized nematode egg was detected in 240 million-year-old fossil dung, showing that parasitic pinworms already infested pre-mammalian
1862:""Effects of Enterobius vermicularis infection on intelligence quotient (I.Q) and anthropometric measurements of Egyptian rural children""
825:
2326:
2242:
1811:"Association between intestinal worm infection and malnutrition among rural children aged 9–11 years old in Guizhou Province, China"
1036:
in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in
England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark.
3658:
3771:
3697:
2461:
3766:
2082:
2217:
926:
twice and become adults. Females survive for 5 to 13 weeks, and males about 7 weeks. The male and female pinworms mate in the
2336:
2252:
2227:
1049:
3702:
17:
1052:, or culture. Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.
3637:
3715:
3650:
2028:
1904:
1059:. The earliest known instance of the pinworms associated with humans is evidenced by pinworm eggs found in human
420:
3781:
3776:
534:
is common in human children and transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Humans are the only natural host of
2920:
892:
974:
and dies. The female emerges from the anus to obtain the oxygen necessary for the maturation of the eggs.
3786:
3598:
3593:
3580:
3257:
2906:
2813:
2454:
2262:
1449:"A Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Bonnet Macaque ( Macaca radiata) of Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala"
1390:"Acute appendicitis secondary to Enterobius vermicularis infection in a middle-aged man: a case report"
1311:"A Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata) of Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala"
580:(nematode), and three species of pinworm have been identified with certainty. Humans are hosts only to
177:
84:
899:
molts four times; the first two within the egg before hatching and two before becoming an adult worm.
3725:
3497:
3420:
3391:
1025:
38:
2267:
International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 10th Revision
1209:
861:
3503:
2598:
2542:
1024:
infection) in the United States, western Europe, and
Oceania. In the United States, a study by the
801:
713:
3440:
3235:
3224:
2808:
2748:
2734:
2557:
2536:
1732:
1448:
410:
1630:
1310:
3533:
3338:
3133:
2986:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2638:
2447:
3689:
480:, especially in humans. The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as
3219:
2762:
2643:
2524:
1005:
918:
grow rapidly to a size of 140 to 150 μm, and migrate through the small intestine towards the
3738:
2439:
2089:. Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
600:
distinguishable from the human pinworm. Hugot (1983) claims another species affects humans,
3606:
3571:
3471:
3298:
3138:
3112:
3094:
2864:
1971:
597:
8:
3510:
3485:
3412:
3079:
3028:
2603:
2584:
2530:
2519:
649:
473:
257:
2069:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2009
1763:
3371:
3357:
3263:
3243:
3213:
3073:
3048:
2948:
2898:
2789:
2720:
2623:
2401:
2384:
2371:
2308:
2283:
2196:
2132:
2007:
1959:
1837:
1810:
1424:
1389:
1370:
943:
717:
690:
613:
547:
79:
45:
1987:
3761:
3733:
2618:
2563:
2470:
2406:
2363:
2359:
2332:
2313:
2248:
2223:
2204:
2167:
2124:
2090:
2043:
1951:
1873:
1842:
1791:
1783:
1429:
1411:
1362:
1354:
992:
983:
879:
589:
527:
481:
31:
2136:
1963:
1374:
3404:
3397:
3277:
2891:
2859:
2396:
2375:
2355:
2303:
2295:
2188:
2157:
2116:
1943:
1832:
1822:
1775:
1744:
1419:
1401:
1346:
1213:
971:
493:
3585:
2162:
2145:
3231:
3145:
2883:
2833:
2828:
2726:
2711:
2650:
2549:
2238:
1860:
Bahader, S. M.; Ali, G. S.; Shaalan, A. H.; Khalil, H. M.; Khalil, N. M. (1995).
1748:
1710:
1033:
947:
939:
919:
911:
3645:
3632:
3363:
3326:
3271:
3086:
3065:
3034:
2992:
2871:
2820:
2799:
2768:
2740:
2683:
2610:
1905:"Scientists find 240 million-year-old parasite that infected mammals' ancestor"
1037:
1029:
1021:
805:
605:
507:
465:
2120:
1827:
1350:
1016:
The pinworm has a worldwide distribution, and is the cause of the most common
3755:
3556:
3350:
3331:
3105:
3100:
2851:
2839:
2590:
2474:
1787:
1415:
1358:
1045:
1017:
556:
489:
416:
62:
1406:
1044:
has been similarly associated. Because it spreads from host to host through
1032:
of 11.4% among children. Pinworms are particularly common in children, with
3490:
3446:
3342:
3249:
3124:
2695:
2410:
2367:
2146:"[Enterobius gregorii (Oxyuridae, Nematoda), a new human parasite]"
2128:
2047:
1955:
1861:
1846:
1795:
1433:
1366:
1063:
817:
778:
759:
740:
721:
694:
485:
2317:
2299:
2208:
2171:
1877:
1779:
3671:
3565:
3477:
3462:
3318:
3199:
3180:
3171:
3159:
3013:
2977:
2959:
2926:
2912:
2704:
2630:
2575:
2510:
1764:"A 25-Year-Old Woman With Long-Lasting Abdominal Pain and Spleen Abscess"
1041:
653:
126:
777:
eggs, of the same size as early eggs but having undergone more mitoses.
3663:
3382:
3304:
3289:
3059:
3018:
2219:
Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations
2200:
1060:
832:
797:
709:
686:
657:
136:
3676:
2051:
1947:
656:
and have a surface that adheres to objects. The eggs measure 50 to 60
3619:
3004:
2847:
2500:
2495:
1079:
903:
809:
793:
682:
577:
519:
496:
146:
96:
3527:
2192:
1387:
1217:
3624:
3550:
3431:
3312:
3204:
3153:
2968:
2482:
1761:
1087:
1083:
1056:
907:
848:
477:
469:
116:
1731:
Graves, B.; Leder, K.; Sinickas, V.; Sheorey, H. (February 2018).
542:, another human species is morphologically indistinguishable from
3042:
2784:
1040:
has been shown to increase both incidence and relapse rates, and
1000:
644:
Two female pinworms next to a ruler: The markings are 1 mm apart.
511:
448:
963:
958:
951:
935:
813:
662:
106:
3611:
2222:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 354–366.
2469:
1144:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information
966:
at a rate of 12 to 14 cm per hour. They emerge from the
931:
927:
923:
915:
891:
The entire life cycle, from egg to adult, takes place in the
666:
640:
1335:
550:
size. Throughout this article, the word "pinworm" refers to
1207:
1067:
967:
895:
of a single host, from about 2–4 weeks or about 4–8 weeks.
30:
This article is about the organism. For the infection, see
1730:
44:"Oxyuris" redirects here. For the genus of nematodes, see
2247:(22nd ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 1515–1519.
2331:. American Society for Microbiology. pp. 246–247.
1859:
887:
showing the stages inside and outside of the human body
492:) or less precisely as oxyuriasis in reference to the
460:(in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand) or
2027:
Totkova A, Klobusicky M, Holkova R, Valent M (2003).
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1612:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
624:. Regardless of its status as a distinct species,
1684:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1514:
792:Pinworms are sometimes diagnosed incidentally by
681:Pinworms are sometimes diagnosed incidentally by
3753:
1667:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1866:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
554:. In British usage, however, pinworm refers to
1648:
1280:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1229:
1227:
1105:
1103:
70:Pinworms (U.S.)/Threadworms (U.K.) (
2455:
1884:
1574:
1537:
1259:
1257:
1115:
2435:Enterobius vermicularis image library at DPD
2150:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
1291:
1238:
1224:
1100:
669:. The larvae grow to 140–150 μm in length.
2958:
2462:
2448:
2328:Practical guide to diagnostic parasitology
1503:
1254:
61:
2400:
2307:
2161:
2029:"Enterobius gregorii—reality or fiction?"
1836:
1826:
1733:"Extraintestinal Enterobius vermicularis"
1423:
1405:
1268:
878:
735:Partially longitudinal cross-section of
639:
1902:
1808:
1494:
1492:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
648:The adult female has a sharply pointed
14:
3754:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
950:, where they attach themselves to the
628:is considered clinically identical to
3532:
3531:
2443:
1090:(similarly named parasites and fungi)
831:Pinworm eggs are easily seen under a
3726:b928493c-4ba6-486d-a630-6853a2b6b372
3651:e64c6d51-cc9e-4709-a45d-0eecc196bfda
2385:"Pinworms (Enterobius Vermicularis)"
2348:International Journal of Dermatology
2012:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
1992:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
1986:
1489:
1478:
1308:
1208:Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org (2022).
902:Although infection often occurs via
2417:
2284:"Enterobius vermicularis infection"
1903:Mitrica, Dragos (2 December 2014).
1472:
1156:
24:
2215:
2006:
1697:
1531:
1446:
1297:
25:
3798:
2428:
2382:
2345:
2269:. World Health Organization. 2007
2178:
2105:
1932:
1678:
1616:
1249:
1233:
1109:
567:
2360:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02332.x
2026:
1628:
1263:
860:
840:
824:
785:
766:
747:
728:
701:
674:
83:
2324:
1970:
1896:
1853:
1802:
1755:
1724:
1711:"Enterobiasis leads to itching"
1703:
1661:
1622:
1466:
1440:
1394:Journal of Medical Case Reports
1381:
1329:
1302:
1274:
1011:
3772:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
2143:
1509:
922:. During this migration, they
13:
1:
3767:Parasitic nematodes of humans
2383:Caldwell JP (February 1982).
2281:
2236:
1925:
1890:
1583:
1568:
1287:Merriam-Webster: Enterobiasis
1008:among prepubescent children.
991:causes the medical condition
954:and ingest colonic contents.
874:
665:or a fully developed pinworm
635:
612:, and has a slightly smaller
2921:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
2325:Garcia, Lynne Shore (2009).
1768:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1749:10.1016/j.pathol.2017.12.322
1617:Burkhart & burkhart 2005
1309:C.P., Arjun (October 2015).
1066:to 7837 BC found in western
977:
957:Almost the entire body of a
893:human gastrointestinal tract
847:This micrograph reveals the
7:
3258:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2907:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
2181:The Journal of Parasitology
2163:10.1051/parasite/1983584403
2036:Bratislavské Lekárske Listy
1936:The Journal of Parasitology
1485:NCBI taxonomy database 2009
1317:. Zoo Outreach Organization
1298:Merriam-Webster: Oxyuriasis
1073:
999:, whose primary symptom is
10:
3803:
2282:Cook GC (September 1994).
2244:Manson's tropical diseases
1809:Guan, M.; Han, B. (2019).
1447:CP, Arjun (October 2015).
981:
851:alae in the head region of
594:Enterobius anthropopitheci
524:Enterobius anthropopitheci
178:Enterobius anthropopitheci
43:
36:
29:
3540:
3498:Capillaria philippinensis
3461:
3430:
3421:Halicephalobus gingivalis
3392:Strongyloides stercoralis
3381:
3288:
3198:
3170:
3123:
3012:
3003:
2976:
2967:
2945:
2882:
2798:
2783:
2694:
2661:
2574:
2509:
2494:
2481:
2389:Canadian Family Physician
2216:Gutiérrez, Yezid (2000).
2121:10.1007/s00436-006-0238-4
2081:
2061:
1974:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1828:10.1186/s12889-019-7538-y
1631:"Enterobius vermicularis"
1498:
1484:
1351:10.1007/s00436-014-3892-y
1026:Center of Disease Control
910:(i.e., first part of the
472:(roundworm) and a common
173:
168:
80:Scientific classification
78:
69:
60:
55:
39:Strongyloides stercoralis
3504:Intestinal capillariasis
2599:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
2261:
1210:"GBIF Backbone Taxonomy"
1094:
938:(i.e., beginning of the
914:). The emerging pinworm
604:, which is supposedly a
510:. Other species seen in
3491:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
3441:Enterobius vermicularis
3236:Cutaneous larva migrans
2809:Echinococcus granulosus
2749:Heterophyes heterophyes
2735:Gastrodiscoides hominis
2558:Trichobilharzia regenti
1407:10.1186/1752-1947-5-559
1286:
1275:Encyclopædia Britannica
754:Cross-section of early
737:Enterobius vermicularis
582:Enterobius vermicularis
544:Enterobius vermicularis
536:Enterobius vermicularis
532:Enterobius vermicularis
504:Enterobius vermicularis
453:Enterobius vermicularis
411:Enterobius vermicularis
336:Enterobius paraguerezae
327:Enterobius magnispicula
278:Enterobius interlabiata
219:Enterobius callithricis
72:Enterobius vermicularis
3339:Visceral larva migrans
3134:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2987:Dracunculus medinensis
2893:Diphyllobothrium latum
2672:Paragonimus westermani
2639:Opisthorchis viverrini
2420:Village Medical Manual
2067:NCBI taxonomy database
1475:, p. B-152 & B-225
888:
645:
620:is a younger stage of
564:is called threadworm.
393:Enterobius schaefferae
384:Enterobius pygatrichus
288:Enterobius lagothricis
229:Enterobius duplicidens
3782:Parasites of primates
3220:Ancylostoma duodenale
2763:Metagonimus yokogawai
2418:Vanderkooi M (2000).
2300:10.1136/gut.35.9.1159
2109:Parasitology Research
2057:on 10 September 2011.
1339:Parasitology Research
882:
643:
586:Oxyurias vermicularis
199:Enterobius brevicauda
3777:Parasites of equines
3646:Fauna Europaea (new)
3472:Trichinella spiralis
3299:Ascaris lumbricoides
3113:Lymphatic filariasis
3095:Wuchereria bancrofti
1635:Animal Diversity Web
1250:Hasegawa et al. 2006
1234:Hasegawa et al. 1998
1212:. GBIF Secretariat.
1110:Hasegawa et al. 2005
1028:reported an overall
345:Enterobius parallela
239:Enterobius emodensis
184:(chimpanzee pinworm)
3486:Trichuris trichiura
3413:Trichostrongyliasis
3029:Onchocerca volvulus
2585:Clonorchis sinensis
2520:Schistosoma mansoni
2501:Trematode infection
2263:"B80: Enterobiasis"
2093:on 27 November 2013
1780:10.1093/cid/ciad047
1456:Zoos' Print Journal
1315:Zoos' Print Journal
1264:Totkova et al. 2003
800:of male pinworm in
708:High magnification
689:of pinworms in the
602:Enterobius gregorii
572:The pinworm (genus
540:Enterobius gregorii
516:Enterobius buckleyi
506:were reported from
474:intestinal parasite
402:Enterobius shriveri
258:Enterobius gregorii
248:Enterobius foecunda
209:Enterobius buckleyi
18:Enterobius gregorii
3787:Colorectal surgery
3372:Parascaris equorum
3358:Dioctophyme renale
3264:Angiostrongyliasis
3244:Necator americanus
3214:Hookworm infection
3074:Dirofilaria repens
2899:Diphyllobothriasis
2790:Tapeworm infection
2721:Fasciolopsis buski
2239:Zumla, Alimuddin I
889:
646:
502:Other than human,
374:Enterobius polyoon
364:Enterobius pitheci
355:Enterobius pesteri
308:Enterobius lerouxi
298:Enterobius lemuris
269:Enterobius inglisi
46:Oxyuris (nematode)
3749:
3748:
3734:Open Tree of Life
3534:Taxon identifiers
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3457:
3456:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2815:E. multilocularis
2779:
2778:
2619:Fasciola hepatica
2471:Parasitic disease
2338:978-1-55581-154-9
2254:978-1-4160-4470-3
2229:978-0-19-512143-8
2144:Hugot JP (1983).
2014:. Merriam-Webster
1994:. Merriam-Webster
1948:10.1645/GE-569R.1
1815:BMC Public Health
993:pinworm infection
984:Pinworm infection
482:pinworm infection
456:), also known as
441:
440:
435:
424:
406:
397:
388:
379:
369:
359:
350:
340:
331:
322:
318:Enterobius macaci
313:
303:
293:
283:
273:
263:
253:
243:
234:
224:
214:
204:
194:
189:Enterobius atelis
183:
164:
32:Pinworm infection
16:(Redirected from
3794:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3529:
3528:
3406:Trichostrongylus
3398:Strongyloidiasis
3278:Metastrongylosis
3010:
3009:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2860:Hymenolepis nana
2796:
2795:
2696:Intestinal fluke
2507:
2506:
2492:
2491:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2379:
2342:
2321:
2311:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2258:
2237:Cook, Gordon C;
2233:
2212:
2175:
2165:
2140:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2058:
2056:
2050:. Archived from
2033:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1967:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1682:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1587:
1584:Cook et al. 2009
1581:
1572:
1566:
1535:
1529:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1409:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1345:(7): 2455–2466.
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1130:
1113:
1107:
1034:prevalence rates
864:
844:
828:
812:(red arrow) and
789:
770:
751:
732:
712:of a pinworm in
705:
678:
433:
430:Enterobius yagoi
414:
405:
396:
387:
377:
367:
358:
348:
339:
330:
321:
311:
301:
291:
281:
272:
261:
251:
242:
232:
222:
212:
202:
192:
182:(Gedoelst, 1916)
181:
162:
88:
87:
65:
53:
52:
21:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3536:
3526:
3517:
3453:
3426:
3377:
3284:
3232:Ancylostomiasis
3202:
3186:
3166:
3146:Gnathostomiasis
3119:
3016:
2999:
2950:
2947:
2933:
2884:Pseudophyllidea
2878:
2829:Taenia saginata
2787:
2775:
2727:Fasciolopsiasis
2712:Echinostomiasis
2690:
2657:
2651:Opisthorchiasis
2570:
2550:Schistosomiasis
2544:S. intercalatum
2498:
2496:Fluke/trematode
2487:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2431:
2426:
2422:(5th ed.).
2339:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2230:
2193:10.2307/3284542
2096:
2094:
2072:
2070:
2054:
2031:
2017:
2015:
1997:
1995:
1977:
1975:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1858:
1854:
1807:
1803:
1760:
1756:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1660:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1538:
1530:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1473:Vanderkooi 2000
1471:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1386:
1382:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:10.15468/39omei
1206:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1076:
1014:
989:E. vermicularis
986:
980:
948:ascending colon
940:large intestine
912:small intestine
897:E. vermicularis
885:E. vermicularis
877:
870:
868:E. vermicularis
865:
856:
853:E. vermicularis
845:
836:
829:
820:
816:(black arrow),
790:
781:
775:E. vermicularis
771:
762:
756:E. vermicularis
752:
743:
733:
724:
706:
697:
679:
638:
630:E. vermicularis
622:E. vermicularis
610:E. vermicularis
598:morphologically
576:) is a type of
570:
425:(human pinworm)
378:(Linstow, 1909)
349:(Linstow, 1908)
312:Sandosham, 1950
282:Sandosham, 1950
252:(Linstow, 1879)
213:Sandosham, 1950
203:Sandosham, 1950
161:
82:
49:
42:
35:
28:
27:Species of worm
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3800:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3730:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3633:Fauna Europaea
3629:
3616:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3562:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:Dioctophymosis
3354:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3327:Toxocara canis
3323:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3272:Metastrongylus
3268:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3226:A. braziliense
3216:
3210:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:Dirofilariasis
3077:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3066:Mansonelliasis
3056:
3055:
3054:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3035:Onchocerciasis
3024:
3022:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:Dracunculiasis
2982:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:Hymenolepiasis
2856:
2855:
2854:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2821:Echinococcosis
2804:
2802:
2800:Cyclophyllidea
2793:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2769:Metagonimiasis
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:Heterophyiasis
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:Amphistomiasis
2731:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:Paragonimiasis
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:Dicrocoeliasis
2595:
2594:
2593:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2564:Swimmer's itch
2554:
2553:
2552:
2538:S. haematobium
2515:
2513:
2504:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:External links
2427:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2380:
2354:(10): 837–40.
2343:
2337:
2322:
2294:(9): 1159–62.
2279:
2259:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2176:
2141:
2103:
2083:"Enterobiasis"
2079:
2059:
2024:
2004:
1988:"Enterobiasis"
1984:
1968:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1895:
1883:
1872:(1): 183–194.
1852:
1801:
1774:(5): 795–798.
1754:
1723:
1702:
1698:Gutiérrez 2005
1683:
1666:
1647:
1621:
1588:
1573:
1536:
1532:Gutiérrez 2005
1513:
1502:
1488:
1477:
1465:
1439:
1380:
1328:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1267:
1253:
1237:
1223:
1155:
1114:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1075:
1072:
1038:Finger sucking
1030:incidence rate
1022:parasitic worm
1013:
1010:
995:also known as
982:Main article:
979:
976:
883:Life cycle of
876:
873:
872:
871:
866:
859:
857:
846:
839:
837:
830:
823:
821:
808:(blue arrow),
791:
784:
782:
772:
765:
763:
753:
746:
744:
734:
727:
725:
707:
700:
698:
680:
673:
637:
634:
606:sister species
569:
568:Classification
566:
508:bonnet macaque
466:parasitic worm
439:
438:
437:
436:
426:
407:
398:
389:
380:
370:
360:
351:
341:
332:
323:
314:
304:
294:
284:
274:
265:
254:
244:
235:
225:
215:
205:
195:
185:
171:
170:
166:
165:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
67:
66:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:Baylisascaris
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:Brugia malayi
3097:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:Cysticercosis
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:P. kellicotti
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Clonorchiasis
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:platyhelminth
2480:
2476:
2475:helminthiases
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2152:(in French).
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:(6): 1314–7.
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1743:: S113–S114.
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:Caldwell 1982
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1174:
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1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1143:
1142:NCBI taxonomy
1139:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:contamination
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:helminthiasis
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
975:
973:
969:
965:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
886:
881:
869:
863:
858:
854:
850:
843:
838:
834:
827:
822:
819:
818:H&E stain
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:cross section
799:
795:
788:
783:
780:
779:H&E stain
776:
769:
764:
761:
760:H&E stain
757:
750:
745:
742:
741:H&E stain
738:
731:
726:
723:
722:H&E stain
719:
715:
714:cross section
711:
704:
699:
696:
695:H&E stain
692:
688:
684:
677:
672:
671:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
642:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
563:
559:
558:
557:Strongyloides
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
495:
491:
490:helminthiasis
488:) (a type of
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
450:
446:
432:
431:
427:
422:
418:
413:
412:
408:
404:
403:
399:
395:
394:
390:
386:
385:
381:
376:
375:
371:
368:Cameron, 1929
366:
365:
361:
357:
356:
352:
347:
346:
342:
338:
337:
333:
329:
328:
324:
320:
319:
315:
310:
309:
305:
300:
299:
295:
292:Buckley, 1931
290:
289:
285:
280:
279:
275:
271:
270:
266:
262:(Hugot, 1983)
260:
259:
255:
250:
249:
245:
241:
240:
236:
233:Buckley, 1931
231:
230:
226:
223:Solomon, 1932
221:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
201:
200:
196:
193:Cameron, 1929
191:
190:
186:
180:
179:
175:
174:
172:
167:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
59:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
3541:
3511:
3496:
3484:
3470:
3447:Enterobiasis
3439:
3419:
3405:
3390:
3370:
3356:
3349:
3343:Toxocariasis
3332:
3325:
3311:
3297:
3270:
3256:
3250:Necatoriasis
3242:
3225:
3218:
3179:
3152:
3139:
3132:
3125:Thelazioidea
3106:
3099:
3093:
3080:
3072:
3058:
3049:
3041:
3027:
2985:
2919:
2905:
2892:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2814:
2807:
2761:
2747:
2733:
2719:
2710:
2703:
2677:
2670:
2644:
2637:
2625:F. gigantica
2624:
2617:
2604:
2597:
2583:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2526:S. japonicum
2525:
2518:
2419:
2392:
2388:
2351:
2347:
2327:
2291:
2287:
2271:. Retrieved
2266:
2243:
2218:
2187:(1): 131–4.
2184:
2180:
2156:(4): 403–4.
2153:
2149:
2112:
2108:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:the original
2086:
2071:. Retrieved
2066:
2063:"Enterobius"
2052:the original
2042:(3): 130–3.
2039:
2035:
2016:. Retrieved
2011:
2008:"Oxyuriasis"
1996:. Retrieved
1991:
1976:. Retrieved
1939:
1935:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1898:
1886:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1705:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1629:Rett, Doug.
1624:
1505:
1480:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1442:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1314:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1270:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1135:
1064:carbon dated
1054:
1015:
1012:Distribution
997:enterobiasis
996:
988:
987:
956:
901:
896:
890:
884:
867:
852:
774:
755:
736:
647:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
601:
593:
592:are host to
585:
581:
573:
571:
561:
555:
551:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
515:
503:
501:
486:enterobiasis
461:
457:
452:
451:
444:
442:
434:Sutton, 1979
428:
409:
400:
391:
382:
372:
362:
353:
343:
334:
325:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
267:
256:
246:
237:
227:
217:
207:
197:
187:
176:
157:
156:
71:
50:
3672:iNaturalist
3566:Wikispecies
3512:C. hepatica
3478:Trichinosis
3463:Adenophorea
3319:Anisakiasis
3200:Strongylida
3181:Gongylonema
3172:Spiruroidea
3160:Thelaziasis
3140:G. hispidum
3014:Filarioidea
2978:Camallanida
2960:Secernentea
2927:Sparganosis
2913:Sparganosis
2866:H. diminuta
2835:T. asiatica
2705:Echinostoma
2645:O. felineus
2631:Fasciolosis
2576:Liver fluke
2511:Blood fluke
2115:(1): 51–7.
1914:14 February
1909:ZME Science
1821:(1): 1204.
1662:Garcia 1999
1148:28 February
1042:nail biting
654:translucent
626:E. gregorii
618:E. gregorii
596:, which is
590:Chimpanzees
546:except the
468:. It is a
302:Baehr, 1935
163:Baird, 1853
127:Chromadorea
3756:Categories
3586:Enterobius
3572:Enterobius
3542:Enterobius
3383:Rhabditida
3305:Ascariasis
3290:Ascaridida
3081:D. immitis
3060:Mansonella
3052:filariasis
3019:Filariasis
2946:Roundworm/
2663:Lung fluke
2532:S. mekongi
2473:caused by
2273:5 December
1926:References
1510:Hugot 1983
1321:20 October
1136:Enterobius
1061:coprolites
875:Life cycle
833:microscope
798:Micrograph
710:micrograph
687:Micrograph
636:Morphology
584:(formerly
574:Enterobius
562:Enterobius
552:Enterobius
528:chimpanzee
458:threadworm
264:(disputed)
158:Enterobius
137:Rhabditida
3107:B. timori
3005:Spirurida
2951:infection
2848:Taeniasis
2841:T. solium
2605:D. hospes
2488:infection
2483:Flatworm/
2395:: 306–9.
1972:"Pinworm"
1893:, p. 1160
1891:Cook 1994
1788:1058-4838
1737:Pathology
1716:20 August
1700:, p. 355.
1681:, p. 307.
1640:4 January
1586:, p. 1516
1571:, p. 1159
1569:Cook 1994
1534:, p. 354.
1499:dpdx 2009
1416:1752-1947
1359:1432-1955
1080:Roundworm
1057:cynodonts
978:Infection
904:ingestion
810:intestine
794:pathology
683:pathology
650:posterior
578:roundworm
520:Orangutan
497:Oxyuridae
147:Oxyuridae
103:Kingdom:
97:Eukaryota
3762:Oxyurida
3551:Wikidata
3432:Oxyurida
3313:Anisakis
3205:hookworm
3154:Thelazia
2969:Spiruria
2949:Nematode
2411:21286054
2368:16207185
2241:(2009).
2137:32762371
2129:16788831
2048:12940699
1964:32110983
1956:16539010
1847:31477069
1796:37696671
1664:, p. 246
1619:, p. 837
1434:22128765
1375:15076891
1367:24880237
1088:ringworm
1084:hookworm
1074:See also
944:appendix
908:duodenum
849:cephalic
718:appendix
691:appendix
560:, while
514:include
512:primates
478:helminth
470:nematode
462:seatworm
417:Linnaeus
169:Species
143:Family:
117:Nematoda
113:Phylum:
107:Animalia
93:Domain:
56:Pinworm
3690:1275939
3664:2284339
3557:Q213912
3333:T. cati
3050:Loa loa
3043:Loa loa
2785:Cestoda
2402:2306321
2376:3193432
2318:7959218
2309:1375686
2209:9488350
2201:3284542
2172:6416131
2097:8 April
2073:8 April
2018:8 April
1998:8 April
1978:8 April
1878:7602161
1838:6719348
1425:3245485
1400:: 559.
1001:itching
716:in the
614:spicule
548:spicule
464:, is a
449:species
445:pinworm
153:Genus:
133:Order:
123:Class:
3739:332063
3723:NZOR:
3677:622719
3638:392069
3625:1ENTRG
3599:169323
2843:(pork)
2409:
2399:
2374:
2366:
2335:
2316:
2306:
2251:
2226:
2207:
2199:
2170:
2135:
2127:
2046:
1962:
1954:
1876:
1845:
1835:
1794:
1786:
1432:
1422:
1414:
1373:
1365:
1357:
972:opaque
964:rectum
959:gravid
952:mucosa
936:caecum
916:larvae
814:testis
773:Later
663:embryo
494:family
3716:51027
3703:63892
3685:IRMNG
3612:58788
2372:S2CID
2197:JSTOR
2133:S2CID
2055:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
1960:S2CID
1452:(PDF)
1371:S2CID
1095:Notes
932:ileum
928:ileum
924:moult
920:colon
758:egg,
667:larva
3711:NCBI
3698:ITIS
3659:GBIF
3620:EPPO
3594:BOLD
3408:spp.
2407:PMID
2364:PMID
2333:ISBN
2314:PMID
2275:2009
2249:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2205:PMID
2168:PMID
2125:PMID
2099:2009
2087:DPDx
2075:2009
2044:PMID
2020:2009
2000:2009
1980:2009
1952:PMID
1916:2023
1874:PMID
1843:PMID
1792:PMID
1784:ISSN
1718:2011
1642:2021
1430:PMID
1412:ISSN
1363:PMID
1355:ISSN
1323:2015
1150:2019
1068:Utah
1050:race
1006:I.Q.
968:anus
962:the
946:and
806:alae
522:and
443:The
421:1758
3607:EoL
3581:AFD
2397:PMC
2356:doi
2304:PMC
2296:doi
2288:Gut
2189:doi
2158:doi
2117:doi
2113:100
2040:104
1944:doi
1833:PMC
1823:doi
1776:doi
1745:doi
1420:PMC
1402:doi
1347:doi
1343:113
1214:doi
942:),
608:of
588:).
530:.
526:in
518:in
476:or
3758::
3736::
3713::
3700::
3687::
3674::
3661::
3648::
3635::
3622::
3609::
3596::
3583::
3568::
3553::
3341:/
3330:/
3234:/
3223:/
3137:/
3104:/
3098:/
2863:/
2850:/
2838:/
2832:/
2812:/
2675:/
2642:/
2622:/
2602:/
2541:/
2535:/
2529:/
2523:/
2405:.
2393:28
2391:.
2387:.
2370:.
2362:.
2352:44
2350:.
2312:.
2302:.
2292:35
2290:.
2286:.
2265:.
2203:.
2195:.
2185:84
2183:.
2166:.
2154:58
2148:.
2131:.
2123:.
2111:.
2085:.
2065:.
2038:.
2034:.
2010:.
1990:.
1958:.
1950:.
1940:91
1938:.
1907:.
1870:25
1868:.
1864:.
1841:.
1831:.
1819:19
1817:.
1813:.
1790:.
1782:.
1772:77
1770:.
1766:.
1741:50
1739:.
1735:.
1686:^
1669:^
1650:^
1633:.
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1460:10
1458:.
1454:.
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1410:.
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1392:.
1369:.
1361:.
1353:.
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1313:.
1256:^
1240:^
1226:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
