376:"Again at night I developed the last plates I had exposed; the following night I set to work printing them. Besides the trays and chemical solutions in bottles, a glass graduate and thermometer, a box of photographic paper, my laboratory equipment was nil. Fortunately, I had to make only contact prints from the plates. I simply laid a glass negative on a sheet of light-sensitive paper on the table, by the light of my little red lantern, turned on the bulb that hung from the ceiling, for a few seconds, and developed the prints. It was while making these prints that I hit on my Rayograph process, or cameraless photographs. One sheet of photo paper got into the developing tray - a sheet unexposed that had been mixed with those already exposed under the negatives - I made my several exposures first, developing them together later - and as I waited in vain a couple of minutes for an image to appear, regretting the waste paper, I mechanically placed a small glass funnel, the graduate and the thermometer in the tray on the wetted paper, I turned on the light: before my eyes an image began to form, not quite a simple silhouette of the objects as in a straight photograph, but distorted and refracted by the glass more or less in contact with the paper and standing out against a black background, the part directly exposed to the light. I remembered when I was a boy placing fern leaves in a printing frame with proof paper, exposing it to sunlight, and obtaining a white negative of the leaves. This was the same idea, but with an added three-dimensional quality and tonal gradation."
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cyanotype process ('blueprints') such as that used by Anna Atkins (see above), is slow and insensitive enough that fixing an impression on paper, fabric, timber or other supports can be done in subdued light indoors. Exposure outdoors may take many minutes depending on conditions, and its progress may be gauged by inspection as the coating darkens. '
336:) and perhaps the interactive to the point of feeling incidental nature of creating photograms enabled experiments in abstraction by Christian Schad as early as 1918, Man Ray in 1921, and Moholy-Nagy in 1922, through dematerialisation and distortion, merging and interpenetration of forms, and flattening of perspective.
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The usual result is a negative shadow image that shows variations in tone that depends upon the transparency of the objects used. Areas of the paper that have received no light appear white; those exposed for a shorter time or through transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey, while
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to use the photogram technique, developed by
William Henry Fox Talbot. The photogram was applied by Man Ray, Moholy-Nagy and Chargesheimer after its introduction by Christian Schad, according to the author. However, this is not substantiated through further reference by Matzner. The Dutch catalogue
557:
Conventional monochrome or colour, or direct-positive photographic material may be exposed in the dark using a flash unit, as does Adam Fuss for his photograms that capture the movement of a crawling baby, or an eel in shallow water. Susan Derges captures water currents in the same way, while Harry
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Generation of a photogram: A broad-source light (1) illuminates objects (2 and 3) that are placed directly in front of a sheet of photosensitive paper. Depending on the object's distance to the paper and properties of light emitted by the light source, the object's shadows look harder (7) or softer
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combined the photographic image with oil on canvas in large-scale colour images by preparing a light-sensitive canvas on which he placed objects in the dark for exposure and then fixing. The shapes became the matrix for an abstract painting to which he applied colour and added drawn geometric lines
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Other variations include using the light of a television screen or computer display, pressing the photosensitive paper to the surface. Multiple light sources or exposing with multiple flashes of light, or moving the light source during exposure, projecting shadows from a low-angle light, and using
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However, there are other arrangements for making photograms, and devising them is part of the creative process. Alice Lex-Nerlinger used the conventional darkroom approach in making photograms as a variation on her airbrushed stencil paintings, since lighting penetrating the translucent paper from
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Photograms may be made outdoors providing the photographic emulsion is sufficiently slow to permit it. Direct sunlight is a point-source of light (like that of an enlarger), while cloudy conditions give soft-edged shadows around three-dimensional objects placed on the photosensitive surface. The
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and to proceed as one would in making a conventional print, but instead of using a negative, to arrange objects on top of a piece of photographic paper for exposure under the enlarger lamp which can be controlled with the timer switch and aperture controls. That will give a result similar to the
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In 1918, Christian Schad's experiments with the photogram were inspired by Dada, creating photograms from random arrangements of discarded objects he had collected such as torn tickets, receipts and rags. Some argue that he was the first to make this an art form, preceding Man Ray and LĂĄszlĂł
530:(5). Areas of the paper that are in total shadow (6) stay white; they become grey (8) if the objects are transparent or translucent (9); areas that are fully exposed to the light (4) are blackened. Point source light (e.g. enlarger lens at a small f-stop) will cast hard shadows.
27:
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Nankin has immersed large sheets of monochrome photographic paper at the edge of the sea and mounted a flash on a specially-constructed oversize tripod above it to capture the action of waves and seaweeds washing over the paper surface. In 1986, Floris NeusĂŒss began his
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At this stage the image will look similar to a negative, in which shadows are white. A contact-print onto a fresh sheet of photographic paper will reverse the tones if a more naturalistic result is desired, which may be facilitated by making the initial print on film.
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since the 1st millennium BCE. The photogram, in essence, is a means by which the fall of light and shade on a surface may be automatically captured and preserved. To do so required a substance that would react to light. From the 17th century,
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Photograms were used in the 20th century by a number of photographers, particularly Man Ray, whose "rayographs" were also given the name by Dada leader Tzara. Ray described his (re-)discovery of the process in his 1963 autobiography;
554:' or other daylight-printing material such as gum bichromate may also enable outdoor exposure. Christian Schad simply placed tram tickets and other ephemera under glass on printing-out paper on his window-sill for exposure.
258: with: The 19th century was when photographic processes (with cameras) became more widely accessible/standardized items began to be produced to create photographs (and presumably photograms.). You can help by
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Hage, E. (2011). The
Magazine as Strategy: Tristan Tzara's Dada and the Seminal Role of Dada Art Journals in the Dada Movement. The Journal of Modern Periodical Studies 2(1), 33-53. Penn State University
294:, which he made by placing leaves or pieces of lace onto sensitized paper, then left them outdoors on a sunny day to expose. This produced a dark background with a white silhouette of the placed object.
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image at left; since the enlarger emits light through a lens aperture, the shadows of even tall objects like the beaker standing upright on the paper will stay sharp; the more so at smaller apertures.
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Söderberg, R., Munch, E., Strindberg, A., & Teeland, J. (1989). Edvard Munch, August
Strindberg: Fotografi som verktyg och experiment: Photography as a tool and an experiment. Stockholm: Alfabeta.
768:â light is focused with a lens or mirror and a knife edge is placed at the focal point to create graduated shadows of flow and waves in otherwise transparent media like air, water, or glass
1080:
Sir
Humphry Davy (1802) 'An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings Upon Glass and of Making Profiles by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver, invented by T. Wedgwood Esq. In
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reported that they had produced temporary images from placing stencils/light sources on photo-sensitized materials, but had no means of fixing (making permanent) the images.
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407:âsome recognisable, others transformed, typifying Dada's rejection of 'style', emphasising chance and abstraction. He published a selection of these rayographs as
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in installments; the first to be illustrated with photographs. The images were all photograms of botanical specimens, mostly seaweeds, which she made using
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imagine, you could be a photographer or hobbyist who leaves something accidentally on film/photosensitive paper in a bright room
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to enhance the dynamics, exhibiting them at the
Galerie L'Equipe in Paris in 1938â1939. Bronislaw Schlabs, Julien Coulommier,
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Another component of this medium is the light source, or sources, used. A broad source of light will cast nuances of shadow;
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490:. Younger artists worldwide continue to value the materiality of the technique in the digital age. Mauritian artist
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Photograms and artists who worked with(in)the medium have participated in/contributed to several studied/demarcated
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The phenomenon of the shadow has long aroused human curiosity and inspired artistic representation, as recorded by
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Frames of reference : looking at
American art, 1900-1950 : works from the Whitney Museum of American Art
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Barnes, Martin; NeusĂŒss, Floris
Michael; Cordier, Pierre; Derges, Susan; Fabian Miller, Garry; Fuss, Adam (2012),
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3030:(1st ed.), Bologna / New York: Skira / Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna /Rizzoli International Publications,
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Moholy-Nagy, LĂ szlĂČ; PĂ©nichon, Sylvie (2016), Witkovsky, Matthew S.; Eliel, Carol S.; Vail, Karole P. B. (eds.),
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successive exposures while moving, removing or adding shadows, will produce multiple shadows of varying quality.
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reactions were progressively observed or discovered in salts of silver, iron, uranium and chromium. In 1725,
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774:â like Schlieren photography, but without the knife-edge, reveals non-uniformities in transparent media
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In his photograms, Man Ray made combinations of objectsâa comb, a spiral of cut paper, an architect's
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3016:", 100 Years of Bauhaus, Bauhaus Kooperation Berlin Dessau Weimar, 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
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Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.); Umland, Anne; Sudhalter, Adrian; Gerson, Scott (2008),
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Design and Visual
Culture from the Bauhaus to Contemporary Art : Optical Deconstructions
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which she cut her pictures would print a variegated texture she could not otherwise obtain.
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Veronesi, Luigi; Ballo, Guido; Fossati, Paolo; Bonini, Giuseppe; Ferrari, Giuliana (1975),
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Miracco, Renato; Estorick
Collection; Italian Cultural Institute (London, England) (2006),
798:â cliche-verre technique in which movie film emulsion is scratched and drawn frame-by-frame
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Moholy-Nagy by at least a year or two, and one was published in March 1920 in the magazine
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810:â photographic techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal discharges
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Sightlines : printmaking and image culture : a collection of essays and images
1938:
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Fuss, Adam; Tannenbaum, Barbara; Akron Art Museum; National
Gallery of Victoria (1992),
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Lange, B. (2004). Printed matter: Fotografie im/und Buch. Leipzig: Leipziger Univ-Verl.
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889:(Rev. and expanded ed.), London, New York: Merrell / Victoria and Albert Museum,
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made were photograms (though the first permanent photograph was made with a camera by
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uses cameraless techniques to connect material culture to contemporary identities of
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XLII esposizione internazionale d'arte la biennale di Venezia : arte e scienza
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by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as
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Talbot, William Henry Fox; Ollman, Arthur; Gray, Michael; McCusker, Carol (2002),
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The relative ease of access (not needing a camera and, depending on the medium, a
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Die Fotomontage im Faschistischen Italien: Aspekte der Propaganda Unter Mussolini
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2969:(1st ed.), Aperture / National Museum of Photography, Film and Television,
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Specimens and marvels: William Henry Fox Talbot and the invention of photography
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Sun pictures. Catalogue seven., Photogenic drawings by William Henry Fox Talbot
2836:"Traces of/by nature:August Strindberg's photographic experiments of the 1890s"
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Established contemporary artists who are widely known for using photograms are
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The Focal Press companion to the constructed image in contemporary photography
486:, and Karen Amy Finkel Fishof, who has digitized and minted her photograms as
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Inventing Abstraction, 1910-1925 : how a radical idea changed modern art
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792:â semiphotographic printmaking technique using a negative created by drawing
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Variations of the technique have also been used for scientific purposes, in
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2284:(1st ed.), Dartmouth College Press / University Press of New England,
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780:â camera-less technique using photographic (and other) chemistry with light
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Man Ray, 1922, Untitled Rayograph, gelatin silver photogram, 23.5 x 17.8 cm
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1123:. London: Special Collections Department, Library, University of Glasgow.
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Max and Olive : the photographic life of Olive Cotton and Max Dupain
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Painting in Italy, 1910s-1950s : futurism, abstraction, concrete art
1542:
Sperone, Gian Enzo; Pelizzari, Maria Antonella; Robilant + Voena (2016),
1368:, Roberts Rinehart Publishers in association with the Denver Art Museum,
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First photographs: William Henry Fox Talbot and the birth of photography
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Seizing the light : a social & aesthetic history of photography
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19:
This article is about the photographic technique. For the magazine, see
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Abstract pictures on film : the technique of making lightgraphics
1963:
How the first female photographer changed the way the world sees algae
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1,2,3 -- avant-gardes : film, art between experiment and archive
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At first light: the most iconic camera-less photographs â in pictures
1674:
National Gallery of Victoria; Crombie, Isobel; Waite, Dianne (2003),
801:
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with their light graphics in the 1960s; Lina Kolarova, Rene MĂ€chler,
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in 1777, who found that violet light caused the greatest reaction in
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Experimental vision : the evolution of the photogram since 1919
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Experimental vision : the evolution of the photogram since 1919
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1974:
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329:, and in architecture in the formalist dissections of the Bauhaus.
2693:, translated by Jackson, Gerrit, The University of Chicago Press,
2256:
NeusĂŒss, Floris Michael; Barrow, Thomas F; Hagen, Charles (1994),
1364:
NeusĂŒss, Floris Michael; Barrow, Thomas F; Hagen, Charles (1994),
417:('Return to Reason') adapts rayograph technique to moving images.
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2022:
949:
was also issued in German by the Leopold Museum in Vienna (2008).
676:
641:
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157:(ÎłÏÎŹÎŒÎŒÎ±, "written character, letter, that which is drawn"), from
77:. Other artists who have experimented with the technique include
70:
1225:, Lancaster: Wilfrid Laurier University Press (published 2012),
215:
was the first to demonstrate a temporary photographic effect in
3840:
3257:
3207:
2749:
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1977:
Corporate art collections : a handbook to corporate buying
804:â photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print
411:
in December 1922, with an introduction by Tzara. His 1923 film
51:
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Vertigo: A century of multimedia art from futurism to the Web
1146:
Schaaf, Larry J.; Atkins, Anna (2018), Chuang, Joshua (ed.),
164:
146:
134:
122:
105:
3146:(1st ed.), University of Texas Press (published 2008),
2070:
1601:"Edward Goldman's Own 'Made In LA'â Pandemic Version Forbes"
1145:
442:
and Beksinki were photogram artists in the 1940s and 1950s;
26:
1717:"Audrey Albert â Manchester School of Art Degree Show 2018"
1456:
Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set
1343:
322:
1677:
Firstimpressions : contemporary Australian photograms
975:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 62, No. 1 (2003), pp. 25-64
455:
2715:
Christian Schad : peintures, dessins, schadographies
2691:
Inadvertent images: A history of photographic apparitions
2610:, vol. 23, J. Paul Getty Museum, 1995, p. 106,
2332:(Third ed.), Boston: Cengage Learning, p. 234,
2215:
Hajek-Halke, Heinz; Sayag, Alain; Ruetz, Michael (2002),
1680:, Council of Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria
1453:
1273:(Third ed.), Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group,
1019:
506:
The customary approach to making a photogram is to use a
2167:
Shindelman, Marni; Massoni, Anne Leighton, eds. (2018),
1692:"Abstract! 100 Years of Abstract Photography, 1917â2017"
786:â LĂĄszlĂł Moholy-Nagy's 'New Vision' photography movement
2807:
JĂ€ger, Gottfried; Reese, Beate; Krauss, Rolf H (2005),
2665:
Umland, Anne; Sudhalter, Adrian; Gerson, Scott (2008),
2587:, London: The Museum / University of California Press,
2558:"[Photogram with Nails (Fotogramm mit Nageln)]"
2375:
2119:
Derges, Susan; Kemp, Martin; Pereira, Sharmini (1999),
1838:, Studio Vista; New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1647:"Solo Exhibition - Karen Amy Finkel Fishof - "Radiate""
1220:
100:
studies of flow in transparent media and in high-speed
74:
2581:
Venn, Beth; Weinberg, Adam D; Fraser, Kennedy (1999),
2049:
In Place: Contemporary Photographers Envision a Museum
1740:
House, Manchester International Festival Blackfriars.
1633:"Radiate â Recent Artworks by Karen Amy Finkel Fishof"
860:
Emanations : the art of the cameraless photograph
30:
A photogram of a number of photography-related objects
3090:
2740:", New City Art, 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
2304:
Burns, Nancy Kathryn; Wilson, Kristina, eds. (2016),
1939:"Markus Amm - Artist's Profile - The Saatchi Gallery"
1915:"Floris NeusĂŒss (German, 1937 - 2020) (Getty Museum)"
1896:
2990:"Checklist of The Judith Rothschild Foundation Gift"
2965:
Talbot, William Henry Fox; Roberts, Russell (2000),
2917:
Schaaf, Larry J.; Talbot, William Henry Fox (2000),
2893:
Schaaf, Larry J.; Talbot, William Henry Fox (1995),
2145:
Image & imagination: Mois de la photo à Montréal
2095:
Lakin, Shaune A; Cotton, Olive; Dupain, Max (2016),
2496:, Warsaw: Sternberg / Centre for Contemporary Art,
2260:, Roberts Rinehart Publishers / Denver Art Museum,
2190:
1965:", Smithsonian, 30 May 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
858:Batchen, Geoffrey (2016), Batchen, Geoffrey (ed.),
339:
2667:Dada in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art
2539:
2327:
2099:, Canberra, A.C.T. National Gallery of Australia,
1831:
1199:Dada in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art
62:fully-exposed areas are black in the final print.
2627:
2400:Lye, Len; Annear, Judy; Bullock, Natasha (2000),
2075:(First ed.), Rochester, New York: Aperture,
1998:
1856:
1854:
1801:"Making a photogram - traditional darkroom ideas"
1052:(3rd ed.). New York: Dover. pp. 57â83.
857:
853:
851:
4799:
3026:Celant, Germano; Maraniello, Gianfranco (2008),
2919:The photographic art of William Henry Fox Talbot
2773:
2712:
2142:
1454:Warren, Lynne; Warren, Lynn (15 November 2005),
1414:
1295:Bauhaus 1919-1933 : workshops for modernity
3093:Mehr Licht: KĂŒnstlerhologramme und Lichtobjekte
2279:
1979:, Lund Humphries / Sotheby's Institute of Art,
1342:and therefore, automatized or mechanical - see
985:Orr, Inge C. (1974). "Puppet Theatre in Asia".
3066:
2417:
2330:The book of alternative photographic processes
2046:
1975:Appleyard, Charlotte; Salzmann, James (2012),
1851:
1268:
1095:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
936:issued by the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag (2009),
908:
887:Shadow catchers : camera-less photography
848:
570:List of notable photographers using photograms
562:('nocturnal pictures'), exposed by lightning.
3178:
3141:
2688:
1829:
1789:? Broken/omitted visual reference in the text
1092:
420:
3120:Art/35/Basel, 16-21/6/04 : the art show
2465:
2147:, Chesham: McGill-Queen's University Press,
2023:Fraenkel, Jeffrey; Fraenkel Gallery (1996),
1392:(First ed.), Art Institute of Chicago,
1223:Dada, surrealism, & the cinematic effect
1148:Sun gardens : cyanotypes by Anna Atkins
762:â photogram using light only with no objects
297:In 1843, Anna Atkins produced a book titled
4730:Conservation and restoration of photographs
2353:"Edmund Kesting. Photogram Lightbulb. 1927"
2306:Cyanotypes : photography's blue period
2238:
4467:Comparison of digital and film photography
3185:
3171:
2750:Strindberg, August; Hedström, Per (2001),
2492:Ronduda, Ćukasz; Zeyfang, Florian (2007),
2431:, 27 November 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
2282:Shock and the senseless in Dada and Fluxus
1792:
1619:"karen Amy Finkel Fishof â Photogrammeuse"
1244:
4687:Photographs considered the most important
2738:Review: Greg Stimac/Andrew Rafacz Gallery
2516:Baldassari, Anne; Picasso, Pablo (1997),
1293:Bergdoll, Barry; Dickerman, Leah (2009),
1170:Dickerman, Leah; Affron, Matthew (2012),
1020:StoichiÈÄ, Victor Ieronim (August 1997),
358:
3014:Elsa Thiemann: 1929â1931 Bauhaus student
2518:Picasso and photography: The dark mirror
827:
546:, as shown in the accompanying diagram.
524:
379:
362:
176:
33:
25:
2308:, Worcester, MA: Worcester Art Museum,
2195:(2nd ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall,
2121:Susan Derges : liquid form 1985-99
2071:Allen, Jamie M.; McNear, Sarah (2018),
1477:
1458:, Taylor and Francis (published 2005),
1316:
934:Christian Schad 1895-1982 Retrospectief
821:
4800:
2754:, Yale University Press, p. 188,
2001:Frieze Art Fair : yearbook 2007-8
1649:. Artweek Magazine. 12 September 2019.
1116:
454:, and Andreas Mulas in the 1970s; and
169:, "to scratch, to scrape, to graze").
3166:
2442:"The global decline of the honey bee"
2193:Photography : a cultural history
1868:
1866:
1811:from the original on 30 December 2011
1496:"Man Ray (Emmanuel Radnitzky) | MoMA"
1449:
1447:
1445:
1410:
1408:
1192:
1190:
965:
834:(7th ed.). Oxford: Focal Press.
238:
139:, "light"), and Ancient Greek suffix
2752:Strindberg: Painter and photographer
1561:Italian abstraction : 1910-1960
1484:(1st ed.), Boston Little, Brown
1221:Elder, Bruce (R. Bruce) (May 2013),
1045:
978:
880:
878:
299:British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions
242:
4682:Museums devoted to one photographer
1733:
1026:, Reaktion Books (published 1997),
984:
309:process, which yields blue images.
13:
4229:Timeline of photography technology
2945:(1st ed.), PowerHouse Books,
2653:Christian Schad: Schadograph: 1918
2404:, Art Gallery of New South Wales,
2376:Horrocks, Roger; Lye, Len (2001),
2003:, New York: Frieze, p. 1928,
1863:
1621:. OpenEye Magazine. 10 April 2021.
1442:
1405:
1187:
1117:Talbot, William Henry Fox (1844).
932:According to Alexandra Matzner in
355:, who dubbed them 'Schadographs'.
85:(who called them "Schadographs"),
65:The technique is sometimes called
14:
4834:
1798:
1766:"Audrey Albert: Future Fire 2020"
1746:Manchester International Festival
1739:
1419:(1st ed.), Abbeville Press,
1390:Moholy-Nagy : future present
1127:from the original on 11 June 2011
875:
4780:
4770:
4769:
3135:
3112:
3091:Lipp, Achim; Zec, Peter (1985),
3084:
3060:
3043:
3019:
3006:
2608:The J. Paul Getty Museum journal
2562:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
1919:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
1522:, La Biennale di Venezia, 1986,
1297:, London: Museum of Modern Art,
1082:Journal of the Royal Institution
425:In the 1930s, artists including
340:Christian Schad's 'schadographs'
246:
4781:
3192:
2982:
2958:
2934:
2910:
2886:
2879:," "This is Not a Photograph",
2869:
2865:, Time-Life International, 1972
2853:
2828:
2800:
2791:
2767:
2743:
2730:
2706:
2682:
2658:
2655:." MoMA. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
2645:
2621:
2600:
2574:
2550:
2533:
2509:
2485:
2472:, University of Alberta Press,
2459:
2434:
2393:
2369:
2345:
2321:
2297:
2273:
2249:
2232:
2208:
2184:
2160:
2136:
2112:
2088:
2064:
2040:
2016:
1992:
1968:
1955:
1931:
1907:
1890:
1874:"Lloyd Godman index photograms"
1823:
1783:
1758:
1709:
1684:
1667:
1653:
1639:
1625:
1611:
1593:
1576:
1552:
1548:, Robilant + Voena, p. 148
1535:
1512:
1488:
1471:
1432:
1381:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1310:
1286:
1262:
1238:
1214:
1163:
1150:, The New York Public Library,
1139:
1110:
1086:
1074:
1039:
993:(1). Nanzan University: 69â84.
469:
58:and then exposing it to light.
38:Photogram with soil and plants.
3142:Carter, Keith (October 2008),
3071:, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter,
3056:, Istituto di storia dell'arte
2921:, Princeton University Press,
2883:, 2001. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
2073:The photographer in the garden
1897:Monash Gallery of Art (2004),
1417:A world history of photography
1013:
952:
944:, p. 216, Schad was the first
926:
902:
115:comes from the combining form
1:
4279:Painted photography backdrops
4211:Golden triangle (composition)
3486:35 mm equivalent focal length
2380:, Auckland University Press,
1323:, Cambridge, Mass MIT Press,
1097:, Taylor & Francis Ltd.,
1023:A short history of the shadow
814:
193:
189:photograms of Festuca grasses
2217:Heinz Hajek-Halke, 1898-1983
2191:Marien, Mary Warner (2006),
1900:The wave : Harry Nankin
1834:Photography without a camera
1742:"MIF21 Creative Fellowships"
1696:Suomen valokuvataiteen museo
973:Shadow Theaters of the World
544:umbra, penumbra and antumbra
501:
393:Rayographs in an excerpt of
312:
159:
153:
141:
129:
117:
7:
3989:Intentional camera movement
2540:Benteler Galleries (1983),
2328:James, Christopher (2016),
2171:(1st ed.), Routledge,
1807:. Magazine Publishing Ltd.
1586:Adam Fuss : photograms
1249:(1st ed.), Routledge,
753:
10:
4839:
4677:Most expensive photographs
4034:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2628:Galerie Zabriskie (2004),
2378:Len Lye : a biography
1999:Furness, Rosalind (2007),
1046:Eder, Josef Maria (1972).
828:Langford, Michael (1999).
421:Other 20th century artists
172:
165:
147:
135:
123:
18:
4765:
4722:
4669:
4574:
4517:
4423:
4307:
4219:
4171:
3911:
3678:
3478:
3200:
2774:Szalczer, Eszter (2011),
2713:Schad, Christian (2002),
2143:Langford, Martha (2005),
1903:, Wheelers Hill, Victoria
1661:"Karen Amy Finkel Fishof"
1415:Rosenblum, Naomi (1984),
4611:Digital image processing
2669:, Museum of Modern Art,
2357:The Museum of Modern Art
2280:Brill, Dorothée (2010),
2219:(1st ed.), Steidl,
2123:, Michael Hue-Williams,
1721:Manchester School of Art
1500:The Museum of Modern Art
1201:, Museum of Modern Art,
1174:, Museum of Modern Art,
288:William Henry Fox Talbot
21:The Photogram (magazine)
4808:Photographic techniques
4284:Photography and the law
3067:Baltzer, Nanni (2015),
2520:, Houston: Flammarion,
2047:Welling, James (2016),
1269:Hirsch, Robert (2017),
913:, Thames & Hudson,
909:Barnes, Martin (2018),
796:Drawn-on-film animation
278:The first photographic
213:Johann Heinrich Schulze
202:, and various forms of
4813:History of photography
4631:Gelatin silver process
3655:Science of photography
3640:Photographic processes
3618:Perspective distortion
2877:Profile: Kunie Sugiura
2815:], Kerber Verlag,
2689:Geimer, Peter (2018),
2630:Zabriskie: fifty years
1943:www.saatchigallery.com
1830:Holter, Patra (1972),
1093:Hannavy, John (2005),
1049:History of photography
987:Asian Folklore Studies
911:Cameraless photography
657:Floris Michael NeusĂŒss
531:
522:, washed, and dried.
433:also made photograms.
400:
378:
368:
359:Man Ray's 'rayographs'
190:
67:cameraless photography
39:
31:
16:Photographic technique
4089:Schlieren photography
3628:Photographic printing
3551:Exposure compensation
3122:, Hatje Cantz, 2004,
2466:Jule, Walter (1997),
1663:. Carpazine Magazine.
1635:. Artillery Magazine.
971:Fan Pen Chen (2003),
766:Schlieren photography
528:
414:Le Retour Ă la Raison
392:
374:
366:
221:Carl Wilhhelm Scheele
180:
104:, and in the medical
102:Schlieren photography
50:image made without a
37:
29:
3873:Straight photography
3511:Chromatic aberration
2897:, Hans P. Kraus Jr,
2813:Concrete photography
2632:, Ruder Finn Press,
2546:, Benteler Galleries
2239:Hajek-Halke (1965),
2027:, Fraenkel Gallery,
1120:The Pencil of Nature
460:Andreas MĂŒller-Pohle
319:modern art movements
4740:photographic plates
4425:Digital photography
3603:Hyperfocal distance
3516:Circle of confusion
2809:Konkrete fotografie
2543:Alexander Rodchenko
1878:www.lloydgodman.net
1320:Bauhaus photography
1245:TĂłth, Edit (2018),
862:, DelMonico Books,
808:Kirlian photography
682:Alexander Rodchenko
652:Alice Lex-Nerlinger
592:Christopher Bucklow
292:photogenic drawings
127:) of Ancient Greek
4244:Autochrome LumiĂšre
4239:Analog photography
4064:Pigeon photography
3853:Social documentary
3332:discontinued films
2717:, Schirmer-Mosel,
1589:, Akron Art Museum
742:Nancy Wilson-Pajic
647:LĂĄszlĂł Moholy-Nagy
552:Printing-out paper
532:
518:The print is then
401:
369:
239:Nineteenth century
191:
79:LĂĄszlĂł Moholy-Nagy
56:photographic paper
40:
32:
4795:
4794:
4596:Collodion process
4532:Chromogenic print
4519:Color photography
4029:Multiple exposure
4004:Lo-fi photography
3531:Color temperature
3153:978-0-292-71908-8
3144:A certain alchemy
3129:978-3-7757-1371-9
3106:978-3-8225-0015-6
3099:], E. Kabel,
3078:978-3-05-006098-9
3037:978-88-6130-562-5
2976:978-0-89381-932-3
2952:978-1-57687-153-9
2928:978-0-691-05000-3
2904:978-0-9621096-5-2
2822:978-3-936646-74-0
2785:978-0-415-41423-4
2776:August Strindberg
2761:978-0-300-09187-8
2724:978-2-7118-4603-0
2700:978-0-226-47190-7
2676:978-0-87070-668-4
2639:978-1-932646-15-3
2594:978-0-87427-111-9
2527:978-2-08-013646-6
2503:978-83-85142-19-5
2479:978-0-88864-307-0
2411:978-0-7347-6324-2
2387:978-1-86940-247-1
2339:978-1-285-08931-7
2315:978-0-936042-06-0
2291:978-1-58465-902-0
2267:978-1-879373-73-0
2226:978-3-88243-857-4
2202:978-0-13-221906-8
2178:978-1-317-29911-0
2154:978-0-7735-2969-4
2130:978-1-900829-07-6
2106:978-0-642-33462-6
2082:978-1-59711-373-1
2058:978-3-791-35366-1
2034:978-1-881997-01-6
2010:978-0-9553201-2-5
1986:978-1-84822-071-3
1845:978-0-289-70331-1
1570:978-88-202-1811-9
1529:978-88-208-0331-5
1465:978-0-203-94338-0
1426:978-0-89659-438-8
1399:978-0-86559-281-0
1375:978-1-879373-73-0
1330:978-0-262-13202-2
1304:978-0-87070-758-2
1280:978-1-138-94425-1
1256:978-1-351-06245-9
1232:978-1-55458-625-7
1208:978-0-87070-668-4
1181:978-0-87070-828-2
1157:978-3-7913-5798-0
1104:978-0-203-94178-2
1033:978-1-86189-000-9
958:Pliny the Elder,
942:978-3-87909-974-0
920:978-0-500-48036-6
896:978-1-85894-592-7
869:978-3-7913-6646-3
831:Basic Photography
722:Mikhail Tarkhanov
707:Jean-Pierre Sudre
702:August Strindberg
667:Andrzej Pawlowski
622:Heinz Hajek-Halke
484:Christian Marclay
464:Floris M. NeusĂŒss
444:Heinz Hajek-Halke
440:Andrzej Pawlowski
390:
303:Sir John Herschel
276:
275:
87:Imogen Cunningham
69:. It was used by
4830:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4651:Print permanence
4601:Cross processing
4559:CMYK color model
4544:Color management
4497:Foveon X3 sensor
4492:Three-CCD camera
4136:Miniature faking
4094:Sabattier effect
3706:Astrophotography
3561:Zebra patterning
3187:
3180:
3173:
3164:
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3157:
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3001:
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2962:
2956:
2955:
2938:
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2931:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2890:
2884:
2881:Carleton College
2873:
2867:
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2851:
2850:
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2014:
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1996:
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1972:
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1478:Man Ray (1963),
1475:
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1451:
1440:
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1402:
1385:
1379:
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1355:
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1317:Bauhaus (1985),
1314:
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855:
846:
845:
825:
717:Henry Fox Talbot
496:Chagos Islanders
458:, Kare Magnole,
452:Dennis Oppenheim
409:Champs délicieux
396:Return to Reason
391:
284:Nicéphore Niépce
271:
268:
250:
243:
233:Thomas Wedgewood
168:
167:
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156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
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126:
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120:
4838:
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4829:
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4827:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4761:
4718:
4665:
4656:Push processing
4577:
4570:
4564:RGB color model
4513:
4419:
4303:
4215:
4181:Diagonal method
4167:
3907:
3811:Photojournalism
3674:
3506:Black-and-white
3474:
3453:Slide projector
3448:Movie projector
3327:available films
3196:
3191:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3089:
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2340:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2254:
2250:
2245:, Dennis Dobson
2237:
2233:
2227:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2189:
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2179:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2141:
2137:
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2117:
2113:
2107:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1947:
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1937:
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1932:
1923:
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1128:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1091:
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1060:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1018:
1014:
999:10.2307/1177504
983:
979:
970:
966:
960:Natural History
957:
953:
931:
927:
921:
907:
903:
897:
883:
876:
870:
856:
849:
842:
826:
822:
817:
756:
751:
692:Christian Schad
687:Theodore Roszak
572:
504:
472:
427:Theodore Roszak
423:
380:
361:
342:
315:
272:
266:
263:
256:needs expansion
241:
225:silver chloride
219:, confirmed by
200:Pliny the Elder
196:
175:
83:Christian Schad
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4836:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4793:
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4789:
4778:
4766:
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4759:
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4709:
4704:
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4689:
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4673:
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4469:
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4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4433:Digital camera
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
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4362:
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4332:
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4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:Camera obscura
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:Rule of thirds
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
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4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:Harris shutter
3966:
3964:Hand-colouring
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
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3909:
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3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
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3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
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3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Red-eye effect
3647:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Exposure value
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Depth of focus
3538:
3536:Depth of field
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
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3408:
3403:
3393:
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3381:
3376:
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3366:
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3341:
3336:
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3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3277:
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3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
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3225:
3220:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3134:
3128:
3111:
3105:
3083:
3077:
3059:
3053:Luigi Veronesi
3042:
3036:
3018:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2957:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2909:
2903:
2885:
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2593:
2573:
2549:
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2508:
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2458:
2433:
2416:
2410:
2392:
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2368:
2344:
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2296:
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2272:
2266:
2248:
2231:
2225:
2207:
2201:
2183:
2177:
2159:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2111:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2063:
2057:
2039:
2033:
2015:
2009:
1991:
1985:
1967:
1961:Brigit Katz, "
1954:
1930:
1906:
1889:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1822:
1805:ePhotozine.com
1799:Bargh, Peter.
1791:
1782:
1757:
1732:
1708:
1683:
1666:
1652:
1638:
1624:
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1592:
1575:
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1374:
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1329:
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1303:
1285:
1279:
1261:
1255:
1237:
1231:
1213:
1207:
1186:
1180:
1162:
1156:
1138:
1109:
1103:
1085:
1073:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1012:
977:
964:
951:
925:
919:
901:
895:
874:
868:
847:
840:
819:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
755:
752:
750:
749:
744:
739:
737:Kurt Wendlandt
734:
732:Luigi Veronesi
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Edmund Kesting
634:
629:
627:Raoul Hausmann
624:
619:
614:
612:Michael Flomen
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
571:
568:
503:
500:
471:
468:
466:in the 1980s.
448:Kurt Wendlandt
435:Luigi Veronesi
422:
419:
360:
357:
341:
338:
327:Constructivism
314:
311:
274:
273:
253:
251:
240:
237:
195:
192:
174:
171:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4835:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
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4803:
4788:
4779:
4777:
4768:
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4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
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4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:Photographers
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:Bleach bypass
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:primary color
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Reversal film
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Image sharing
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
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4460:
4456:
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4448:
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4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:United States
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
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4353:
4351:
4348:
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4343:
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4338:
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4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Daguerreotype
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
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4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Stopping down
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Rephotography
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Long-exposure
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Architectural
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Shutter speed
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Metering mode
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Color balance
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Angle of view
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Manufacturers
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3009:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2778:, Routledge,
2777:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2544:
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2025:Under the sun
2019:
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1481:Self Portrait
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712:Kunié Sugiura
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672:Pablo Picasso
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632:John Herschel
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587:Walead Beshty
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456:Tomy Ceballos
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290:called these
289:
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267:February 2023
261:
257:
254:This section
252:
249:
245:
244:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:photochemical
205:
201:
188:
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109:
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91:Pablo Picasso
88:
84:
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72:
68:
63:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
36:
28:
22:
4752:Polaroid art
4646:K-14 process
4641:Instant film
4636:Gum printing
4591:C-41 process
4576:Photographic
4477:Image sensor
4472:Film scanner
4126:Sun printing
4059:Print toning
4053:
3846:space selfie
3816:Pictorialism
3746:Ethnographic
3726:Conservation
3598:Guide number
3593:Focal length
3143:
3137:
3119:
3114:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3068:
3062:
3052:
3045:
3027:
3021:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2984:
2966:
2960:
2942:
2936:
2918:
2912:
2894:
2888:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2844:. Retrieved
2842:. 2011-02-10
2839:
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2802:
2793:
2775:
2769:
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2708:
2690:
2684:
2666:
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2647:
2629:
2623:
2607:
2602:
2583:
2576:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2542:
2535:
2517:
2511:
2493:
2487:
2468:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2448:. 2017-10-12
2445:
2436:
2429:The Guardian
2428:
2419:
2401:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2329:
2323:
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2299:
2281:
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2216:
2210:
2192:
2186:
2168:
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2144:
2138:
2120:
2114:
2096:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2048:
2042:
2024:
2018:
2000:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1899:
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1833:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1772:. 2020-04-09
1769:
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1698:. 2017-04-27
1695:
1686:
1676:
1669:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1585:
1578:
1563:, Mazzotta,
1560:
1554:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1480:
1473:
1455:
1434:
1416:
1389:
1383:
1365:
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1338:
1319:
1312:
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1270:
1264:
1246:
1240:
1222:
1216:
1198:
1171:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1119:
1112:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1048:
1041:
1022:
1015:
990:
986:
980:
967:
959:
954:
945:
933:
928:
910:
904:
886:
859:
830:
823:
790:Cliché verre
747:Keith Carter
607:Susan Derges
602:Olive Cotton
597:Kate Cordsen
564:
559:
556:
548:
541:
537:
533:
517:
505:
480:Susan Derges
473:
470:Contemporary
424:
412:
408:
405:French curve
402:
394:
375:
370:
346:
343:
331:
316:
298:
296:
291:
277:
264:
260:adding to it
255:
229:Humphry Davy
217:silver salts
197:
112:
110:
95:
66:
64:
60:
48:photographic
43:
41:
4757:Stereoscopy
4621:E-6 process
4616:Dye coupler
4549:color space
4462:Digiscoping
4455:camera back
4370:Philippines
4299:Visual arts
4289:Glass plate
4274:Heliography
4173:Composition
4148:Ultraviolet
4104:Stereoscopy
4099:Slow motion
4084:Scanography
3999:Kite aerial
3939:Contre-jour
3831:Post-mortem
3821:Pornography
3801:Neues Sehen
3736:Documentary
3670:Zone System
3645:Reciprocity
3571:Film format
3501:Backscatter
3479:Terminology
3349:beauty dish
3248:rangefinder
3213:light-field
3194:Photography
2051:, Prestel,
1131:21 November
784:Neues Sehen
772:Shadowgraph
697:Greg Stimac
582:Anna Atkins
560:Nachtbilder
204:shadow play
183:Anna Atkins
98:shadowgraph
4802:Categories
4747:Lomography
4578:processing
4527:Print film
4443:comparison
4410:Uzbekistan
4360:Luxembourg
4320:Bangladesh
4269:Dufaycolor
4249:Box camera
4206:Simplicity
4163:Zoom burst
4158:Xerography
4153:Vignetting
4143:Time-lapse
4131:Tiltâshift
4024:Mordançage
4014:Luminogram
3979:Holography
3974:High-speed
3954:Fill flash
3934:Burst mode
3912:Techniques
3893:Vernacular
3888:Underwater
3883:Toy camera
3863:Still life
3791:Monochrome
3781:High-speed
3731:Cloudscape
3721:Conceptual
3623:Photograph
3608:Lens flare
3588:Film speed
3470:Zone plate
3416:wide-angle
3401:long-focus
3097:More light
2846:2019-07-06
2567:2019-07-04
2452:2019-07-04
2362:2019-07-04
1948:2019-07-04
1924:2020-10-28
1883:2019-07-04
1776:2022-05-03
1751:2022-05-03
1726:2022-05-03
1702:2019-07-03
1505:2019-07-05
962:, xxxv, 14
815:References
760:Luminogram
662:Anne Noble
577:Markus Amm
431:Piet Zwart
321:, such as
194:Prehistory
75:rayographs
4697:Norwegian
4661:Stop bath
4606:Developer
4234:Ambrotype
4196:Lead room
4119:Slit-scan
4054:Photogram
4049:Panoramic
3959:Fireworks
3944:Cyanotype
3786:Landscape
3431:telephoto
3379:reflector
3374:monolight
3369:lens hood
3354:cucoloris
3290:safelight
3201:Equipment
2862:The Print
2616:0362-1979
1815:2 January
802:Cyanotype
778:Chemigram
617:Adam Fuss
520:processed
502:Procedure
476:Adam Fuss
348:Dadaphone
313:Modernism
307:cyanotype
280:negatives
187:cyanotype
113:photogram
111:The term
44:photogram
4776:Category
4482:CMOS APS
4380:Slovenia
4308:Regional
4254:Calotype
4191:Headroom
4069:Redscale
3984:Infrared
3929:Brenizer
3903:Wildlife
3826:Portrait
3771:Forensic
3761:Fine-art
3696:Aircraft
3686:Abstract
3566:F-number
3546:Exposure
3521:Clipping
3496:Aperture
3364:hot shoe
3285:enlarger
3280:Darkroom
1809:Archived
1125:Archived
754:See also
512:enlarger
508:darkroom
334:darkroom
151:), from
4823:Shadows
4787:Outline
4723:Related
4415:Vietnam
4400:Ukraine
4335:Denmark
4315:Albania
4294:Tintype
4221:History
4186:Framing
4079:Rollout
4044:Panning
3994:Kirlian
3898:Wedding
3776:Glamour
3756:Fashion
3741:Eclipse
3711:Banquet
3633:Albumen
3443:Monopod
3421:fisheye
3389:softbox
3238:pinhole
3228:instant
3218:digital
2998:July 4,
2402:Len Lye
1770:Contact
1068:4005270
1007:1177504
677:Man Ray
642:Len Lye
181:One of
173:History
148:-ÎłÏαΌΌα
142:-gramma
73:in his
71:Man Ray
4785:
4774:
4707:street
4702:Polish
4395:Turkey
4390:Taiwan
4375:Serbia
4365:Norway
4340:Greece
4325:Canada
3919:Afocal
3878:Street
3858:Sports
3841:Selfie
3796:Nature
3751:Erotic
3716:Candid
3691:Aerial
3679:Genres
3581:medium
3458:Tripod
3426:swivel
3339:Filter
3317:holder
3312:format
3208:Camera
3150:
3126:
3103:
3075:
3034:
2973:
2949:
2925:
2901:
2819:
2782:
2758:
2721:
2697:
2673:
2636:
2614:
2591:
2524:
2500:
2476:
2408:
2384:
2336:
2312:
2288:
2264:
2223:
2199:
2175:
2151:
2127:
2103:
2079:
2055:
2031:
2007:
1983:
1842:
1605:Forbes
1567:
1526:
1462:
1423:
1396:
1372:
1327:
1301:
1277:
1253:
1229:
1205:
1178:
1154:
1101:
1066:
1056:
1030:
1005:
946:artist
940:
917:
893:
866:
838:
462:, and
429:, and
399:(1923)
160:grĂĄphĆ
154:grĂĄmma
118:phĆtĆ-
52:camera
4818:Light
4712:women
4670:Lists
4626:Fixer
4509:Pixel
4438:D-SLR
4385:Sudan
4355:Korea
4350:Japan
4345:India
4330:China
4114:Strip
4039:Night
4019:Macro
3924:Bokeh
3868:Stock
3836:Ruins
3576:large
3406:prime
3384:snoot
3344:Flash
3322:stock
3297:Drone
3258:still
3243:press
3233:phone
3223:field
3095:[
2993:(PDF)
2811:[
1439:Press
1003:JSTOR
166:ÎłÏÎŹÏÏ
124:ÏÏÏÏ-
106:X-ray
46:is a
4735:film
4450:MILC
3949:ETTR
3806:Nude
3766:Fire
3665:Sync
3463:head
3411:zoom
3396:Lens
3359:gobo
3307:base
3302:Film
3273:view
3148:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3000:2019
2971:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2612:ISSN
2589:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1817:2012
1565:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1344:Dada
1325:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1133:2010
1099:ISBN
1064:OCLC
1054:ISBN
1028:ISBN
938:ISBN
915:ISBN
891:ISBN
864:ISBN
836:ISBN
510:and
488:NFTs
446:and
325:and
323:Dada
231:and
130:phĂŽs
89:and
4487:CCD
3268:toy
3263:TLR
3253:SLR
2840:IWM
2446:RNZ
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995:doi
351:by
305:'s
286:).
262:.
185:'s
136:ÏῶÏ
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