334:
235:
660:
441:
793:
1126:
981:
1321:
1077:, especially when they feel guilty about their actions. Torture has corrupting effects on the institutions and societies that perpetrate it. Torturers forget important investigative skills because torture can be an easier way than time-consuming police work to achieve high conviction rates, encouraging the continued and increased use of torture. Public disapproval of torture can harm the international reputation of countries that use it, strengthen and radicalize violent opposition to those states, and encourage adversaries to themselves use torture.
1306:. Because the risk of torture is highest directly after an arrest, procedural safeguards such as immediate access to a lawyer and notifying relatives of an arrest are the most effective ways of prevention. Visits by independent monitoring bodies to detention sites can also help reduce torture. Legal changes that are not implemented in practice have little effect on the incidence of torture. Legal changes can be particularly ineffective in places where the law has limited legitimacy or is routinely ignored.
733:. Authoritarian regimes often resort to indiscriminate repression because they cannot accurately identify potential opponents. Many insurgencies lack the necessary infrastructure for a torture program and instead intimidate by killing. Research has found that state torture can extend the lifespan of terrorist organizations, increase incentives for insurgents to use violence, and radicalize the opposition. Another form of torture for deterrence is violence against migrants, as has been reported during
610:
institutional or individual level, and some perpetrators are motivated by the prospect of career advancement. Bureaucracy can diffuse responsibility for torture and help perpetrators excuse their actions. Maintaining secrecy is often essential to maintaining a torture program, which can be accomplished in ways ranging from direct censorship, denial, or mislabeling torture as something else, to offshoring abuses to outside a state's territory. Along with official denials, torture is enabled by
849:
40:
477:—has traditionally not been counted, even though some studies have suggested it is more common than torture in places of detention. There is even less information on the prevalence of torture before the twentieth century. Although it is often assumed that men suffer torture at a higher rate than women, there is a lack of evidence. Some quantitative research has estimated that torture rates are either stagnant or increasing over time, but this may be a measurement effect.
1313:, frustrating prevention efforts because torturers can find a way around rules. Safeguards against torture in detention can be evaded by beating suspects during round-ups or on the way to the police station. General training of police to improve their ability to investigate crime has been more effective at reducing torture than specific training focused on human rights. Institutional police reforms have been effective when abuse is systematic. Political scientist
7797:
543:
389:(1954–1962), and the United Kingdom and Portugal also used torture in attempts to retain their respective empires. Independent states in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia often used torture in the twentieth century, but it is unknown whether their use of torture increased or decreased compared to nineteenth-century levels. During the first half of the twentieth century, torture became more prevalent in Europe with the advent of
6098:
265:. Societies used torture both as part of the judicial process and as punishment, although some historians make a distinction between torture and painful punishments. Historically, torture was seen as a reliable way to elicit the truth, a suitable punishment, and deterrence against future offenses. When torture was legally regulated, there were restrictions on the allowable methods; common methods in Europe included
1134:
119:. Although most torturers are thought to learn about torture techniques informally and rarely receive explicit orders, they are enabled by organizations that facilitate and encourage their behavior. Once a torture program begins, it usually escalates beyond what is intended initially and often leads to involved agencies losing effectiveness. Torture aims to break the victim's
725:, torture was used to deter slaves from escaping or rebelling. Some defenders of judicial torture prior to its abolition argued that it deterred crime; reformers contended that because torture was carried out in secret, it could not be an effective deterrent. In the twentieth century, well-known examples include the
577:
argues that government authorization is a necessary but not sufficient condition for torture to occur, given that a specific order to torture rarely can be identified. In many cases, a combination of dispositional and situational effects lead a person to become a torturer. In most cases of systematic
1085:
Studies have found that most people around the world oppose the use of torture in general. Some hold definite views on torture; for others, torture's acceptability depends on the victim. Support for torture in specific cases is correlated with the belief that torture is effective and used in ticking
833:
as an effective interrogational method have fueled misconceptions that justify the use of torture. Experiments comparing torture with other interrogation methods cannot be performed for ethical and practical reasons, but most scholars of torture are skeptical about its efficacy in obtaining accurate
609:
The contribution of bureaucracy to torture is under-researched and poorly understood. Torturers rely on both active supporters and those who ignore it. Military, intelligence, psychology, medical, and legal professionals can all be complicit in torture. Incentives can favor the use of torture on an
557:
Since most research has focused on torture victims, less is known about the perpetrators of torture. Many torturers see their actions as serving a higher political or ideological goal that justifies torture as a legitimate means of protecting the state. Fear is often the motivation for torture, and
493:
and torture during armed conflicts receive more attention compared to torture of the poor or criminal suspects. Most victims of torture are suspected of crimes; a disproportionate number of victims are from poor or marginalized communities. Groups especially vulnerable to torture include unemployed
864:
motivated a shift to methods that do not leave marks to aid in deniability and to deprive victims of legal redress. As they faced more pressure and scrutiny, democracies led the innovation in clean torture practices in the early twentieth century; such techniques diffused worldwide by the 1960s.
859:
A wide variety of techniques have been used for torture. Nevertheless, there are limited ways of inflicting pain while minimizing the risk of death. Survivors report that the exact method used is not significant. Most forms of torture include both physical and psychological elements and multiple
1066:, most physical examinations are inconclusive. The effects of torture are one of several factors that usually result in inconsistent testimony from survivors, hampering their effort to be believed and secure either refugee status in a foreign country or criminal prosecution of the perpetrators.
674:
Torture for punishment dates back to antiquity and is still employed in the twenty-first century. A common practice in countries with dysfunctional justice systems or overcrowded prisons is for police to apprehend suspects, torture them, and release them without a charge. Such torture could be
359:
ideas about the value of the human person, the lowering of the standard of proof in criminal cases, popular views that no longer saw pain as morally redemptive, and the expansion of imprisonment as an alternative to executions or painful punishments. It is not known if torture also declined in
768:
for extracting a confession from a suspect, but presents a higher risk of false confession. Many torture victims will say whatever the torturer wants to hear to end the torture. Others who are guilty refuse to confess, especially if they believe it would only bring more torture or punishment.
188:
Torture is defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on someone under the control of the perpetrator. The treatment must be inflicted for a specific purpose, such as punishment and forcing the victim to confess or provide information. The definition put forth by the
586:
due to competitive masculinity. Elite and specialized police units are especially prone to torturing, perhaps because of their tight-knit nature and insulation from oversight. Although some torturers are formally trained, most are thought to learn about torture techniques informally.
464:
where there is a commitment to protecting human rights. Many torture survivors, especially those from poor or marginalized populations, are unwilling to report. Monitoring has focused on police stations and prisons, although torture can also occur in other facilities such as
1003:
argued that it was "the most horrible event a human being can retain within himself" and that "whoever was tortured, stays tortured". Many torture victims, including Améry, later die by suicide. Survivors often experience social and financial problems. Circumstances such as
485:
institutions are ineffective at preventing torture against minorities or foreigners. Torture is more likely when a society feels threatened because of wars or crises, but studies have not found a consistent relationship between the use of torture and terrorist attacks.
760:. Despite the abolition of judicial torture, it sees continued use to elicit confessions, especially in judicial systems placing a high value on confessions in criminal matters. The use of torture to force suspects to confess is facilitated by laws allowing extensive
1055:. An average of 40 percent have long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a higher rate than for any other traumatic experience. Not all survivors or rehabilitation experts support using medical categories to define their experience, and many survivors remain
1251:. Even when it is illegal under national law, judges in many countries continue to admit evidence obtained under torture or ill treatment. It is disputed whether ratification of the CAT decreases, does not affect, or even increases the rate of torture in a country.
679:
to be tortured. This type of extrajudicial violence is often carried out in public to deter others. It discriminatorily targets minorities and marginalized groups and may be supported by the public, especially if people do not trust the official justice system.
534:, can lead to violent and arbitrary policing. Routine violence against poor and marginalized people is often not seen as torture, and its perpetrators justify the violence as a legitimate policing tactic; victims lack the resources or standing to seek redress.
480:
Although liberal democracies are less likely to abuse their citizens, they may practice torture against marginalized citizens and non-citizens to whom they are not democratically accountable. Voters may support violence against out-groups seen as threatening;
860:
methods are typically used on one person. Different methods of torture are popular in different countries. Low-tech methods are more commonly used than high-tech ones, and attempts to develop scientifically validated torture technology have failed. The
1106:
are correlated with higher support for torture; embrace of democratic values such as liberty and equality reduces support for torture. Public opinion is most favorable to torture, on average, in countries with low per capita income and high levels of
834:
information, although torture sometimes has obtained actionable intelligence. Interrogational torture can often shade into confessional torture or simply into entertainment, and some torturers do not distinguish between interrogation and confession.
6618:
971:
are universal torture methods and frequently instill a permanent sense of shame in the victim and in some cultures, humiliate their family and society. Cultural and individual differences affect how the victim perceives different torture methods.
1145:
The condemnation of torture as barbaric and uncivilized originated in the debates around its abolition. By the late nineteenth century, countries began to be condemned internationally for the use of torture. The ban on torture became part of the
621:
Once a torture program is begun, it is difficult or impossible to prevent it from escalating to more severe techniques and expanding to larger groups of victims, beyond what is originally intended or desired by decision-makers. Sociologist
1150:
justifying colonial rule on the pretext of ending torture, despite the use of torture by colonial rulers themselves. The condemnation was strengthened during the twentieth century in reaction to the use of torture by Nazi
Germany and the
816:
The use of torture to obtain information during interrogation accounts for a small percentage of worldwide torture cases; its use for obtaining confessions or intimidation is more common. Although interrogational torture has been used in
209:(CIDT), the threshold at which treatment can be classified as torture is the most controversial aspect of its definition; the interpretation of torture has broadened over time. Another approach, preferred by scholars such as
602:. In this context, people who cannot afford bribes are likely to become victims of torture. Understaffed or poorly trained police are more likely to resort to torture when interrogating suspects. In some countries, such as
562:. Studies of perpetrators do not support the common assumption that they are psychologically pathological. Most perpetrators do not volunteer to be torturers; many have an innate reluctance to employ violence, and rely on
455:
Most countries practice torture, although few acknowledge it. The international prohibition of torture has not completely stopped torture; instead, states have changed which techniques are used and denied, covered up, or
296:
to convict someone in the absence of a confession. Torture was still a labor-intensive process reserved for the most severe crimes; most torture victims were men accused of murder, treason, or theft. Medieval
773:
details about the crime, and only allowing torture if there was already some evidence against the accused. In some countries, political opponents are tortured to force them to confess publicly as a form of
6088:
755:
denounced torture as "a sure way to acquit robust scoundrels and to condemn weak but innocent people". Similar doubts about torture's effectiveness had been voiced for centuries previously, including by
558:
it is typically not a rational response as it is usually ineffective or even counterproductive at achieving the desired aim. Torture victims are often viewed by the perpetrators as severe threats and
360:
non-Western states or
European colonies during the nineteenth century. In China, judicial torture, which had been practiced for more than two millennia, was banned in 1905 along with flogging and
1062:
Criminal prosecutions for torture are rare and most victims who submit formal complaints are not believed. Despite the efforts for evidence-based evaluation of the scars from torture such as the
416:
in Latin
America, with an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 victims of torture by United States–backed regimes. The only countries in which torture was rare during the twentieth century were the
1175:. Some contemporary philosophers argue that torture is never morally acceptable; others propose exceptions to the general rule in real-life equivalents of the ticking time-bomb scenario.
967:
works by forcing the person to adopt a stance, putting their weight on a few muscles, causing pain without leaving marks, for example standing or squatting for extended periods. Rape and
6086:
570:
finds that torturers act from a variety of motives such as ideological commitment, personal gain, group belonging, avoiding punishment, or avoiding guilt from previous acts of torture.
420:
of the West, but torture was still used there, against ethnic minorities or criminal suspects from marginalized classes, and during overseas wars against foreign populations. After the
999:
Torture is one of the most devastating experiences that a person can undergo. Torture aims to break the victim's will and destroy the victim's agency and personality. Torture survivor
707:
is sometimes considered a form of psychological torture. Others do not consider corporal punishment with a fixed penalty to be torture, as it does not seek to break the victim's will.
1317:
criticizes torture prevention research for not figuring out "what to do when people are bad; institutions broken, understaffed, and corrupt; and habitual serial violence is routine".
1043:
and pain-related disability are commonly reported, but there is scant research into this effect or possible treatments. Common psychological problems affecting survivors include
7642:
5644:
1302:
Torture prevention is complicated both by lack of understanding about why torture occurs and by lack of application of what is known. Torture proliferates in situations of
1019:
Death is not an uncommon outcome of torture. Understanding of the link between specific torture methods and health consequences is lacking. These consequences can include
146:
Torture has been carried out since ancient times. However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many
Western countries abolished the official use of torture in the
931:
Psychological torture includes methods that involve no physical element as well as forcing a person to do something and physical attacks that ultimately target the mind.
7657:
6087:
872:
are the most common form of physical torture reported by about two-thirds of survivors. They may be either unsystematic or focused on a specific part of the body, as in
7600:
7595:
963:), humiliation (which can be based on sexuality or the victim's religious or national identity), and the use of animals such as dogs to frighten or injure a prisoner.
939:, or being forced to witness the torture of another person are often reported to be subjectively worse than being physically tortured and are associated with severe
333:
1329:
460:
torture programs. Measuring the rate at which torture occurs is difficult because it is typically committed in secrecy, and abuses are likelier to come to light in
6630:
6525:
6515:
6143:
880:), repeated strikes against both ears, or shaking the detainee so that their head moves back and forth. Often, people are suspended in painful positions such as
218:
1227:, meaning that it is forbidden for all states under all circumstances. Most jurists justify the absolute legal prohibition on torture based on its violation of
284:
but became more common between 1200 and 1400. Because medieval judges used an exceptionally high standard of proof, they would sometimes authorize torture when
7690:
885:
100:
are used, often in combination; the most common form of physical torture is beatings. Beginning in the twentieth century, many torturers have preferred non-
6611:
4557:
1240:
582:
during training which can be a deliberate tactic to create torturers. Even when not explicitly ordered by the government to torture, perpetrators may feel
6599:
1232:
6686:
1286:. According to the Rome Statute, torture can also be a crime against humanity if committed as part of a systematic attack on a civilian population. In
84:, while others include non-state organizations. Most victims of torture are poor and marginalized people suspected of crimes, although torture against
5403:
Bourgon, JĂ©rĂ´me (2003). "Abolishing 'Cruel
Punishments': A Reappraisal of the Chinese Roots and Long-term Efficiency of the Xinzheng Legal Reforms".
351:
Torture remained legal in Europe during the seventeenth century, but its practice declined. Torture was already of marginal importance to
European
695:, argue that capital punishment is inherently a form of torture carried out for punishment. Executions may be carried out in brutal ways, such as
7625:
5861:
382:
253:
Torture was legally and morally acceptable in most ancient, medieval, and early modern societies. There is archaeological evidence of torture in
7620:
7571:
5597:"Psychological, social, and welfare interventions for torture survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
5380:"The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions"
7630:
7613:
675:
performed in a police station, the victim's home, or a public place. In South Africa, the police have been observed handing suspects over to
618:
for the perpetrators. Public demand for decisive action against crime or even support for torture against criminals can facilitate its use.
7608:
6584:
5959:
1244:
217:, distinguishes torture from CIDT by considering only the torturer's purpose, and not the severity. Other definitions, such as that in the
193:
only considers torture carried out by the state. Most legal systems include agents acting on behalf of the state, and some definitions add
489:
Torture is directed against certain segments of the population, who are denied the protection against torture given to others. Torture of
205:). The most expansive definitions encompass anyone as a potential perpetrator. Although torture is usually classified as more severe than
1291:
1200:
launched a global campaign against torture, exposing its widespread use despite international prohibition and eventually leading to the
7561:
6546:
5910:
Milewski, Andrew; Weinstein, Eliana; Lurie, Jacob; Lee, Annabel; Taki, Faten; Pilato, Tara; Jedlicka, Caroline; Kaur, Gunisha (2023).
4531:
7033:
6589:
1201:
1086:
time bomb cases. Women are more likely to oppose torture than men. Nonreligious people are less likely to support the use of torture
721:
Torture may also be used indiscriminately to terrorize people other than the direct victim or to deter opposition to the government.
190:
5990:
Weishut, Daniel J. N.; Steiner-Birmanns, Bettina (2024). "A Review of
Reasons for Inconsistency in Testimonies of Torture Victims".
7733:
6705:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
5857:"The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe"
7637:
6938:
6623:
5091:
277:, often only when some evidence already existed. In contrast, non-citizens such as foreigners and slaves were commonly tortured.
659:
273:. In most societies, citizens could be judicially tortured only under exceptional circumstances and for a serious crime such as
7566:
6739:
6679:
4602:
769:
Medieval justice systems attempted to counteract the risk of false confession under torture by requiring confessors to provide
234:
206:
865:
Patterns of torture differ based on a torturer's time limits—for example, resulting from legal limits on pre-trial detention.
634:, and false confessions reinforce torturers' fears, leading to a spiral of paranoia and ever-increasing torture"—similar to a
7672:
6520:
5358:
5335:
5312:
5286:
5260:
5233:
5210:
5187:
5161:
5138:
5115:
5080:
5057:
5024:
4978:
4955:
4929:
4903:
4877:
4854:
4831:
4808:
1156:
5468:
381:
to subdue resistance and reached a peak during the anti-colonial wars in the twentieth century. An estimated 300,000 people
150:, although it continued to be used throughout the world. Public opinion research shows general opposition to torture. It is
7163:
7109:
6907:
5715:"State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101""
131:, and is cited as one of the most damaging experiences that a person can undergo. Many victims suffer both physical damage—
1208:
mobilizations against torture can prevent its use by governments that possess both motive and opportunity to use torture.
7066:
7018:
6789:
6635:
6606:
6452:
1187:
355:
by its formal abolition in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Theories for why torture was abolished include the rise of
7647:
7590:
7368:
7168:
5497:
6672:
6462:
6432:
6150:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
425:
1397:
440:
5795:
5562:"Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans"
448:
17:
2273:
792:
170:
issue. Although prevention efforts have been of mixed effectiveness, institutional reforms and the elimination of
7695:
7348:
6510:
6285:
5832:
5443:
573:
Although it is often assumed that torture is ordered from above at the highest levels of government, sociologist
523:
318:
214:
7498:
7139:
7071:
6968:
6724:
1255:
1236:
1032:
140:
1247:
may not be admitted in court, and deporting a person to another country where they are likely to face torture
6457:
5912:"Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
5828:"From Norm Violations to Norm Development: Deviance, International Institutions, and the Torture Prohibition"
5817:
5776:
1125:
5911:
4153:
4071:
1287:
7826:
7700:
7652:
7585:
7230:
7150:
7008:
6576:
4571:
1279:
1120:
1099:
722:
684:
386:
151:
89:
5746:
Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj (2017).
5692:
Houck, Shannon C.; Repke, Meredith A. (2017). "When and why we torture: A review of psychology research".
4572:"Israel: Torture still used systematically as Israel presents its report to the Committee Against Torture"
751:
Torture has been used throughout history to extract confessions from detainees. In 1764, Italian reformer
7836:
7682:
6834:
6744:
6103:
1325:
1095:
527:
1212:
campaigns against torture have shown mixed results; they can be ineffective and even make things worse.
7831:
7744:
7667:
7580:
6711:
6645:
6561:
6167:
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4846:
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1138:
1087:
843:
830:
826:
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and is explicitly forbidden by several treaties. Opposition to torture stimulated the formation of the
1334:
980:
96:
are sometimes seen as forms of torture, but this label is internationally controversial. A variety of
7662:
7553:
7290:
7220:
7056:
6998:
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6505:
6122:
5016:
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have had positive effects. Despite its decline, torture is still practiced in or by most countries.
7537:
7358:
7285:
7203:
7193:
7102:
7013:
6978:
6923:
6809:
6340:
5561:
1196:, formed much of the basis for the definition of torture in international law. In the early 1970s,
507:
31:
6619:
European
Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
5793:
Kelly, Tobias (2019). "The
Struggle Against Torture: Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions".
5495:(2022). "How Torture Fails: Evidence of Misinformation from Torture-Induced Confessions in Iraq".
920:
are often used to torture, especially to avoid other methods that are more likely to leave scars.
7757:
7455:
7403:
7352:
7198:
7188:
6719:
6437:
6218:
5327:
5278:
5252:
5225:
5202:
5179:
5153:
5130:
5099:
1303:
787:
606:, suspects are more likely to be tortured at the end of the month because of performance quotas.
352:
285:
171:
71:
729:
and anti-communist regimes in Latin
America, who tortured and murdered their victims as part of
590:
Torture can be a side effect of a broken criminal justice system in which underfunding, lack of
7388:
7264:
7183:
6749:
6734:
5752:
5671:
5148:
Kelly, Tobias; Jensen, Steffen; Andersen, Morten Koch (2020). "Fragility, states and torture".
1616:
1407:
1267:
1069:
Although there is less research on the effects of torture on perpetrators, they can experience
1028:
473:. Torture that occurs outside of custody—including extrajudicial punishment, intimidation, and
470:
194:
183:
77:
5435:
7728:
7408:
7393:
7383:
7363:
7310:
7061:
6869:
6859:
6824:
6556:
6422:
6295:
6272:
5518:
5492:
5464:
5107:
4866:
Torture as State Crime: A Criminological Analysis of the Transnational Institutional Torturer
4579:
4163:
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1179:
1020:
716:
623:
591:
466:
298:
281:
159:
120:
105:
3513:
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as torture is internationally controversial, although it is explicitly prohibited under the
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6948:
6829:
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1621:
984:
948:
909:
734:
730:
704:
574:
559:
421:
356:
62:
is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including
5955:"The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre"
5222:
Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention
5199:
Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention
5150:
Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention
3067:
8:
7800:
7762:
7493:
7473:
7095:
7038:
6759:
6754:
6729:
6484:
6442:
6320:
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5523:
5049:
4995:
4921:
3508:
1036:
952:
855:
are preferred by some torturers because they have legitimate uses and do not leave marks.
852:
829:
is extremely rare, if not impossible, but is cited to justify torture for interrogation.
765:
761:
611:
579:
515:
490:
417:
322:
124:
63:
5936:
5874:
5067:
Beam, Sara (2020). "Violence and Justice in Europe: Punishment, Torture and Execution".
2174:
2172:
1320:
904:, but other instruments are also employed, including hot metal, hot fluids, the sun, or
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7532:
7527:
7522:
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7483:
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7129:
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6047:
6020:
5927:
5893:
5856:
5734:
5625:
5596:
5548:
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2848:
1271:
1209:
1147:
1074:
1005:
964:
688:
643:
97:
93:
85:
4913:
1155:. Shocked by Nazi atrocities during World War II, the United Nations drew up the 1948
567:
313:
used torture in cases where circumstantial evidence tied someone to a crime, although
257:
Europe, about 7,000 years ago. Torture is commonly mentioned in historical sources on
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7515:
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7315:
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7257:
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torture, the torturers were desensitized to violence by being exposed to physical or
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5748:"Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor"
1243:. The CAT specifies that torture must be a criminal offense under a country's laws,
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5174:(2014). "Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment".
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Torture was also used by both communist and anti-communist governments during the
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Tortured Logic: Why Some Americans Support the Use of Torture in Counterterrorism
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764:. Research has found that coercive interrogation is slightly more effective than
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5379:
5125:
Frahm, Eckart (2006). "Images of Assyria in 19th and 20th Century Scholarship".
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operations. Torture and specific techniques spread between different countries,
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Quiroga, José; Modvig, Jens (2020). "Torture methods and their health impact".
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pain inflicted by judicial or ecclesiastical authority as a means of persuasion
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in dark green, states that have signed the treaty in yellow, and others in gray
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451:. The use of tear gas on protestors is sometimes considered a form of torture.
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was created from a revision of this article dated 14 September 2024
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1314:
1258:, which regulates the conduct of war, torture was first outlawed by the 1863
1228:
1205:
1172:
1111:. Public opinion is an important constraint on the use of torture by states.
1103:
925:
913:
905:
873:
805:
801:
797:
583:
495:
474:
429:
390:
367:
289:
221:, focus on the torturer's aim "to obliterate the personality of the victim".
210:
202:
116:
5883:
5855:
Meyer, Christian; Lohr, Christian; Gronenborn, Detlef; Alt, Kurt W. (2015).
5808:
5521:(2023). "Understanding and Preventing Torture: a Review of the Literature".
5510:
1000:
848:
432:. It is disputed whether torture increases, decreases, or remains constant.
39:
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7327:
7225:
6933:
6928:
6819:
6696:
6664:
6500:
6056:
5945:
5902:
5634:
5322:
Thomson, Mark; Bernath, Barbara (2020). "Preventing Torture: What Works?".
2956:
1361:
1340:
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1070:
1040:
988:
932:
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is a form, inflicts torture on the victim by cutting off their air supply.
921:
888:
in combination with beatings. People may also be subjected to stabbings or
869:
542:
482:
398:
167:
163:
132:
5846:
5827:
5766:
5684:
5642:
Hassner, Ron E. (2020). "What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?".
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635:
603:
599:
310:
5747:
5243:
Rejali, Darius (2020). "The Field of Torture Today: Ten Years On from
3948:
3936:
3924:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
7118:
6784:
6021:"Improving the assessment and treatment of pain in torture survivors"
5469:"The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis"
5350:
5324:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
5304:
5249:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
4895:
4869:
4800:
1283:
897:
893:
881:
757:
270:
88:, or during armed conflict, has received disproportionate attention.
44:
3698:
3568:
3566:
2291:, Political and Institutional Influences on the Practice of Torture.
1235:
focus on the prevention of torture, which was already prohibited in
305:
used torture under the same procedural rules as secular courts. The
7767:
7418:
7248:
7046:
6884:
5270:
3912:
1675:
940:
626:
argues that "torture can create a vicious cycle in which a fear of
615:
444:
413:
266:
136:
101:
5560:
Guarch-Rubio, Marta; Byrne, Steven; Manzanero, Antonio L. (2020).
5069:
The Cambridge World History of Violence: Volume 3: AD 1500–AD 1800
4659:
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7435:
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7398:
6849:
6794:
6764:
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3626:
3614:
3578:
3563:
3551:
3539:
1048:
992:
956:
809:
696:
406:
362:
274:
258:
5595:
Hamid, Aseel; Patel, Nimisha; Williams, Amanda C. de C. (2019).
3650:
3498:
3496:
2796:
2760:
2323:
2321:
1466:
1464:
374:
continued throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
201:, or private individuals working in state-monitored facilities (
5092:"The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions"
4731:
4695:
4647:
4623:
4394:
4392:
3888:
3481:
2627:
2625:
2573:
2571:
1515:
916:, or other substances, or injections are also used as torture.
139:. Although torture survivors have some of the highest rates of
4719:
4635:
4377:
4114:
3876:
3727:
3725:
3387:
3385:
3259:
2836:
2654:
2652:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
1974:
1503:
1133:
638:. Escalation of torture is especially difficult to contain in
7087:
5645:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
4918:
Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement
4452:
3987:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3785:
3737:
3710:
3662:
3590:
3527:
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3346:
3247:
3007:
2556:
2483:
2481:
2400:
2318:
1551:
1461:
4743:
4671:
4416:
4389:
4035:
4023:
2784:
2724:
2622:
2568:
2544:
2451:
2424:
1737:
1735:
6242:
5347:
The Routledge International Handbook of Perpetrator Studies
4607:
4603:"It's now (even more) official: torture is legal in Israel"
4281:
4245:
3977:
3975:
3900:
3722:
3638:
3457:
3382:
3370:
3334:
3163:
3095:
2983:
2736:
2700:
2649:
2441:
2439:
2131:
2083:
1527:
1449:
1094:
increases opposition to torture. The personality traits of
553:'s corpse, after he was tortured to death by CIA personnel.
239:
112:
6128:
5273:; Flanagan, Mary (2020). "Torture and counter-terrorism".
5176:
The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict
4464:
4404:
4353:
4090:
3602:
3433:
3322:
3187:
2478:
2468:
2466:
1930:
1884:
1882:
1840:
1563:
1425:
1339:, features the body of a naked man in the position of the
1016:
in a safe country strongly impact survivors' well-being.
7742:
5667:"What Shapes Public Support for Torture, and Among Whom?"
4512:
4476:
4169:
4102:
4011:
3397:
3055:
2995:
2896:
2676:
2664:
2637:
2610:
2534:
2532:
2010:
1732:
1190:—found that a state practiced torture and it, along with
5345:
Wolfendale, Jessica (2019). "The Making of a Torturer".
4305:
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4257:
4209:
4181:
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2436:
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2263:
2261:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1818:
1816:
1762:
1582:
1580:
1578:
644:
especially by soldiers returning home from overseas wars
337:"The custody of a criminal does not require torture" by
6631:
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
5989:
4365:
4143:
4141:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3288:
3286:
2598:
2588:
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1998:
1964:
1962:
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1879:
1869:
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in particular leave poor people vulnerable to torture.
502:, refugees and migrants, ethnic and racial minorities,
219:
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
4767:
4683:
4538:. 1999. Archived from the original on 15 November 2002
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1918:
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1493:
1491:
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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
4988:
Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli (1897).
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Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism
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1986:
1959:
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1241:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
6526:
Torture during the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)
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4707:
4341:
3073:
1852:
1828:
1774:
1720:
1696:
1636:
1488:
1476:
7057:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
5197:PĂ©rez-Sales, Pau (2020). "Psychological torture".
5046:Contesting Torture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
2095:
2046:
1186:was the first time that an international body—the
5818:20.500.11820/4cc28414-d254-4ab9-829f-b73a2fffd322
5777:20.500.11820/f7a9a490-1825-42ab-802e-3b3825c72bb8
4991:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary
4892:Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights
4843:The Prevention of Torture: An Ecological Approach
1163:based on all major ethical frameworks, including
959:), exposure to extremes of light or noise (e.g.,
7813:
6019:Williams, Amanda C. de C.; Hughes, John (2020).
4556:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5909:
5862:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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1290:, Israel became the only country in the world
646:, although this process is poorly understood.
328:
27:Deliberate infliction of suffering on a person
7103:
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6144:
5960:International & Comparative Law Quarterly
5694:Translational Issues in Psychological Science
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6585:Exclusion of evidence obtained under torture
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2886:
2870:
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2159:
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80:restrict torture to acts carried out by the
6725:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
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1980:
1936:
1557:
1509:
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1129:Proposed United States poster, 1942 or 1943
1090:, although for the latter group, increased
861:
115:, or due to limited resources, rather than
7110:
7096:
6687:
6673:
6547:Effectiveness of torture for interrogation
6151:
6137:
5691:
5344:
5011:Young, Joseph K.; Kearns, Erin M. (2020).
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2406:
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737:on the European Union's external borders.
6590:United Nations Convention against Torture
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2004:
1888:
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1202:United Nations Convention against Torture
566:, such as alcohol or drugs. Psychiatrist
191:United Nations Convention against Torture
7734:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
6114:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6097:
5433:
4041:
3037:
1319:
1132:
1124:
979:
847:
791:
705:psychological harm of capital punishment
658:
598:undermines effective investigations and
541:
439:
332:
233:
38:
6939:Right to an adequate standard of living
6624:Committee for the Prevention of Torture
5712:
5641:
5402:
5374:
5301:The Routledge Handbook of Global Ethics
4863:
4818:Carver, Richard; Handley, Lisa (2016).
4371:
4275:
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4053:
4005:
3328:
3277:
3181:
3061:
2950:
2926:
2790:
2754:
2730:
2718:
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2682:
2538:
1924:
1379:, ultimately from a Latin root meaning
1178:Torture stimulated the creation of the
143:, many are psychologically resilient.
14:
7814:
6740:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
5517:
5491:
5463:
5242:
5127:Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible
5108:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326
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3304:
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3241:
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3113:
3049:
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3013:
2977:
2802:
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2706:
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2523:
2511:
2499:
2472:
2418:
2300:
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2194:
2125:
2113:
2077:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1992:
1968:
1953:
1912:
1873:
1846:
1822:
1807:
1756:
1741:
1714:
1669:
1657:
1614:
1586:
1497:
1075:trauma symptoms similar to the victims
1012:, and the uncertainty of applying for
991:recovering after his release from the
207:cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
166:, and it continues to be an important
7091:
6668:
6521:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
6132:
5952:
5825:
5792:
5170:
5124:
5089:
4761:
4713:
4518:
4494:
4470:
4383:
4347:
2962:
2914:
2902:
2814:
2742:
2394:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2288:
2227:
2101:
1690:
1642:
1545:
1482:
1443:
1419:
1309:Sociologically torture operates as a
1157:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7164:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
5664:
5295:
5066:
4311:
4147:
4108:
3779:
1900:
1858:
1834:
1783:
1768:
1726:
1702:
1270:; it is recognized by both the 1949
1262:. Torture was prosecuted during the
900:. Burns are also common, especially
663:The mutilated body of a man who was
370:) as a means of execution, although
6636:American Convention on Human Rights
6607:European Convention on Human Rights
5368:
5044:(2022). "Why Perpetrators Matter".
3955:Weishut & Steiner-Birmanns 2024
3943:Weishut & Steiner-Birmanns 2024
3931:Weishut & Steiner-Birmanns 2024
1188:European Commission on Human Rights
943:. Other torture techniques include
796:Two United States soldiers and one
111:Torturers more commonly act out of
47:soldier, blindfolded and tied in a
24:
7169:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
6084:
5928:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36629
5498:Journal of Global Security Studies
1617:"Torture in the Achaemenid Period"
630:leads to torture, torture creates
152:prohibited under international law
135:is particularly common—and mental
108:methods to maintain deniability.
25:
7868:
7658:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
6860:Right to refuse medical treatment
6463:Enhanced interrogation techniques
6065:
1239:under other treaties such as the
1080:
74:, or intimidating third parties.
7796:
7795:
7601:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
6552:Involvement of medical personnel
6096:
5796:Journal of Human Rights Practice
5485:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x
5034:
4797:A Genealogy of the Torture Taboo
4595:
4564:
4524:
1215:The prohibition of torture is a
951:, withholding of food or water,
781:
424:, the US government embarked on
229:
7691:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
6511:Torture during the Algerian War
5833:International Studies Quarterly
5444:Review of International Studies
1615:Jacobs, Bruno (16 March 2017).
1608:
1292:to purportedly legalize torture
1245:evidence obtained under torture
831:Fictional portrayals of torture
537:
319:evidence obtained under torture
7117:
7072:Sexual and reproductive health
6969:Right to a healthy environment
1354:
1256:international humanitarian law
1237:international human rights law
1114:
1033:sexually transmitted infection
1027:from extensive muscle damage,
242:chiefs flayed alive after the
177:
141:post-traumatic stress disorder
51:by American forces during the
13:
1:
6989:Right to public participation
5658:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951
4965:Wisnewski, J. Jeremy (2010).
4841:Celermajer, Danielle (2018).
4820:Does Torture Prevention Work?
1347:
1297:
740:
710:
654:
435:
342:
317:has traditionally considered
292:if there were fewer than the
72:interrogation for information
7231:International Criminal Court
7009:Right to science and culture
6286:Biderman's Chart of Coercion
5992:Psychological Injury and Law
5616:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002919
5579:10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232
2965:, The Definition of Torture.
1326:Torture Never Again Monument
1280:International Criminal Court
1159:, which prohibited torture.
1121:Torture in international law
1100:social dominance orientation
821:, it is even more common in
685:judicial corporal punishment
449:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
387:Algerian War of Independence
90:Judicial corporal punishment
7:
7631:Russian invasion of Ukraine
6835:Right to keep and bear arms
6745:Freedom from discrimination
6158:
5713:Huggins, Martha K. (2012).
1096:right-wing authoritarianism
520:Criminalization of the poor
426:an overseas torture program
377:Torture was widely used by
329:Abolition and continued use
10:
7873:
7605:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
6562:Ticking time bomb scenario
6039:10.1016/j.bjae.2019.12.003
6004:10.1007/s12207-024-09498-4
5537:10.1007/s12142-023-00696-2
5073:Cambridge University Press
4971:Edinburgh University Press
4948:Princeton University Press
4847:Cambridge University Press
4824:Liverpool University Press
4782:
4726:Thomson & Bernath 2020
4666:Thomson & Bernath 2020
4642:Thomson & Bernath 2020
4447:Thomson & Bernath 2020
3883:Williams & Hughes 2020
3871:Williams & Hughes 2020
3823:Williams & Hughes 2020
1204:(CAT) in 1984. Successful
1139:Convention against Torture
1118:
975:
844:List of methods of torture
841:
837:
827:ticking time bomb scenario
785:
744:
714:
649:
224:
181:
29:
7782:
7711:
7546:
7464:
7340:
7291:Joint criminal enterprise
7241:
7221:Responsibility to protect
7149:
7138:
7125:
7032:
6999:Right to rest and leisure
6905:
6710:
6703:
6644:
6595:Committee Against Torture
6575:
6534:
6506:Use of torture since 1948
6493:
6358:
6271:
6189:
6166:
5974:10.1017/S0020589321000038
5457:10.1017/S0260210507007565
5419:10.1017/S0026749X03004050
5017:Columbia University Press
4864:Collard, Melanie (2018).
4750:Carver & Handley 2016
4738:Carver & Handley 2016
4702:Carver & Handley 2016
4678:Carver & Handley 2016
4654:Carver & Handley 2016
4630:Carver & Handley 2016
4459:Carver & Handley 2016
4423:Carver & Handley 2016
3919:Carver & Handley 2016
3859:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3847:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3835:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3681:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3669:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3633:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3621:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3597:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3585:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3573:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3558:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3546:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3534:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3503:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3353:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
2941:, pp. 414, 422, 427.
2939:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
2805:, pp. 75, 82–83, 85.
2659:Carver & Handley 2016
2632:Carver & Handley 2016
2145:Carver & Handley 2016
2090:Carver & Handley 2016
1534:Carver & Handley 2016
1471:Carver & Handley 2016
1432:Carver & Handley 2016
1193:Ireland v. United Kingdom
1057:psychologically resilient
522:, through laws targeting
294:two eyewitnesses required
7014:Right to social security
6979:Right to Internet access
6924:Equal pay for equal work
6810:Presumption of innocence
6341:Welcome parade (torture)
4788:
4399:Saul & Flanagan 2020
4030:Saul & Flanagan 2020
3825:, pp. 133–134, 137.
3707:, pp. 79, 115, 165.
1522:Saul & Flanagan 2020
1404:Whitney & Smith 1897
703:, or dismemberment. The
691:. Some authors, such as
508:people with disabilities
353:criminal justice systems
32:Torture (disambiguation)
7758:Crimes against humanity
7596:Libyan civil war (2011)
7456:Wartime sexual violence
7404:Human trophy collecting
7389:Enforced disappearances
6890:right to be a candidate
6720:Equality before the law
6219:Pharmacological torture
5884:10.1073/pnas.1504365112
5434:Blakeley, Ruth (2007).
5328:Oxford University Press
5279:Edward Elgar Publishing
5253:Oxford University Press
5226:Edward Elgar Publishing
5203:Edward Elgar Publishing
5180:Oxford University Press
5154:Edward Elgar Publishing
5131:Sheffield Phoenix Press
5100:Oxford University Press
5090:Evans, Rebecca (2020).
3002:Young & Kearns 2020
1328:in Brazil, by sculptor
1304:incommunicado detention
788:Interrogational torture
471:youth detention centers
286:circumstantial evidence
172:incommunicado detention
156:under all circumstances
68:extracting a confession
7409:Indiscriminate attacks
7394:Extrajudicial killings
7265:Command responsibility
6750:Freedom of information
6735:Freedom of association
6092:
6072:Listen to this article
5753:Human Rights Quarterly
5672:Human Rights Quarterly
5519:Einolf, Christopher J.
5493:Einolf, Christopher J.
5465:Einolf, Christopher J.
4795:Barnes, Jamal (2017).
4121:Houck & Repke 2017
4097:Houck & Repke 2017
3266:Houck & Repke 2017
3256:, pp. 92–93, 106.
3016:, pp. 26, 38, 41.
1365:
1344:
1268:crime against humanity
1142:
1130:
1029:traumatic brain injury
996:
908:. Forced ingestion of
862:prohibition of torture
856:
813:
766:cognitive interviewing
683:The classification of
671:
554:
452:
348:
250:
195:non-state armed groups
184:Definitions of torture
56:
7729:List of global issues
7558:Gaza–Israel conflict
7384:Desecration of graves
7364:Collective punishment
7062:Intersex human rights
6870:Right of self-defense
6825:Right to a fair trial
6557:Psychology of torture
6296:Chinese water torture
6273:Psychological torture
6091:
5809:10.1093/jhuman/huz019
5767:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023
5685:10.1353/hrq.2021.0055
5665:Hatz, Sophia (2021).
5511:10.1093/jogss/ogab019
5245:Torture and Democracy
5042:Austin, Jonathan Luke
4967:Understanding Torture
4944:Torture and Democracy
4580:Amnesty International
3921:, pp. 84–86, 88.
2769:, pp. 89–90, 92.
2733:, pp. 57, 59–60.
2709:, pp. 78–79, 90.
1693:, History of Torture.
1323:
1198:Amnesty International
1180:human rights movement
1161:Torture is criticized
1136:
1128:
1119:Further information:
1088:than religious people
1021:peripheral neuropathy
983:
851:
808:prisoner of war near
795:
745:Further information:
717:Deterrence (penology)
662:
624:Christopher J. Einolf
614:from the victims and
592:judicial independence
545:
467:immigration detention
443:
336:
299:ecclesiastical courts
282:early medieval Europe
237:
160:human rights movement
42:
7784:‡ Does not apply to
7763:Crimes of aggression
7745:international crimes
7643:Sri Lankan Civil War
7451:Use of human shields
7349:humanitarian workers
6949:Right to development
6830:Right to family life
6780:Freedom from torture
6765:Freedom from slavery
6453:United Arab Emirates
6336:Solitary confinement
6258:Water cure (torture)
6253:Thumbscrew (torture)
6123:More spoken articles
5953:Oette, Lutz (2021).
5406:Modern Asian Studies
5330:. pp. 471–492.
5307:. pp. 113–126.
5281:. pp. 354–370.
5228:. pp. 410–431.
5205:. pp. 432–454.
5182:. pp. 387–409.
5075:. pp. 389–407.
5050:Taylor & Francis
4922:Taylor & Francis
4532:"Torture by the GSS"
4473:, pp. 387, 401.
4111:, pp. 683, 688.
3659:, pp. 163, 333.
3343:, pp. 425, 443.
2861:, pp. 404, 408.
2793:, pp. 158, 165.
1849:, pp. 104, 109.
1771:, pp. 398, 405.
1622:Encyclopedia Iranica
1330:Demétrio Albuquerque
985:Norwegian resistance
949:solitary confinement
853:Electroshock weapons
731:forced disappearance
723:In the United States
575:Jonathan Luke Austin
560:enemies of the state
530:, or working in the
422:September 11 attacks
280:Torture was rare in
30:For other uses, see
7827:Human rights abuses
7621:Russo-Ukrainian War
7258:Civilian casualties
6760:Freedom of religion
6755:Freedom of movement
6730:Freedom of assembly
6712:Civil and political
6516:Marcos dictatorship
6321:Sensory deprivation
5875:2015PNAS..11211217M
5869:(36): 11217–11222.
5847:10.1093/isq/sqad043
5826:Lesch, Max (2023).
5719:State Crime Journal
5524:Human Rights Review
5473:Sociological Theory
5299:(2015). "Torture".
5255:. pp. 71–106.
4996:The Century Company
4668:, pp. 482–483.
4521:, pp. 397–398.
4449:, pp. 474–475.
4362:, pp. 108–109.
4314:, pp. 116–117.
4123:, pp. 276–277.
4044:, pp. 390–391.
3996:, pp. 195–196.
3897:, pp. 135–136.
3873:, pp. 133–134.
3794:, pp. 121–122.
3683:, pp. 415–416.
3635:, pp. 424–425.
3623:, pp. 426–427.
3611:, pp. 103–104.
3587:, pp. 421–422.
3575:, pp. 418–419.
3560:, pp. 414–415.
3548:, pp. 413–414.
3490:, pp. 271–272.
3442:, pp. 440–441.
3268:, pp. 277–278.
3196:, pp. 461–462.
2905:, pp. 408–409.
2845:, pp. 167–168.
2580:, pp. 193–194.
2565:, pp. 173–174.
2553:, pp. 191–192.
2460:, pp. 194–195.
2433:, pp. 192–193.
2409:, pp. 164–165.
2397:, pp. 329–330.
2330:, pp. 161–162.
2185:, pp. 406–407.
2019:, pp. 111–112.
1983:, pp. 148–149.
1903:, pp. 399–400.
1744:, pp. 107–108.
1524:, pp. 364–365.
1512:, pp. 279–280.
1446:, pp. 394–395.
1422:, pp. 396–397.
1037:pregnancy from rape
1023:, damage to teeth,
953:sensory deprivation
886:upside-down hanging
825:or civil wars. The
762:pre-trial detention
612:moral disengagement
580:psychological abuse
491:political prisoners
418:liberal democracies
288:tied a person to a
86:political prisoners
7837:Political violence
7724:War crime apologia
7638:Second Chechen War
7341:War crimes by type
7301:Military necessity
7296:Medical neutrality
7214:Protocol II (1977)
7179:Geneva Conventions
7130:List of war crimes
7077:Right to sexuality
6954:Right to education
6880:Security of person
6775:Freedom of thought
6093:
5706:10.1037/tps0000120
5384:Montana Law Review
5353:. pp. 84–94.
5156:. pp. 63–79.
5133:. pp. 74–94.
5052:. pp. 19–37.
4485:, pp. 60, 70.
4178:, pp. 13, 42.
3331:, pp. 16, 20.
3080:, pp. 69, 78.
2685:, pp. 47, 54.
2166:, pp. 73, 79.
1560:, pp. 3, 281.
1345:
1272:Geneva Conventions
1231:. The CAT and its
1210:Naming and shaming
1148:civilizing mission
1143:
1131:
1051:, depression, and
1006:housing insecurity
997:
965:Positional torture
947:, overcrowding or
857:
814:
689:Geneva Conventions
672:
555:
514:and the resulting
453:
401:, and the rise of
349:
251:
98:methods of torture
94:capital punishment
57:
7832:Philosophy of law
7809:
7808:
7778:
7777:
7719:War crimes trials
7547:War crimes by war
7336:
7335:
7316:Protected persons
7209:Protocol I (1977)
7085:
7084:
6984:Right to property
6944:Right to clothing
6929:Fair remuneration
6897:Right to homeland
6845:Right to petition
6770:Freedom of speech
6662:
6661:
6600:Optional Protocol
6577:International law
6542:Ethics of torture
6354:
6353:
6331:Sleep deprivation
6089:
5916:JAMA Network Open
5360:978-1-315-10288-7
5337:978-0-19-009752-3
5314:978-1-315-74452-0
5288:978-1-78897-222-2
5262:978-0-19-009752-3
5235:978-1-78811-396-0
5212:978-1-78811-396-0
5189:978-0-19-163269-3
5163:978-1-78811-396-0
5140:978-1-905048-37-3
5117:978-0-19-084662-6
5082:978-1-107-11911-6
5059:978-1-000-72592-6
5026:978-0-231-54809-0
4980:978-0-7486-8672-8
4957:978-1-4008-3087-9
4931:978-1-317-20647-7
4905:978-0-415-51806-2
4879:978-1-315-45611-9
4856:978-1-108-63389-5
4833:978-1-78138-868-6
4810:978-1-351-97773-9
4740:, pp. 79–80.
4704:, pp. 69–70.
4656:, pp. 67–68.
4632:, pp. 13–14.
4290:, pp. 68–69.
4266:, pp. 64–65.
4254:, pp. 42–43.
4218:, pp. 51–52.
4190:, pp. 48–49.
3984:, pp. 90–91.
3969:, pp. 53–55.
3746:, pp. 60–61.
3719:, pp. 86–88.
3160:, pp. 50–51.
3104:, pp. 26–27.
3064:, pp. 21–22.
2781:, pp. 89–90.
2757:, pp. 18–20.
2721:, pp. 61–62.
2607:, pp. 25–27.
2502:, pp. 22–23.
2475:, pp. 29–31.
2197:, pp. 84–85.
2031:, pp. 27–28.
1672:, pp. 26–27.
1572:, pp. 73–74.
1473:, pp. 37–38.
1458:, pp. 96–97.
1233:Optional Protocol
1225:international law
1064:Istanbul Protocol
1053:sleep disturbance
1010:family separation
945:sleep deprivation
878:soles of the feet
819:conventional wars
747:Forced confession
640:counterinsurgency
632:false confessions
564:coping mechanisms
551:Manadel al-Jamadi
504:indigenous people
263:Achaemenid Persia
203:such as hospitals
16:(Redirected from
7864:
7799:
7798:
7740:
7739:
7648:Syrian civil war
7591:2006 Lebanon War
7554:Afghanistan wars
7306:Prisoners of war
7147:
7146:
7142:humanitarian law
7112:
7105:
7098:
7089:
7088:
6974:Right to housing
6908:Economic, social
6855:Right to protest
6850:Right to privacy
6689:
6682:
6675:
6666:
6665:
6326:Sensory overload
6191:Physical torture
6187:
6186:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6113:
6111:
6100:
6099:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6073:
6060:
6050:
6015:
5986:
5976:
5949:
5939:
5922:(10): e2336629.
5906:
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5661:
5638:
5628:
5618:
5591:
5581:
5556:
5514:
5488:
5460:
5440:
5430:
5399:
5376:Bessler, John D.
5369:Journal articles
5364:
5341:
5318:
5292:
5266:
5239:
5216:
5193:
5167:
5144:
5121:
5086:
5063:
5030:
5007:
4984:
4961:
4935:
4914:PĂ©rez-Sales, Pau
4909:
4883:
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4771:
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4420:
4414:
4411:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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3907:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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3895:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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3747:
3744:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3741:
3735:
3732:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3729:
3720:
3717:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3714:
3708:
3705:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3702:
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3657:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
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3645:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
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3488:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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3404:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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3392:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
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3377:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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3170:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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2990:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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2488:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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2449:
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2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
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2354:, pp. 5, 7.
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1996:
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1981:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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1937:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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1700:
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1688:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1612:
1606:
1605:, p. 11217.
1596:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1558:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1510:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1507:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1456:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1338:
1264:Nuremberg trials
1169:consequentialism
1109:state repression
1045:traumatic stress
896:, or body parts
806:North Vietnamese
798:South Vietnamese
776:state propaganda
701:death by burning
628:internal enemies
532:informal economy
512:Relative poverty
447:used during the
372:torture in China
347:
344:
123:, destroy their
78:Some definitions
21:
18:Physical torture
7872:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7812:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7786:airborne forces
7774:
7753:Atrocity crimes
7738:
7707:
7542:
7467:committed by...
7466:
7460:
7369:Criminal orders
7332:
7311:Proportionality
7269:Superior orders
7237:
7174:Geneva Protocol
7141:
7134:
7121:
7116:
7086:
7081:
7052:Family planning
7037:
7028:
7004:Right of return
6964:Right to health
6912:
6909:
6901:
6865:Right to resist
6815:Right of asylum
6706:
6699:
6693:
6663:
6658:
6640:
6571:
6530:
6489:
6350:
6316:Musical torture
6301:Five techniques
6267:
6248:Stress position
6185:
6176:Torture chamber
6162:
6157:
6127:
6126:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6104:This audio file
6101:
6094:
6085:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6063:
5609:(9): e1002919.
5438:
5371:
5361:
5338:
5315:
5289:
5263:
5236:
5213:
5190:
5164:
5141:
5118:
5083:
5060:
5037:
5027:
4981:
4958:
4932:
4906:
4880:
4857:
4834:
4811:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4611:. 21 March 2019
4601:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
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4493:
4489:
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4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4390:
4386:, Introduction.
4382:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4310:
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4095:
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4016:
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3992:
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3973:
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3893:
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3730:
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3699:
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3675:
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3426:
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3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
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3024:
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3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
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2976:
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2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2843:Celermajer 2018
2841:
2837:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2767:Wolfendale 2019
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2671:Celermajer 2018
2669:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2644:Celermajer 2018
2642:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2617:Celermajer 2018
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2563:Celermajer 2018
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2446:Wolfendale 2019
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2407:Celermajer 2018
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2328:Celermajer 2018
2326:
2319:
2313:Wolfendale 2019
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2247:
2234:
2230:, pp. 3–4.
2226:
2222:
2210:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2047:
2043:, pp. 1–2.
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
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1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1332:
1300:
1217:peremptory norm
1182:. In 1969, the
1137:Parties to the
1123:
1117:
1083:
978:
961:musical torture
918:Electric shocks
902:cigarette burns
890:puncture wounds
846:
840:
790:
784:
753:Cesare Beccaria
749:
743:
719:
713:
693:John D. Bessler
669:Boxer Rebellion
657:
652:
568:Pau PĂ©rez-Sales
540:
494:young men, the
438:
428:as part of its
379:colonial powers
345:
331:
303:the Inquisition
255:Early Neolithic
248:Assyrian relief
232:
227:
199:organized crime
186:
180:
154:for all states
148:judicial system
49:stress position
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7870:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7749:
7747:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7712:Related topics
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7693:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7675:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7533:United Kingdom
7530:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7399:Hostage-taking
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7359:Child soldiers
7356:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7325:
7322:Ruse de guerre
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7280:Hors de combat
7276:
7271:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7253:non-combatants
7245:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7223:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7115:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7019:Right to water
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6994:Right of reply
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6919:Digital rights
6915:
6913:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6882:
6877:
6875:Right to truth
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6692:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6654:Torture museum
6650:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6311:Mock execution
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6281:Bamboo torture
6277:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:Sexual assault
6236:
6234:Rope (torture)
6231:
6226:
6224:Rack (torture)
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6204:Boot (torture)
6201:
6195:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6116:
6102:
6095:
6083:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:External links
6064:
6062:
6061:
6033:(4): 133–138.
6016:
5987:
5967:(2): 307–341.
5950:
5907:
5852:
5823:
5803:(2): 324–333.
5790:
5760:(2): 393–415.
5743:
5710:
5700:(3): 272–283.
5689:
5679:(4): 683–698.
5662:
5639:
5592:
5557:
5531:(3): 319–338.
5515:
5489:
5479:(2): 101–121.
5461:
5451:(3): 373–394.
5436:"Why torture?"
5431:
5413:(4): 851–862.
5400:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5342:
5336:
5319:
5313:
5293:
5287:
5267:
5261:
5240:
5234:
5217:
5211:
5194:
5188:
5172:Nowak, Manfred
5168:
5162:
5145:
5139:
5122:
5116:
5087:
5081:
5064:
5058:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5008:
4985:
4979:
4962:
4956:
4940:Rejali, Darius
4936:
4930:
4910:
4904:
4884:
4878:
4861:
4855:
4838:
4832:
4815:
4809:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4776:, p. 102.
4766:
4754:
4742:
4730:
4728:, p. 488.
4718:
4706:
4694:
4692:, p. 101.
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4644:, p. 472.
4634:
4622:
4594:
4563:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4497:, p. 398.
4487:
4475:
4463:
4461:, p. 631.
4451:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4401:, p. 356.
4388:
4376:
4374:, p. 162.
4364:
4352:
4340:
4338:, p. 121.
4328:
4316:
4304:
4300:Wisnewski 2010
4292:
4288:Wisnewski 2010
4280:
4268:
4256:
4252:Wisnewski 2010
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4152:
4150:, p. 688.
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4099:, p. 279.
4089:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4032:, p. 370.
4022:
4020:, p. 166.
4018:Wisnewski 2010
4010:
3998:
3994:Wisnewski 2010
3986:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3909:, p. 130.
3899:
3887:
3885:, p. 136.
3875:
3863:
3861:, p. 422.
3851:
3849:, p. 412.
3839:
3837:, p. 428.
3827:
3815:
3796:
3792:Wisnewski 2010
3784:
3782:, p. 120.
3772:
3760:
3756:Wisnewski 2010
3748:
3736:
3734:, p. 274.
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3671:, p. 420.
3661:
3649:
3647:, p. 114.
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3599:, p. 423.
3589:
3577:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3536:, p. 411.
3526:
3507:
3505:, p. 413.
3492:
3480:
3468:
3466:, p. xix.
3456:
3454:, p. 443.
3444:
3432:
3430:, p. 420.
3420:
3418:, p. 421.
3408:
3396:
3394:, p. 432.
3381:
3379:, p. 110.
3369:
3367:, p. 103.
3357:
3355:, p. 410.
3345:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3208:, p. 362.
3198:
3186:
3174:
3172:, p. 327.
3162:
3150:
3135:
3118:
3106:
3102:Wisnewski 2010
3094:
3090:Wisnewski 2010
3082:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3040:, p. 392.
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2992:, p. 270.
2982:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2917:, p. 393.
2907:
2895:
2879:
2863:
2847:
2835:
2819:
2817:, p. 331.
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2673:, p. 176.
2663:
2648:
2646:, p. 161.
2636:
2634:, p. 633.
2621:
2619:, p. 178.
2609:
2597:
2582:
2578:Wisnewski 2010
2567:
2555:
2551:Wisnewski 2010
2543:
2541:, p. 166.
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2490:, p. 106.
2477:
2462:
2458:Wisnewski 2010
2450:
2435:
2431:Wisnewski 2010
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2368:
2366:, p. 321.
2356:
2344:
2342:, p. 307.
2332:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2272:
2270:, p. 106.
2257:
2232:
2220:
2199:
2187:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2128:, p. 182.
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
2005:Wisnewski 2010
1997:
1985:
1973:
1958:
1956:, p. 112.
1941:
1939:, p. 155.
1929:
1927:, p. 851.
1917:
1915:, p. 111.
1905:
1893:
1889:Wisnewski 2010
1878:
1863:
1861:, p. 404.
1851:
1839:
1837:, p. 400.
1827:
1825:, p. 109.
1812:
1810:, p. 108.
1800:
1796:Wisnewski 2010
1788:
1786:, p. 394.
1773:
1761:
1746:
1731:
1729:, p. 392.
1719:
1717:, p. 107.
1707:
1705:, p. 393.
1695:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1635:
1607:
1591:
1589:, p. 104.
1574:
1570:Wisnewski 2010
1562:
1550:
1548:, p. 391.
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1487:
1485:, p. 392.
1475:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1299:
1296:
1116:
1113:
1082:
1081:Public opinion
1079:
1025:rhabdomyolysis
977:
974:
969:sexual assault
937:mock execution
842:Main article:
839:
836:
823:asymmetric war
786:Main article:
783:
780:
742:
739:
712:
709:
656:
653:
651:
648:
547:Charles Graner
539:
536:
462:open societies
437:
434:
339:Francisco Goya
330:
327:
307:Ottoman Empire
244:Battle of Ulai
231:
228:
226:
223:
182:Main article:
179:
176:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7869:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7802:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7696:Yugoslav Wars
7694:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7626:War in Donbas
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7538:United States
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7425:
7424:Mass killings
7422:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:Death marches
7377:
7375:
7374:Death flights
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7204:Fourth (1949)
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7194:Second (1949)
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:International
7137:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7113:
7108:
7106:
7101:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7024:Right to work
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Right to food
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6840:Right to life
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6685:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6567:Torture trade
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:Controversies
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6468:Torture Memos
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6458:United States
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6346:White torture
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Box (torture)
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6263:Waterboarding
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6181:Water torture
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6124:
6120:
6105:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6026:BJA Education
6022:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5602:PLOS Medicine
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5035:Book chapters
5028:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4752:, p. 80.
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4680:, p. 52.
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4583:. 15 May 1998
4582:
4581:
4573:
4567:
4559:
4553:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4509:, p. 38.
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4437:, p. 39.
4436:
4431:
4425:, p. 13.
4424:
4419:
4413:, p. 82.
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4326:, p. 41.
4325:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4302:, p. 50.
4301:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4278:, p. 29.
4277:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4242:, p. 57.
4241:
4236:
4230:, p. 55.
4229:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4206:, p. 64.
4205:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4135:, p. 98.
4134:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4068:, p. 21.
4067:
4062:
4056:, p. 22.
4055:
4050:
4043:
4042:Blakeley 2007
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4008:, p. 23.
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3957:, p. 94.
3956:
3951:
3945:, p. 89.
3944:
3939:
3933:, p. 88.
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3770:, p. 51.
3769:
3764:
3758:, p. 73.
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3695:, p. 52.
3694:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3478:, p. 73.
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3319:, p. 71.
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3280:, p. 24.
3279:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3232:, p. 92.
3231:
3226:
3220:, p. 28.
3219:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3184:, p. 16.
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3148:, p. 11.
3147:
3142:
3140:
3133:, p. 22.
3132:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3116:, p. 40.
3115:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3092:, p. 26.
3091:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3074:Guarch-Rubio
3070:
3063:
3058:
3052:, p. 38.
3051:
3046:
3039:
3038:Blakeley 2007
3034:
3028:, p. 28.
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2980:, p. 23.
2979:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2953:, p. 33.
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2893:, p. 74.
2892:
2890:
2883:
2877:, p. 75.
2876:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2833:, p. 73.
2832:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2745:, Conclusion.
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2697:, p. 62.
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2661:, p. 79.
2660:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2595:, p. 90.
2594:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2526:, p. 23.
2525:
2520:
2514:, p. 25.
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2448:, p. 92.
2447:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2421:, p. 19.
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2385:, p. 70.
2384:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2315:, p. 89.
2314:
2309:
2303:, p. 82.
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2218:, p. 65.
2217:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2147:, p. 36.
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2116:, p. 42.
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 39.
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2007:, p. 38.
2006:
2001:
1995:, p. 94.
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1971:, p. 24.
1970:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1891:, p. 25.
1890:
1885:
1883:
1876:, p. 19.
1875:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1798:, p. 34.
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1759:, p. 16.
1758:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1660:, p. 14.
1659:
1654:
1652:
1645:, p. 81.
1644:
1639:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1536:, p. 37.
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1500:, p. 40.
1499:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1434:, p. 38.
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:Darius Rejali
1312:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:and the 1998
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:human dignity
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:civil society
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:virtue ethics
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:retributivism
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Death threats
929:
927:
926:waterboarding
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:nails removed
892:, have their
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
854:
850:
845:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
782:Interrogation
779:
777:
772:
767:
763:
759:
754:
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
678:
670:
666:
661:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
617:
613:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
584:peer pressure
581:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
552:
548:
544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
487:
484:
478:
476:
475:crowd control
472:
468:
463:
459:
450:
446:
442:
433:
431:
430:war on terror
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:secret police
388:
384:
383:were tortured
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:dismemberment
365:
364:
358:
357:Enlightenment
354:
340:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
290:capital crime
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
245:
241:
236:
230:Pre-abolition
222:
220:
216:
215:Malcolm Evans
212:
211:Manfred Nowak
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
106:psychological
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7790:paratroopers
7681:
7680: /
7668:World War II
7567:2023–present
7516:Soviet Union
7445:
7353:parachutists
7351: /
7328:Safe conduct
7320:
7278:
7267: /
7226:Rome Statute
7199:Third (1949)
7189:First (1949)
7039:reproductive
6934:Labor rights
6910:and cultural
6820:Right to die
6779:
6697:human rights
6695:Substantive
6501:Witch trials
6438:Saudi Arabia
6214:Iron maiden
6159:
6030:
6024:
5998:(1): 88–98.
5995:
5991:
5964:
5958:
5919:
5915:
5866:
5860:
5837:
5831:
5800:
5794:
5757:
5751:
5725:(1): 45–69.
5722:
5718:
5697:
5693:
5676:
5670:
5649:
5643:
5606:
5600:
5572:(3): 67–83.
5569:
5565:
5528:
5522:
5502:
5496:
5476:
5472:
5448:
5442:
5410:
5404:
5387:
5383:
5346:
5323:
5300:
5274:
5248:
5244:
5221:
5198:
5175:
5149:
5126:
5095:
5068:
5045:
5012:
4990:
4966:
4943:
4917:
4891:
4888:Hajjar, Lisa
4865:
4842:
4819:
4796:
4769:
4764:, p. 8.
4757:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4716:, p. 4.
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4606:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4578:
4566:
4540:. Retrieved
4535:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4379:
4372:Collard 2018
4367:
4355:
4350:, p. 8.
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4276:Hassner 2020
4271:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4201:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4155:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4066:Hassner 2020
4061:
4054:Hassner 2020
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4006:Hassner 2020
4001:
3989:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3813:, p. 3.
3808:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3524:, eFigure 3.
3519:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3406:, p. 8.
3399:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3329:Hassner 2020
3324:
3312:
3307:, p. 3.
3300:
3295:, p. 2.
3278:Hassner 2020
3273:
3261:
3249:
3244:, p. 4.
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3182:Hassner 2020
3177:
3165:
3153:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3075:
3069:
3062:Hassner 2020
3057:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
3004:, p. 7.
2997:
2985:
2958:
2951:Bessler 2018
2946:
2934:
2929:, p. 3.
2927:Bessler 2018
2922:
2910:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2872:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2791:Collard 2018
2786:
2774:
2762:
2755:Hassner 2020
2750:
2738:
2731:Huggins 2012
2726:
2719:Huggins 2012
2714:
2702:
2695:Huggins 2012
2690:
2683:Huggins 2012
2678:
2666:
2639:
2612:
2600:
2558:
2546:
2539:Collard 2018
2519:
2507:
2495:
2453:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2380:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2308:
2296:
2250:
2223:
2213:
2190:
2180:
2161:
2121:
2109:
2104:, p. 2.
2097:
2085:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1932:
1925:Bourgon 2003
1920:
1908:
1896:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1803:
1791:
1764:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1665:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1600:
1594:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1478:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1399:
1362:Middle Latin
1356:
1341:pau de arara
1308:
1301:
1276:Rome Statute
1253:
1249:is forbidden
1220:
1214:
1191:
1177:
1153:Soviet Union
1144:
1084:
1071:moral injury
1068:
1061:
1041:Chronic pain
1018:
998:
989:Lauritz Sand
930:
922:Asphyxiation
870:blunt trauma
868:Beatings or
867:
858:
815:
750:
720:
682:
673:
620:
608:
589:
572:
556:
538:Perpetrators
524:homelessness
488:
483:majoritarian
479:
454:
411:
399:World War II
376:
361:
350:
323:inadmissible
279:
252:
187:
168:human rights
164:World War II
145:
133:chronic pain
110:
76:
59:
58:
36:
7842:State crime
7663:World War I
7653:Tigray war‎
7347:Attacks on
7274:Distinction
7159:Lieber Code
7067:LGBT rights
6800:Nationality
6790:LGBT rights
6229:Rat torture
6199:Abacination
5652:(1): 4–42.
5297:Shue, Henry
4774:Rejali 2020
4690:Rejali 2020
4507:Hajjar 2013
4483:Barnes 2017
4435:Hajjar 2013
4360:Barnes 2017
4336:Barnes 2017
4324:Hajjar 2013
4264:Barnes 2017
4240:Barnes 2017
4228:Barnes 2017
4216:Barnes 2017
4188:Barnes 2017
4176:Barnes 2017
4160:Rejali 2020
4133:Rejali 2020
4081:Rejali 2020
3982:Rejali 2020
3967:Hajjar 2013
3768:Hajjar 2013
3693:Hajjar 2013
3609:Einolf 2007
3476:Rejali 2020
3452:Rejali 2009
3440:Rejali 2009
3428:Rejali 2009
3416:Rejali 2009
3365:Einolf 2007
3341:Rejali 2009
3317:Rejali 2020
3305:Einolf 2022
3293:Einolf 2022
3254:Rejali 2020
3242:Hajjar 2013
3230:Rejali 2020
3218:Barnes 2017
3206:Rejali 2009
3194:Rejali 2009
3158:Rejali 2009
3146:Einolf 2022
3131:Hajjar 2013
3114:Barnes 2017
3050:Rejali 2009
3026:Hajjar 2013
3014:Barnes 2017
2978:Hajjar 2013
2803:Rejali 2020
2779:Rejali 2020
2707:Rejali 2020
2605:Austin 2022
2593:Rejali 2020
2524:Austin 2022
2512:Austin 2022
2500:Austin 2022
2473:Austin 2022
2419:Austin 2022
2301:Rejali 2020
2268:Einolf 2007
2195:Rejali 2020
2126:Barnes 2017
2114:Hajjar 2013
2078:Einolf 2023
2041:Hajjar 2013
2029:Hajjar 2013
2017:Einolf 2007
1993:Barnes 2017
1969:Hajjar 2013
1954:Einolf 2007
1913:Einolf 2007
1874:Hajjar 2013
1847:Einolf 2007
1823:Einolf 2007
1808:Einolf 2007
1757:Hajjar 2013
1742:Einolf 2007
1715:Einolf 2007
1670:Barnes 2017
1658:Hajjar 2013
1587:Einolf 2007
1498:Hajjar 2013
1333: [
1260:Lieber Code
1115:Prohibition
1092:religiosity
924:, of which
804:a captured
771:falsifiable
727:Khmer Rouge
667:during the
665:dismembered
600:fair trials
549:poses over
500:LGBT people
395:World War I
385:during the
346: 1812
315:Islamic law
178:Definitions
129:personality
53:Vietnam War
7816:Categories
7701:Kosovo War
7614:Second war
7586:Korean War
7465:War crimes
7441:Starvation
7431:No quarter
7119:War crimes
6805:Personhood
6646:In culture
6423:Mauritania
6406:Greek case
6359:By country
6119:Audio help
6110:2024-09-14
4762:Kelly 2019
4714:Kelly 2019
4519:Nowak 2014
4495:Nowak 2014
4471:Nowak 2014
4384:Evans 2020
4348:Lesch 2023
4162:, p.
4083:, p.
2963:Evans 2020
2915:Nowak 2014
2903:Nowak 2014
2815:Oette 2021
2743:Evans 2020
2395:Oette 2021
2364:Oette 2021
2352:Kelly 2019
2340:Oette 2021
2289:Evans 2020
2228:Kelly 2019
2102:Kelly 2019
1691:Evans 2020
1643:Frahm 2006
1546:Nowak 2014
1483:Nowak 2014
1444:Nowak 2014
1420:Nowak 2014
1406:, p.
1348:References
1311:subculture
1298:Prevention
1221:jus cogens
1184:Greek case
1165:deontology
1001:Jean Améry
995:, May 1945
802:waterboard
741:Confession
715:See also:
711:Deterrence
677:vigilantes
655:Punishment
636:witch hunt
604:Kyrgyzstan
596:corruption
516:inequality
496:urban poor
458:outsourced
436:Prevalence
311:Qajar Iran
64:punishment
7847:Suffering
7683:Wehrmacht
7609:First war
7572:by Israel
7562:2008–2009
7499:Palestine
7419:Massacres
7249:Civilians
6785:Legal aid
6612:Article 3
6475:Venezuela
6433:Palestine
6371:Argentina
6012:1938-971X
5983:0020-5893
5786:1085-794X
5731:2046-6056
5588:1997-3322
5553:260663119
5545:1874-6306
5427:0026-749X
5396:0026-9972
5351:Routledge
5305:Routledge
5271:Saul, Ben
5004:233135357
4896:Routledge
4870:Routledge
4801:Routledge
4312:Shue 2015
4148:Hatz 2021
4109:Hatz 2021
3780:Shue 2015
3518:Milewski
2249:Milewski
1901:Beam 2020
1859:Beam 2020
1835:Beam 2020
1784:Beam 2020
1769:Beam 2020
1727:Beam 2020
1703:Beam 2020
1284:war crime
955:(such as
898:amputated
882:strappado
758:Aristotle
735:pushbacks
403:communist
271:strappado
45:Viet Cong
43:Captured
7852:Violence
7801:Category
7768:Genocide
7581:Iraq War
7047:Abortion
6885:Suffrage
6485:Zimbabwe
6443:Thailand
6121: ·
6057:33456942
5946:37787994
5937:10548313
5903:26283359
5739:41917770
5635:31550249
5467:(2007).
5390:: 7–48.
5378:(2018).
4942:(2009).
4916:(2016).
4890:(2013).
4552:cite web
4536:B'Tselem
2855:Jensena
2179:Jensena
1384:to twist
987:fighter
941:sequelae
800:soldier
616:impunity
528:sex work
445:Tear gas
414:Cold War
409:states.
267:the rack
137:sequelae
102:scarring
7822:Torture
7479:Germany
7474:Croatia
7446:Torture
7436:Perfidy
7414:Looting
7151:Sources
6795:Liberty
6494:History
6376:Bahrain
6366:Albania
6306:Hooding
6209:Falanga
6168:Methods
6160:Torture
6108: (
6079:minutes
6048:7807909
5894:4568710
5871:Bibcode
5626:6759153
5566:Torture
4783:Sources
4615:28 June
4587:28 June
4542:28 June
1628:7 March
1366:tortura
1278:of the
1049:anxiety
993:Gestapo
976:Effects
957:hooding
874:falanga
838:Methods
812:, 1968.
810:Da Nang
697:stoning
650:Purpose
407:fascist
363:lingchi
275:treason
259:Assyria
240:Elamite
225:History
60:Torture
7857:Crimes
7788:(i.e.
7743:Other
7673:Allied
7528:Turkey
7523:Serbia
7511:Russia
7484:Israel
7286:Intent
7242:Topics
7034:Sexual
6448:Turkey
6428:Mexico
6401:Greece
6381:Brazil
6055:
6045:
6010:
5981:
5944:
5934:
5901:
5891:
5784:
5737:
5729:
5633:
5623:
5586:
5551:
5543:
5425:
5394:
5357:
5334:
5311:
5285:
5259:
5232:
5209:
5186:
5160:
5137:
5114:
5079:
5056:
5023:
5002:
4977:
4954:
4928:
4902:
4876:
4853:
4830:
4807:
4202:et al.
4200:Kelly
3809:et al.
3807:Hamid
3520:et al.
3078:. 2020
2889:et al.
2887:Kelly
2873:et al.
2871:Kelly
2857:et al.
2829:et al.
2827:Kelly
2381:et al.
2379:Kelly
2251:et al.
2214:et al.
2212:Kelly
2181:et al.
2162:et al.
2160:Kelly
1601:et al.
1599:Meyer
1171:, and
1102:, and
1035:, and
1014:asylum
506:, and
321:to be
162:after
125:agency
117:sadism
55:, 1967
7504:Hamas
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