349:
124:
320:
333:
102:
538:
However, more recent studies using both morphological and molecular data to discuss the phylogeny and evolutionary history within
Sternorrhyncha suggest that representatives of Adelgidae, Aphididae and Phylloxeridae have evolved independently and should not be combined in superfamilies. The debate is
417:
described the family and named this group 'Phylloxeriden'. Lichtenstein was the first to use the word 'Phylloxeridae' in 1883. They have a worldwide distribution but seem to have originated from a moderate climate since they are more diverse in temperate climates and their adaptation to tropical life
438:
and host alternation. In outline, a female fundatrix hatches from an overwintering egg on the primary host which is usually a woody plant before bud burst stimulating a gall to form on the young leaves. Winged offspring in the following or third generation migrate in spring to the secondary host
518:
within this lineage, especially in regard to its relatives namely the adelgids (Adelgidae) and aphids (Aphididae). The following quote is an illustration: "Almost as many classifications of aphids have been proposed as there have been practicing taxonomists". "Aphids" here include
Adelgidae,
501:
mouthparts and are wingless. Concerning the immature, the nymphs resemble adults but never have the secondary sensorium. Also the immature of the sexuales have a unique non-feeding pupiform larva. Phylloxerans can be distinguished from adelgids by the fact that they have a vulva instead of a
530:
parthenogenetic females observed in these two groups and morphological characters (e.g. reduction of forewing venation, reduction of antennal segments) have been used in the study of their phylogeny, suggesting that they are closely related and leading to their placing as sister groups in
442:
In the family
Phylloxeridae, some species are holocyclic (meaning they produce both asexual and sexual generations) while some are anholocyclic (producing only asexual generations). Species of this family live within the galls on the host plants and also in the crevices of barks.
439:(usually an herbaceous). Then, many winged and wingless generations may be produced on the secondary host before winged migrants return to the primary host in autumn. Males and mating females mate on the winter host and produce overwintering eggs.
492:
and some characteristics of their antennae. Phylloxerans have a three-segmented antenna in all forms (both adults and immature). The wings are held flat over the body at rest and the Cu1 and Cu2 of the front wings are stalked at the base. The
611:
Szklarzewicz, T., Jankowska, W., Wieczorek, K. and
Wegierek, P. 2009.Structure of the ovaries of the primitive aphids Phylloxera glabra and Phylloxera coccinea (Hemiptera, Aphidinea: Phylloxeridae). — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90:
463:
worldwide. In the late 19th century, the phylloxera epidemic destroyed almost all the
European grapes and they could only fix the problem by planting grapevines from the US, then grafting European grapevines onto American roots.
605:
Von Dohlen, C. D. and Moran, N. A. 2000. Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the
Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation. – Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71:689–717.
586:
Bonhag, P. 1955. Histochemical studies of the ovarian nurse tissue and oocytes of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas). I. Cytology, nuclei acids, and carbohydrates. – Journal of
Morphology 93:
599:
Powell, S.K., Cooper, D.P. and
Forneck, A. 2013. The biology, physiology and host-plant interactions of grappe phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae. Advances in Insect Physiology. 45: 159-218
580:
Blackman, R. L. 1978. Early development of the parthenogenetic egg in three species of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). – International
Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 7: 33–44.
502:
sclerotized ovipositor, and usually lack the wax glands or plates found in adelgids. They can also be distinguished from aphids because they have 3 veins while aphids have 4-6 veins.
596:
Heie, O. E. 1987. Paleontology and phylogeny. In Minks, A. K. and
Harrewijn, P. (Eds): Aphids, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 2, pp. 367–391.
324:
608:
Stoetzel, M.B. 1998. Antennal and other characters useful in identification of the Aphidoidea (Homoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100(3). pp. 588–593
593:
Gullan, P.J. and Cook, L.G. 2007. Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Cocoidea). Zootaxa. 1668: 413-425
497:
always ends in a sensorium (or rhinaria) and adult females can have one or two additional sensorial on the flagellum. Egg laying females and males have
476:
in the family Phylloxeridae making it at times difficult to identify its members. Also, they can quite easily be confused with related insects such as
305:
615:
Wegierek, P. 2002. Relationships within Aphidomorpha on the basis of thorax morphology. – Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu 9lÅskiego w Katowicach 2101: 106.
1558:
234:
2593:
2279:
2020:
1780:
1605:
2289:
1978:
1952:
583:
Blackman, R. L. and Eastop, V. F. 1994. Aphids on the world's trees. An identification and information guide. – CAB International, Wallingford.
244:
2632:
519:
Aphididae and Phylloxeridae. In the past these three families mentioned above have been placed together in the same superfamily Aphidoidea.
414:
264:
628:
632:
2567:
274:
2606:
2611:
602:
Von Dohlen, C.D. and Moran, N.A. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: A paraphyletic taxon.. J.Mol. Evol. 41: 211-213
660:
2701:
2546:
2637:
2559:
2711:
451:
Phylloxerids can transmit diseases to plants. Their importance is even more perceptible historically. In fact,
2619:
430:
trees and perennial fruit crops. They feed on leaves and roots and are cecidogenic, which means they induce
557:
484:. The most important features used to tell them apart from their relatives and from other insects are the
123:
2706:
2476:
2463:
457:(grape phylloxera) is considered as the most economically important insect pest of commercial grapevines
2481:
2647:
453:
354:
110:
410:
633:
http://aphid.speciesfile.org/Common/editTaxon/Distribution/ShowDistribution.aspx?TaxonNamD=1170904
2454:
653:
2673:
2696:
2416:
531:
Phylloxeroidea. Phylloxeridae together with Adelgidae form the oviparous aphids group which is
473:
2668:
2598:
2660:
2515:
8:
1579:
1456:
1447:
646:
393:
284:
118:
101:
2655:
2502:
2468:
1239:
1199:
961:
494:
348:
2507:
2322:
2264:
2259:
2093:
2004:
1767:
1545:
1537:
1464:
1247:
1109:
623:
472:
The phylloxeran species are very small to minute insects. Besides, there is a high
2317:
2284:
2223:
2127:
2122:
2059:
2034:
1775:
1628:
1469:
1433:
1423:
1405:
1341:
996:
729:
539:
still open and more research is needed to clear up the Sternorrhyncha phylogeny.
435:
2624:
2554:
2541:
2439:
2343:
2101:
1983:
1746:
1717:
1519:
1428:
1413:
1284:
1271:
1178:
1149:
1029:
933:
817:
776:
590:
Evans, J. W. 1963. The phylogeny of the Homoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 8: 77-94
523:
511:
388:
254:
205:
185:
522:
Generally, Phylloxeridae is placed together with Adelgidae in the superfamily
397:. The Phylloxeridae species are usually called phylloxerans or phylloxerids.
2690:
2391:
2379:
2351:
2210:
2150:
2132:
2088:
2072:
1957:
1942:
1840:
1589:
1574:
1566:
1223:
1215:
1125:
1001:
938:
903:
864:
851:
786:
766:
618:
485:
59:
638:
2312:
2163:
1988:
1947:
1909:
1892:
1878:
1866:
1819:
1811:
1657:
1644:
1610:
1418:
1385:
1331:
1207:
1170:
1133:
1088:
913:
838:
830:
741:
713:
498:
294:
195:
319:
2580:
2448:
2387:
2330:
2241:
2176:
2158:
2140:
2109:
1937:
1738:
1486:
1378:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1231:
1162:
1154:
1117:
986:
981:
923:
895:
878:
34:
2494:
2274:
2233:
2215:
1996:
1901:
1798:
1790:
1754:
1671:
1313:
1186:
1104:
991:
976:
971:
948:
856:
843:
781:
771:
750:
489:
376:
79:
44:
2585:
514:. But there is a lot of controversy when it comes to its position and
426:
Phylloxerans are aphid-like insects that are parasitic hemipterans on
2528:
2294:
2254:
2246:
2186:
2171:
2145:
2043:
1917:
1696:
1688:
1652:
1503:
1354:
1346:
1292:
1191:
1078:
908:
701:
689:
670:
532:
527:
515:
481:
477:
427:
380:
372:
175:
155:
135:
84:
2572:
2410:
2533:
2489:
2433:
2359:
2302:
2202:
2194:
2114:
2051:
2012:
1925:
1832:
1709:
1636:
1524:
1511:
1263:
1255:
1141:
1049:
1041:
956:
943:
928:
918:
707:
332:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2307:
2269:
1970:
1962:
1845:
1725:
966:
89:
64:
2520:
812:
796:
695:
683:
165:
145:
2383:
1865:
1376:
1062:
459:
406:
384:
360:
431:
510:
Phylloxeridae is part of the order Hemiptera and suborder
434:
to form. They have very complex life cycles with cyclical
379:
with only 75 described species. This group comprises two
1210:(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
535:
and is the sister group to Aphidoidea (other aphids).
2390:. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as
405:The first record of species of the family was in
2688:
624:http://research.amnh.org/pbi/bugs/true_bugs.html
1999:(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
1627:
1404:
558:"family Phylloxeridae Herrich-Schaeffer, 1854"
668:
654:
526:. In fact, bionomical similarity such as the
727:
1027:
400:
383:(Phylloxerininae and Phylloxerinae) and 11
661:
647:
619:http://www.tolweb.org/Sternorrhyncha/10800
100:
549:
347:
331:
318:
421:
2689:
562:Aphid species file online, Version 5.0
555:
446:
2415:
2414:
1375:
1026:
726:
642:
505:
371:is a small family of plant-parasitic
2648:4afc146e-e758-4832-a37f-2d5c524efe37
2560:07abdd39-1150-40a7-8367-3c8c3220d725
2153:(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
1965:(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
1912:(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
1569:(marsh treaders or water measurers)
418:probably is of a secondary nature.
387:with one that is fossil. The genus
13:
14:
2723:
2104:(giant shield bugs and relatives)
859:(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
122:
32:
2297:(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
2205:(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
1472:(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
1728:(water scorpions, needle bugs)
1:
542:
467:
7:
2354:(red bugs, cotton stainers)
10:
2728:
289:Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834
2702:Agricultural pest insects
2423:
2375:
2342:
2232:
2185:
2071:
2042:
2033:
1900:
1891:
1861:
1831:
1810:
1789:
1766:
1737:
1708:
1687:
1670:
1623:
1588:
1557:
1536:
1502:
1485:
1455:
1446:
1400:
1396:
1371:
1312:
1283:
1181:(pupillarial palm scales)
1087:
1061:
1040:
1036:
1022:
894:
877:
829:
795:
749:
740:
736:
722:
678:
454:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
355:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
310:Heie & Peñalver, 1999
230:
225:
119:Scientific classification
117:
111:Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
108:
99:
23:
401:History and distribution
1295:(woolly conifer aphids)
220:Herrich-Schaeffer, 1854
2218:(scentless plant bugs)
1218:(Mediterranean scales)
556:Favret, Colin (2019).
365:
345:
329:
2712:Gall-inducing insects
2669:Paleobiology Database
2362:(bordered plant bugs)
2135:(includes ebony bugs)
1801:(creeping water bugs)
351:
338:Phylloxera perniciosa
335:
325:Phylloxera perniciosa
322:
2555:Fauna Europaea (new)
2333:(ash-grey leaf bugs)
2325:(atypical seed bugs)
1991:(old world bat bugs)
1920:(bed bugs, bat bugs)
1848:(pygmy backswimmers)
1757:(velvety shore bugs)
1349:(jumping plant lice)
422:Behavior and ecology
2197:(broad-headed bugs)
1548:(velvet water bugs)
1136:(ornate pit scales)
447:Economic importance
375:closely related to
16:Family of true bugs
2707:Hemiptera families
1720:(giant water bugs)
1647:(spiny shore bugs)
1580:Paraphrynoveliidae
1493:(semiaquatic bugs)
1448:Enicocephalomorpha
1242:(phenacoleachiids)
1240:Phenacoleachiidae
1202:(false pit scales)
1200:Lecanodiaspididae
506:Taxonomy/phylogeny
366:
346:
330:
279:Shaposhnikov, 1979
2684:
2683:
2656:Open Tree of Life
2417:Taxon identifiers
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2334:
2326:
2323:Rhyparochromidae
2298:
2250:
2219:
2206:
2198:
2167:
2154:
2136:
2118:
2105:
2097:
2094:Acanthosomatidae
2081:
2063:
2055:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2008:
2007:(royal palm bugs)
2005:Thaumastocoridae
2000:
1992:
1974:
1966:
1933:
1921:
1913:
1887:
1886:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1823:
1802:
1758:
1750:
1729:
1721:
1700:
1680:
1678:(true water bugs)
1666:
1665:
1648:
1640:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1570:
1549:
1528:
1515:
1495:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1442:
1441:
1391:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1304:
1296:
1275:
1267:
1266:(giant mealybugs)
1259:
1251:
1248:Phoenicococcidae
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1110:Asterolecaniidae
1097:
1071:
1053:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
962:Hypochthonellidae
952:
887:
873:
872:
860:
847:
821:
805:
759:
415:Herrich-Schaeffer
317:
316:
311:
300:
290:
280:
270:
260:
250:
240:
221:
2719:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2625:NHMSYS0020470457
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2412:
2411:
2382:are a different
2377:
2361:
2353:
2332:
2324:
2296:
2265:Cryptorhamphidae
2260:Colobathristidae
2248:
2217:
2204:
2196:
2165:
2152:
2134:
2117:(burrowing bugs)
2116:
2103:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2061:
2060:Termitaphididae
2053:
2040:
2039:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1972:
1964:
1930:Curalium cronini
1927:
1919:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1821:
1800:
1768:Aphelocheiroidea
1756:
1748:
1727:
1719:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1646:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1599:
1597:
1596:(water treaders)
1594:
1568:
1547:
1526:
1514:(water striders)
1513:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1471:
1470:Enicocephalidae
1465:Aenictopecheidae
1457:Enicocephaloidea
1453:
1452:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1348:
1302:
1294:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1180:
1172:
1165:(armored scales)
1164:
1156:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1023:
950:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
858:
845:
819:
806:
804:
801:
760:
758:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
724:
723:
663:
656:
649:
640:
639:
572:
571:
569:
568:
553:
413:, 1802. In 1857
309:
306:Palaeophylloxera
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
248:
238:
219:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2419:
2409:
2396:
2367:
2338:
2318:Pachygronthidae
2285:Heterogastridae
2228:
2224:Stenocephalidae
2181:
2128:Parastrachiidae
2123:Thaumastellidae
2102:Tessaratomidae
2078:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2035:Pentatomomorpha
2025:
1883:
1870:(Coleorrhyncha)
1869:
1868:
1867:Peloridiomorpha
1853:
1827:
1806:
1785:
1776:Aphelocheiridae
1762:
1747:Gelastocoridae
1733:
1718:Belostomatidae
1704:
1699:(water boatmen)
1677:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1629:Leptopodomorpha
1615:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1553:
1532:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1438:
1434:Stemmocryptidae
1424:Hypsipterygidae
1406:Dipsocoromorpha
1392:
1388:
1382:
1359:
1342:Phacopteronidae
1308:
1279:
1274:(stictococcids)
1272:Stictococcidae
1256:Pseudococcidae
1234:(ensign scales)
1179:Halimococcidae
1095:(scale insects)
1094:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1032:
1006:
997:Tettigometridae
884:
882:
881:
869:
825:
820:(hairy cicadas)
818:Tettigarctidae
802:
800:
799:
791:
756:
754:
753:
732:
730:Auchenorrhyncha
718:
674:
667:
637:
576:
575:
566:
564:
554:
550:
545:
508:
486:wings' venation
470:
449:
436:parthenogenesis
424:
403:
218:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2542:Fauna Europaea
2538:
2525:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2460:
2445:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2352:Pyrrhocoridae
2348:
2346:
2344:Pyrrhocoroidea
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2151:Scutelleridae
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:Thyreocoridae
2130:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2062:(termite bugs)
2057:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1984:Plokiophilidae
1981:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1822:(backswimmers)
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:Hydrometridae
1563:
1561:
1559:Hydrometroidea
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:Hermatobatidae
1517:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:Schizopteridae
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Ceratocombidae
1410:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1303:(phylloxerans)
1301:Phylloxeridae
1298:
1289:
1287:
1285:Phylloxeroidea
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1226:(giant scales)
1224:Monophlebidae
1221:
1216:Micrococcidae
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1155:Dactylopiidae
1152:
1150:Conchaspididae
1147:
1139:
1131:
1128:(carayonemids)
1126:Carayonemidae
1123:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1030:Sternorrhyncha
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
951:(lanternflies)
946:
941:
936:
934:Dictyopharidae
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
898:
889:
885:(planthoppers)
875:
874:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
854:
849:
841:
835:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
815:
809:
807:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
777:Clastopteridae
774:
769:
763:
761:
744:
734:
733:
720:
719:
717:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
679:
676:
675:
666:
665:
658:
651:
643:
636:
635:
630:
626:
621:
616:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
574:
573:
547:
546:
544:
541:
524:Phylloxeroidea
512:Sternorrhyncha
507:
504:
469:
466:
448:
445:
423:
420:
402:
399:
352:Galls made by
336:Galls made by
315:
314:
313:
312:
301:
291:
281:
271:
261:
255:Daktulosphaira
251:
241:
235:Acanthochermes
228:
227:
223:
222:
213:
209:
208:
206:Phylloxeroidea
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
186:Sternorrhyncha
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:Eocene–Present
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2724:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Phylloxeridae
2695:
2694:
2692:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:PHYLLOXERIDAE
2465:
2461:
2456:
2455:Phylloxeridae
2450:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2425:Phylloxeridae
2422:
2418:
2413:
2393:
2392:Prosorrhyncha
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:Coleorrhyncha
2374:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Henicocoridae
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2211:Hyocephalidae
2209:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:Pentatomidae
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2096:(shield bugs)
2092:
2090:
2089:Urostylididae
2087:
2086:
2084:
2079:(shield bugs)
2074:
2073:Pentatomoidea
2070:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2021:Velocipedidae
2019:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:Polyctenidae
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1973:(damsel bugs)
1969:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1958:Microphysidae
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Lasiochilidae
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:Anthocoridae
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1841:Helotrephidae
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:Notonectidae
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:Notonectoidea
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1781:Potamocoridae
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:Leptopodidae
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Madeoveliidae
1604:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1590:Mesovelioidea
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Macroveliidae
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:(riffle bugs)
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1386:Coleorrhyncha
1380:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1250:(palm scales)
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:Margarodidae
1206:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1173:(felt scales)
1171:Eriococcidae
1169:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1144:(soft scales)
1140:
1138:
1134:Cerococcidae
1132:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1003:
1002:Tropiduchidae
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Eurybrachidae
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Acanaloniidae
902:
901:
899:
897:
893:
890:
880:
879:Fulgoromorpha
876:
866:
865:Myerslopiidae
863:
861:
855:
853:
852:Melizoderidae
850:
848:
846:(leafhoppers)
844:Cicadellidae
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
822:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
798:
794:
788:
787:Machaerotidae
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:Aphrophoridae
765:
764:
762:
757:(froghoppers)
752:
748:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
721:
715:
711:
709:
705:
703:
699:
697:
693:
691:
687:
685:
681:
680:
677:
672:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
644:
641:
634:
631:
629:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
563:
559:
552:
548:
540:
536:
534:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
503:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
462:
461:
456:
455:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
419:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Phylloxeridae
363:
362:
357:
356:
350:
343:
339:
334:
327:
326:
321:
308:
307:
302:
297:
296:
292:
287:
286:
282:
277:
276:
272:
267:
266:
262:
257:
256:
252:
247:
246:
242:
237:
236:
232:
231:
229:
224:
217:
216:Phylloxeridae
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
202:Superfamily:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:Phylloxeridae
22:
19:
2424:
2331:Piesmatidae
2313:Oxycarenidae
2290:Idiostolidae
2249:(stilt bugs)
2166:(stink bugs)
1979:Pachynomidae
1953:Medocostidae
1948:Lyctocoridae
1929:
1893:Cimicomorpha
1879:Peloridiidae
1658:Aepophilidae
1639:(shore bugs)
1611:Mesoveliidae
1419:Dipsocoridae
1332:Carsidaridae
1300:
1232:Ortheziidae
1194:(lac scales)
1163:Diaspididae
1157:(cochineals)
1120:(beesoniids)
1118:Beesoniidae
1112:(pit scales)
1052:(whiteflies)
1050:Aleyrodidae
1042:Aleyrodoidea
914:Achilixiidae
857:Membracidae
839:Aetalionidae
831:Membracoidea
742:Cicadomorpha
714:Paraneoptera
712:Superorder:
706:Infraclass:
565:. Retrieved
561:
551:
537:
533:monophyletic
521:
509:
474:polymorphism
471:
458:
452:
450:
441:
425:
404:
392:
368:
367:
359:
353:
341:
340:on hickory (
337:
328:winged adult
323:
304:
299:Börner, 1908
295:Phylloxerina
293:
283:
273:
269:Börner, 1909
263:
259:Shimer, 1866
253:
249:Börner, 1909
245:Aphanostigma
243:
239:Kollar, 1848
233:
215:
196:Aphidomorpha
192:Infraorder:
109:
18:
2581:iNaturalist
2449:Wikispecies
2388:Heteroptera
2242:Artheneidae
2216:Rhopalidae
2177:Megarididae
2159:Plataspidae
2141:Lestoniidae
2110:Dinidoridae
2054:(flat bugs)
2015:(lace bugs)
1997:Reduviidae
1938:Joppeicidae
1926:Curaliidae
1799:Naucoridae
1791:Naucoroidea
1755:Ochteridae
1749:(toad bugs)
1739:Ochteroidea
1487:Gerromorpha
1379:Heteroptera
1337:Homotomidae
1327:Calophyidae
1322:Aphalaridae
1258:(mealybugs)
987:Nogodinidae
982:Meenoplidae
949:Fulgoridae
924:Delphacidae
896:Fulgoroidea
751:Cercopoidea
381:subfamilies
373:hemipterans
358:on leaf of
2691:Categories
2295:Lygaeidae
2275:Geocoridae
2247:Berytidae
2234:Lygaeoidea
1918:Cimicidae
1902:Cimicoidea
1697:Corixidae
1689:Corixoidea
1672:Nepomorpha
1347:Psyllidae
1314:Psylloidea
1293:Adelgidae
1192:Kerriidae
1187:Kermesidae
1105:Aclerdidae
1063:Aphidoidea
992:Ricaniidae
977:Lophopidae
972:Kinnaridae
797:Cicadoidea
782:Epipygidae
772:Cercopidae
700:Subclass:
690:Arthropoda
567:2019-05-03
543:References
490:ovipositor
468:Morphology
407:Aphidoidea
394:Phylloxera
285:Phylloxera
182:Suborder:
156:Arthropoda
2360:Largidae
2255:Blissidae
2203:Coreidae
2195:Alydidae
2187:Coreoidea
2172:Canopidae
2146:Phloeidae
2115:Cydnidae
2052:Aradidae
2044:Aradoidea
2013:Tingidae
1653:Omaniidae
1637:Saldidae
1546:Hebridae
1538:Hebroidea
1525:Veliidae
1512:Gerridae
1504:Gerroidea
1377:Suborder
1355:Triozidae
1264:Putoidae
1142:Coccidae
1089:Coccoidea
1079:Aphididae
1028:Suborder
909:Achilidae
813:Cicadidae
803:(cicadas)
728:Suborder
702:Pterygota
682:Kingdom:
671:Hemiptera
528:oviparous
516:phylogeny
499:vestigial
495:flagellum
480:and true
428:deciduous
411:Latreille
176:Hemiptera
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2490:BugGuide
2440:Q2671139
2434:Wikidata
2303:Malcidae
1971:Nabidae
1963:Miridae
1846:Pleidae
1833:Pleoidea
1726:Nepidae
1710:Nepoidea
1069:(aphids)
957:Gengidae
944:Flatidae
929:Derbidae
919:Cixiidae
708:Neoptera
688:Phylum:
684:Animalia
673:families
587:177–230.
478:adelgids
265:Foaiella
212:Family:
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2521:2646394
2308:Ninidae
2270:Cymidae
967:Issidae
696:Insecta
694:Class:
669:Extant
612:123–131
226:Genera
172:Order:
166:Insecta
162:Class:
2674:222359
2661:506311
2645:NZOR:
2612:109194
2599:100724
2586:319318
2534:1PHYXF
2495:184862
2378:Note:
488:, the
482:aphids
385:genera
377:aphids
275:Olegia
2638:33384
2594:IRMNG
2547:12356
2508:8NKP8
2386:from
2384:clade
1383:(with
460:Vitis
432:galls
361:Vitis
342:Carya
2633:NCBI
2607:ITIS
2573:7256
2568:GBIF
2529:EPPO
2482:1260
2477:BOLD
389:type
35:PreꞒ
2620:NBN
2516:EoL
2503:CoL
2464:AFD
409:by
391:is
364:sp.
2693::
2671::
2658::
2635::
2622::
2609::
2596::
2583::
2570::
2557::
2544::
2531::
2518::
2505::
2492::
2479::
2466::
2451::
2436::
560:.
303:†
85:Pg
2394:.
1932:)
1928:(
1389:)
662:e
655:t
648:v
570:.
344:)
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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