Granite - Knowledge

2216: 2184: 2096: 2123: 54: 1622: 1183:.) They are not orogenic, forming instead over hot spots and continental rifting, and are metaluminous to mildly peralkaline and iron-rich. These granites are produced by partial melting of refractory lithology such as granulites in the lower continental crust at high thermal gradients. This leads to significant extraction of hydrous felsic melts from granulite-facies resitites. A-type granites occur in the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Province in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica. The rhyolites of the Yellowstone Caldera are examples of volcanic equivalents of A-type granite. 1342:

is melting crustal rock at its roof while simultaneously crystallizing at its base. This results in steady contamination with crustal material as the magma rises. This may not be evident in the major and minor element chemistry, since the minerals most likely to crystallize at the base of the chamber are the same ones that would crystallize anyway, but crustal assimilation is detectable in isotope ratios. Heat loss to the country rock means that ascent by assimilation is limited to distance similar to the height of the magma chamber.

2168: 1214:. The idea behind granitization was that fluids would supposedly bring in elements such as potassium, and remove others, such as calcium, to transform a metamorphic rock into granite. This was supposed to occur across a migrating front. However, experimental work had established by the 1960s that granites were of igneous origin. The mineralogical and chemical features of granite can be explained only by crystal-liquid phase relations, showing that there must have been at least enough melting to mobilize the magma. 294: 2145: 1200: 2200: 283: 2308: 1978: 922: 263: 1586: 1812: 894: 1858: 942: 1330:, where the granite cracks the roof rocks, removing blocks of the overlying crust which then sink to the bottom of the diapir while the magma rises to take their place. This can occur as piecemeal stopping (stoping of small blocks of chamber roof), as cauldron subsidence (collapse of large blocks of chamber roof), or as roof foundering (complete collapse of the roof of a shallow magma chamber accompanied by a 1232:). The leucosome is interpreted as partial melt of a parent rock that has begun to separate from the remaining solid residue (the melanosome). If enough partial melt is produced, it will separate from the source rock, become more highly evolved through fractional crystallization during its ascent toward the surface, and become the magmatic parent of granitic rock. The residue of the source rock becomes a 2215: 910: 1357: 1572:

There is some concern that some granite sold as countertops or building material may be hazardous to health. Dan Steck of St. Johns University has stated that approximately 5% of all granite is of concern, with the caveat that only a tiny percentage of the tens of thousands of granite slab types have

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in cool humid climates as the weather-resistant quartz yields much sand. Feldspars also weather slowly in cool climes, allowing sand to dominate the fine-earth fraction. In warm humid regions, the weathering of feldspar as described above is accelerated so as to allow a much higher proportion of clay

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M-type granite was later proposed to cover those granites that were clearly sourced from crystallized mafic magmas, generally sourced from the mantle. Although the fractional crystallisation of basaltic melts can yield small amounts of granites, which are sometimes found in island arcs, such granites

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ores. Their magmas are water-rich, and they readily solidify as the water outgasses from the magma at lower pressure, so they less commonly make it to the surface than magmas of I-type granites, which are thus more common as volcanic rock (rhyolite). They are also orogenic but range from metaluminous

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ratio, Sr/Sr, of less than 0.708. Sr is produced by radioactive decay of Rb, and since rubidium is concentrated in the crust relative to the mantle, a low ratio suggests origin in the mantle. The elevated sodium and calcium favor crystallization of hornblende rather than biotite. I-type granites are

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produced by mafic crystals settling out of the magma. Other processes must produce these great volumes of felsic magma. One such process is injection of basaltic magma into the lower crust, followed by differentiation, which leaves any cumulates in the mantle. Another is heating of the lower crust by

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Assimilation is another mechanism of ascent, where the granite melts its way up into the crust and removes overlying material in this way. This is limited by the amount of thermal energy available, which must be replenished by crystallization of higher-melting minerals in the magma. Thus, the magma

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Early fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in magnesium and chromium, and enrich the melt in iron, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and silicon. Further fractionation reduces the content of iron, calcium, and titanium. This is reflected in the high content of alkali feldspar and quartz in

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Granite magmas have a density of 2.4 Mg/m, much less than the 2.8 Mg/m of high-grade metamorphic rock. This gives them tremendous buoyancy, so that ascent of the magma is inevitable once enough magma has accumulated. However, the question of precisely how such large quantities of magma are able to

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noted in the 16th century that granite in quarries was "far softer and easier to work than after it has lain exposed" while ancient columns, because of their "hardness and solidity have nothing to fear from fire or sword, and time itself, that drives everything to ruin, not only has not destroyed

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A study of granite countertops was done (initiated and paid for by the Marble Institute of America) in November 2008 by National Health and Engineering Inc. of USA. In this test, all of the 39 full-size granite slabs that were measured for the study showed radiation levels well below the European

1831:. It caused a sensation in the London monumental trade and for some years all polished granite ordered came from MacDonald's. As a result of the work of sculptor William Leslie, and later Sidney Field, granite memorials became a major status symbol in Victorian Britain. The royal sarcophagus at 1307:

lower crust where rocks are easily deformed, but runs into problems in the upper crust which is far colder and more brittle. Rocks there do not deform so easily: for magma to rise as a diapir it would expend far too much energy in heating wall rocks, thus cooling and solidifying before reaching

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However, at sufficiently deep crustal levels, the distinction between metamorphism and crustal melting itself becomes vague. Conditions for crystallization of liquid magma are close enough to those of high-grade metamorphism that the rocks often bear a close resemblance. Under these conditions,

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The composition and origin of any magma that differentiates into granite leave certain petrological evidence as to what the granite's parental rock was. The final texture and composition of a granite are generally distinctive as to its parental rock. For instance, a granite that is derived from

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basaltic magma, which produces felsic magma directly from crustal rock. The two processes produce different kinds of granites, which may be reflected in the division between S-type (produced by underplating) and I-type (produced by injection and differentiation) granites, discussed below.

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H-type granites were suggested for hybrid granites, which were hypothesized to form by mixing between mafic and felsic from different sources, such as M-type and S-type. However, the big difference in rheology between mafic and felsic magmas makes this process problematic in nature.

1996:. Because of the rarity of this granite, the best stones can cost as much as US$ 1,500. Between 60 and 70 percent of the stones used today are made from Ailsa Craig granite. Although the island is now a wildlife reserve, it is still quarried under license for Ailsa granite by 1573:

been tested. Resources from national geological survey organizations are accessible online to assist in assessing the risk factors in granite country and design rules relating, in particular, to preventing accumulation of radon gas in enclosed basements and dwellings.

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granitic melts can be produced in place through the partial melting of metamorphic rocks by extracting melt-mobile elements such as potassium and silicon into the melts but leaving others such as calcium and iron in granulite residues. This may be the origin of

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A-type granites show a peculiar mineralogy and geochemistry, with particularly high silicon and potassium at the expense of calcium and magnesium and a high content of high field strength cations (cations with a small radius and high electrical charge, such as

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Another aspect of granite classification is the ratios of metals that potentially form feldspars. Most granites have a composition such that almost all their aluminum and alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are combined as feldspar. This is the case when

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Branney, M. J.; Bonnichsen, B.; Andrews, G. D. M.; Ellis, B.; Barry, T. L.; McCurry, M. (January 2008). "'Snake River (SR)-type' volcanism at the Yellowstone hotspot track: distinctive products from unusual, high-temperature silicic super-eruptions".

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partial melting of metasedimentary rocks may have more alkali feldspar, whereas a granite derived from partial melting of metaigneous rocks may be richer in plagioclase. It is on this basis that the modern "alphabet" classification schemes are based.

1781:. Granite became "an integral part of the Roman language of monumental architecture". The quarrying ceased around the third century AD. Beginning in Late Antiquity the granite was reused, which since at least the early 16th century became known as 1819:

In some areas, granite is used for gravestones and memorials. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Until the early 18th century, in the Western world, granite could be carved only by hand tools with generally poor results.

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content has an appearance similar to rough granite, and is often used as a substitute when use of real granite is impractical. Granite tables are used extensively as bases or even as the entire structural body of optical instruments,

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Although both I- and S-type granites are orogenic, I-type granites are more common close to the convergent boundary than S-type. This is attributed to thicker crust further from the boundary, which results in more crustal melting.

1101:. In continental arc settings, granitic rocks are the most common plutonic rocks, and batholiths composed of these rock types extend the entire length of the arc. There are no indication of magma chambers where basaltic magmas 1720:

worked the solid granite is still a matter of debate. Tool marks described by the Egyptologist Anna Serotta indicate the use of flint tools on finer work with harder stones, e.g. when producing the hieroglyphic inscriptions.

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propagation is the mechanism preferred by many geologists as it largely eliminates the major problems of moving a huge mass of magma through cold brittle crust. Magma rises instead in small channels along self-propagating

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The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C (2219–2300 °F); it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 °C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure.

1929:, and very high precision CNC machines because of granite's rigidity, high dimensional stability, and excellent vibration characteristics. A most unusual use of granite was as the material of the tracks of the 1287:

Of these two mechanisms, Stokes diapirism has been favoured for many years in the absence of a reasonable alternative. The basic idea is that magma will rise through the crust as a single mass through

3023: 2095: 6280: 243:, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase (the 1457:

obelisk had survived the arid conditions of its origin before its transfer to London. Within two hundred years, the red granite has drastically deteriorated in the damp and polluted air there.

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over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers, and emblems exposed and the remainder of the stone covered with rubber, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.

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dedicated to Lord Shiva was built in 1010. The massive Gopuram (ornate, upper section of shrine) is believed to have a mass of around 81 tonnes. It was the tallest temple in south India.

2144: 1251:, but recent work suggests that this is not a viable mechanism. In-situ granitization requires heating by the asthenospheric mantle or by underplating with mantle-derived magmas. 1334:

eruption.) There is evidence for cauldron subsidence at the Mt. Ascutney intrusion in eastern Vermont. Evidence for piecemeal stoping is found in intrusions that are rimmed with

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Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history.

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Union safety standards (section 4.1.1.1 of the National Health and Engineering study) and radon emission levels well below the average outdoor radon concentrations in the US.

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chisels was largely forgotten during the Middle Ages. As a result, Medieval stoneworkers were forced to use saws or emery to shorten ancient columns or hack them into discs.

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was probably the pinnacle of its work, and at 30 tons one of the largest. It was not until the 1880s that rival machinery and works could compete with the MacDonald works.

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such as biotite and muscovite instead of hornblende. Their strontium isotope ratio is typically greater than 0.708, suggesting a crustal origin. They also commonly contain

1131:(igneous source) granite and S-type (sedimentary sources). Both types are produced by partial melting of crustal rocks, either metaigneous rocks or metasedimentary rocks. 3267:"Petrogenesis of Ashigawa and Tonogi granitic intrusions, southern part of the Miocene Kofu Granitic Complex, central Japan: M-type granite in the Izu arc collision zone" 2183: 1827:, inspired by seeing ancient Egyptian granite carvings. In 1832, the first polished tombstone of Aberdeen granite to be erected in an English cemetery was installed at 6265: 3654: 3306:

Castro, A.; Moreno-Ventas, I.; de la Rosa, J.D. (October 1991). "H-type (hybrid) granitoids: a proposed revision of the granite-type classification and nomenclature".

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Granite is one of the rocks most prized by climbers, for its steepness, soundness, crack systems, and friction. Well-known venues for granite climbing include the

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alone can convert a basaltic magma to a granitic magma, but the quantities produced are small. For example, granitic rock makes up just 4% of the exposures in the

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systems and networks of active shear zones. As these narrow conduits open, the first magma to enter solidifies and provides a form of insulation for later magma.

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True granites are further classified by the percentage of their total feldspar that is alkali feldspar. Granites whose feldspar is 65% to 90% alkali feldspar are

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temple complex. Completed in 774 AD, it is an artificial grotto constructed entirely of granite. The main Buddha of the grotto is a highly regarded piece of

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examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their

2982: 460:. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as 4006: 3611:

Oxburgh, E. R.; McRae, Tessa (27 April 1984). "Physical constraints on magma contamination in the continental crust: an example, the Adamello complex".

1374:, which are the result of granite's expanding and fracturing as pressure is relieved when overlying material is removed by erosion or other processes. 1460:

Soil development on granite reflects the rock's high quartz content and dearth of available bases, with the base-poor status predisposing the soil to

1934: 2786: 1243:(temperature at which partial melting commences) of these rocks. It was long debated whether crustal thickening in orogens (mountain belts along 5595: 3230:

Whalen, J. B. (1 August 1985). "Geochemistry of an Island-Arc Plutonic Suite: the Uasilau-Yau Yau Intrusive Complex, New Britain, P.N.G".

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Bai, Shuo-wei; Zhang, Jin-sheng; Wang, Zhi (January 2016). "Selection of a sustainable technology for cutting granite block into slabs".

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Clark, Chris; Fitzsimons, Ian C. W.; Healy, David; Harley, Simon L. (1 August 2011). "How Does the Continental Crust Get Really Hot?".

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Heitzman, James (1991). "Ritual Polity and Economy: The Transactional Network of an Imperial Temple in Medieval South India".

3863: 3155:"Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of an A-type granite in the Mulock Glacier area, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica" 1988:

stones are traditionally fashioned of Ailsa Craig granite. The first stones were made in the 1750s, the original source being

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in Scotland, which is constructed principally from local granite, is known as "The Granite City". Because of its abundance in

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Major modern exporters of granite include China, India, Italy, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Spain and the United States.

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Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry

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Climatic variations also influence the weathering rate of granites. For about two thousand years, the relief engravings on

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The partial melting of solid rocks requires high temperatures and the addition of water or other volatiles which lower the

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These mechanisms can operate in tandem. For example, diapirs may continue to rise through the brittle upper crust through

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gas, which is formed by the decay of uranium. Radon gas poses significant health concerns and is the number two cause of

2731: 247:), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain 4195: 4160: 3985:"Pre- and Post-Market Measurements of Gamma Radiation and Radon Emanation from a Large Sample of Decorative Granites" 3722: 3066: 2796: 2509: 2400: 1916:

of reference, since they are relatively impervious, inflexible, and maintain good dimensional stability. Sandblasted

611: 171: 4185: 4099: 4334: 2683:"Calculation of phase relations involving haplogranitic melts using an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset" 4473: 1396:, with potassium ions, bicarbonate, and silica in solution as byproducts. An end product of granite weathering is 6120: 3763: 1758:

of the Chola Dynasty in South India built the world's first temple entirely of granite in the 11th century AD in

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material. This is because it is extremely durable, permeable and requires little maintenance. For example, in

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convention) contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of

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Harvey Blatt; Robert J. Tracy (1997). Petrology (2nd ed). New York: Freeman. p. 66. ISBN 0-7167-2438-3.|p=185

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Granitization is an old, and largely discounted, hypothesis that granite is formed in place through extreme

6336: 6326: 6285: 3874: 3691: 1933:, Devon, England, in 1820. Granite block is usually processed into slabs, which can be cut and shaped by a 1926: 1823:

A key breakthrough was the invention of steam-powered cutting and dressing tools by Alexander MacDonald of

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The letter-based Chappell & White classification system was proposed initially to divide granites into

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Weinberg, R. F.; Podladchikov, Y. (1994). "Diapiric ascent of magmas through power law crust and mantle".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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in its silica content, which became further enriched in silica as it rose through the overlying crust.

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A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:

542:. Granites in which there is not enough aluminum to combine with all the alkali oxides as feldspar (Al 6110: 5990: 3659: 1966: 1143:

deposits. I-type granites are orogenic (associated with mountain building) and usually metaluminous.

2438: 2230: 1051:) magmas. Felsic magmas are thought to form by addition of heat or water vapor to rock of the lower 53: 4697: 4684: 3443:"Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins" 2938:

Baker, P. E. (February 1968). "Comparative volcanology and petrology of the atlantic island-arcs".

2659: 2029: 31: 3961: 3789: 6321: 6040: 4920: 4900: 4860: 4560: 2190: 1786: 1502: 1102: 457: 4489:"3 Types of Rock for Climbing: Granite, Sandstone & Limestone: The Geology of Rock Climbing" 6130: 5345: 4613: 4265:"Reviving Antiquity with Granite: Spolia and the Development of Roman Renaissance Architecture" 2433: 2154: 1930: 1773:

Imperial Roman granite was quarried mainly in Egypt, and also in Turkey, and on the islands of

1292: 1261: 1098: 566:. Granites in which there is an excess of aluminum beyond what can be taken up in feldspars (Al 4488: 4072: 2525:

Barbarin, Bernard (1 April 1996). "Genesis of the two main types of peraluminous granitoids".

1644:), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed limestone surfaces, is the third largest of 6311: 5954: 5862: 5310: 4470:"National Geographic News — Puffins Return to Scottish Island Famous for Curling Stones" 4045: 2069: 1890: 1828: 1767: 1657: 1621: 1244: 1060: 625:

overall, but strong secondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are present.

3061:(Second ; Pearson new international ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 381. 2370: 2237:, are made of green granite. The walls as well as the floor are clad with the same material. 5934: 5929: 3915: 3838: 3817: 3620: 3553: 3506: 3454: 3315: 3278: 3239: 3119: 2997: 2947: 2694: 2534: 2425: 1541: 997: 981: 902: 829: 603: 101: 59: 4411:"What Free Men Can Do: The Winter War, the Use of Delay, and Lessons for the 21st Century" 8: 6095: 2739: 2249: 1921: 1913: 1649: 1494: 1377: 1367: 1240: 1032: 1001: 854: 487:

and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites, as described

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allowing it to pass without major heat loss. This is entirely feasible in the warm,

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I-type granites are characterized by a high content of sodium and calcium, and by a

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of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm (165 and 172 lb/cu ft), its

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Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".

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are considered one of the oldest industries in the world, existing as far back as

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subducted with the oceanic plate. The melted sediments would have produced magma

1009: 930: 790: 765: 685: 660: 639: 496: 437: 382: 309: 195: 4516:"Leopoldina e Teresa Cristina: descubra o que aconteceu com as "mães do Brasil"" 1008:. Granite often occurs as relatively small, less than 100 km stock masses ( 6186: 6115: 5944: 5919: 5798: 5640: 5233: 5156: 4757: 3908:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3427: 3108:"A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis" 3107: 2367:"Granitoids – Granite and the Related Rocks Granodiorite, Diorite and Tonalite" 2313: 2252: – Granite skin peeling like an onion (desquamation) because of weathering 2081: 1894: 1862: 1794: 1790: 1566: 1400:, which is often made up of coarse-grained fragments of disintegrated granite. 1397: 1360: 1316: 1128: 1064: 1024: 747: 475:

is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite

367: 346:) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals ( 223: 184: 4635: 3208: 2876: 2859: 1866: 1548:

from the granite uplands and associated, often highly radioactive pegmatites.

293: 6300: 6249: 6151: 6105: 6085: 5909: 5843: 5758: 5723: 5570: 5131: 5036: 4732: 4146: 3565: 2504:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–143. 2447: 2061: 2053: 1909: 1697: 1677: 1673: 1634: 1602: 1537: 1381: 1146:

S-type granites are sodium-poor and aluminum-rich. As a result, they contain

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feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern

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Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and

6181: 6135: 6069: 5885: 5768: 5748: 5620: 5267: 5245: 5186: 5086: 5031: 5016: 4882: 4813: 4809: 4637: 3947: 3904:"The Conway Granite of New Hampshire As a Major Low-Grade Thorium Resource" 3632: 3265:

Saito, Satoshi; Arima, Makoto; Nakajima, Takashi; Kimura, Jun-Ichi (2004).

2273: 2013: 1889:, America's first railroad, was built to haul granite from the quarries in 1839: 1745: 1726: 1490: 1470: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1111: 985: 950: 707: 504: 472: 468: 449: 405: 332: 286: 256: 244: 187: 4164: 1569:

has been noted for its relatively high thorium concentration of 56±6 ppm.

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Cellars and basements built into soils over granite can become a trap for

1501:, which in turn is a common component of granitic rocks, more abundant in 6090: 6025: 5657: 5548: 5528: 5518: 5445: 5395: 5320: 5166: 5101: 5071: 5026: 4984: 4957: 4952: 4942: 4905: 4309: 3738: 2261: 2113: 1989: 1882: 1665: 1630: 1556: 1530: 965: 898: 461: 429: 371: 355: 199: 4100:"Decorative Stones in the Pre-Ottoman Islamic Buildings of Cairo, Egypt" 3291: 3266: 3106:

Whalen, Joseph B.; Currie, Kenneth L.; Chappell, Bruce W. (April 1987).

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and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments.

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Adams, J. A.; Kline, M. C.; Richardson, K. A.; Rogers, J. J. (1962).

2296: 2150: 2136: 2106: 2065: 2057: 2049: 1962: 1905: 1733: 1717: 1653: 1526: 1393: 1304: 1300: 1233: 1220: 1168: 1036: 1013: 989: 914: 878: 607: 587: 484: 445: 433: 394: 363: 325: 262: 252: 239: 227: 180: 128: 116: 71: 4004: 1965:

black granite stone is used for the paving and kerbs throughout the

6161: 5813: 5788: 5713: 5683: 5678: 5600: 5585: 5553: 5533: 5430: 5405: 5282: 5257: 5250: 5228: 5223: 5176: 5111: 4996: 4947: 4937: 4895: 4822: 4788: 1993: 1917: 1878: 1824: 1811: 1789:, granite becomes harder with age. The technology required to make 1741: 1737: 1585: 1545: 1288: 1176: 1151: 1071: 1055:, rather than by decompression of mantle rock, as is the case with 1020: 1005: 882: 453: 421: 358:. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite 313: 6281:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

4540: 2560:

Washington, Henry S. (1921). "The Granites of Washington, D. C.".

2158: 893: 448:, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as 308:, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a 214:

that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the

5924: 5833: 5763: 5728: 5703: 5635: 5470: 5410: 5350: 5315: 5208: 5136: 5051: 4979: 4974: 4890: 4845: 4796: 4792: 4775: 2624: 2255: 2174: 2045: 1985: 1857: 1759: 1693: 1562: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1474: 1331: 1172: 1017: 977: 926: 599: 516: 456:. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as 441: 339: 328: 120: 67: 44: 3592: 3334: 941: 6234: 6214: 6100: 6035: 6010: 5899: 5854: 5743: 5718: 5615: 5575: 5538: 5440: 5305: 5203: 5193: 5146: 5106: 5076: 5006: 4991: 4969: 4915: 4910: 4805: 4779: 4771: 4746: 4714: 4701: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2339:

Read, H.H. (January 1943). "Meditations on granite: Part one".

1958: 1846: 1782: 1705: 1701: 1518: 1465: 1276: 1059:

magmas. It has also been suggested that some granites found at

1056: 1048: 1028: 993: 946: 413: 409: 317: 207: 191: 105: 87: 63: 3480: 3478: 2839: 6196: 6064: 6020: 5980: 5708: 5630: 5625: 5490: 5455: 5375: 5330: 5325: 4671: 3305: 3193: 3087: 2495: 2493: 2206: 2133: 2102: 1763: 1689: 1684:

or capstone, which is now on display in the main hall of the

1669: 1552: 302: 203: 3369:. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. pp. 379–380. 3346: 3075: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2908: 909: 5480: 5425: 5340: 5272: 4212:"Seokguram Grotto [UNESCO World Heritage] (경주 석굴암)" 3964:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 4 May 2015 3580: 3475: 3395: 3383: 2547:

10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0295:GOTTMT>2.3.CO;2

1774: 1713: 1356: 1147: 476: 321: 248: 6266:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

3901: 3413: 2490: 1187:

must occur together with large amounts of basaltic rocks.

3715:

Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments

3033: 2896: 2884: 2680: 1849:, which has a completely different chemical composition. 1155: 270:, plagioclase feldspar, quartz, biotite, and/or amphibole 160: 154: 148: 4559: 4227:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

3264: 370:

term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks.

2759: 2625:

Kumagai, Naoichi; Sadao Sasajima; Hidebumi Ito (1978).

2393:

Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

2225:(also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives 2480:

British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme

1224:. A migmatite consists of dark, refractory rock (the 562:, and they contain unusual sodium amphiboles such as 172: 157: 3496: 3105: 2395:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 45. 2303: 440:. Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as 163: 151: 4541:Blasik, Miroslava; Hanika, Bogdashka, eds. (2012). 4513: 2631:

Journal of the Society of Materials Science (Japan)

2270: – List of rock types recognized by geologists 1517:. By contrast, more mafic rocks, such as tonalite, 1384:, and other acids present in rain and soil waters, 960:Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the 488: 145: 3271:Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 2384: 1031:are often associated with the margins of granitic 586:, and they contain aluminum-rich minerals such as 4070: 4043: 2415: 2258: – Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite 1319:which form along new or pre-existing fracture or 1271:Two main mechanisms are thought to be important: 1118: 606:usually lies above 200 MPa (29,000 psi), and its 483:granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in 6298: 4121:"Reading Tool Marks on Egyptian Stone Sculpture" 4074:A Handbook of Minerals, Crystals, Rocks and Ores 3858: 2657: 4586:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific. 4581: 4295:Friends of West Norwood Cemetery newsletter 71 4012:. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 3059:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2983:"Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later" 2502:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2369:. Geology.about.com. 2010-02-06. Archived from 2264: – Type of granite, with a single feldspar 404:Granitic rocks are classified according to the 4336:History of the Granite Industry of New England 3713:Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2012). 3153:Cottle, John M.; Cooper, Alan F. (June 2006). 2715: 2473:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous" 1845:The stone known as "black granite" is usually 1473:soil series a prime example of the consequent 1000:surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the 5870: 4861: 4621: 4302: 4064: 4005:Environmental Health and Engineering (2008). 3598: 3484: 3401: 3352: 3340: 3159:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3081: 2980: 2925: 2845: 2562:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 2499: 1798:them but has not even altered their colour." 1247:) was sufficient to produce granite melts by 412:and are named according to the percentage of 338:of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker 4381: 4297:Alexander MacDonald (1794–1860) – Stonemason 4161:"Egyptian Genius: Stoneworking for Eternity" 4097: 3712: 3610: 3152: 2860:"The off-crust origin of granite batholiths" 2805: 2518: 2500:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). 1652:, likely dating 2510 BC, was constructed of 1154:of metamorphosed sedimentary rock, and host 873:The medium-grained equivalent of granite is 230:exposed over hundreds of square kilometers. 4467: 4369:The Haytor Granite Tramway and Stover Canal 4037: 3852: 3717:. Cambridge University Press. p. 510. 3546:Journal of the Geological Society of London 1536:Many large granite plutons are sources for 401:. Phenocrysts are usually alkali feldspar. 397:. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich 5877: 5863: 4868: 4854: 4628: 4614: 4543:Granite: Occurrence, Mineralogy and Origin 4472:. National Geographic News. Archived from 3586: 3093: 3044: 2902: 2890: 2818:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. 2753: 2559: 2467: 2465: 2390: 2341:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2161:and is a popular rock climbing destination 1941:to block invasion by Russian tanks in the 1806: 1074:below continental crust, were formed from 4584:Granite Petrology and the Granite Problem 4565:Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains 4514:De Matteo, Giovanna (12 September 2020). 4447:"Sydney Streets technical specifications" 4408: 4280: 4136: 3937: 3927: 3839:"Radon and Cancer: Questions and Answers" 3466: 3440: 3290: 3170: 3112:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 3017: 2981:Chappell, B. W.; White, A. J. R. (2001). 2875: 2724: 2706: 2642: 2437: 1908:have traditionally used polished granite 1254: 1035:. In some locations, very coarse-grained 233:Granite is typical of a larger family of 6276:Mason Contractors Association of America 4224: 3992:Nineteenth International Radon Symposium 3389: 3364: 2762:Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology 2524: 2409: 2391:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). 2332: 1976: 1856: 1810: 1620: 1584: 1533:rocks usually have equally low amounts. 1509:. Some granites contain around 10 to 20 1363:sand and granitoid from which it derived 1355: 1198: 940: 920: 908: 892: 354:, in which case the texture is known as 292: 281: 261: 6271:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 4332: 4118: 3831: 3539: 2811: 2462: 1873:Granite has been extensively used as a 1725:has postulated that the Egyptians used 1497:of weak emission, and a constituent of 1370:occurs on a large scale in the form of 996:. Granites sometimes occur in circular 628: 331:, which form an interlocking, somewhat 312:rock. Granitic rocks mainly consist of 14: 6299: 4567:. Leiden, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. 4409:Chersicla, Rick (January–March 2017). 4262: 3787: 3229: 3056: 2857: 2235:Monument to the Independence of Brazil 1338:containing fragments of country rock. 881:igneous rock equivalent of granite is 593: 5858: 4849: 4609: 4545:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science. 4366: 4360: 4187:Sculptures of Unified Silla: 통일신라의 조각 4077:. New India Publishing. p. 585. 4071:Parmodh Alexander (15 January 2009). 4050:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 40. 4044:Nelson L. Nemerow (27 January 2009). 4007:"Natural Stone Countertops and Radon" 3982: 3864:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels" 2937: 2784: 2229:(not pictured, facing his grave) and 1716:, and wall and floor veneer. How the 964:. Much of it was intruded during the 4371:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4339:(2018 ed.). Franklin Classics. 4258: 4256: 2990:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 2681:Holland, Tim; Powell, Roger (2001). 2338: 1815:Granites (cut and polished surfaces) 1544:, where the uranium washes into the 1480: 3962:"Granite Countertops and Radiation" 3790:"Granite Countertops and Radiation" 3764:"Cecil – North Carolina State Soil" 2597:"Rock Types and Specific Gravities" 2080:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the 972:that underlies the relatively thin 297:Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks 259:) contain almost no dark minerals. 24: 4875: 4534: 3441:Zheng, Y.-F.; Chen, R.-X. (2017). 3029:from the original on Oct 22, 2022. 2760:Haldar, S.K.; Tišljar, J. (2014). 1589:Granite dimension stone quarry in 534:O. Such granites are described as 301:The word "granite" comes from the 25: 6348: 4601: 4486: 4253: 3769:. Soil Science Society of America 2418:Journal of the Geological Society 1972: 1268:) is still a matter of research. 1264:to make room for themselves (the 1089:The presence of granitic rock in 255:minerals, though a few (known as 226:only a few centimeters across to 5884: 4468:Roach, John (October 27, 2004). 3743:Land Use Impacts on Soil Quality 3010:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00882.x 2858:Castro, Antonio (January 2014). 2306: 2214: 2198: 2182: 2166: 2143: 2121: 2094: 2003: 1308:higher levels within the crust. 1194: 1047:Granite forms from silica-rich ( 141: 52: 6121:Non-explosive demolition agents 4507: 4480: 4461: 4439: 4402: 4375: 4326: 4289: 4218: 4204: 4178: 4153: 4112: 4091: 3998: 3976: 3954: 3895: 3806: 3781: 3756: 3731: 3706: 3679: 3647: 3604: 3533: 3499:Journal of Geophysical Research 3490: 3447:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3434: 3407: 3365:McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). 3358: 3299: 3258: 3223: 3187: 3146: 3099: 3050: 2974: 2931: 2851: 2778: 2674: 2651: 2618: 2589: 1525:, have 1 to 5 ppm uranium, and 1485:Granite is a natural source of 1027:of granitic composition called 1016:that are often associated with 218:of Earth, where it is found in 3655:"Granite [Weathering]" 2791:. Discovery Publishing House. 2580: 2553: 2359: 2020:massif (and peaks such as the 1900: 1729:, which has greater hardness. 1380:of granite occurs when dilute 1295:, causing them to behave as a 1119:Alphabet classification system 289:with granite field highlighted 277: 13: 1: 4396:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.052 4384:Journal of Cleaner Production 3172:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515159 2353:10.1016/S0016-7878(43)80008-0 2320: 1638: 1388:feldspar in a process called 1345: 968:age; it is the most abundant 949:veins at Gros la Tête cliff, 888: 6286:Worshipful Company of Masons 4119:Serotta, Anna (2023-12-19). 3875:American Petroleum Institute 3692:Geological Society of London 3468:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.009 3328:10.1016/0012-8252(91)90020-G 2660:"The temperatures of magmas" 2299: – Two feldspar granite 2293: – Type of igneous rock 2287: – Type of igneous rock 2276: – Rare type of granite 2084:, British Columbia, Canada. 1852: 1680:once had a polished granite 1672:Granite". The mostly ruined 1616: 1489:, like most natural stones. 1291:. As it rises, it heats the 7: 6317:National symbols of Finland 3841:. National Cancer Institute 2242: 2173:Rixö red granite quarry in 1580: 1039:masses occur with granite. 222:. These range in size from 10: 6353: 3788:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-04). 3428:10.2113/gselements.7.4.235 3252:10.1093/petrology/26.3.603 2721:Blatt and Tracy 1996, p.66 2708:10.1093/petrology/42.4.673 2087: 1750:UNESCO World Heritage List 1664:) contains a huge granite 1625:Cleopatra's Needle, London 1559:in the US behind smoking. 1349: 1159:to strongly peraluminous. 1095:fractional crystallization 976:veneer of the continents. 861: 843: 818: 797: 779: 754: 736: 718: 696: 674: 649: 366:is a general, descriptive 342:mica and amphibole (often 29: 6258: 6207: 6144: 6111:Lewis (lifting appliance) 6078: 5968: 5892: 5666: 5504: 5291: 4881: 4649: 4029:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3983:Steck, Daniel J. (2009). 3814:"Decay series of Uranium" 3660:University College London 3599:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3485:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3402:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3353:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3341:Philpotts & Ague 2009 3209:10.1007/s00445-007-0140-7 3082:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2926:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2877:10.1016/j.gsf.2013.06.006 2846:Philpotts & Ague 2009 2764:. Elsevier. p. 116. 2658:Larsen, Esper S. (1929). 2128:The granite peaks of the 2112:and for the piers of the 1967:Central Business District 1948: 1863:granite castle of Aulanko 1801: 1785:. Through the process of 1676:dating from the reign of 1299:and thus flow around the 1042: 621:Granite has poor primary 385:in granites is typically 111: 93: 83: 78: 51: 42: 4582:Marmo, Vladimir (1971). 4561:Twidale, Charles Rowland 4263:Waters, Michael (2016). 4190:. 국립중앙박물관. 8 July 2015. 4125:Rivista del Museo Egizio 3566:10.1144/gsjgs.155.5.0843 3057:Winter, John D. (2014). 2448:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825 2193:on Baffin Island, Canada 2157:, is actually a granite 2030:Adamello-Presanella Alps 1656:and granite blocks. The 1565:occurs in all granites. 980:of granite tend to form 471:, while the feldspar in 458:alkali feldspar granites 32:Granite (disambiguation) 4921:Basaltic trachyandesite 4901:Alkali feldspar granite 4239:10.1163/156852091x00157 4138:10.29353/rime.2023.5098 3929:10.1073/pnas.48.11.1898 3197:Bulletin of Volcanology 2940:Bulletin Volcanologique 2812:Twidale, C. R. (1982). 2191:Auyuittuq National Park 2056:), the Fitzroy Massif, 1807:Sculpture and memorials 1740:shrine and part of the 1611: 1503:alkali feldspar granite 206:with a high content of 179:) is a coarse-grained ( 4333:Brayley, A.W. (1913). 3633:10.1098/rsta.1984.0004 3587:Blatt & Tracy 1996 3540:Clemens, John (1998). 3094:Blatt & Tracy 1996 3045:Blatt & Tracy 1996 2903:Blatt & Tracy 1996 2891:Blatt & Tracy 1996 2221:The graves of Emperor 2155:Yosemite National Park 1982: 1931:Haytor Granite Tramway 1870: 1816: 1626: 1594: 1540:-hosted or roll front 1364: 1255:Ascent and emplacement 1207: 1099:South Sandwich Islands 957: 938: 918: 906: 479:is called a binary or 350:) are larger than the 310:completely crystalline 298: 290: 271: 5311:Banded iron formation 4269:Architectural History 4233:(1/2). BRILL: 23–54. 3308:Earth-Science Reviews 2664:American Mineralogist 2101:Granite was used for 1980: 1953:Granite is used as a 1891:Quincy, Massachusetts 1860: 1829:Kensal Green Cemetery 1814: 1768:Brihadeeswarar Temple 1736:Grotto in Korea is a 1658:Great Pyramid of Giza 1624: 1588: 1359: 1350:Further information: 1245:convergent boundaries 1202: 1105:into granites, or of 1061:convergent boundaries 944: 924: 912: 896: 296: 285: 265: 115:Differing amounts of 6332:Symbols of Wisconsin 5935:Massive precut stone 5930:Post-tensioned stone 4476:on November 2, 2004. 4420:: 63. Archived from 4367:Ewans, M.C. (1966). 3232:Journal of Petrology 2864:Geoscience Frontiers 2687:Journal of Petrology 2000:for curling stones. 1597:Granite and related 1542:uranium ore deposits 1282:Fracture propagation 629:Chemical composition 604:compressive strength 582:O) are described as 558:O) are described as 102:plagioclase feldspar 60:plagioclase feldspar 30:For other uses, see 27:Type of igneous rock 6337:Industrial minerals 6327:Sculpture materials 6131:Stonemason's hammer 6096:Ceramic tile cutter 3920:1962PNAS...48.1898A 3625:1984RSPTA.310..457O 3601:, pp. 347–350. 3558:1998JGSoc.155..843C 3511:1994JGR....99.9543W 3459:2017JAESc.145...46Z 3392:, pp. 379–380. 3343:, pp. 104–105. 3320:1991ESRv...31..237C 3292:10.2465/jmps.99.104 3283:2004JMPeS..99..104S 3244:1985JPet...26..603W 3124:1987CoMP...95..407W 3096:, pp. 203–206. 3002:2001AuJES..48..489C 2952:1968BVol...32..189B 2788:Earth Science Today 2740:The Open University 2699:2001JPet...42..673H 2644:10.2472/jsms.27.155 2539:1996Geo....24..295B 2430:1991JGSoc.148..825L 2250:Exfoliating granite 1650:Pyramid of Menkaure 1495:radioactive isotope 1378:Chemical weathering 1368:Physical weathering 1241:solidus temperature 1181:rare earth elements 1002:metamorphic aureole 594:Physical properties 416:, alkali feldspar ( 408:for coarse grained 266:Granite containing 245:QAPF classification 212:alkali metal oxides 190:composed mostly of 58:Granite containing 39: 5667:Specific varieties 4776:Diabase (Dolerite) 4282:10.1017/arh.2016.5 4098:James A. Harrell. 3739:"Land Use Impacts" 3667:on 15 October 2014 3552:(Part 5): 843–51. 3132:10.1007/BF00402202 2960:10.1007/BF02596591 2785:Singh, G. (2009). 2268:List of rock types 2078:Sugarloaf Mountain 1983: 1871: 1817: 1668:fashioned of "Red 1627: 1595: 1477:great soil group. 1455:Cleopatra's Needle 1372:exfoliation joints 1365: 1249:radiogenic heating 1208: 958: 939: 919: 913:A granite peak at 907: 299: 291: 272: 268:potassium feldspar 220:igneous intrusions 98:potassium feldspar 37: 6294: 6293: 6220:Hardstone carving 6167:Polygonal masonry 5991:Decorative stones 5852: 5851: 5097:Nepheline syenite 4843: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4810:Microgranodiorite 4740:Subvolcanic rocks 4593:978-0-444-40852-5 4574:978-0-415-36435-5 4552:978-1-62081-566-3 4084:978-81-907237-8-7 4057:978-0-470-08305-5 3994:. pp. 28–51. 3871:Shell Oil Company 3619:(1514): 457–472. 3589:, pp. 21–22. 3519:10.1029/93JB03461 3367:Igneous petrology 2848:, pp. 15–16. 2815:Granite landforms 2771:978-0-12-408133-8 2280:Orbicular granite 2223:Pedro I of Brazil 1696:). Other uses in 1646:Egyptian pyramids 1599:marble industries 1511:parts per million 1481:Natural radiation 1136:strontium isotope 962:continental crust 871: 870: 672:14.42% (alumina) 216:continental crust 134: 133: 16:(Redirected from 6344: 6126:Plug and feather 5976:Artificial stone 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5794:Rapakivi granite 5506:Metamorphic rock 5293:Sedimentary rock 5162:Quartz monzonite 4870: 4863: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4652: 4651: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4597: 4578: 4556: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4493:Liveabout.dotcom 4487:Green, Stewart. 4484: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4163:. Archived from 4157: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3914:(11): 1898–905. 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3877:. Archived from 3868: 3860:Hubbert, M. King 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3820:on March 9, 2012 3816:. Archived from 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3663:. Archived from 3651: 3645: 3644: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3314:(3–4): 237–253. 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3021: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2637:(293): 157–161. 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2603:. Archived from 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2568:(19): v459–470. 2557: 2551: 2550: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2497: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2441: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2336: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2291:Rapakivi granite 2285:Quartz monzonite 2227:Maria Leopoldina 2218: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2147: 2130:Cordillera Paine 2125: 2098: 2052:(especially the 2038:Grandes Jorasses 2034:Aiguille du Midi 2026:Mourne Mountains 1998:Kays of Scotland 1756:Rajaraja Chola I 1643: 1640: 1139:known for their 925:Pink granite at 864: 846: 821: 800: 782: 757: 739: 721: 699: 677: 652: 647:72.04% (silica) 636: 635: 614:is 3–6·10 Pa·s. 202:. It forms from 175: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 56: 40: 36: 21: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6254: 6203: 6140: 6074: 5996:Dimension stone 5964: 5888: 5883: 5853: 5848: 5662: 5606:Pseudotachylite 5500: 5287: 5219:Tephriphonolite 4877: 4874: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4645: 4642:silicon dioxide 4634: 4604: 4594: 4575: 4553: 4537: 4535:Further reading 4532: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4518:(in Portuguese) 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4449:. November 2020 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4427:on 18 July 2020 4424: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4380: 4376: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4261: 4254: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3796: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3538: 3534: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3439: 3435: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3304: 3300: 3263: 3259: 3228: 3224: 3192: 3188: 3151: 3147: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3034: 3026: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2679: 2675: 2656: 2652: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2558: 2554: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2498: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2439:10.1.1.692.4446 2414: 2410: 2403: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2245: 2238: 2233:(left), in the 2219: 2210: 2203: 2194: 2187: 2178: 2171: 2162: 2148: 2139: 2126: 2117: 2099: 2090: 2048:, parts of the 2022:Aiguille du Dru 2010:Yosemite Valley 2006: 1975: 1951: 1939:Mannerheim Line 1912:to establish a 1903: 1887:Granite Railway 1875:dimension stone 1855: 1809: 1804: 1686:Egyptian Museum 1641: 1619: 1614: 1583: 1499:alkali feldspar 1483: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1354: 1348: 1336:igneous breccia 1297:power-law fluid 1257: 1197: 1141:porphyry copper 1121: 1065:tectonic plates 1045: 931:South Australia 891: 867: 862: 849: 844: 837: 833: 824: 819: 812: 803: 798: 785: 780: 773: 769: 760: 755: 742: 737: 724: 719: 711: 702: 697: 689: 680: 675: 668: 664: 655: 650: 643: 631: 596: 581: 577: 573: 569: 557: 553: 549: 545: 533: 529: 524: 520: 508: 500: 438:alkali feldspar 383:alkali feldspar 280: 196:alkali feldspar 173: 144: 140: 74: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6350: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6322:Plutonic rocks 6319: 6314: 6309: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5920:Letter cutting 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799:Rhomb porphyry 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5641:Talc carbonate 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5234:Trachyandesite 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5157:Quartz diorite 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876:Types of rocks 4873: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4767: 4758:Picrite basalt 4755: 4753: 4747:Plutonic rocks 4733:Volcanic rocks 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4640:classified by 4633: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4602:External links 4600: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4579: 4573: 4557: 4551: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4506: 4479: 4460: 4438: 4401: 4374: 4359: 4345: 4325: 4301: 4288: 4252: 4217: 4203: 4196: 4177: 4152: 4111: 4090: 4083: 4063: 4056: 4036: 3997: 3975: 3953: 3894: 3851: 3830: 3805: 3780: 3755: 3730: 3723: 3705: 3678: 3646: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3532: 3489: 3474: 3433: 3422:(4): 235–240. 3406: 3394: 3382: 3375: 3357: 3355:, p. 511. 3345: 3333: 3298: 3277:(3): 104–117. 3257: 3238:(3): 603–632. 3222: 3203:(3): 293–314. 3186: 3165:(2): 191–202. 3145: 3118:(4): 407–419. 3098: 3086: 3084:, p. 148. 3074: 3067: 3049: 3047:, p. 185. 3032: 2996:(4): 489–499. 2973: 2946:(1): 189–206. 2930: 2928:, p. 378. 2907: 2905:, p. 172. 2895: 2893:, p. 128. 2883: 2850: 2838: 2824: 2804: 2797: 2777: 2770: 2752: 2732:"Microgranite" 2723: 2714: 2693:(4): 673–683. 2673: 2650: 2617: 2588: 2579: 2552: 2533:(4): 295–298. 2517: 2510: 2489: 2461: 2424:(5): 825–833. 2408: 2401: 2383: 2358: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2314:Geology portal 2301: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2209:, South Africa 2204: 2197: 2195: 2188: 2181: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2149: 2142: 2140: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082:Stawamus Chief 2005: 2002: 1981:Curling stones 1974: 1973:Curling stones 1971: 1950: 1947: 1935:cutting center 1910:surface plates 1902: 1899: 1897:in the 1820s. 1895:Neponset River 1854: 1851: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1795:Giorgio Vasari 1791:tempered metal 1787:case-hardening 1642: 2590 BC 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1582: 1579: 1567:Conway granite 1482: 1479: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1347: 1344: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1256: 1253: 1196: 1193: 1120: 1117: 1044: 1041: 1023:ranges. Small 992:, and rounded 890: 887: 869: 868: 865: 860: 857: 851: 850: 847: 842: 839: 835: 831: 826: 825: 822: 817: 814: 810: 805: 804: 801: 796: 793: 787: 786: 783: 778: 775: 771: 767: 762: 761: 758: 753: 750: 744: 743: 740: 735: 732: 726: 725: 722: 717: 714: 709: 704: 703: 700: 695: 692: 687: 682: 681: 678: 673: 670: 666: 662: 657: 656: 653: 648: 645: 641: 630: 627: 595: 592: 579: 575: 571: 567: 555: 551: 547: 543: 531: 527: 522: 518: 506: 498: 410:plutonic rocks 279: 276: 235:granitic rocks 132: 131: 113: 109: 108: 95: 91: 90: 85: 84:Classification 81: 80: 76: 75: 57: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6349: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259:Organizations 6257: 6251: 6250:Machicolation 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Diamond blade 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Angle grinder 6084: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5759:Litchfieldite 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Hyaloclastite 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Litchfieldite 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Phonotephrite 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Hyaloclastite 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4638:igneous rocks 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4448: 4442: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4390:: 2278–2291. 4389: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4197:9788981641306 4193: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4167:on 2007-10-14 4166: 4162: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3884:on 2008-05-27 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3862:(June 1956). 3861: 3855: 3840: 3834: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3765: 3759: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3724:9781107376649 3720: 3716: 3709: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3487:, p. 80. 3486: 3481: 3479: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3404:, p. 44. 3403: 3398: 3391: 3390:McBirney 1984 3386: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3070: 3068:9781292021539 3064: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2798:9788183564380 2794: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2607:on 2017-08-31 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2511:9780521880060 2507: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2486:: 1–52. 1999. 2485: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2402:0-7167-2438-3 2398: 2394: 2387: 2373:on 2009-08-10 2372: 2368: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:Cornish coast 2067: 2063: 2062:Baffin Island 2059: 2055: 2054:Trango Towers 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004:Rock climbing 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920:with a heavy 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:Ancient Egypt 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:Amenemhat III 1675: 1674:Black Pyramid 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1603:Ancient Egypt 1600: 1592: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:palaeochannel 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1466:podzolization 1463: 1462:acidification 1458: 1456: 1447:+ 2 K + 2 HCO 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:carbonic acid 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1205: 1201: 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