424:
88:
262:
63:
412:
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44:
397:
1472:
620:. It forms a picturesque rounded head, with pendulous low-hanging branches. Its size and solid evergreen character gives it an imposing architectural presence that makes it valuable in many urban and garden settings. While holm oak can be grown in much of maritime northwestern Europe, it is not tolerant of cold continental winters. It is a parent of
362:, sometimes (especially on young trees) more or less remotely toothed. When quite young, both surfaces are clothed with whitish down, which soon falls away entirely from the upper surface leaving it a dark glossy green; on the lower surface it turns gray or tawny, and persists until the fall of the leaf; the
335:
tree of large size, attaining in favourable places a height of 21–28 metres (69–92 feet), and developing in open situations a huge head of densely leafy branches as much across, the terminal portions of the branches usually pendulous in old trees. The trunk is sometimes over 6 m (20 ft) in
536:
in the United
Kingdom but is able to naturally regenerate. Normally the tree is unable to withstand severe frost, which would prevent it from spreading north, but with climate change, it has successfully penetrated and established itself in areas north of its native range. The largest population of
653:
The woods and plantations of
Mamhead are numerous and extensive. Many of them were introduced by Mr Thomas Balle (sic), the last of that family who, on returning from the continent, brought with him a quantity of cork, ilex, wainscot, oak; Spanish chestnut, acacia, and other species of exotic
553:, and has shown to tolerate the high winds on the downs. It is thought that this population's propagation (which was established in the late 1800s after having been planted by Victorian residents) has been bolstered by native
763:, while the other says it happened under a holly oak. Since the mastic is, at most, 4 metres (13 ft), while the oak is, at least, 20 metres (66 ft) their lies were obvious to all.
561:), which harvest acorns from oak trees and store them by burying them in the ground where they may then germinate. Feral goats were brought to Ventnor to control the spread of the holm oak.
1396:
947:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min; Hipp, Andrew L. (2017), Gil-PelegrĂn, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, JosĂ© Javier; Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.),
1412:
1089:
1003:
670:, Ireland, reputedly planted in 1648, measured 20 m in height, with a spread of 43 m in 2010. An ancient tree reputed to be 500 years old at
719:
predicted that the ilex growing on his farm would become famous when he included it in his hymn to the Spring of
Bandusia there (Odes 3.13.12–16):
1198:"Late Quaternary developments of Mediterranean oaks in the Atlantic domain of the Iberian Peninsula: The case of the Cantabrian region (N Spain)"
595:
1750:
1905:
1464:
1838:
573:
is hard and tough, and has been used since ancient times for general construction purposes as pillars, tools, wagons (as mentioned in
1970:
1646:
835:
1950:
1698:
1659:
949:"An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns"
1352:
1773:
863:
666:
Champion in
Gloucestershire measured 8.95 m in circumference and 12 m in height in 1993. Another tree at Courtown House,
1729:
968:
1703:
1965:
1148:
701:
are said to be between 500 and 1,000 years old. Prior to the
Carthaginian period, holm oak was prevalent on the islands.
1633:
1960:
1434:
1372:
1337:
1317:
826:
645:
386: in) long. The fruits are produced one to three together on a short downy stalk, ripening the first season; the
358:–3 inches) long, 1.2–2.5 cm wide, rounded or broadly tapered at the base, pointed, the margins sometimes
1955:
1755:
1940:
1685:
359:
1925:
1778:
484:
was previously thought to be part of this species, but was later moved to its own. Some authors still describe
87:
1856:
312:
1737:
899:"Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Processes of Molecular Differentiation in Quercus Subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae)"
507:
Holm oak grows in pure stands or mixed forest in the
Mediterranean and often at low or moderate elevations.
423:
1573:
697:, is reputed to be 700 years old while a small population on the slopes of northern village of Wardija in
1864:
1851:
1664:
635:
The first trees to be grown from acorns in
England are still to be found within the stately grounds of
24:
1267:
1935:
1765:
1724:
411:
396:
1367:
Flora of the
Maltese Islands, Hans Christian Weber, Bernd Kendzior, 2006, Margraf Publishers p. 184
1196:
Uzquiano, P.; Ruiz-Zapata, MaB.; Gil-Garcia, MaJ.; Fernández, S.; Carrión, J. S. (1 December 2016).
524:
The holly oak was introduced to
California in 1858 and is now a widely planted naturalized species.
1945:
1930:
744:
804:
1920:
1915:
1843:
1599:
1440:
1197:
867:
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1490:
1268:"Buy Evergreen Oak Hedging Plants Online. Evergreen Oak for Sale Direct from Our Tree Nursery"
675:
236:
1804:
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1209:
480:
307:
275:
193:
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8:
1812:
52:
1213:
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1002:
Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017).
929:
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82:
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1038:
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465:
name for the holm oak, but later adopted as a botanical genus name for the hollies.
1910:
1882:
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1217:
1018:
1014:
956:
913:
799:
533:
390:
usually 12–18 mm long in the UK, the cups with appressed, downy scales.
363:
316:
1388:
953:
Oaks
Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.
779:
1869:
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599:
125:
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67:
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780:
Rankou, H.; M'Sou, S.; Barstow, M.; Harvey-Brown, Y.; Martin, G. (2017).
690:
583:
on page 429), vessels and wine casks. It is also used as firewood and in
550:
1563:
590:
The holm oak is one of the top three trees used in the establishment of
1651:
341:
1195:
1677:
1620:
1115:
704:
Several holm oaks sit atop the 45 metre (148 ft) tall, 14th century
613:
332:
261:
20:
1498:
496:
43:
1521:
1485:
756:
584:
171:
138:
1690:
1625:
1004:"Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks"
839:
1594:
1463:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1176:"Holm Oak | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)"
686:
682:
667:
591:
546:
403:
161:
1612:
336:
girth. The young shoots are clothed with a close gray felt. The
1471:
716:
712:, Italy, making it a notable tourist attraction for the city.
694:
574:
337:
151:
19:"Holly oak" redirects here. For the Channel 4 soap opera, see
752:
709:
698:
640:
387:
320:
99:
955:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38,
773:
759:. Their lies are exposed when one says it happened under a
617:
570:
433:
735:
Now that I am telling of the ilex planted over your stone
181:
897:
Manos, Paul S.; Doyle, Jeff J.; Nixon, Kevin C. (1999).
681:
The oldest holm oak in Spain, the Encina Tres Patas de
878:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1090:"Tree of the Week: Holly oaks make good street trees"
755:. In the story two old men falsely accuse Susanna of
537:
holm oak in Northern Europe is present on and around
445:
The resemblance of the foliage to that of the common
453:, has led to its common and botanic names. The name
1001:
946:
689:, is reputed to be 1,200 years old. A specimen in
521:, along the northern Mediterranean coastal belt.
513:is prevalent from Greece to certain parts of the
1897:
733:(You will become one of the famous springs, too,
896:
743:This tree plays a central role in the story of
495:The common name 'holm oak' takes its name from
805:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62537A3116134.en
340:are very variable in shape, most frequently
16:Oak tree species native to the Mediterranean
1465:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1406:Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles
990:Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles
502:
455:
862:
260:
61:
42:
1291:Britton, J. & Brayley, E. W. (1803).
803:
1310:Champion Trees, of Britain & Ireland
1299:, Devonshire, p. 99. Various publishers.
836:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
549:, a town known for its naturally warmer
532:Holm oak is not officially listed as an
1302:
1285:
564:
1898:
1416:, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Strõmberg
1503:
1502:
906:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
876:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
819:
1766:ed030bd9-97ef-42ef-9c0d-8512d0047c7c
825:
1906:IUCN Red List least concern species
1113:
982:
791:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
602:association with the tree's roots.
13:
545:and into the neighbouring town of
14:
1982:
1452:
725:me dicente cavis impositam ilicem
674:, London is listed as one of the
646:The Beauties of England and Wales
612:, and it is suitable for coastal
342:narrowly oval or ovate-lanceolate
1971:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
1857:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296290-1
1484:
1470:
1414:Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus
1149:"The holm oaks of Ventnor Downs"
723:fies nobilium tu quoque fontium,
658:
643:. From Britton & Brayley in
422:
410:
395:
323:that mature in a single summer.
86:
1361:
1342:
1322:
1293:Beauties of England & Wales
1260:
1235:
1222:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.013
1189:
1168:
1141:
1132:
1107:
1082:
1951:Trees of Mediterranean climate
1408:8th ed., revised. John Murray.
1057:
1031:
1019:10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1
995:
992:8th ed., revised. John Murray.
940:
890:
856:
608:can be clipped to form a tall
326:
1:
766:
499:, an ancient name for holly.
461:was originally the classical
1395:Royal Botanic Garden (2008)
1328:Editors of Time Out (2010).
737:Hollows, where your babbling
417:Leaves and catkins in spring
7:
1966:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1427:Trees of Britain and Europe
1045:. International Oak Society
961:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2
440:
402:Mature acorns on a tree in
10:
1987:
1381:
1350:the article about the tree
1312:, Kew Publishing, London.
1202:Quaternary Science Reviews
527:
25:Holly oak (disambiguation)
18:
1511:
1330:The Great Trees of London
268:
259:
242:
235:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
1961:Plants described in 1753
1411:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
1390:Holm Oak: Garden Invader
1247:thenaturalgardener.co.uk
503:Distribution and habitat
310:. It is a member of the
1956:Garden plants of Europe
1120:Santa Barbara Beautiful
729:lymphae desiliunt tuae.
269:Species' distribution:
1941:Drought-tolerant trees
1243:"The Natural Gardener"
918:10.1006/mpev.1999.0614
741:
656:
616:, in any well drained
598:. Truffles grow in an
517:, where it mixes with
456:
23:. For other uses, see
1926:Flora of the Pyrenees
721:
676:Great Trees of London
651:
366:is 3–16 millimetres (
1481:at Wikimedia Commons
1425:K. Rushforth (1999)
1332:, Time Out, London.
1308:Johnson, O. (2011).
1297:Devon & Cornwall
1041:Quercus rotundifolia
798:: e.T62537A3116134.
727:saxis, unde loquaces
565:Cultivation and uses
519:Q. rotundifolia
486:Quercus rotundifolia
481:Quercus rotundifolia
308:Mediterranean region
1214:2016QSRv..153...63U
988:Bean, W. J. (1976)
739:Waters leap down.)
559:Garrulus glandarius
488:as a subspecies of
344:, 4–8 centimetres (
319:of the genus, with
53:Conservation status
1355:2020-04-17 at the
1114:SBB (2020-10-01).
1893:
1892:
1800:Open Tree of Life
1505:Taxon identifiers
1475:Media related to
1404:W.J. Bean (1976)
1094:Los Angeles Times
970:978-3-319-69099-5
664:The Tree Register
623:Quercus Ă— turneri
539:St. Boniface Down
515:Iberian Peninsula
283:
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1936:Ornamental trees
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1489:Data related to
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1429:. HarperCollins
1420:Holm Oak (2002)
1397:Flora Europaea:
1387:BBC News (2008)
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1065:"holm etymology"
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838:. Archived from
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534:invasive species
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715:The Roman poet
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600:ectomycorrhizal
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1495:at Wikispecies
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912:(3): 333–349.
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1069:Etymologogeek
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845:on 2015-06-26
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706:Guinigi Tower
702:
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685:, located in
684:
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672:Fulham Palace
669:
665:
659:Notable trees
655:
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638:
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631:
630:
629:Quercus robur
626:, along with
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594:orchards, or
593:
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582:
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555:Eurasian jays
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543:Isle of Wight
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304:evergreen oak
301:
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292:evergreen oak
289:
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237:Binomial name
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68:Least Concern
58:
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33:
30:
26:
22:
1818:Quercus ilex
1543:Quercus ilex
1513:Quercus ilex
1512:
1492:Quercus ilex
1491:
1478:Quercus ilex
1477:
1460:Quercus ilex
1459:
1443:Quercus ilex
1442:
1426:
1413:
1405:
1399:Quercus ilex
1398:
1389:
1363:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1205:
1201:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1096:. 2010-01-17
1093:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:Lam. (1785)"
1040:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1010:
997:
989:
984:
974:, retrieved
952:
942:
909:
905:
892:
880:. Retrieved
875:
870:Quercus ilex
869:
858:
847:. Retrieved
840:the original
827:
821:
809:. Retrieved
795:
789:
784:Quercus ilex
783:
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680:
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637:Mamhead Park
634:
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551:microclimate
531:
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511:Quercus ilex
510:
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490:Quercus ilex
489:
485:
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472:
467:Quercus ilex
466:
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287:Quercus ilex
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246:Quercus ilex
245:
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228:Q. ilex
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132:
119:
106:
36:Quercus ilex
35:
29:
1673:iNaturalist
1537:Wikispecies
1447:(in French)
1116:"Holly Oak"
1074:30 December
1049:31 December
811:19 November
761:mastic tree
327:Description
302:is a large
126:Angiosperms
1900:Categories
1831:kew-173162
1826:Plant List
1571:Calflora:
1467:(EUFORGEN)
1295:. Vol. 4:
1125:2023-10-24
1100:2023-10-24
1024:2023-02-18
976:2022-11-16
882:31 January
864:USDA, NRCS
849:2014-10-17
767:References
614:windbreaks
596:truffières
190:Subgenus:
1208:: 63–77.
333:evergreen
296:holly oak
273:(green),
222:Species:
206:Section:
96:Kingdom:
21:Hollyoaks
1691:296290-1
1561:BioLib:
1522:Wikidata
1441:ChĂŞnes:
1353:Archived
1277:13 March
1252:13 March
1227:13 March
1181:13 March
1011:figshare
934:17068984
926:10413627
866:(n.d.).
757:adultery
585:charcoal
471:section
441:Taxonomy
300:holm oak
211:Quercus
195:Quercus
172:Fagaceae
168:Family:
139:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
1911:Quercus
1725:MoBotPF
1652:2879098
1613:1151536
1595:Ecocrop
1528:Q218155
1382:Sources
1210:Bibcode
751:in the
745:Susanna
687:Navarre
683:Mendaza
668:Wexford
649:(1803):
606:Q. ilex
592:truffle
547:Ventnor
541:on the
528:Ecology
404:Corsica
381:⁄
371:⁄
364:petiole
353:⁄
317:section
279:(rose)
271:Q. ilex
183:Quercus
178:Genus:
162:Fagales
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
1839:PLANTS
1805:272692
1763:NZOR:
1730:280762
1704:506536
1639:172435
1551:APDB:
1433:
1371:
1336:
1316:
967:
932:
924:
749:Daniel
717:Horace
695:Sicily
654:trees.
575:Hesiod
388:acorns
360:entire
338:leaves
321:acorns
290:, the
199:Cerris
152:Rosids
1870:14264
1844:QUIL2
1792:80231
1774:NZPCN
1756:58334
1717:62537
1678:78805
1665:30693
1634:EUNIS
1626:QUEIL
1587:793PC
1554:13666
1160:9 May
1007:(xls)
930:S2CID
902:(PDF)
843:(xls)
832:(xls)
753:Bible
710:Lucca
699:Malta
693:, in
641:Devon
610:hedge
463:Latin
213:sect.
197:subg.
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
1852:POWO
1813:PfaF
1779:3140
1751:NCBI
1712:IUCN
1699:ITIS
1686:IPNI
1660:GRIN
1647:GBIF
1621:EPPO
1600:9114
1574:8591
1564:3670
1431:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1348:See
1334:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1279:2021
1254:2021
1229:2021
1183:2021
1162:2018
1076:2021
1051:2020
965:ISBN
922:PMID
884:2016
813:2021
796:2017
691:Milo
618:soil
571:wood
569:The
497:holm
473:Ilex
457:ilex
434:MHNT
313:Ilex
215:Ilex
1878:WFO
1865:RHS
1738:NBN
1608:EoL
1582:CoL
1218:doi
1206:153
1015:doi
957:doi
914:doi
800:doi
708:in
331:An
298:or
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1880::
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782:"
557:(
383:8
379:5
376:–
373:8
369:1
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351:1
348:+
346:1
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27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
