33:
51:
678:
under-foliage of the forest along with ornamental species. It is here where the sporulation occurs on the infected shoots and foliage, and is able to cause infection of the surrounding trees, giving rise to bleeding cankers on the stems. This pathogen's adaption for aerial dispersal is a key factor in its transmission from initial ornamental host to tree species.
677:
is that in one study, only two thirds of typical infections were symptomatic, making it easy for this pathogen and infection to go unnoticed from typical visual inspection. Before infecting the inner bark of
European Beech trees, the pathogen causes leaf necrosis and the dieback of shoots in the
550:
produce sporangia that are dislodged by natural occurrences and spread to nearby plant tissue. In lab settings the production of these sporangia are documented within one week, with the sproangia present six days after inoculation causing documented disease in new plant tissues. The sporangia of
391:
are another susceptible host. The pathogen infects and causes many smaller bleeding lesions along the trunk and can even cause lesions on leaf tips. Both shrubs and trees share the characteristic symptoms of leaf necrosis with lesions on the stem and trunk proving the severity of this disease.
690:
underneath the phloem lesions, which enables it to spread further throughout the vascular plant tissue and give rise to new phloem lesions. Furthermore, the pathogen present in the xylem leads to local dysfunction that furthers to damage the plant tissues, and move into previously healthy
546:. Oospores can germinate and create mouse-shaped sporangia. Sporangia serve as dispersal structures and create and release Zoospores, motile infectious spores. Once released, oospores germinate on the host and infect target host tissues. After infection if the conditions are correct,
685:
will generally show bleeding lesions and discoloration. The color varies based on exposure to oxygen and elapsed time from infection. Often, these lesions will have pink or orange fluid-filled cavities called lagoons in the underlying phloem. The pathogen then occupies the
470:
of trees or complete removal of shrub growth and thorough sanitation including removal of plant debris and leaves in infected area have been attempted to control the spread of the disease. Removal of standing water, properly timed watering and proper
555:
are spread locally through wind and water dispersion, infecting nearby susceptible tissues, long distance travel is occurs through the movement of infected plant tissues and in soil carried on vehicles, animals and footwear.
638:, commonly called Bilberry. This pathogen causes significant necrosis on leaves, bleeding stem lesions, and stem dieback as the primary symptoms, which occur at an impressive rate. Countless species including
486:
may be used in some cases, while these fungicides do not actually kill the organism but prevent it from becoming established or continued growth. Another method currently being used is controlling by culling
673:
infect through release and wind dispersal of zoospores. It is quick to take advantage of wounds already present on its host, but does not require the host to be injured. One interesting aspect of
373:
sometimes extending to the base of the leaf, affecting old and young leaves equally. In addition to this darkening lesion on the stem, leaves can get severe enough lesions to become
475:
help to prevent the spread of spores through water. In areas of large infection bans can be placed on the removal of host plants and foliage from them. In addition to this bans on
434:
for further infection. This disease has an optimal growing range of 26–16 °C (79–61 °F). This range suggests that it may have originated in a temperate climate, possibly
377:
and cause entire leaf death. These lesions begin as a progressive blackening of the leaf tissue and spread across the leaf surface. In some cases this necrosis causes dieback and
608:
makes it an even more significant concern considering that the mainland of the UK has diverse ecosystems that are susceptible to the impact of this plant pathogen. From the
699:
has penetrated the xylem, it can continue penetrating for well over 24 months. Tree mortality soon follows, in the matter of a few years from the initial time of infection.
454:
for the disease, humans can transport spores via agricultural equipment, on shoe bottoms, and direct plant movement. These are the most significant vectors for the disease.
542:. Sporangia are only formed on hosts with susceptible foliage, trunk cankers have not exhibited sporulation and do not spread disease. This creates a simple life cycle for
722:
1193:
811:
430:
spreads most quickly and detrimentally in moist conditions such as direct rainfall and also those of heavy humidity. Rain and heavy winds help in the dispersal of
180:
499:. More studies will need to be conducted in the spread and reproduction of this disease before more advanced chemical management methods become available.
462:
Since this disease has more recently been identified management practices are still developing. For best management it is most important to remove the
1123:
1725:
385:) host symptoms include dark brown to blue black lesions on the trunk ranging in size and shape depending on severity of the infection. Tulip trees
419:
While positive samples indicate the presence of this pathogen. In addition to this you can use isolation followed by morphological identification.
572:
pathogen was first discovered in the 1990s, yet only gained widespread attention when it was identified as one of the causal agents, along with
1669:
897:
1617:
848:
381:
on the infected plant. While symptoms for trees hosts are similar they have a few distinct differences. For the
European beech (
757:
1010:
sp. nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in the UK"
727:
sp. Nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in the UK"
1735:
1204:
822:
1161:
1674:
853:Современная микология в России. Том 3. Материалы 3-го съезда микологов России. М., Национальная академия микологии
1387:
1056:
1656:
1630:
612:
host, infection is able to spread via the air to the bark of tree species, with the
European beech tree (
50:
514:, a thick walled resting structure and has been found to survive on infected plant tissues and in soil.
32:
1684:
408:
568:
has caused marked damage to ornamentals and species of trees in the
Southwest United Kingdom. The
650:
387:
257:
1004:
Brasier, Clive M.; Beales, Paul A.; Kirk, Susan A.; Denman, Sandra; Rose, Joan (1 August 2005).
1730:
1546:
1720:
644:
207:
164:
1094:
1697:
1591:
221:
1005:
8:
634:
1325:
Proceedings of the Second Sudden Oak Death
Science Symposium: The state of our knowledge
616:
being especially susceptible. As of 2005, it was confined to a relatively small area of
233:
after the ancient name for
Cornwall, Kernow. It causes large stem lesions on beech and
45:
297:. Since then many other plants have been identified as natural hosts of the pathogen.
1692:
1578:
1521:
1516:
1487:
1465:
1461:
1419:
1368:
1363:
1338:
1299:
1260:
1239:
1037:
1029:
749:
298:
287:
1583:
1511:
1457:
1411:
1358:
1295:
1286:: host susceptibility and sporulation potential on foliage of susceptible trees1".
1255:
1194:"A threat to our woodlands, heathlands and historic gardens Phytophthora kernoviae"
1021:
945:
741:
577:
370:
281:
201:
131:
1661:
968:
1569:
580:. Although the main concentration of this pathogen is primarily in South West
404:
275:
196:
121:
88:
75:
1415:
1025:
745:
1714:
1525:
1469:
1372:
1033:
692:
628:
trade. Due to the national and international demand of these plant products,
515:
467:
451:
415:. If either of these tests come back negative you have a negative sample for
412:
303:
251:
867:
782:
1635:
1423:
1041:
753:
625:
476:
365:
293:
141:
101:
1400:, three species recovered from areas in California with sudden oak death"
849:"Phytophthora kernoviae – новый патоген декоративных и древесных культур"
585:
463:
447:
308:
1238:
Fichtner, E.J.; Rizzo, D.M.; Kirk, S.A.; Webber, J.F. (24 August 2011).
355:
has such serious symptoms it should be seen as a serious threat to both
1622:
479:
can be enforced to manage spore transport through human activity. Anti-
472:
238:
1440:
Denman, S.; Kirk, S. A.; Moralejo, E.; Webber, J. F. (1 April 2009). "
950:
929:
1648:
1604:
1337:
Beales, P. A.; Giltrap, P. G.; Payne, A.; Ingram, N. (1 April 2009).
1315:
Brasier, C. M., et al. "Comparative host range and aggressiveness of
624:
and
Cheshire suggesting that the pathogen may be being spread by the
596:. Recently, this pathogen has been found on the stems and foliage of
531:
483:
443:
62:
1540:
1643:
1609:
1563:
617:
593:
589:
569:
535:
374:
269:
263:
234:
212:
111:
1141:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 15 July 2008
261:. The original paper describing the species, stated it can infect
581:
511:
496:
1596:
682:
439:
378:
1065:
in
England and Wales - Public Consultation and New Programme"
721:
Brasier, C; Beales, PA; Kirk, SA; Denman, S; Rose, J (2005).
687:
621:
435:
431:
360:
450:
before being introduced to the UK. While there are no known
356:
242:
720:
395:
Diagnosis of the disease can be difficult as symptoms for
1439:
1336:
229:
species to be found in the UK in a decade. It was named
1237:
1003:
216:
466:
plants in the area of infection. Along with this the
369:, the disease starts with the blackening of the leaf
249:. It is self-fertile. It has also been isolated from
219:when scientists were surveying for the presence of
403:can be very similar. One should test samples with
1124:"Consultation on future management of risks from
999:
997:
1712:
1323:sp. nov. on North American and European trees."
846:
518:, long term resting structures that are seen in
407:of the plant tissue tested against conventional
632:has initiated recent concern after being found
994:
491:within diseased regions. In 2008, an infected
1486:Brown, A. V.; Brasier, C. M. (1 April 2007).
1448:on naturally infected asymptomatic foliage".
1273:
1271:
1485:
1268:
1240:"Infectivity and sporulation potential of
1162:"Recovery Plan for Phytophthora kernoviae"
902:, a new threat to our trees and woodlands"
783:"Forestry Commission - Plant Health - New
31:
1515:
1362:
1259:
1171:. United States Department of Agriculture
949:
716:
714:
712:
1726:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
821:. FERA. 26 February 2009. Archived from
40:Necrotic bark on an infected beech tree
1244:to select North American native plants"
1188:
1186:
1072:United States Department of Agriculture
806:
804:
681:Once on European beech trees, infected
1713:
1385:
1277:
1159:
709:
604:Furthermore, the aggressive nature of
1545:
1544:
1481:
1479:
1435:
1433:
1311:
1309:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1103:www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk
812:"Plants recorded as natural hosts of
211:. It was first identified in 2003 in
1685:dd31504b-1c05-412c-9ecc-f5593d29a7b9
1183:
963:
961:
801:
199:that mainly infects European beech (
1339:"A new threat to UK heathland from
1054:
13:
1476:
1430:
1306:
1222:
1092:
301:has revealed that an infection on
14:
1747:
1536:
1278:Denman, S.; et al. (2006). "
958:
658:are all especially vulnerable to
315:. The pathogen was also noted on
1517:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01511.x
1462:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02243.x
1364:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01961.x
1300:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.01014.x
1261:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02506.x
1099:| Botanical Society of Scotland"
909:Nevada Department of Agriculture
895:
49:
1488:"Colonization of tree xylem by
1404:The British Mycological Society
1388:"Phylogenetic relationships of
1386:Martin, Frank (December 2003).
1379:
1330:
1153:
1116:
1086:
1048:
665:
1160:Benson, Mike (November 2008).
922:
889:
865:
859:
840:
775:
592:, and even further north into
422:
1:
702:
559:
502:
457:
225:. This made it the third new
1169:Agriculture Research Service
584:, its reach has extended to
526:species are not observed in
7:
620:but has also been found in
346:
10:
1752:
1736:Protists described in 2003
1553:
1416:10.1017/S0953756203008785
1026:10.1017/S0953756205003357
866:GB, Forestry Commission.
847:Александров И.Н. (2012).
746:10.1017/S0953756205003357
170:
163:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
600:, most significantly on
651:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
388:Liriodendron tulipifera
311:in 1950, was caused by
258:Liriodendron tulipifera
1555:Phytophthora kernoviae
1446:Phytophthora kernoviae
1341:Phytophthora kernoviae
1321:Phytophthora kernoviae
1280:Phytophthora kernoviae
1242:Phytophthora kernoviae
1130:Phytophthora kernoviae
1063:Phytophthora kernoviae
1008:Phytophthora kernoviae
932:Phytophthora kernoviae
900:Phytophthora kernoviae
870:Phytophthora kernoviae
814:Phytophthora kernoviae
725:Phytophthora kernoviae
671:Phytophthora kernoviae
630:Phytophthora kernoviae
606:Phytophthora kernoviae
566:Phytophthora kernoviae
553:Phytophthora kernoviae
548:Phytophthora kernoviae
544:Phytophthora kernoviae
540:Phytophthora kernoviae
528:Phytophthora kernoviae
508:Phytophthora kernoviae
428:Phytophthora kernoviae
401:Phytophthora kernoviae
353:Phytophthora kernoviae
231:Phytophthora kernoviae
192:Phytophthora kernoviae
174:Phytophthora kernoviae
25:Phytophthora kernoviae
656:Rhododendron ponticum
493:Rhododendron ponticum
247:Rhododendron ponticum
208:Rhododendron ponticum
1490:Phytophthora ramorum
1442:Phytophthora ramorum
1390:Phytophthora ramorum
1317:Phytophthora ramorum
1126:Phytophthora ramorum
1059:Phytophthora ramorum
1014:Mycological Research
971:Phytophthora ramorum
734:Mycological Research
520:Phytophthora ramorum
397:Phytophthora ramorum
222:Phytophthora ramorum
1345:Vaccinium myrtillus
1139:Forestry Commission
1074:. US Forest Service
876:www.forestry.gov.uk
635:Vaccinium myrtillus
363:. On the shrubs of
341:Podocarpus salignas
333:Vaccinium myrtillus
16:Species of oomycete
1210:on 8 December 2015
828:on 8 December 2015
510:can survive as an
299:Molecular analysis
1708:
1707:
1693:Open Tree of Life
1547:Taxon identifiers
1410:(12): 1379–1391.
1398:P. pseudosyringae
951:10.1111/epp.12022
789:. Forestry.gov.uk
538:were observed on
288:Michelia doltsopa
188:
187:
156:P. kernoviae
1743:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1662:NHMSYS0020503261
1652:
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1303:
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1203:. Archived from
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1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1136:
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1111:
1109:
1093:Mathew, Elliot.
1090:
1084:
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1079:
1069:
1055:Walters, Keith.
1052:
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1001:
992:
991:
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833:
827:
820:
808:
799:
798:
796:
794:
779:
773:
772:
770:
768:
763:on 15 March 2012
762:
756:. Archived from
731:
718:
614:Fagus sylvatica)
578:sudden oak death
534:, oospores, and
530:. Production of
321:Gevuina avellana
282:Gevuina avellana
176:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
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1504:Plant Pathology
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1351:Plant Pathology
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1002:
995:
985:
983:
977:/RHS Gardening"
967:
966:
959:
944:: 81–93. 2013.
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
904:
896:Wang, Shouhua.
894:
890:
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740:(Pt 8): 853–9.
729:
719:
710:
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668:
562:
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460:
425:
383:Fagus sylvatica
349:
325:Ilex aquifolium
202:Fagus sylvatica
184:
178:
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159:
132:Peronosporaceae
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1749:
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1537:External links
1535:
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1510:(2): 227–241.
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1456:(1): 105–111.
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1254:(2): 224–233.
1221:
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1020:(8): 853–859.
993:
981:www.rhs.org.uk
957:
930:"PM 7/112 (1)
921:
888:
858:
839:
800:
774:
707:
706:
704:
701:
667:
664:
645:V. vitis-idaea
561:
558:
516:Chlamydospores
504:
501:
459:
456:
452:insect vectors
424:
421:
405:DNA extraction
348:
345:
317:Drimys winteri
307:, recorded in
276:Pieris formosa
197:plant pathogen
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533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
500:
498:
495:was found in
494:
490:
489:Rhododendrons
485:
482:
478:
477:hiking trails
474:
469:
468:clear cutting
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
418:
417:P. kernoviae.
414:
413:real-time PCR
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
344:
342:
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334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
304:Pinus radiata
300:
296:
295:
290:
289:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
253:
252:Quercus robur
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
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210:
209:
204:
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198:
194:
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182:
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166:
165:Binomial name
162:
158:
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136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
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110:
107:
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102:Stramenopiles
100:
97:
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87:
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81:
80:
77:
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68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1721:Phytophthora
1554:
1507:
1503:
1498:Phytophthora
1497:
1494:P. kernoviae
1493:
1489:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1354:
1350:
1347:in the wild"
1344:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1212:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1200:
1173:. Retrieved
1168:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1097:Phytophthora
1096:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1071:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1017:
1013:
1007:
984:. Retrieved
980:
975:P. kernoviae
974:
970:
941:
937:
931:
924:
912:. Retrieved
908:
899:
891:
879:. Retrieved
875:
869:
861:
852:
842:
830:. Retrieved
823:the original
813:
791:. Retrieved
785:Phytophthora
784:
777:
765:. Retrieved
758:the original
737:
733:
724:
697:P. kernoviae
696:
680:
675:P. kernoviae
674:
670:
669:
666:Pathogenesis
660:P. kernoviae
659:
655:
649:
643:
640:V. myrtillus
639:
633:
629:
613:
610:Rhododendron
609:
605:
602:R. ponticum.
601:
598:Rhododendron
597:
573:
565:
564:Since 2003,
563:
552:
547:
543:
539:
527:
524:Phytophthora
523:
519:
507:
506:
492:
488:
481:Phytophthora
480:
461:
427:
426:
416:
400:
396:
394:
386:
382:
366:Rhododendron
364:
352:
350:
340:
337:Hedera helix
336:
332:
329:Quercus ilex
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:P. kernoviae
312:
302:
294:Quercus ilex
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
246:
230:
227:Phytophthora
226:
220:
206:
200:
191:
190:
189:
173:
171:
155:
154:
143:Phytophthora
142:
95:
82:
69:
24:
18:
1394:P. nemorosa
586:South Wales
574:P. ramorum,
464:sporulating
448:New Zealand
423:Environment
309:New Zealand
1715:Categories
1496:and other
1357:(2): 393.
1284:P. ramorum
1214:20 October
1201:fera.co.uk
1175:19 October
1145:19 October
1108:19 October
1078:19 October
986:19 October
914:19 October
881:19 October
703:References
560:Importance
522:and other
503:Life cycle
484:fungicides
473:irrigation
458:Management
446:, or even
1526:1365-3059
1470:1365-2338
1373:1365-3059
1034:1469-8102
536:zoospores
532:sporangia
444:Himalayas
273:species,
150:Species:
63:Eukaryota
1644:MycoBank
1570:Q7189823
1564:Wikidata
1500:species"
1424:15000239
1042:16175787
754:16175787
695:. Once
618:Cornwall
594:Scotland
590:Cheshire
570:oomycete
375:necrotic
347:Symptoms
270:Camellia
264:Magnolia
235:necrosis
213:Cornwall
183:, (2005)
128:Family:
112:Oomycota
108:Phylum:
59:Domain:
1623:3203617
1597:6405528
1327:. 2005.
832:15 July
793:15 July
582:England
512:oospore
497:Ireland
379:cankers
371:petiole
181:Brasier
138:Genus:
118:Order:
1682:NZOR:
1675:325452
1649:305803
1610:PHYTKE
1524:
1468:
1422:
1396:, and
1371:
1040:
1032:
767:21 May
752:
683:phloem
654:, and
442:, the
440:Taiwan
432:spores
361:shrubs
351:Since
243:leaves
205:) and
1698:22095
1636:40972
1584:4HNSZ
1208:(PDF)
1197:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
730:(PDF)
688:xylem
622:Wales
436:China
357:trees
239:stems
195:is a
96:Clade
83:Clade
70:Clade
1670:NCBI
1618:GBIF
1605:EPPO
1522:ISSN
1466:ISSN
1444:and
1420:PMID
1369:ISSN
1319:and
1282:and
1216:2015
1177:2015
1147:2015
1128:and
1110:2015
1080:2015
1061:and
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
988:2015
973:and
916:2015
883:2015
834:2010
795:2010
769:2009
750:PMID
693:bark
411:and
399:and
359:and
291:and
267:and
255:and
241:and
1657:NBN
1631:ISC
1592:EoL
1579:CoL
1512:doi
1458:doi
1412:doi
1408:107
1359:doi
1343:on
1296:doi
1256:doi
1022:doi
1018:109
946:doi
742:doi
738:109
576:of
409:PCR
245:of
237:of
89:SAR
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