442:
434:. In this form they perforate the root to find nourishment, infecting the root with a poisonous secretion that stops it from healing. This poison eventually kills the vine. This nymph reproduces by laying eggs for up to seven more generations (which also can reproduce parthenogenetically) each summer. These offspring spread to other roots of the vine, or to the roots of other vines through cracks in the soil. The generation of nymphs that hatch in the autumn hibernate in the roots and emerge next spring when the sap begins to rise. In humid areas, the nymphs develop into the
603:
200:
64:
540:
652:. Even though it had already failed in many parts of the world by the early twentieth century, it was thought to be resistant by growers in California. Although phylloxera initially did not feed heavily on AxR1 roots, within twenty years, mutation and selective pressures within the phylloxera population began to overcome this rootstock, resulting in the eventual failure of most vineyards planted on AxR1. The replanting of afflicted vineyards continues today.
1984:
1390:
465:
353:) have evolved to have several natural defenses against phylloxera. The roots of the American vines exude a sticky sap that repels the nymph form by clogging its mouth when it tries to feed from the vine. If the nymph is successful in creating a feeding wound on the root, American vines respond by forming a protective layer of tissue to cover the wound and protect it from secondary bacterial or fungal infections.
766:
407:
679:
51:
704:
746:. The sand, sun and wind in this area has been a major deterrent to phylloxera. The wine produced here is called "Vins des Sables" or "wines of the sands". In the same department, where the canal irrigation system built by the Romans still partly persists to this day, winter flooding is also practiced where possible, for instance south of the city of
867:
in Santa Maria Valley AVA of Santa
Barbara, CA is a phylloxera-free vineyard. Despite being planted on its own roots, with UC Davis virus-free clones, the vineyard has never been affected by phylloxera. The high percentage of sand in the soil creates a mostly uninhabitable substrate for phylloxera.
792:
to the east. Phylloxera has also never been found in several wine-growing regions of
Australia, including Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia. Australia has strong internal biosecurity controls to minimise the risk of phylloxera spreading beyond 'Phylloxera Infested Zones' in parts of
686:
The use of resistant
American rootstock to guard against phylloxera also brought about a debate that remains unsettled to this day: whether self-rooted vines produce better wine than those that are grafted. Of course, the argument is essentially irrelevant wherever phylloxera exists. Had American
585:
that are off-putting to palates accustomed to
European grapes. The intent of the cross was to generate a hybrid vine that was resistant to phylloxera but produced wine that did not taste like the American grape. The hybrids tend not to be especially resistant to phylloxera, although they are much
502:
is very susceptible to the insect. The epidemic devastated vineyards in
Britain and then moved to the European mainland, destroying most of the European grape growing industry. In 1863, the first vines began to deteriorate inexplicably in the southern Rhône region of France. The problem spread
421:
begins with male and female eggs laid on the underside of young grape leaves. The male and female at this stage lack a digestive system, and once hatched, they mate and then die. Before the female dies, she lays one winter egg in the bark of the vine's trunk. This egg develops into the
830:
in Italy, a half-hectare vineyard of
Sangiovese with vines dating back to the mid-1800s. Since 1985, the winery has produced a few bottles of Prefillossero (Italian for "before the phylloxera"). The wine has a following, including Italian wine critic
522:
were spared, and the spread was slowed in dry climates, but gradually phylloxera spread across the continent. A significant amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged:
845:
grapes. Those vineyards, however, are not immune to the insect, which is slowly advancing and destroying the Pie Franco vineyard of the Casa
Castillo estate, planted in 1942, i.e., when phylloxera had already been in the region for five decades.
495:
when avid botanists in
Victorian England collected specimens of American vines in the 1850s. Because phylloxera is native to North America, the native grape species are at least partially resistant. By contrast, the European wine grape
438:, else they perform the same role without wings. These nymphs start the cycle again by either staying on the vine to lay male and female eggs on the bottom side of young grape leaves, or flying to an uninfected vine to do the same.
449:
Many attempts have been made to interrupt this life cycle to eradicate phylloxera, but it has proven to be extremely adaptable, as no one stage of the life cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species.
872:
without scions or grafting. Many of the old vines were planted in 1973 and fall within the blocks G, N, Q and W. The wines of Bien Nacido Estate have a high percentage of these ungrafted and phylloxera-free vines within the
1376:
Benheim, Devin et al., "Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) – a review of potential detection and alternative management options", Annals of
Applied Biology, Volume 161, Issue 2, pages 91–115, September
719:, Greece, although it is not clear whether the resistance is due to the rootstock itself or the volcanic ash on which it grows; and the Juan Garcia grape variety, autochthonous to the medieval village of
430:
in a leaf gall that she creates by injecting saliva into the leaf. The nymphs that hatch from these eggs may move to other leaves, or move to the roots where they begin new infections in the
641:
responsible for the grapes are not in the rootstock but in the scion), and it furthermore allows the customization of the rootstock to soil and weather conditions, as well as desired vigor.
1300:
675:. Modern phylloxera infestation also occurs when wineries are in need of fruit immediately, and choose to plant ungrafted vines rather than wait for grafted vines to be available.
727:. The Juan Garcia variety remained—untouched by phylloxera—sheltered on the vineyards planted on the man-made land terraces along the mountainous skirts on the gigantic and steep
637:
or other
American native species. This is the preferred method today, because the rootstock does not interfere with the development of the wine grapes (more technically, the
861:. In this environment (> 400m AMSL), the surface water from heavy bouts of rain seals the soil so perfectly that it drowns phylloxera before they are able to thrive.
1330:
777:, thanks to tiny parcels of vineyards throughout Europe which were inexplicably unscathed, some vineyards still exist as they were before the phylloxera devastation.
414:
Phylloxera has a complex life-cycle of up to 18 stages, that can be divided into four principal forms: sexual form, leaf form, root form, and winged form.
1062:
507:
in 1875 to only 23.4 million hectolitres in 1889. Some estimates hold that between two-thirds and nine-tenths of all European vineyards were destroyed.
1211:
1373:
Powell, Kevin, "Grape phylloxera: An Overview". In Root feeders An Ecosystem perspective (Eds S.N. Johnson & P.J. Murray) CAB International 2008.
586:
hardier with respect to climate and other vine diseases. The new hybrid varieties have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones. In the
1269:
823:
is made from ungrafted vines grown on a small parcel, called Nacional, in the heart of the Quinta do Noval. It is unknown why this plot survived.
857:(1879–1880). Part of the reason for this is the high concentration of silica sand and very low (less than 3%) concentration of clay in the
2122:
551:
By the end of the 19th century, hybridization became a popular avenue of research for stopping phylloxera. Hybridization is the breeding of
1910:
1292:
1364:
Boubals, Denis, "Sur les attaques de Phylloxera des racines dans le monde", Progres Agricole et Viticole, Montpellier, 110:416-421, 1993.
753:
Some regions were so blighted by phylloxera that they never recovered, and instead the producers switched crops entirely. The island of
1848:
1159:
344:
species and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots; these leaf galls are typically only found on the leaves of American vines.
835:
who inscribed on a bottle of the 1987 at the winery that drinking Prefillossero was like listening to 'the earth singing to the sky'.
1088:
2083:
1188:
812:
Vieilles Vignes Françaises, one of the rarest and most expensive Champagnes available. In 2004, one of the parcels, Croix Rouge in
1588:
750:. Flooding the vineyards for 50 days kills all the nymphs that overwinter in the roots or the bark at the bottom of the plant.
659:
cultivar. But the transmission of phylloxera tolerance is more complex, as is demonstrated by the continued success of 41B, an
853:
also remain free of phylloxera. Some vines are more than one-hundred-fifty years old, predating the phylloxera infestation in
707:
A grafted vine with the scion (grape variety) visible as the darker wood above the graft union and the rootstock variety below
1464:
1117:
1433:
1322:
17:
2170:
1514:
1235:
992:
594:, although they are still in widespread use in much of North America, such as Missouri, Ontario, and upstate New York.
1568:
1494:
930:
695:
was spared by the phylloxera plague, and thus its wine stock has not been grafted for phylloxera resistant purposes.
2127:
547:, was one of many grape breeders to introduce hybrid wine grape varieties in response to the phylloxera epidemic.
2160:
944:"The volatile metabolome of grapevine roots: First insights into the metabolic response upon phylloxera attack"
1066:
747:
1941:
1573:
368:, there is no chemical control or response. The only successful means of controlling phylloxera has been the
1402:
328:, the resulting deformations on roots ("nodosities" and "tuberosities") and secondary fungal infections can
1951:
1367:
Campbell, Christy, "The Botanist and the Vintner: How Wine Was Saved for the World", Algonquin Books, 2005.
734:
To escape the threat of phylloxera, wines have been produced since 1979 on the sandy beaches of Provence's
63:
2165:
2155:
2034:
1593:
1261:
1720:
1012:"A leader in an emerging new international market: the determinants of French wine exports, 1848–1938"
655:
Many have suggested that this failure was predictable, as one parent of AxR1 is in fact a susceptible
1915:
1813:
1725:
1643:
1457:
1350:
Campbell, Christy. "Phylloxera: How Wine Was Saved For the World." Harper Perennial, 2004, p. 129–130
468:"The phylloxera, a true gourmet, finds out the best vineyards and attaches itself to the best wines."
2114:
1843:
1823:
1394:
743:
488:
459:
691:
wine industry in Europe or most places other than Chile, Washington State, and most of Australia.
50:
2039:
1925:
1778:
1519:
1499:
1408:
611:
801:
has also remained untouched by phylloxera; the parasite is unable to survive in the slate soil.
615:
2150:
2002:
1946:
1800:
1653:
298:
322:, feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines (depending on the phylloxera genetic strain). On
1882:
1828:
1648:
864:
172:
1149:
942:
Lawo, Nora C.; Weingart, Georg J.F.; Schuhmacher, Rainer; Forneck, Astrid (September 2011).
868:
While Bien Nacido has not been affected, there is a potential, as all of the vines are true
503:
rapidly across the continent. In France alone, total wine production fell from 84.5 million
1987:
1450:
619:
602:
1080:
8:
1900:
1877:
1154:
798:
1401:
1180:
735:
557:
with resistant species. Most native American grapes are naturally phylloxera resistant (
1858:
1711:
1608:
1039:
968:
943:
441:
58:
34:
2070:
1838:
1413:
1043:
1031:
973:
926:
665:
480:
In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic destroyed most of the vineyards for
378:
199:
2075:
1869:
1818:
1768:
1023:
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369:
333:
1863:
1755:
1681:
1549:
858:
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in southeastern Spain is an important area of ungrafted vineyards, mainly from
785:
784:
has remained phylloxera free. It is isolated from the rest of the world by the
671:
624:
587:
577:
553:
498:
357:
349:
324:
125:
606:
A grape leaf showing the galls that are formed during a phylloxera infestation
2144:
2025:
1658:
1618:
1417:
1035:
891:
are grown on 3–4 metres of sand, and are therefore unaffected by phylloxera.
644:
Not all rootstocks are equally resistant. Between the 1960s and the 1980s in
570:
510:
In France, one of the desperate measures of grape growers was to bury a live
426:. This nymph, the fundatrix (stem mother), climbs onto a leaf and lays eggs
384:
233:
225:
135:
1833:
1745:
1735:
1663:
1583:
1509:
1489:
977:
838:
781:
711:
The only European grapes that are natively resistant to phylloxera are the
692:
591:
365:
2049:
731:, where the microclimatic conditions discourage the growth of phylloxera.
332:
roots, gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine.
2109:
2096:
1638:
1473:
880:
539:
2062:
1011:
2088:
1971:
1701:
1603:
1421:
850:
842:
827:
805:
720:
645:
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they are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in
544:
504:
2101:
1429:
Web page of the Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia
1027:
826:
Another vineyard unaffected by the phylloxera is the Lisini estate in
1773:
1613:
1531:
820:
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524:
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237:
189:
115:
95:
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1996:
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2019:
1956:
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1389:
884:
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329:
1010:
Ayuda, María-Isabel; Ferrer-Pérez, Hugo; Pinilla, Vicente (2019).
874:
1788:
1783:
1740:
1691:
1598:
816:, died from phylloxera and was replanted with grafted rootstock.
1428:
703:
888:
854:
765:
519:
492:
406:
315:
105:
85:
1442:
941:
678:
1706:
1542:
1504:
1370:
Ordish, George, "The Great Wine Blight", Pan Macmillan, 1987.
813:
728:
724:
638:
582:
484:
453:
319:
306:
221:
209:
849:
Large swaths of vineyards on the slopes of Sicily's volcano
1966:
1808:
1763:
739:
649:
515:
511:
481:
356:
Currently there is no cure for phylloxera and unlike other
337:
289:
283:
274:
687:
rootstock not been available and used, there would be no
610:
Use of a resistant, or tolerant, rootstock, developed by
265:
1436:: A profile of phylloxera drawn from the 2nd edition of
1210:
Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (2021-12-08).
1111:"Saving the vine from phylloxera: a never-ending battle"
1060:
1009:
757:
is one example, where almonds now substitute for vines.
1253:
788:
to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the
514:
under each vine to draw out the "poison". Areas with
280:
277:
262:
597:
372:
of phylloxera-resistant American rootstock (usually
286:
271:
1293:"Germany's Wine Revolution Is Just Getting Started"
268:
1209:
314:These almost microscopic, pale yellow sap-sucking
760:
2142:
1323:"Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises 1969–2005"
925:pgs 2–5, Second Revised Edition (2012), London,
581:has a somewhat weak resistance to it) but have
923:"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"
340:on the undersides of grapevine leaves of some
1458:
808:that escaped phylloxera were used to produce
769:A collection of vines with grafted rootstocks
33:is also a genus in family Phylloxeridae, see
1911:Effects of climate change on wine production
804:Until 2005, three tiny parcels of ungrafted
715:grape which grows on the volcanic island of
1147:
525:grafting cuttings onto resistant rootstocks
240:, bugs); originally described in France as
1465:
1451:
1173:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1055:
1053:
990:
738:, which extends from the coastline of the
682:Roots that have been damaged by phylloxera
49:
967:
27:Species of insect that plagues grapevines
764:
702:
677:
601:
538:
463:
440:
405:
224:worldwide, originally native to eastern
198:
1290:
1134:
1050:
991:McLeod, Murdick J.; Williams, Roger N.
648:, many growers used a rootstock called
14:
2143:
1259:
1116:. University of Missouri-Kansas City.
917:
915:
913:
907:Shimer. 1866. The Prairie Farmer 18:36
410:Phylloxera nymphs feeding on the roots
394:species) to more susceptible European
244:; equated to the previously described
2001:
2000:
1446:
252:. The insect is commonly just called
773:According to wine critic and author
742:region to the waterfront village of
1212:"Tackling phylloxera - Agriculture"
1108:
921:Wine & Spirits Education Trust
910:
24:
1515:International Grape Genome Program
1357:
1260:Pigott, Stuart (29 January 1997).
793:Victoria and New South Wales. The
729:Duero Arribes / Douro River Canyon
445:Phylloxera eggs inside a leaf gall
232:(Fitch 1855) belong to the family
25:
2182:
1495:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1382:
1291:Salcito, Jordan (26 April 2014).
948:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
598:Grafting with resistant rootstock
1983:
1982:
1388:
1303:from the original on 20 May 2016
1191:from the original on 4 June 2016
518:composed principally of sand or
454:Fighting the "phylloxera plague"
258:
62:
1472:
1344:
1333:from the original on 2017-04-07
1315:
1284:
1272:from the original on 2017-05-25
1228:
1203:
1162:from the original on 2018-02-12
1148:O'Keefe, Kerin (October 2005).
1123:from the original on 2010-07-12
1091:from the original on 2008-10-16
491:. Phylloxera was introduced to
347:American vine species (such as
1102:
1073:
1061:The Oxford Companion to Wine.
1003:
984:
935:
901:
761:Vines that survived phylloxera
631:onto the roots of a resistant
13:
1:
1942:Glossary of viticulture terms
1574:Diurnal temperature variation
1262:"The Mosel River Renaissance"
894:
1952:Glossary of winemaking terms
1438:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1403:"The Grape Phylloxera"
960:10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.06.008
698:
7:
1087:. Novus Vinum. 2006-09-17.
1016:The Economic History Review
575:are particularly so, while
534:
376:varieties created from the
10:
2187:
2171:Monotypic Hemiptera genera
1721:Integrated pest management
543:François Baco, creator of
457:
401:
307:
302:
29:
2040:Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae
2011:Dactylosphaera vitifoliae
2009:
1980:
1934:
1916:Environmental stewardship
1891:
1797:
1754:
1672:
1629:
1559:
1480:
1412:. Vol. 5. May 1874.
883:vineyards, native to the
246:Daktulosphaera vitifoliae
230:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
182:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
178:
171:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
43:
1844:Great French Wine Blight
744:Saintes Maries de la Mer
487:in Europe, most notably
460:Great French Wine Blight
1926:Sustainable agriculture
1707:Frost damage prevention
1589:Regional climate levels
1409:Popular Science Monthly
612:Charles Valentine Riley
1947:Glossary of wine terms
1327:The World of Fine Wine
770:
708:
683:
622:, involved grafting a
614:in collaboration with
607:
548:
477:
446:
411:
214:
2161:Gall-inducing insects
768:
706:
681:
605:
542:
467:
444:
409:
336:also form protective
250:Phylloxera vitifoliae
220:is an insect pest of
202:
1216:Agriculture Victoria
1185:Vinehealth Australia
865:Bien Nacido Vineyard
242:Phylloxera vastatrix
228:. Grape phylloxera (
18:Phylloxera vastatrix
1901:Adaptive management
1329:. 13 January 2015.
1081:"Wines of the Sand"
428:parthenogenetically
236:, within the order
2166:Insects in culture
2156:Grape pest insects
1819:Botrytis bunch rot
1639:Grapevine planting
1569:Climate categories
1240:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
1150:"The great escape"
993:"Grape Phylloxera"
771:
709:
684:
608:
549:
478:
447:
412:
215:
164:D. vitifoliae
35:Phylloxera (genus)
2138:
2137:
2003:Taxon identifiers
1994:
1993:
1839:Grapevine yellows
1266:Los Angeles Times
1028:10.1111/ehr.12878
666:Vitis berlandieri
379:Vitis berlandieri
197:
196:
153:
16:(Redirected from
2178:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2028:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1870:Uncinula necator
1859:Pierce's disease
1467:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1434:The Vine's Enemy
1425:
1405:
1393:Data related to
1392:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1288:
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1129:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1065:. Archived from
1059:winepros.com.au
1057:
1048:
1047:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:. Archived from
988:
982:
981:
971:
954:(9): 1059–1063.
939:
933:
919:
908:
905:
736:Bouches-du-Rhône
634:Vitis aestivalis
618:and promoted by
560:Vitis aestivalis
310:
309:
304:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
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279:
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218:Grape phylloxera
184:
151:
67:
66:
53:
41:
40:
21:
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2082:
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2069:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1976:
1962:Outline of wine
1930:
1921:Organic farming
1906:Biodynamic wine
1893:
1887:
1878:Red spider mite
1799:
1793:
1750:
1712:Green harvest (
1697:Erosion control
1674:
1668:
1649:Row orientation
1631:
1625:
1561:
1555:
1500:Grape varieties
1482:
1476:
1471:
1400:
1385:
1380:
1360:
1358:Further reading
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1316:
1306:
1304:
1297:The Daily Beast
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1085:Feature Article
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833:Luigi Veronelli
819:A rare vintage
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1550:Vitis vinifera
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1398:
1397:at Wikispecies
1395:Daktulosphaira
1384:
1383:External links
1381:
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1069:on 2008-07-27.
1049:
1022:(3): 703–729.
1002:
999:on 2012-07-16.
983:
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898:
896:
893:
870:Vitis vinifera
859:volcanic soils
786:Atacama Desert
762:
759:
700:
697:
672:Vitis vinifera
625:Vitis vinifera
616:J. E. Planchon
599:
596:
578:Vitis labrusca
554:Vitis vinifera
536:
533:
499:Vitis vinifera
476:, 6 Sep. 1890)
458:Main article:
455:
452:
403:
400:
358:grape diseases
350:Vitis labrusca
325:Vitis vinifera
203:Galls made by
195:
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147:Daktulosphaira
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778:
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318:, related to
317:
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299:Ancient Greek
294:
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243:
239:
235:
234:Phylloxeridae
231:
227:
226:North America
223:
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205:D. vitifoliae
201:
191:
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177:
174:
173:Binomial name
170:
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136:Phylloxeridae
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19:
2010:
1868:
1853:
1834:Downy mildew
1746:Weed control
1736:Millerandage
1713:
1584:Microclimate
1548:
1541:
1523:
1510:Hybrid grape
1490:Ampelography
1483:horticulture
1437:
1420:– via
1407:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1239:
1236:"Phylloxera"
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1184:
1181:"Phylloxera"
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1153:
1125:. Retrieved
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1067:the original
1063:"phylloxera"
1019:
1015:
1005:
997:the original
986:
951:
947:
937:
922:
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799:Mosel region
782:Chilean wine
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609:
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366:downy mildew
355:
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305:, leaf, and
253:
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245:
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217:
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208:
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181:
179:
163:
162:
152:Shimer, 1866
146:
145:
38:
30:
2110:NatureServe
2097:iNaturalist
1644:Propagation
1481:Biology and
1474:Viticulture
689:V. vinifera
657:V. vinifera
505:hectolitres
436:winged form
419:sexual form
207:on leaf of
44:Phylloxera
2145:Categories
1972:Winemaking
1894:and issues
1892:Approaches
1854:Phylloxera
1824:Bot canker
1726:Irrigation
1702:Fertilizer
1675:management
1604:Topography
1594:Soil types
1422:Wikisource
1337:2017-04-06
1246:2022-10-27
1221:2022-10-27
1166:2018-02-12
1127:2012-03-29
1095:2008-11-05
895:References
887:region of
885:Portuguese
851:Mount Etna
843:Monastrell
828:Montalcino
806:Pinot noir
721:Fermoselle
646:California
545:Baco blanc
254:phylloxera
222:grapevines
122:Suborder:
96:Arthropoda
31:Phylloxera
2115:2.1001068
1883:Vine moth
1849:Nematodes
1814:Black rot
1798:Pests and
1774:Noble rot
1769:Festivals
1614:elevation
1562:variation
1532:Rootstock
1418:0161-7370
1109:G. Gale.
1044:199360879
1036:1468-0289
810:Bollinger
717:Santorini
713:Assyrtiko
699:Aftermath
661:F1 hybrid
566:rupestris
489:in France
432:root form
424:leaf form
238:Hemiptera
158:Species:
116:Hemiptera
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
2058:BugGuide
2047:BioLib:
2020:Wikidata
1988:Category
1957:Oenology
1935:See also
1829:Dead arm
1801:diseases
1779:Ripeness
1731:Klopotec
1673:Vineyard
1632:planting
1630:Vineyard
1579:Drainage
1537:Vineyard
1525:Veraison
1520:Ripening
1331:Archived
1301:Archived
1270:Archived
1189:Archived
1160:Archived
1155:Decanter
1118:Archived
1089:Archived
978:21764593
795:Riesling
755:Mallorca
748:Tarascon
535:Response
396:vinifera
370:grafting
360:such as
311:, dry).
132:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
2089:5156011
2026:Q367315
1789:Weather
1784:Vintage
1756:Harvest
1741:Pruning
1692:Coulure
1599:Terroir
969:3268251
881:Colares
839:Jumilla
797:of the
572:riparia
402:Biology
398:vines.
362:powdery
316:insects
297:; from
192:, 1855)
142:Genus:
112:Order:
106:Insecta
102:Class:
2102:324587
2063:284064
2050:102841
1682:Canopy
1609:aspect
1505:Grapes
1416:
1242:. 2018
1042:
1034:
976:
966:
929:
889:Sintra
855:Sicily
693:Cyprus
583:aromas
569:, and
520:schist
493:Europe
485:grapes
374:hybrid
334:Nymphs
330:girdle
320:aphids
303:φύλλον
2128:58002
2076:8QWM2
1809:Birds
1664:Yield
1619:slope
1543:Vitis
1307:3 May
1276:3 May
1195:3 May
1121:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1040:S2CID
875:cuvée
814:Bouzy
725:Spain
639:genes
629:scion
516:soils
473:Punch
342:Vitis
338:galls
308:ξηρός
210:Vitis
190:Fitch
2123:NCBI
2084:GBIF
1967:Wine
1764:Brix
1687:Clos
1414:ISSN
1377:2012
1309:2016
1278:2016
1197:2016
1032:ISSN
974:PMID
927:ISBN
821:port
740:Gard
669:and
650:AxR1
527:and
512:toad
482:wine
417:The
388:and
2071:CoL
2035:AFD
1024:doi
964:PMC
956:doi
723:in
663:of
364:or
213:sp.
2147::
2125::
2112::
2099::
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2022::
1406:.
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1299:.
1295:.
1268:.
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1187:.
1183:.
1158:.
1152:.
1136:^
1083:.
1052:^
1038:.
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1020:73
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952:49
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946:.
912:^
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588:EU
563:,
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382:,
301::
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293:/
290:ə
287:r
284:ə
281:s
278:k
275:ɒ
272:l
269:ˈ
266:ɪ
263:f
260:/
256:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
