Phytophthora ramorum

1155:, these results may not apply to other forests. Other impacts to the local ecology include, among others, the residual effects of spraying heavy pesticides (Agrifos) to treat SOD symptoms, and the heavy mortality of the native pollinator community that occurs as a result. Bee hives situated in areas of heavy Agrifos spraying have incurred significant losses of population in direct correlation to the application of these chemicals. Counties such as Napa and Sonoma may be doing significant damage to their native pollinator populations by virtue of adopting broad-based prophylactic pesticide policies. Such damage to the pollinator populations may have tertiary negative effects on the entire local plant community, compounding the 964:. Genetics of the two isolates indicate that they are reproductively isolated. On average, the A1 mating type is more virulent than the A2 mating type, but more variation occurs in the pathogenicity of A2 isolates. It is currently not clear whether this pathogen can reproduce sexually in nature and genetic work has suggested that the lineages of the two mating types might be isolated reproductively or geographically given the evolutionary divergence observed. One study conducted in 2010 investigated the sexual reproduction capacity of this pathogen by pairing between the EU1 A1 type and both European and American A2 types. Plugs of tomato juice agarose containing actively growing 977:

Japanese (NP) phenotypes based on colony morphology on agar. However, it appears that there are still only two viable mating types, A1 and A2, with one isolate from the Indochinese group failing to respond to any attempts at inducing mating, leading it to be characterized as "A0", a non-responder. A1 and A2 types were isolated from both Japan and the Yunnan/Vietnam border. Resultant gametangia were sparse. Mean oospore diameter was 26.1 micrometers. Of those oospores that were created, 81.5% of IC1 and IC2 offspring had normal morphology. 18.5% were obviously aborted. For NP1xNP2 gametangia were too sparse to determine abortion rates, but it was very high. Overall, it seems that

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Matteo; Gijzen, Mark; Gordon, Stuart G.; Govers, Francine; Grunwald, Niklaus J.; Huang, Wayne; Ivors, Kelly L.; Jones, Richard W.; Kamoun, Sophien; Krampis, Konstantinos; Lamour, Kurt H.; Lee, Mi-Kyung; McDonald, W. Hayes; Medina, Mónica; Meijer, Harold J. G.; Nordberg, Eric K.; Maclean, Donald J.; Ospina-Giraldo, Manuel D.; Morris, Paul F.; Phuntumart, Vipaporn; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Rash, Sam; Rose, Jocelyn K. C.; Sakihama, Yasuko; Salamov, Asaf A.; Savidor, Alon; Scheuring, Chantel F.; Smith, Brian M.; Sobral, Bruno W. S.; Terry, Astrid; Torto-Alalibo, Trudy A.; Win, Joe; Xu, Zhanyou; Zhang, Hongbin; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Boore, Jeffrey L. (September 2006).

1564:. Indeed, in Oregon and California, the USDA has successfully regulated the stock of potential host plants at nurseries to "starve" the disease of potential plant hosts. Furthermore, when managing it in nurseries, it is important to consider that nursery personnel are often required to visit sites in the field such as greenhouses, fields, and other nurseries. Therefore, a number of biosecurity measures must be taken to ensure that SOD is not unintentionally transferred to one's nursery, including driving vehicles only on paved, concrete, or gravel areas at inspection sites in order avoid contact with soil organic matter that could pose as a potential disease vector. 1021:

colonies had highly variable responses, indicating multiple genotypes within each phenotypic grouping. In a mating test, it was discovered that 89% of isolates were of the A1 mating type; only 11% were of type A2. A pairing of two Indochinese types IC1 and IC2 resulted in formation of oospores similar to that observed between known lineages of different type. Lineage IC1 is thought to have given rise to the EU1 group. NP1 is ancestral to NP2 and sister to EU2. NA2 is ancestral to NA1. The level of diversity in the East Asian samples compared to the diversity in the four lineages known previously supports the hypothesis that this is the geographic center of origin of

1644:, or guaranteed to prevent a tree from becoming infected. Some are still in the initial stage of testing. Nevertheless, when used thoughtfully and thoroughly, some of the treatments do improve the likelihood of either slowing the spread of the pathogen or of limiting its impacts on trees or stands of trees. Assuming that the landowner has correctly identified the host tree(s) and symptom(s), has submitted a sample to a local authority to send to an approved laboratory for testing, and has received confirmation that the tree(s) are indeed infected with 972:. Purple oospores were counted as dormant whereas clear, blue, or black were considered non-viable. Some of the purple spores had abnormal morphologies, however. Normal morphology includes a nucleus, a double wall, and an ooplast. After a 60-day maturation period, no germination of the dormant oospores was observed. After a 110-day incubation period, >0.5% of oospores germinated. Longer germination times only marginally increased germination rate. Progeny obtained from the oospores were diverse, with some being 1660:

that strategic removal of bay laurel trees near coast live oaks might decrease the risk of oak infection. Wholesale removal of bay laurel trees would not be warranted, since the bay laurels close to the oak trees appear to provide the greatest risk factor. Whether the same pattern is true for other oaks or tanoaks has yet to be established. Research on this subject has been started for tanoak, but any eventual cultural recommendations will be more complicated, because tanoak twigs also serve as sources of

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poor in tree species diversity before the introduction of SOD, e.g., redwood forest. As of 2011, the only study to comprehensively examine regeneration in SOD-impacted redwood forests found no evidence that other broadleaf tree species are seeding in. Instead, redwood was colonizing most mortality gaps. However, they also found inadequate regeneration in some areas and concluded that regeneration is continuing. Since this study only considered one site in

698: 1191: 362: 1177:, which are difficult to assess, but the most obvious of which is the reduction to property values of real estate containing oak trees, as oaks in particular tend to raise the property value of the plots they inhabit. Additionally, several U.S. industries have suffered due to the spread of SOD, including the ornamental plant, spice, and composting industries, especially in the state of California. 1147:) grew faster after neighboring tanoaks were killed by sudden oak death. Other studies have combined current observations and reconstruction/projection techniques to document short-term impacts while also inferring future conditions. One study used this approach to investigate the effects of SOD on the structural characteristics of redwood forests. 803:, where they begin to develop. The secondary inoculum infects the inner bark and sapwood, resulting in bleeding cankers on the bark of the new host, which are exacerbated by infected fallen leaves and rain splashing the understory of the canker host which can both serve as sources of inoculum. After the plant matter it infects dies and decomposes, 1913:

cases, cleanliness practices involve ridding potentially infested surfaces—such as shoes, vehicles, and pets—of foliage and mud before leaving the infested area. The demands of implementing these practices become more complex when large numbers of people are working in infested areas, as in construction, timber harvesting, or

33: 1678:, but by stimulating various kinds of immune responses on the part of the tree. It is mostly environmentally benign if not applied to nontarget plants and can be applied either as an injection into the tree stem or as a spray to the bole. When applying Agri-fos as a spray, it must be combined with an organosilicate 3691:

Ufer, T., M. Posner, H.-P. Wessels, S. Wagner, K. Kaminski, T. Brand, and S. Werres. 2008. Four Years Experience with Filtration Systems in Commercial Nurseries for Eliminating Phytophthora Species from Recirculation Water. Page 111 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. USDA

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As part of a nationwide USDA program, a ground-based detection survey was implemented from 2003 to 2006 in 39 U.S. states to determine whether the pathogen was established outside the West Coast areas already known to be infested. Sampling areas were stratified by environmental variables likely to be

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In addition to the EU and NA types, researchers identified by colony morphology on carrot agar two new phenotype groups: Indochinese and Japanese. In a high temperature/low water stress test, NA2 and EU2 were highly tolerant, and NA1 and EU1 had no growth. Indochinese (IC) and Japanese (NP) phenotype

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noted that eradication of the disease would not be possible, and instead adopted a strategy of containing the disease to reduce its spread. Symptoms of the disease on larch trees include dieback of the tree's crown and branches, and a distinctive yellowing or ginger colour beneath the bark. In August

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in the early 1990s, where it was initially found mainly on container-grown plants in nurseries. The principal symptoms were leaf and twig blight. By 2007, it had spread throughout nurseries and retail centers in 16 European countries, and had been detected in gardens, parks, and woodlands in at least

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A. Kanaskie, N. Osterbauer, M. McWilliams, E. Goheen, E. Hansen, and W. Sutton. 2006. Eradication of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon Forests — Status after Three Years. Pages 489-490 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium: The State of Our Knowledge. USDA Forest Service,

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infection in the host plant, potentially interfering with inspections for quarantine efforts. In general, these compounds suppress but do not eradicate the pathogen, and some researchers are concerned that with repeated use the pathogen may become resistant to them. These studies and conclusions are

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on other trees in the immediate neighborhood are still relatively distant; otherwise, the tree to be treated likely is already infected, but visible symptoms have not yet developed (especially true for tanoak). However, later extensive field trials showed that phosphonate (also called phosphite) had

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and red alder on site. In another example, after finding that a small percentage of tanoak stumps that were resprouting on the host removal sites were infected with the pathogen—whether these infections were systemic or reached the sprouts from the surrounding environment is unknown—the cooperators

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is its tendency to result in large deposits of dry, woody debris in areas prone to forest fires, making them even more difficult to contain. Indeed, hotspots of SOD are "unmanageable" for fire crews, and there is increasing evidence to suggest that SOD plays a large role in a forest's susceptibility

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Additional long-term impacts of SOD may be inferred from regeneration patterns in areas that have experienced severe mortality. These patterns may indicate which tree species will replace tanoak in diseased areas. Such transitions will be of particular importance in forest types that were relatively

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and others being of either A1 or A2 types. Pathogenicity of progeny was likewise variable. Since the discovery of the origin of this pathogen in East Asian laurel forests near Yunnan province and in southwestern Japan, more types of this pathogen have been characterized, such as Indochinese (IC) and

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Tyler, Brett M.; Tripathy, Sucheta; Zhang, Xuemin; Dehal, Paramvir; Jiang, Rays H. Y.; Aerts, Andrea; Arredondo, Felipe D.; Baxter, Laura; Bensasson, Douda; Beynon, Jim L.; Chapman, Jarrod; Damasceno, Cynthia M. B.; Dorrance, Anne E.; Dou, Daolong; Dickerman, Allan W.; Dubchak, Inna L.; Garbelotto,

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control involves interrupting the human-mediated movement of the pathogen by ensuring that infested materials do not move from location to location. While enforceable quarantines perform part of this function, basic cleanliness when working or recreating in infested areas is also important. In most

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throughout the infested stand, both with and without subsequent underburning designed to eliminate small seedlings and infested leaf litter. Other treatments included host removal in a modified "shaded fuelbreak" design in which all bay laurel is removed, but not all tanoaks; bay and tanoak removal

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had spread nationwide to a number of hosts, proactive inspections of agricultural shipments have been shown to help reduce the risk of infestations of sudden oak death. Moreover, the USDA's APHIS specifically plans to stop the spread of SOD by continuing their public outreach program and by passing

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is transferred to the soil by rainwater, where the final part of its cycle (soil phase) is poorly understood by scientists. However, it is suspected that chlamydospores play a role in the long-term survival of the pathogen, yet the triggers for germination are not known. Additionally, the spores of

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Murphy, S. K., C. Lee, Y. Valachovic, J. Bienapfl, W. Mark, A. Jirka, D. R. Owen, T. Smith, and D. M. Rizzo. 2008. Monitoring Phytophthora ramorum Distribution in Streams within Coastal California Watersheds. Pages 409-411 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. USDA Forest

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from nursery environments in which it is established to prevent human-mediated pathogen movement within the ornamental plant trade. One way of approaching this is through a robust quarantine and inspection program, which the various federal and state regulatory agencies have implemented. Under the

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comes from research that has established a correlation between disease risk in coast live oak trees and the trees' proximity to bay laurel. In particular, this research found that bay laurel trees growing within 5 m of the trunk of an oak tree were the best predictors of disease risk. This implies

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at the landscape level involves engaging local landowners across the landscape in the search. Many local county agriculture departments and University of California Cooperative Extension offices in California have been able to keep track of the distribution of the pathogen in their regions through

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began in Humboldt County in northwest coastal California in 2006. The trials have taken place on a variety of infested properties both private and public and have generally focused on varying levels and kinds of host removal. The largest (50 acres (200,000 m)) and most replicated trials have

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has not had time to diversify since being introduced. Existing variability may be explained by multiple introductions with a few individuals adapting best to their respective environments. The behavior of the pathogen in California is also indicative of being introduced; it is assumed that such a

799:. develop on the leaves of the primary host, which include tree species like the California bay laurel, a large hardwood tree that grows on the pacific west coast. These spores are then carried by rain and air currents to the leaves of the new bole canker host, which include broadleaf trees like 688:

are leaf spots that expand into lesions. The lesions pierce through the plant tissue so that the spots are the same on both the top and bottom of the leaf. The lesions are usually triangular in shape and extend along the midvein. They can appear anywhere water collects on the surface of the leaf.

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Davidson, J. M., D. M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto, S. Tjosvold, and G. W. Slaughter. 2001. Phytophthora ramorum and Sudden Oak Death in California: II. Transmission and Survival. Pages 741-749 in Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Changing Landscape. USDA Forest Service, San Diego,

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ordering it to remove over 1,000 trees at their nature reserve at Wyming Brook. In Northern Ireland at the end of 2011, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development's Forest Service began felling 14 hectares of affected Larch woodland at Moneyscalp, on the edge of Tollymore Forest Park in

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at scales ranging from small, intermittent seasonal drainages to the Garcia, Chetco, and South Fork Eel Rivers in California and Oregon (144, 352, and 689 mi drainage areas, respectively). It can detect the existence of infected plants in watersheds before any mortality from the infections

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Besides the quick and significant loss of symbiotic host species, since sudden oak death is classified as a stem-girdling disease, which is proven to cause a massive reduction in mycorrhizae soil biomass, the amount of phosphorus and micronutrients that mycorrhizae are able to absorb is greatly

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equipment, etc. before returning home or entering another uninfected area, especially if they have been in muddy soil. Additionally, the movement of firewood could introduce sudden oak death to otherwise uninfected areas. Both homeowners and travelers are advised to buy and burn local firewood.

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and in some hosts the dieback of the stems and twigs. The disease is capable of killing some hosts, such as rhododendron, but most survive. Disease progression on these species is not well documented. Redwoods symptoms show purple lesions on sprouts and needle discoloration and cankers on small

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can persist for an undetermined period of time within the soil profile, management programs in nurseries should also deal with delineating the pathogen's distribution in nursery soil and eliminating it from infested areas. A variety of chemical options has been tested for soil disinfestation,

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Along with proper irrigation practices, ground cover can be an effective management practice for ornamental plants in nursery settings. Covering the ground with a 5 to 7 cm layer of gravel can prevent splash dispersal of propagules onto ornamental plants that are grown in containers. This

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introduction into the nursery and movement from plant to plant. In 2008, a group of nursery industry organizations issued a list of BMPs that includes subsections on pest prevention/management, training, internal/external monitoring/audits, records/traceability, and documentation. The document

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because most infected trees stand on a complex mosaic of lands with various ownerships. In some areas, targeted ground-based surveys have been conducted in areas of heavy recreation or visitor use such as parks, trailheads, and boat ramps. In California, when conducting ground-based detection,

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is a relatively new disease, and several debates have occurred about where it may have originated or how it evolved. One of the major reasons that identifying the natural range of this organism is difficult is that it typically will not cause symptomatic or infectious disease in hosts that are

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The mortality caused by this emerging disease is expected to cause many indirect effects. Several predictions of long-term impacts have been discussed in the scientific literature. While such predictions are necessarily speculative, indirect impacts occurring on shorter time scales have been

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engaged in various outdoor activities may also unwittingly move the pathogen into areas where it was not previously present. Those travelling in an area known to be infested with SOD can help prevent the spread of the disease by cleaning their (and their animals') feet, tires, tools, camping

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species. In other words, it can identify to the genus level, but not to the species level. ELISA tests can process large numbers of samples at once, so researchers often use it to screen out likely positive samples from those that are not when the total number of samples is very large. Some

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Tjosvold, S. A., D. L. K. Chambers, S., and E. Fichtner. 2006. Epidemiology of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Rhododendrons under Simulated Nursery Conditions. Pages 459-461 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium: The State of Our Knowledge. USDA Forest Service, Monterey,

1888:. Lab tests indicated that all of these chemicals were effective when applied to infested soil in glass jars. Additionally, tests on volunteer nurseries with infested soil demonstrated that dazomet (trade name Basamid) fumigation followed by a 14-day tarping period successfully removed 1779:. Many of these studies have converged upon the following conclusions: chemical compounds are, in general, more effective as preventives than as curatives; when used preventively, chemical compounds must be reapplied at various intervals; and chemical compounds can mask the symptoms of 3419:

Mai, J. A., W. Mark, L. Fischer, and A. Jirka. 2006. Aerial and Ground Surveys for Mapping the Distribution of Phytophthora ramorum in California. Pages 345-360 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium: The State of Our Knowledge. USDA Forest Service, Monterey,

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Yakabe, L. E. and J. D. MacDonald. 2008. Soil Treatments for the Elimination of Phytophthora ramorum from Nursery Beds: Current Knowledge from the Laboratory and the Field. Pages 113-114 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Santa Rosa,

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Murphy, S. K., C. Lee, J. Bienapfl, Y. Valachovic, and D. M. Rizzo. 2006. Monitoring Phytophthora ramorum Distribution in Streams within Coastal California Watersheds. Page 531 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium: The State of Our Knowledge, Monterey,

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to kill the root systems of infected tanoaks before cutting them down. The effort has been successful in that while it has not yet completely eradicated the pathogen from Oregon forests, the epidemic in Oregon has not taken the explosive course that it has in California forests.

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inoculum. Irrigation water can become infested from bay trees in the forest (if the irrigation source is a stream), from bay trees overhanging irrigation ponds, from runoff from infested forests, or from recirculated irrigation water. Experiments in Germany with three types of

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reports and samples brought to them by the public. In 2008, the Garbelotto Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, along with local collaborators, hosted a series of educational events, called "SOD Blitzes", designed to give local landowners basic information about

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Oak, S. W., A. H. Elledge, E. K. Yockey, W. D. Smith, and B. M. Tkacz. 2008. Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Surveys for Forests in the United States, 2003–2006. Pages 413-416 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Santa Rosa,

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Werres, Sabine; Marwitz, Rainer; Man In't veld, Willem A.; De Cock, Arthur W. A. M.; Bonants, Peter J. M.; De Weerdt, Marjanne; Themann, Karin; Ilieva, Elena; Baayen, Robert P. (October 2001). "Phytophthora ramorum sp. nov., a new pathogen on Rhododendron and Viburnum".

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is essential for its control. On an individual-tree basis, preventive treatments, which are more effective than therapeutic treatments, depend on knowledge of the pathogen's movement through the landscape to know when it is nearing prized trees. On the landscape level,

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Suslow, K. 2008. Recommended Industry Best Management Practices for the Prevention of Phytophthora ramorum Introductions in Nursery Operations. Pages 115-128 in Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Santa Rosa,

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spp.) are likely present in adjacent waterways. Under conducive weather conditions, the zoospores are attracted to the baits and infect them, causing lesions that can be isolated to culture the pathogen or analyzed via PCR assay. This method has detected

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is dispersed mostly between adjacent, touching plants and exposure to infested surface water. Long-distance dispersal is enabled by shipments of infected nursery plants, which is likely the cause for introduction into Europe and North America.

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in a relatively short time, and they mutate in a stepwise fashion. Based on this, researchers in California have been able to construct trees, based on microsatellite analyses of isolates collected from around the state, that trace the movement of

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ownership). The eradication campaign involves vigorous early detection by airplane and watercourse monitoring, a U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) and Oregon Department of Agriculture-led

1633:, regionally coordinated efforts to manage the pathogen face huge challenges of leadership, coordination, and funding. Nevertheless, land managers are still working to coordinate efforts between states, counties, and agencies to provide 2770:

Brasier, C., et al. Pathogenicity of Phytophthora ramorum isolates from North America and Europe to bark of European Fagaceae, American Quercus rubra and other forest trees. In Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium. 2002. Marriott Hotel,

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introduction such as nurseries. Samples were collected along transects established in potentially susceptible forests or outside the perimeters of nurseries. The only positive samples were collected in California, confirming that

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Mascheretti, S.; Croucher, P. J. P.; Vettraino, A.; Prospero, S.; Garbelotto, M. (2008). "Reconstruction of the Sudden Oak Death epidemic in California through microsatellite analysis of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum".

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discovery, researchers have been working on the development of early detection methods on scales ranging from diagnosis in individual infected plants to landscape-level detection efforts involving large numbers of people.

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Valachovic, Y., C. Lee, J. Marshall, and H. Scanlon. 2008. Wildland Management of Phytophthora ramorum in Northern California Forests. Pages 305-312 in Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Santa

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Ramage, Benjamin S.; O'Hara, Kevin L.; Forrestel, Alison B. (April 2011). "Forest transformation resulting from an exotic pathogen: regeneration and tanoak mortality in coast redwood stands affected by sudden oak death".

764:, who owned twenty forests where the disease was present, felled 16,000 trees in one of its forests, having already felled 150 hectares to contain the disease. In 2023 the disease was found to be infecting larch trees at 1682:, Pentra-bark, to enable the product to adhere to the tree trunk long enough to be absorbed by the tree. Agri-fos has been very effective in preventing tree infections, but it must be applied when visible symptoms of 812:

only seem to propagate successfully in a temperature range between 65 and 70 °F (18 and 21 °C), which is useful to know for protecting nurseries and identifying potential transfer windows for the disease.

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had been found infecting this species. Since then, it has also been found extensively in larch plantations in Wales and in southwest Scotland, which led to harvesting of larch on hundreds of acres/hectares. The UK

1800:, nurseries in California, Oregon, and Washington are regulated and must participate in an annual inspection regimen; nurseries in the 14 infested counties in coastal California, plus the limited infested area in 1464:

can typically be detected from infected bay laurel tissues via culturing techniques year-round; this is not the case for most other hosts, nor is it the case in Oregon, where tanoak is the most reliable host.

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and how to identify its symptoms; each participant was provided with a sampling kit, sampled a certain number of trees on his or her property, and returned the samples to the lab for analysis. This kind of

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Garbelotto, M., D. J. Schmidt, and T. Y. Harnik. 2007. Phosphite Injections and Bark Application of Phosphite + Pentrabark Control Sudden Oak Death in Coast Live Oak. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 33:8.

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is an introduced species, and these introductions occurred separately for the European and North American populations, hence why only one mating type exists on each continent – this is called a

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infection of true oaks and tanoaks is almost always highly associated with bay laurel, the main epidemiological springboard for the pathogen. Moreover, on many sites in California (though not all),

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Davidson, J. M. and C. G. Shaw. 2003. Pathways of Movement for Phytophthora ramorum, the Causal Agent of Sudden Oak Death. Sudden Oak Death Online Symposium. The American Phytopathological Society.

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has been undertaken at the landscape/ regional level in Oregon in the form of a campaign to completely eradicate the pathogen from the forests in which it has been found (mostly private, but also

2005: 3098:

Rizzo, David M.; Garbelotto, Matteo; Hansen, Everett M. (1 September 2005). "Phytophthora ramorum: Integrative Research and Management of an Emerging Pathogen in California and Oregon Forests".

1652:-infected trees are nearby and wants to protect the resources on his or her property—he or she can attempt control by cultural (individual-tree), chemical, or silvicultural (stand-level) means. 3637:

HRI P. ramorum Industry Working Group. 2008. Nursery Industry Best Management Practices for Phytophthora ramorum to Prevent the Introduction or Establishment in California Nursery Operations.

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Jung, Thomas; Horta Jung, Marília; Webber, Joan F.; Kageyama, Koji; Hieno, Ayaka; Masuya, Hayato; Uematsu, Seiji; Pérez-Sierra, Ana; Harris, Anna R.; Forster, Jack; Rees, Helen (March 2021).

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Jung, Thomas; Horta Jung, Marília; Webber, Joan F.; Kageyama, Koji; Hieno, Ayaka; Masuya, Hayato; Uematsu, Seiji; Pérez-Sierra, Ana; Harris, Anna R.; Forster, Jack; Rees, Helen (March 2021).

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stains the lower trunk's bark. Bark often splits and exudes gum, with visible discoloration. After the tree dies back, suckers try to sprout the next year, but their tips soon bend and die.

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and Sudden Oak Death in California: III. Preliminary Studies in Pathogen Genetics. in Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Changing Landscape. 2001. San Diego, California.

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California, though, faces significant obstacles that preclude it from mounting the same kind of eradication effort. For one thing, the organism was too well established in forests in the

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infestations across large landscapes, although it is not as "early" a technique as some others because it depends on spotting dead tanoak crowns from fixed-wing aircraft. Sophisticated

1412:, which through comparing differences between various fragments in the sequence has enabled researchers to differentiate correctly between EU and U.S. isolates, and the examination of 993:

adapted to live in concert with it naturally. It is only when this organism leaks into vulnerable habitat with less resistant host species that a notable amount of destruction occurs.

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to Europe and North America in separate events. Very few control mechanisms exist for the disease, and they rely upon early detection and proper disposal of infected plant material.

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areas by the time the cause of sudden oak death was discovered to enable any eradication effort to succeed. Even in still relatively uninfested areas of the north coast and southern

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using herbicides; and removal of bay laurel alone. The results of these treatments are still being monitored, but repeated sampling has so far detected only very small amounts of

1608:. For example, after inoculation trials of various tree species more clearly delineated which hosts are susceptible, the Oregon cooperators began leaving nonhost species such as 1313:

species requires laboratory confirmation. The traditional method of culturing is on a growth medium selective against fungi (and, in some cases, against other oomycetes such as

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Kliejunas, J. T. 2007c. Chapter 2: Identification and Distribution. Sudden Oak Death and Phytophthora ramorum: A Summary of the Literature. California Oak Mortality Task Force.

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Goheen, E.; Hansen, E.; Kanaskie, A.; McWilliams, M.; Osterbauer, N.; Sutton, W.; Rehms, L. (June 2004). "An Eradication Strategy for Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon Forests".

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In addition to oaks, many other forest species may be hosts for the disease; in fact, it was observed in the United States that nearly all woody plants in some Californian

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Brasier, C., Evolutionary Biology of Phytophthora PART I: Genetic System, Sexuality and the Generation of Variation. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1992. 30: p. 153-171.

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Kliejunas, J. T. 2007b. Chapter 5: Management and Control. Sudden Oak Death and Phytophthora ramorum: A Summary of the Literature. California Oak Mortality Task Force.

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cultures of different types on carrot agar and incubated in the dark at 20 Celsius. Resultant oospores were isolated, cleaned, and stained with tetrazolium dye in the

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Ivors, K., et al., AFLP and phylogenetic analyses of North American and European populations of Phytophthora ramorum. Mycological Research, 2004. 108(4): p. 378-392.

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mist beds, sorting area, cutting benches, machines and tools to minimize the spread or introduction of pathogens"; and "Nursery personnel should attend one or more

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peoples. Similar impact applies to the decline of other native plant species that are traditional food sources in tanoak and oak regimens infected by the pathogen.

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Brasier, C. M. (31 December 1995). "Episodic selection as a force in fungal microevolution, with special reference to clonal speciation and hybrid introgression".

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Several options exist for landowners who want to limit the impacts of SOD death on their properties. None of these options is foolproof, guaranteed to eradicate

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forest in the south-west of England, as an attempt to halt the spread of the disease. In 2023 the Forestry Commission issued a Statutory Plant Health Notice to

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and sketch-mapping technology enable spotters to mark the locations of dead trees so that ground crews can return to the area to sample from nearby vegetation.

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Grünwald, N. J.; Goss, E. M. (2011). "Evolutionary and Population Genetics of Exotic and Re-emerging Pathogens: Traditional and Novel Tools and Approaches".

1918: 1301:

fast and often undetectable movement means that any treatment hoping to slow its spread must happen very early in the development of an infestation. Since

1088: 1385:, or ITS PCR); real-time PCR, in which DNA abundance is measured in real time during the PCR reaction, using dyes or probes such as SBYR-Green or TaqMan; 3802: 3133:

Waring, Kristen M.; O'Hara, Kevin L. (April 2008). "Redwood/tanoak stand development and response to tanoak mortality caused by Phytophthora ramorum".

1946: 1118:

lands represents a loss of tanoak acorns as one of the most important traditional and ceremonial foods still used in Northern California such as among

1921:

and USDA Forest Service have implemented guidelines and mitigation requirements for the latter two situations; basic information about cleanliness in

4060: 2380: 1052:. The differences between the two populations are thus caused by adaptation to separate climates. Evidence includes little genetic variability, as 1667:

An initially promising treatment for preventing infection of individual oak and tanoak trees—not for curing an already established infection—is a

1137:

In forest ecology, the pathogen contributes to loss of environmental services provided by diversity of plant species and interdependent wildlife.

1319:

species). Host material is removed from the leading edge of a plant tissue canker caused by the pathogen; resulting growth is examined under a

510:, older leaves becoming pale green, and after a period of two to three weeks, foliage turning brown while clinging to the branches. Dark brown 3509:

Goheen, E. M.; Hansen, E. M.; Kanaskie, A.; McWilliams, M. G.; Osterbauer, N.; Sutton, W. (2002). "Eradication of Sudden Oak Death in Oregon".

3657:

Werres, S.; Wagner, S.; Brand, T.; Kaminski, K.; Seipp, D. (2007). "Infectivity and Survival of Phytophthora ramorum in Recirculation Water".

2564:

Garbelotto, Matteo; Davidson, Jennifer M; Ivors, Kelly; Maloney, Patricia E; Hüberli, Daniel; Koike, Steven T; Rizzo, David M (January 2003).

3989: 2979:

Brasier, C M; Hansen, E M (September 1992). "Evolutionary Biology of Phytophthora Part II: Phylogeny, Speciation, and Population Structure".

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management should take depends on a number of factors, including the scale of the landscape upon which one hopes to manage it. Management of

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baits suspended in the watercourse using ropes, buckets, mesh bags, or other similar devices. If plants in the watershed are infected with

3582:

Swiecki, T.J. and Bernhardt, E.A. 2020. Long-term Performance of Sudden Oak Death Management Treatments in Northern California Locations,

960:, A1 and A2, required for sexual reproduction. The European population is predominantly A1 while both mating types A1 and A2 are found in 3822: 1095:, and hybridization may occur to produce a new species. If these hybrids are successful, they may outcompete their parent species. Thus, 2226: 3618:

USDA APHIS. 2007. Phytophthora ramorum; Quarantine and Regulations. Pages 8585-8604 7 CFR Part 301. Federal Register, Washington, D.C.

3453: 2447: 1982: 1892:

from the soil profile. Other soil disinfestation practices under investigation, or in which interest has been expressed, include steam

1674:

marketed under the trade name Agri-fos. Phosphonate is a neutralized form of phosphorous acid that works not by direct antagonism of

856:

can withstand harsh conditions and are able to overwinter. The pathogen will take advantage of wounding, but it is not necessary for

555:, the first symptom is a burgundy-red to tar-black thick sap bleeding from the bark surface. These are often referred to as bleeding 3911: 2544:. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Vol. 184. pp. 741–749. 2130:. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Vol. 184. pp. 733–740. 1255: 426: 180: 1331:. Successful isolation of the pathogen often depends on the type of host tissue and the time of year that detection is attempted. 289:

was first reported in 1995, and the origins of the pathogen are still unclear, but most evidence suggests it was introduced as an

1856:

from the irrigation water completely, while 37% of the post-treatment water samples from the constructed wetland still contained

1390: 1227: 398: 1961:

are working together to record the locations and deal with this disease. Natural England is offering grant funding through its

2674:

Boutet, X.; Vercauteren, A.; Heungens, K.; Laurent, F.; Chandelier, A. (2010). "Oospores progenies from Phytophthora ramorum".

1409: 3721: 2611:

Increasing distance from California bay laurel reduces the risk and severity of Phytophthora ramorum canker in coast live oak

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forests in East Asia, specifically the area near the border of Vietnam and Yunnan, China, as well as southwestern Japan. 505

379: 2479: 1355:

manufacturers produce small-scale ELISA "field kits" that the homeowner can use to determine if plant tissue is infected by

1234: 1008:

and Sau Chua mountain streams; of these, 64 samples from 7 streams (6 from Fansipan and 1 from Sau Chua) were identified as

887:) seems to be the main source of inoculum. Green waste, such as leaf litter and tree stumps, are also capable of supporting 405: 1950: 933:

may also occur through movement of propagules on the exterior of some animals, such as migratory birds, snails, and slugs.

3814: 2625: 4080: 544:. Leaf death occurs more than a year after the initial infection and months after the tree has been girdled by beetles. 2715:: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals" 2201: 3162:"Sudden Oak Death-Induced Tanoak Mortality in Coast Redwood Forests: Current and Predicted Impacts to Stand Structure" 1241: 412: 1274: 524:) will most likely infest a dying tree during midsummer, producing piles of fine white dust near tiny holes. Later, 445: 313:. It is confirmed to exist in all coastal counties in this range, as well as in all immediately inland counties from 2357: 1604:

in southwest Oregon in 2001, has adapted its management efforts over the years in response to new information about

3994: 3924: 1735:

in plants valued as ornamentals or Christmas trees. Many studies have focused on the four main ornamental hosts of

1526:

propagules in the stream, crews must scour the watershed using all available means to find symptomatic vegetation.

1451:

propagules in watercourses; see below). Systematic ground-based monitoring has been difficult within the range of

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in southwestern Japan suggests that this might be the origin of a clade of related species labelled as clade 8c.

394: 1522:

becomes evident. Of course, it cannot detect the exact locations of those infected plants: at the first sign of

1970: 1593:

to prevent movement of host materials out of the area where infected trees are found, and immediate removal of

1212: 530: 383: 314: 2554:

Anon, Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae: Key findings from research, DEFRA, Editor. 2005, DEFRA.

689:

Leaf spots have diffused margins and can appear water soaked. In severe cases, the entire host plant can die.

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in the nursery environment, to the pathogen's movement across state and national borders in infected plants.

1437: 4065: 1893: 477: 2538:

Davidson, Jennifer M.; Rizzo, David M.; Garbelotto, Matteo; Tjosvold, Steven; Slaughter, Garey W. (2002).

2402:

Roche, Barry (4 January 2014). "Cork's Gougane Barra Forest Park closing due to tree fungus". Irish Times.

2124:

Rizzo, David M.; Garbelotto, Matteo; Davidson, Jennifer M.; Slaughter, Garey W.; Koike, Steven T. (2002).

1731:

An array of studies have tested the curative and protective effects of various chemical compounds against

760:

in Ireland. It had spread to Japanese larch plantations across the south of the country by February 2014.

333:

has been hit hardest, having more than twice the area of new mortality of any other county in California.

3950: 2816:

Xavier, Boutet; Annelies, Vercauteren; Kurt, Heungens; Fréderic, Laurent; Anne, Chandelier (April 2010).

2028: 1371: 1080: 310: 306: 267:, causing foliar symptoms known as ramorum dieback or ramorum blight. Such plants can act as a source of 50: 2908:"The Destructive Tree Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Originates from the Laurosilva Forests of East Asia" 2857:"The Destructive Tree Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Originates from the Laurosilva Forests of East Asia" 3774:"29 November 2011 - Phytophthora ramorum - disease confirmed at Tollymore | Northern Ireland Executive" 4004: 3903: 1962: 1597:

host vegetation, symptomatic or not, within a 300-foot (91 m) buffer around each infected tree.

1585: 1413: 1382: 330: 1447:

on a landscape scale begins with the observation of symptoms on individual plants (and/or detecting

1804:, Oregon, must participate in a more stringent inspection schedule when shipping out of this area. 1433: 1423:

arrive in a new geographic location and establish colonies, these microsatellites begin to display

1152: 720:

In 2009, the pathogen was found to be infecting and killing large numbers of Japanese larch trees (

2507: 1248: 419: 3224: 2817: 1966: 1954: 1201: 372: 322: 318: 3703: 2309: 1334:

Because of these difficulties, researchers have developed some other approaches for identifying

1012:. On the Japanese islands of Shikoku and Kyushu, 17 stream catchments were sampled, giving 597 981:

is capable of sexual reproduction but it is very inefficient, even among the source population.

4055: 3840: 2614:. Proceedings of the sudden oak death third science symposium. Vol. 214. pp. 181–194. 2425: 1622: 1496:

in watercourses has emerged as the earliest of early detection methods. This technique employs

773: 1929:) under the "Treatment and Management" section (subsection "Sanitation and Reducing Spread"). 4050: 4027: 2230: 880: 591: 520: 164: 4017: 3252: 2451: 3111: 3047: 3036:"Phytophthora Genome Sequences Uncover Evolutionary Origins and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis" 1914: 1801: 1324: 1143: 1112: 1062: 845: 600: 326: 2283: 2252: 8: 3808: 1974: 1942: 1581: 1168:

reduced in soils occupied by trees with SOD. Another significant environmental impact of

1084: 768:, Sheffield, with plans to fell over 1,000 trees to contain the spread of the infection. 748: 668:

more commonly causes a less severe disease known as ramorum dieback/leaf blight on these

646: 3051: 2992: 2794: 1560:

regulations on the transfer of agricultural products that might be a disease vector for

3331: 3071: 2934: 2907: 2883: 2856: 2739: 2710: 2587: 1393:(SSCP), which uses the ITS DNA sequence amplified by the PCR reaction to differentiate 996:

In 2021, research came out revealing that the origins of this pathogen are subtropical

837: 45: 2541:

Phytophthora ramorum and sudden oak death in California: II. transmission and survival

2155: 922: 4012: 3872: 3717: 3674: 3555: 3524: 3386: 3369: 3323: 3319: 3115: 3063: 2939: 2888: 2837: 2798: 2744: 2730: 2691: 2052: 1995: 1897: 1845: 1825: 1626: 1601: 1156: 1141:

documented in a few cases. For instance, one study demonstrated that redwood trees (

552: 211:

and other species of trees and has had devastating effects on the oak populations in

3335: 3075: 2609: 2591: 2539: 2125: 4075: 3877: 3709: 3666: 3547: 3514: 3381: 3315: 3203: 3173: 3142: 3107: 3055: 3015: 2988: 2929: 2919: 2878: 2868: 2829: 2790: 2734: 2726: 2683: 2577: 2170: 2151: 2106: 2044: 2000: 1763:). Several effective compounds have been found; some of the most effective include 1173:

to fire. On the other side of the spectrum are the significant economic impacts of

900: 800: 757: 753: 246: 3929: 2566:"Non-oak native plants are main hosts for sudden oak death pathogen in California" 1925:-infested areas can be found at the California Oak Mortality Task Force web site ( 499:, either accidentally introduced in nursery stock, or already present undetected. 487:

in 2000. It has subsequently been found in many other areas, including some other

3146: 2833: 2687: 2027:

Grünwald, N. J.; Garbelotto, M.; Goss, E. M.; Heungens, K.; Prospero, S. (2012).

1958: 1540: 1083:

of two different species from the genus. When a species is introduced into a new

783: 722: 660: 515: 131: 3981: 3708:. Diseases and Pests Compendium Series. The American Phytopathological Society. 3370:"Establishment of an Emerging Generalist Pathogen in Redwood Forest Communities" 3898: 3863: 3551: 3519: 3368:

Maloney, P. E.; Lynch, S. C.; Kane, S. F.; Jensen, C. E.; Rizzo, D. M. (2005).

3035: 2110: 1759: 1049: 868: 669: 548: 534:) produce fine, red boring dust. Small black domes, the fruiting bodies of the 507: 341: 290: 263: 232: 228: 121: 88: 75: 2127:

Phytophthora ramorum and sudden oak death in California: I. host relationships

2069: 2048: 1807:

Much of the research into disinfesting nurseries has focused on the voluntary

4044: 3586:

Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-268. USDA Forest Service, Santa Rosa. Retrieved from

3584:

Proceedings of the Seventh Sudden Oak Death Science and Management Symposium,

2101:

Parke (2008). "Sudden oak death, ramorum leaf blight, ramorum shoot blight".

2026: 1877: 1821: 1717: 1386: 997: 961: 953: 918: 853: 717:

eight countries. It has not caused significant harm to European oak species.

629: 605: 541: 492: 488: 3059: 2673: 2071: 1655:

The best evidence that cultural techniques might help protect trees against

1470: 1111:

In relation to human ecology, the loss of tanoak as the pathogen spreads to

1099:

is possibly a hybrid between two species. Nevertheless, the draft genome of

876: 463: 3955: 3678: 3670: 3559: 3528: 3327: 3119: 3067: 2943: 2892: 2841: 2802: 2748: 2695: 2056: 1873: 1772: 1741: 1501: 1400:

Additionally, researchers have begun using features of the DNA sequence of

1119: 1075: 1025:

Furthermore, no symptomatic vegetation was observed. The presence of other

973: 941: 872: 765: 571: 483: 251: 141: 101: 3713: 3588:

https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr268/psw_gtr268.pdf

2582: 2565: 2229:. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Archived from 1839:

in nurseries has also focused on disinfesting irrigation water containing

3937: 1881: 1849: 1668: 1609: 1456:

looking for symptoms on bay laurel is the most effective strategy, since

957: 849: 651: 637: 583: 525: 3705:

Compendium of Rhododendron and Azalea Diseases and Pests, Second Edition

2006:

Forest disturbance of invasive insects and diseases in the United States

1016:

cultures; of these, 3 from Shikoku and 4 from Kyushu were identified as

245:

also infects a great number of other plant species, significantly woody

3916: 3544:

APS Abstracts Submitted for Presentation at the 2004 APS Annual Meeting

3511:

APS Abstracts Submitted for Presentation at the 2002 APS Annual Meeting

2924: 2873: 1832:

trainings conducted by qualified personnel or document self-training".

1817: 1776: 1679: 1590: 1420: 1416:, which are areas on the sequence featuring repeating base pairs. When 1320: 892: 212: 3748: 2077:. Sonoma County and the Sonoma County Department of Emergency Services 1787:

Another area of research and evolving practice deals with eliminating

1346:, but it can only be a first step, because it detects the presence of 848:

is rainwater splashing spores onto other susceptible plants, and into

697: 3968: 3942: 3885: 3178: 3161: 2140: 1768: 1764: 1671: 1614: 1509: 969: 857: 621: 536: 301:

The disease is known to exist in California's coastal region between

268: 62: 3834: 3304: 3207: 3019: 2603: 2601: 1469:

conducive to pathogen growth and by proximity to possible points of

1389:, which amplifies more than one region of DNA at the same time; and 1190: 471:

It was first discovered in California in 1995 when large numbers of

361: 3963: 3890: 3857: 2381:"Coillte urged to clarify extent of larch disease in Gougane Barra" 1753: 1747: 1696: 1478:

was not yet established in the environment outside the West Coast.

1424: 1347: 1005: 833: 829: 739: 731: 272: 257: 196: 111: 32: 3797: 2649: 2360:. Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine. 17 August 2010 1362:

Researchers have also developed numerous molecular techniques for

2598: 1938: 1885: 1630: 1315: 761: 727: 673: 575: 503: 496: 467:

A hillside in Big Sur, California, devastated by sudden oak death

302: 236: 2123: 2070:

University of California Cooperative Extension (February 2008).

1926: 1397:

species according to their differential movement through a gel.

1342:

test can be the first step in nonculture methods of identifying

752:

2010, the disease was found in Japanese larch trees in counties

2708: 2537: 1378: 1057:

high mortality rate of trees would have been noticed sooner if

563: 556: 472: 337: 224: 220: 216: 3541: 3508: 2563: 2310:"Thousands of Afan Forest trees planted after infected larch" 1978: 1852:, and constructed wetlands—showed that the first two removed 1797: 1613:

began pretreating trees with very small, targeted amounts of

1339: 1131: 1127: 1092: 914: 825: 735: 613: 276: 2905: 2854: 2480:"Proposed Disease Cycle for Phytophthora ramorum in Forests" 1600:

The Oregon eradication effort, which began near the town of

1408:

isolates from each other. Two techniques for doing this are

1648:—or, alternatively, assuming that the landowner knows that 1497: 1123: 481:) died mysteriously, and was described as a new species of 280: 2815: 2626:"Sudden oak death, sudden larch death, and ramorum blight" 1816:

includes such specific recommendations as "Avoid overhead

4071:

Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands

3825:. General information and resources for Sudden Oak Death. 3656: 3192: 1486: 1367: 511: 208: 3160:

Ramage, Benjamin S.; O'Hara, Kevin L. (27 August 2010).

2630:

Sudden oak death, sudden larch death, and ramorum blight

2418:"Hundreds oppose felling of diseased trees in Sheffield" 2253:"UK Tree health recommendations aim to 'stop the spread" 2072:"Sonoma County Sudden Oak Death Strategic Response Plan" 1547:

distribution in the areas where the workshops are held.

3702:

Linderman, Robert G.; Benson, D. Michael (2016-10-28).

3032: 1903: 3400:

E. Goheen, USDA Forest Service, personal communication

3367: 3275: 3273: 1864:

practice can also significantly suppress the disease.

903:, it can be transmitted by ornamental plant movement. 336:

About the same time, a similar disease in continental

3097: 2608:

Swiecki, Tedmund J.; Bernhardt, Elizabeth A. (2008).

1919:

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

1159:, and thus environmental value, attributable to SOD. 1481:

Aerial surveying has proven useful for detection of

1162: 1091:. The invading species is exposed to other resident 1040: 3270: 2780: 2709:Grünwald, N. J.; Goss, E. M.; Press, C. M. (2008). 1704:in the soil or on vegetation in the treated sites. 1432:from two likely initial points of establishment in 1215:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1103:did not show any evidence of recent hybridization. 386:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 329:, just north of the California stateline, in 2001. 2358:"Disease found in Japanese Larch Trees in Ireland" 2333:"Thousands more infected larch trees to be felled" 1404:to pinpoint the minuscule differences of separate 239:, in many cases leading to the death of the tree. 3829:Gallery of Pests — Sudden Oak Death Syndrome 844:is spread by air; one of the major mechanisms of 4042: 3821:, National Invasive Species Information Center, 3749:"Phytophthora ramorum - Tree pests and diseases" 3159: 3132: 2607: 2284:"'Unprecedented threat' for UK trees from pests" 2171:"Sudden Oak Death Management Guidelines--UC IPM" 1932: 867:does not kill every plant that can be used as a 708:In Europe, ramorum blight was first observed on 3701: 3253:"Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden Oak Death (SOD))" 3225:"Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden Oak Death (SOD))" 2533: 2531: 2529: 1811:(BMPs) that nurseries can implement to prevent 1543:hopefully can help generate an improved map of 2818:"Oospores progenies from Phytophthora ramorum" 1555:Since U.S. regulators in 2004 discovered that 677:branches, which can lead to sprout mortality. 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 2978: 2450:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from 2330: 1977:started felling 10,000 acres (40 km) of 1695:involved removal of tanoak and bay laurel by 1690:Trials of silvicultural methods for treating 895:and acting as a source of inoculum. Because 871:, and these plants are most important in the 2526: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2029:"Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen 1973:schemes to clear rhododendron. In 2011, the 1550: 672:. Characteristic symptoms are dark spots on 3823:United States National Agricultural Library 1637:management in a more comprehensive manner. 3282: 2477: 2168: 742:. It was the first time in the world that 279:that can be transmitted by rainsplash and 31: 3518: 3385: 3177: 2933: 2923: 2882: 2872: 2738: 2581: 2089: 1366:identification. These include amplifying 1275:Learn how and when to remove this message 875:of the disease as they act as sources of 502:In tanoaks, the disease is recognized by 446:Learn how and when to remove this message 4061:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases 2415: 940: 726:) in the United Kingdom at sites in the 696: 462: 3005: 2448:"Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae" 2278: 2276: 2274: 1796:quarantine program implemented by USDA 1440:Counties and out to subsequent points. 1391:single strand conformation polymorphism 1079:have been shown to have evolved by the 1068: 936: 4043: 3811:, Center for Invasive Species Research 3112:10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140418 3088:Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 2650:"Moving Firewood Spreads Forest Pests" 2221: 2219: 2192: 2190: 1983:Sheffield and Rotherham Wildlife Trust 1567: 1410:amplified fragment length polymorphism 1004:cultures were obtained from leaves in 3839: 3838: 3479: 3477: 3448: 3446: 3247: 3245: 3219: 3217: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2378: 2100: 1908:One of the most important aspects of 1712:Research and development in managing 1707: 1106: 852:to be carried for greater distances. 351: 4005:5ab811e0-a626-4f2f-a66a-4c0f48d45e3e 3805:, United Kingdom Forestry Commission 2350: 2271: 2022: 2020: 1951:Food and Environment Research Agency 1904:General sanitation in infested areas 1529:A less technical means of detecting 1213:adding citations to reliable sources 1184: 795:The primary inoculum (sporangia) of 384:adding citations to reliable sources 355: 321:. It has not been found east of the 3815:Species Profile- Sudden Oak Death ( 3798:California Oak Mortality Task Force 3196:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2993:10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.001133 2795:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095246 2440: 2416:Williams, Molly (30 October 2023). 2245: 2216: 2187: 1820:of high-risk plants"; "After every 984: 458: 13: 3474: 3443: 3242: 3214: 2512:UMass Amherst Dept. of Agriculture 2466: 2406: 1512:of the pathogen (as well as other 1287: 781:, but infects the European beech ( 14: 4092: 3791: 2017: 1687:little if any beneficial effect. 1340:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1163:Environmental and economic impact 1041:Introduction as an exotic species 540:fungus, often are present on the 16:Species of single-celled organism 3387:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01031.x 3320:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03773.x 2731:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00500.x 2379:Roche, Barry (6 February 2014). 1900:, and paving of infested areas. 1189: 790: 360: 49: 3766: 3740: 3730: 3695: 3692:Forest Service, Santa Rosa, CA. 3685: 3650: 3640: 3631: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3593: 3576: 3566: 3535: 3502: 3433: 3423: 3413: 3403: 3394: 3361: 3352: 3342: 3298: 3186: 3153: 3126: 3100:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3091: 3082: 3026: 2999: 2981:Annual Review of Phytopathology 2972: 2959: 2950: 2899: 2848: 2809: 2774: 2764: 2755: 2702: 2667: 2642: 2618: 2557: 2548: 2500: 2395: 2372: 2324: 2302: 1200:needs additional citations for 816: 371:needs additional citations for 3746: 2331:Richard Youle (21 June 2018). 2162: 2134: 2117: 2063: 1971:Environmentally Sensitive Area 921:, horseback riders, and other 531:Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis 325:, however. It was reported in 219:, as well as being present in 1: 3546:. Vol. 94. p. S35. 3135:Forest Ecology and Management 2169:Alexander, J.M.; Swain, S.V. 2156:10.1016/S0953-7562(08)61986-3 2011: 1933:Government agency involvement 271:for new infections, with the 3147:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.025 2834:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.02.009 2688:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.02.009 1872:including such chemicals as 1724:in the individual plant, to 692: 478:Notholithocarpus densiflorus 223:. Symptoms include bleeding 7: 2103:The Plant Health Instructor 1989: 1372:internal transcribed spacer 1081:interspecific hybridization 777:causes similar symptoms to 296: 199:known to cause the disease 10: 4097: 4081:Protists described in 1995 3778:www.northernireland.gov.uk 3552:10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.6.S1 3520:10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.6.S1 3008:Canadian Journal of Botany 2111:10.1094/PHI-I-2008-0227-01 1309:Detecting the presence of 1180: 40:Canker on an infected oak 3847: 3747:GB, Forestry Commission. 2049:10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.006 1963:Environmental Stewardship 1809:best management practices 1784:summarized by Kliejunas. 1586:Bureau of Land Management 1551:Management in agriculture 1383:polymerase chain reaction 1350:that are produced by all 170: 163: 46:Scientific classification 44: 39: 30: 23: 3440:Service, Santa Rosa, CA. 1153:Marin County, California 885:Umbellularia californica 596:Umbellularia californica 3060:10.1126/science.1128796 2965:Garbelotto, M., et al. 2312:. BBC. 21 February 2015 1967:Countryside Stewardship 1955:Cornwall County Council 1835:Research on control of 899:is able to infect many 680:The primary symptom of 618:Heteromeles arbutifolia 344:was also identified as 323:California Coast Ranges 3671:10.1094/pdis-91-8-1034 2783:Annu. Rev. Phytopathol 2570:California Agriculture 2508:"Phytophthora ramorum" 2227:"Phytophthora ramorum" 2200:. FERA. Archived from 2198:"Phytophthora ramorum" 2037:Trends in Microbiology 1927:www.suddenoakdeath.org 1720:settings extends from 1323:to confirm the unique 1224:"Phytophthora ramorum" 946: 824:produces both resting 774:Phytophthora kernoviae 705: 553:Californian black oaks 468: 395:"Phytophthora ramorum" 3831:, Don't Move Firewood 3714:10.1094/9780890544396 3485:"Phytopthera ramorum" 2583:10.3733/ca.v057n01p18 2478:Parke; Lucas (2008). 1023:Phytophthora ramorum. 944: 906:In nursery settings, 881:California bay laurel 828:(chlamydospores) and 744:Phytophthora ramorum 701:Leaf death caused by 700: 642:Pseudotsuga menziesii 592:California bay laurel 521:Monarthrum scutellare 466: 207:). The disease kills 3849:Phytophthora ramorum 3817:Phytophthora ramorum 2967:Phytophthora ramorum 2713:Phytophthora ramorum 2144:Mycological Research 2031:Phytophthora ramorum 1915:wildfire suppression 1209:improve this article 1157:loss of biodiversity 1144:Sequoia sempervirens 1113:culturally sensitive 1069:Hybridization events 937:The two mating types 863:As mentioned above, 771:The closely related 634:Sequoia sempervirens 601:Aesculus californica 566:were susceptible to 380:improve this article 346:Phytophthora ramorum 327:Curry County, Oregon 192:Phytophthora ramorum 174:Phytophthora ramorum 25:Phytophthora ramorum 4066:Biota of California 3753:www.forestry.gov.uk 3052:2006Sci...313.1261T 3046:(5791): 1261–1266. 2654:Don't Move Firewood 2454:on 22 February 2014 2204:on 21 February 2014 1975:Forestry Commission 1943:Forestry Commission 1582:USDA Forest Service 1568:Wildland management 1443:Early detection of 1292:Early detection of 749:Forestry Commission 658:), and Shreve oak ( 647:Rhamnus californica 626:Arctostaphylos spp. 3374:Journal of Ecology 2925:10.3390/jof7030226 2874:10.3390/jof7030226 2428:on 30 October 2023 2290:. 3 September 2012 1708:Nursery management 1107:Ecological impacts 1089:episodic selection 947: 706: 656:Lonicera hispidula 469: 352:Hosts and symptoms 315:Santa Clara County 4038: 4037: 4013:Open Tree of Life 3841:Taxon identifiers 3723:978-0-89054-439-6 3454:"Stop the Spread" 3314:(11): 2755–2768. 3308:Molecular Ecology 3014:(S1): 1213–1221. 2719:Mol. Plant Pathol 2150:(10): 1155–1165. 1996:Acute oak decline 1846:slow sand filters 1627:San Francisco Bay 1370:sequences in the 1285: 1284: 1277: 1259: 1027:Phytophthora spp. 945:Mating structures 901:ornamental plants 879:. In California, 610:Acer macrophyllum 580:Arbutus menziesii 456: 455: 448: 430: 188: 187: 4088: 4031: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4008: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3985: 3984: 3982:NHMSYS0020721042 3972: 3971: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3932: 3920: 3919: 3907: 3906: 3894: 3893: 3881: 3880: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3836: 3835: 3809:Sudden Oak Death 3786: 3785: 3780:. Archived from 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3665:(8): 1034–1044. 3654: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3580: 3574: 3573:Monterey, Calif. 3570: 3564: 3563: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3522: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3280: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179:10.3390/f1030114 3157: 3151: 3150: 3141:(7): 2650–2658. 3130: 3124: 3123: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2927: 2912:Journal of Fungi 2903: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2876: 2861:Journal of Fungi 2852: 2846: 2845: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2742: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2487:Sudden Oak Death 2484: 2475: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2424:. Archived from 2413: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2280: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2098: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2024: 2001:Forest pathology 1572:The course that 1280: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1217: 1193: 1185: 985:Possible origins 929:Transmission of 644:), coffeeberry ( 588:Vaccinium ovatum 516:Ambrosia beetles 459:In North America 451: 444: 440: 437: 431: 429: 388: 364: 356: 201:sudden oak death 176: 54: 53: 35: 21: 20: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3980: 3975: 3967: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3936: 3928: 3923: 3915: 3910: 3902: 3897: 3889: 3884: 3876: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3843: 3803:Ramorum disease 3794: 3789: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3540: 3536: 3513:. p. S30. 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3208:10.1139/x11-020 3191: 3187: 3158: 3154: 3131: 3127: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3031: 3027: 3020:10.1139/b95-381 3004: 3000: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2904: 2900: 2853: 2849: 2814: 2810: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2707: 2703: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2606: 2599: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2536: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2233:on 23 June 2016 2225: 2224: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2139: 2135: 2122: 2118: 2099: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2025: 2018: 2014: 1992: 1959:Natural England 1935: 1906: 1710: 1570: 1553: 1541:citizen science 1414:microsatellites 1290: 1288:Early detection 1281: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1218: 1216: 1206: 1194: 1183: 1165: 1116:Native American 1109: 1071: 1043: 987: 939: 919:mountain bikers 819: 793: 784:Fagus sylvatica 723:Larix kaempferi 695: 661:Quercus parvula 549:coast live oaks 461: 452: 441: 435: 432: 389: 387: 377: 365: 354: 311:Humboldt County 309:) and southern 307:Monterey County 299: 184: 178: 172: 159: 156:P. ramorum 132:Peronosporaceae 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4009: 3999: 3986: 3973: 3960: 3947: 3934: 3921: 3908: 3895: 3882: 3869: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3792:External links 3790: 3788: 3787: 3784:on 2012-04-07. 3765: 3739: 3729: 3722: 3694: 3684: 3649: 3639: 3630: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3592: 3575: 3565: 3534: 3501: 3473: 3442: 3432: 3422: 3412: 3402: 3393: 3360: 3351: 3341: 3297: 3281: 3269: 3241: 3213: 3202:(4): 763–772. 3185: 3172:(3): 114–130. 3152: 3125: 3106:(1): 309–335. 3090: 3081: 3025: 2998: 2987:(1): 173–200. 2971: 2958: 2949: 2898: 2847: 2828:(4): 369–378. 2822:Fungal Biology 2808: 2773: 2763: 2754: 2725:(6): 729–740. 2701: 2682:(4): 369–378. 2676:Fungal Biology 2666: 2641: 2617: 2597: 2556: 2547: 2525: 2514:. 6 March 2015 2499: 2465: 2439: 2405: 2394: 2371: 2349: 2323: 2301: 2270: 2244: 2215: 2186: 2161: 2133: 2116: 2088: 2062: 2043:(3): 131–138. 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1934: 1931: 1905: 1902: 1709: 1706: 1569: 1566: 1552: 1549: 1374:region of the 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1197: 1195: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1164: 1161: 1108: 1105: 1070: 1067: 1050:founder effect 1042: 1039: 986: 983: 938: 935: 854:Chlamydospores 818: 815: 792: 789: 694: 691: 460: 457: 454: 453: 368: 366: 359: 353: 350: 298: 295: 291:exotic species 227:on the tree's 186: 185: 179: 168: 167: 161: 160: 153: 151: 147: 146: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 122:Peronosporales 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 92: 91: 86: 79: 78: 76:Diaphoretickes 73: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 42: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4093: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Tree diseases 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3698: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659:Plant Disease 3653: 3643: 3634: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3426: 3416: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3355: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2767: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2551: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2398: 2383:. Irish Times 2382: 2375: 2359: 2353: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2311: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2259:. 20 May 2013 2258: 2254: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2175:ipm.ucanr.edu 2172: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986:County Down. 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941:in 2009, the 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1894:sterilization 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:metham sodium 1875: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:crop rotation 1819: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1492:Detection of 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:multiplex PCR 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1279: 1276: 1268: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: – 1225: 1221: 1220:Find sources: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1198:This article 1196: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 982: 980: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:North America 959: 955: 954:heterothallic 951: 943: 934: 932: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 832:, which have 831: 827: 823: 814: 811: 806: 802: 798: 791:Disease cycle 788: 786: 785: 780: 776: 775: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 718: 715: 711: 704: 699: 690: 687: 683: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662: 657: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:coast redwood 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:bigleaf maple 603: 602: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582:), evergreen 581: 577: 573: 570:. including 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 538: 533: 532: 527: 523: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 479: 474: 465: 450: 447: 439: 428: 425: 421: 418: 414: 411: 407: 404: 400: 397: – 396: 392: 391:Find sources: 385: 381: 375: 374: 369:This article 367: 363: 358: 357: 349: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 331:Sonoma County 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 294: 292: 288: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265: 260: 259: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 193: 182: 177: 175: 169: 166: 165:Binomial name 162: 158: 157: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102:Stramenopiles 100: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 67: 64: 61: 58: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 4051:Phytophthora 3848: 3816: 3782:the original 3777: 3768: 3756:. 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Retrieved 2065: 2040: 2036: 2030: 1936: 1922: 1909: 1907: 1898:solarization 1889: 1874:chloropicrin 1868: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1850:lava filters 1840: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1824:, disinfect 1813:P. ramorum's 1812: 1806: 1802:Curry County 1793: 1788: 1786: 1780: 1773:dimethomorph 1758: 1752: 1746: 1742:Rhododendron 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1676:Phytophthora 1675: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1620: 1605: 1599: 1594: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1544: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1514:Phytophthora 1513: 1505: 1502:rhododendron 1493: 1491: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395:Phytophthora 1394: 1375: 1363: 1361: 1357:Phytophthora 1356: 1352:Phytophthora 1351: 1343: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1314: 1311:Phytophthora 1310: 1308: 1303:P. ramorum's 1302: 1299:P. ramorum's 1298: 1293: 1291: 1271: 1262: 1252: 1245: 1238: 1231: 1219: 1207:Please help 1202:verification 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