Philip III of Spain

887:, had reached him he appears to have been assiduous in commenting on them. Debates in royal councils would now only begin upon the written instruction of the king—again, through Lerma. All members of royal councils were under orders to maintain complete transparency with Lerma as the King's personal representative; indeed, in 1612 the councils were ordered by Philip to obey Lerma as if he were the king. The degree to which Lerma himself played an active role in government has been disputed. Contemporaries were inclined to see Lerma's hand in every action of government; others have since thought Lerma to have 'neither the temperament nor the energy' to impose himself greatly on the actions of government; still others consider Lerma to have carefully attended only those Councils of State that addressed matters of great importance to the King, creating a space for the wider professionalisation of government that had been lacking under Philip II. 13040: 681: 1070: 1592: 1549: 1198:, whose views were influential with Philip III. Philip's eventual decree to expel a nationality that had lived in Spain for over 800 years and was assimilated within it was based less on doctrinal than financial considerations—confiscating the 'wealth' of the Moriscos – which caused jealousy and resentment by other Christians in Spain, especially in Valencia. Financially, the royal treasury stood to gain by seizing the assets of the removed peoples, while in due course those close to the crown would benefit from cheap land or gifts of estates. Estimates vary slightly, but between around 275,000 to over 300,000 Moriscos were forced out of Spain between 1609 and 1614. To accomplish this, the 848:, who became a particular favourite of Philip, had propagated a conservative definition of 'reason of state' which centred on exercising a princely prudence and a strict obedience to the laws and customs of the country that one ruled. Secondly, Philip may have shared Lerma's view that the governmental system of Philip II was fast proving impractical and unnecessarily excluded the great nobles of the kingdoms—it had been creaking badly in the last decades of his father's life. Lastly, Philip's own personality and his friendship with Lerma heavily shaped his approach to policy-making. The result was a radical shift in the role of the crown in government from the model of Philip II. 1172: 15815: 15584: 860: 1331: 9794: 749:, would be one of three women at Philip's court who would apply considerable influence over the King. Margaret was considered by contemporaries to be extremely pious—in some cases, excessively pious, and too influenced by the Church—'astute and very skillful' in her political dealings, although 'melancholic' and unhappy over the influence of the Duke of Lerma over her husband at court. Margaret continued to fight an ongoing battle with Lerma for influence up until her death in 1611. Philip had an 'affectionate, close relationship' with Margaret, and paid her additional attention after they had a son in 1605. 309: 1407: 911: 9329: 1786: 1703: 9546: 287: 1210:. Philip intervened in the problematic decision of what to do with Morisco children—should they be allowed to take them to Islamic countries, where they would be brought up as Muslims—and if they were to remain in Spain, what should be done with them? Philip paternalistically decreed that Morisco children under the age of seven could not be taken to Islamic countries, but that any children remaining in Valencia should be free from the threat of enslavement, and rejected some of Ribera's more extreme suggestions. 1238: 31: 1872: 705:, and appears to have been a competent linguist, recent historians suspect that much of his tutors' focus on Philip's undeniably pleasant, pious and respectful disposition was to avoid reporting that, languages aside, he was not in fact particularly intelligent or academically gifted. Nonetheless, Philip does not appear to have been naive—his correspondence to his daughters shows a distinctive cautious streak in his advice on dealing with court intrigue. 988:, Osuna pursued a policy of raising an extensive army, intercepting Venetian shipping and imposing sufficiently high taxes that threats of a revolt began to emerge. To exacerbate matters, Osuna was found to have prevented the local Neapolitans from petitioning Philip III to complain. Osuna fell from power only when Lerma had lost his royal favour, and Osuna's negative impact on Philip's plans for intervention in Germany had become intolerable. 9073: 936:, under the condition that if she died without heirs, the province would return to the Spanish Crown. Given that Isabella was notoriously childless, it was clear that this was only intended to be a temporary measure, and that Philip II had envisaged an early revision to Philip III. As a result, Philip's foreign policy in the Netherlands would be exercised through the strong-willed archdukes, but in the knowledge that ultimately the 997: 1132:—all only loosely joined through the institution of the Castile monarchy and the person of Philip III. Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than in Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the less favoured provinces. 1950: 793: 907:' under Philip III's reign—significant Spanish representatives overseas, who came to exercise independent judgement and even independent policies in the absence of strong leadership from the centre. The challenges to government communication during the period encouraged aspects of this, but the phenomenon was much more marked under Philip III than under either the reign of his father or son. 829:

delegate—the result was a 'ponderous' process. To his contemporaries, the degree of personal oversight he exercised was excessive; his 'self-imposed role as the chief clerk to the Spanish empire' was not thought entirely appropriate. Philip first started to become engaged in practical government at the age of 15, when he joined Philip II's private committee.

1274:, one of the first modern novelists in Europe, captured the despondent mood of the period, describing 'the plague that came down from Castile and the famine that rose from Andalusia' to grip the country. While the failing harvests affected the rural areas most, the plagues reduced the urban population most significantly, in turn reducing the demand for 1050:, and announcing that he would rule in person. Uceda initially took over as the primary voice at court, but without his father's extensive powers, while de Zúñiga became Philip's minister for foreign and military affairs. Philip, while unwilling to move further against Lerma, took politically symbolic action against Lerma's former 1342:'s attempts to resolve this crisis largely failed, and were not helped by the increasing size of the royal household—an attempt to increase royal prestige and political authority—Philip's own household costs rose enormously at a time of falling income. Philip's attempts to issue new currency—in particular the issues of the copper 883:, or royal favourite. Lerma, in due course declared a duke, positioned himself as the gateway to the King. All the business of government, Philip instructed, was to arrive in writing and be channeled through Lerma before reaching him. While Philip was not hugely active in government in other ways, once these memoranda, or 1976:

Unlike Philip IV, whose reputation has improved significantly in the light of recent analysis, Philip III's reign has been relatively unstudied, possibly because of the negative interpretation given to the role of Philip and Lerma during the period. Traditionally, the decline of Spain has been placed

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Philip has generally left a poor legacy with historians. Three major historians of the period have described an 'undistinguished and insignificant man', a 'miserable monarch', whose 'only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice'. More generally, Philip has largely retained the reputation

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in 1603, Spinola rapidly started to propose and implement policies almost independently of the central councils in Madrid, somehow managing to achieve military victories even without central funding from Spain. Lerma was uncertain of how to deal with Spinola; on the one hand, Lerma desperately needed

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Prince Philip appears to have been generally liked by his contemporaries: 'dynamic, good-natured and earnest,' suitably pious, having a 'lively body and a peaceful disposition,' albeit with a relatively weak constitution. The comparison with the memory of the disobedient and ultimately insane Carlos

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bankers and lenders under Philip II, whose lines of credit had allowed the Spanish state to continue during its moments of financial crisis; under Philip III this process remained unchecked, building up considerable resentment against this foreign influence, some going so far as to term the bankers

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of the previous centuries; despite their conversion, they retained a distinctive culture, including many Islamic practices. Philip II had made the elimination of the Morisco threat a key part of his domestic strategy in the south, attempting an assimilation campaign in the 1560s, which had resulted

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in 1595, with the aim of removing Philip from his influence; but after Lerma pleaded poor health, he was allowed to return two years later. By now in poor health himself, King Philip II was becoming increasingly concerned over the prince's future, and he attempted to establish de Moura as a future,

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of Spain—the rural depopulation, the diverse and bureaucratic administrative methods, the social hierarchies and corruption, offering numerous, if often contradictory, solutions. Nonetheless, through most of Philip's reign there was no significant attempt at reform—Philip continued to rule in line

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had concluded that one of the causes of Carlos' condition had been the influence of the warring factions at the Spanish court. He believed that Carlos' education and upbringing had been badly affected by this, resulting in his lunacy and disobedience, and accordingly he set out to pay much greater

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bonds paying a much lower interest, produced a short-term benefit, but at the price of losing financial flexibility during future crises. By 1618, almost all Philip's crown income was already assigned to its various creditors and he had almost no spending discretion left. Financially, the Spanish

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to wage a war of 'blood and iron' on his rebellious subjects in the Netherlands reflects this. After 1609, when it became evident that Spain was financially exhausted and Philip sought a truce with the Dutch, there followed a period of retrenchment; in the background, tensions continued to grow,

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exercising power went against the long-standing popular conception that the king should exercise his powers personally, not through another. Before long, the apparatus of the Spanish government was packed with Lerma's relatives, Lerma's servants and Lerma's political friends, to the exclusion of

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a successful military commander in the Netherlands—on the other, Lerma was contemptuous of Spinola's relatively low origins and scared of his potential to destabilise Lerma at court. In the years leading to the outbreak of war in 1618, Spinola was working to produce a plan to finally defeat the

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Guzmán, Carmen Luz (2013). "Las cautivas de las Siete Ciudades: El cautiverio de mujeres hispanocriollas durante la Guerra de Arauco, en la perspectiva de cuatro cronistas (s. XVII)" [The captives of the Seven Cities: The captivity of hispanic-creole women during the Arauco's War, from the

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from the 1960s, however, presented an alternative analysis, arguing that in many ways Philip III's Spain of 1621—reinforced with new territories in Alsace, at peace with France, dominant in the Holy Roman Empire, and about to begin a successful campaign against the Dutch—was in a much stronger

1756:, the main route for reinforcements from other Spanish territories to arrive into the rebellious Dutch provinces (through Genoa). France, assumed bound to support Frederick against Ferdinand, was in fact inclined to remain neutral. The Spanish troops headed by Spinola in the Palatinate and by 828:

to major positions of power within his government and relied heavily on the lesser nobles, the so-called 'service' nobility. Philip II had taken the traditional system of councils and applied a high degree of personal scrutiny to them, especially in matters of paperwork, which he declined to

957:, involving an intervention in the Rhineland followed by fresh hostilities aiming to cut the Low Countries in two: portrayed at the time as the 'spider in the web' of Catholic politics in the region, Spinola was operating without significant consultation with Philip in Madrid. 673:, a close supporter of Philip II. In combination, Philip believed, they would provide a consistent, stable upbringing for Prince Philip, and ensure that he would avoid the same fate as Carlos. Philip's education was to follow the model for royal princes laid down by Father 1018:

administration was crumbling. The monopoly of power in the hands of the Lerma's Sandoval family had generated numerous enemies; Lerma's personal enrichment in office had become a scandal; Lerma's extravagant spending and personal debts were beginning to alarm his own son,

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that concluded in 1570. In the final years of his rule, Philip's father had reinvigorated efforts to convert and assimilate the Moriscos, but with almost 200,000 in the south of Spain alone, it was clear by the early years of the new century that this policy was failing.

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and pro-Austrian voice within Philip's life. They were successful, for example, in convincing Philip to provide financial support to Ferdinand from 1600 onwards. Philip steadily acquired other religious advisors. Father Juan de Santa Maria—confessor to Philip's daughter,

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have described him, respectively, as an "undistinguished and insignificant man," a "miserable monarch," and a "pallid, anonymous creature, whose only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice." In particular, Philip's reliance on his corrupt chief minister,

8501: 9105:(Yale UP: 2000) for an extensive discussion of the foreign policy of Philip III. Allen's is a revisionist work that also argues for a greater role played in international affairs by the Council of State and its leaders in this period rather than by Lerma. 1986:

has formed one of the key historical and contemporary criticisms against him; recent work has perhaps begun to present a more nuanced picture of the relationship and the institution that survived for the next forty years in Spanish royal government.

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The reform of the kingdom's Ordinances was published in Portugal in 1603, which the King addressed at the beginning of his reign. These are the well-known ordinations called Philippine Ordinances, which were preceded by those entitled Afonsine and

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in a letter to Philip. The King supported the idea, issuing a decree that established the Defensive War as an official policy in 1612. By the time Defensive War was established war between Spanish and Mapuche had been going on for 70 years.

1718:, and later the other, powerful Habsburg women at court, while the incoming set of advisors that replaced Lerma, especially de Zúñiga, also saw Spain's future as part of a strong alliance with a Habsburg Holy Roman Empire. Finally, by the 895:

others. Lerma responded by further limiting his public visibility in politics, avoiding signing and writing documents personally, and constantly stressing that he was, humbly, only working on behalf of his master, Philip III.

677:, focusing on the imposition of restraints and encouragement to form the personality of the individual at an early age, aiming to deliver a king who was neither tyrannical nor excessively under the influence of his courtiers. 8472:

Philip III, had taken the drastic step of stripping indigenous "rebels" of the customary royal protection against enslavement in 1608, thus making Chile one of the few parts of the empire where slave taking was entirely

712:—the future Duke of Lerma—then, a gentleman of the King's chamber, in his early teens. Lerma and Philip became close friends, but Lerma was considered unsuitable by the King and Philip's tutors. Lerma was dispatched to 1378:

with local laws and customs. Philip encouraged consolidation of noble estates, selling off large quantities of crown lands to favoured nobles and creditors. There were no attempts to create an equivalent to the French

8520: 1517:, Philip reluctantly accepted that further attacks on England were unlikely to succeed. In the Netherlands, a new war strategy resulted in a re-establishment of Spanish power on the north side of the great rivers 7452:

In particular, Feros (2006) and Williams' (2006) recent extensive studies of the period, and Sánchez's (1996) analysis of the role of powerful women, often under-reported in historical documents, at Philip's

1225:. The supply of cheap labour and the number of rent paying property owners in these areas decreased considerably, as did agricultural outputs. The cultivation of sugarcane and rice had to be substituted for 1764:

in 1620. With the Dutch now vulnerable to a strike through the Rhine valley, a renewed war against the Provinces, with the aim of forcing the Dutch to a more suitable permanent peace, appeared inevitable.

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Philip's own foreign policy can be divided into three phases. For the first nine years of his reign, he pursued a highly aggressive set of policies, aiming to deliver a 'great victory'. His instructions to

625:, drew much criticism at the time and afterwards. For many, the decline of Spain can be dated to the economic difficulties that set in during the early years of his reign. Nonetheless, as the ruler of the 1027:, had begun to apply personal and religious pressure on the King to alter his method of government. Philip remained close to Lerma, however, and supported him in becoming a cardinal in March 1618 under 784:, were credited with influencing the overthrow of Lerma in 1618. Similarly Mariana de San Jose, a favoured nun of Queen Margaret's, was also criticised for her later influence over the King's actions. 1892:

the capital of the Spanish monarchy. Noblemen and jurisconsults complained that they neither received favors nor were employed in courts, embassies or spanish universities. The Duke of Uzeda treated

1938:, and never recovered, dying within a year. For 53 days he was bedridden, covered in sores and abscesses. He died at the age of 42 due to pulmonary thromboembolism due to prolonged immobilization. 1537:

Protestants—were both exhausted, and after the 1607 financial crisis, Spain too was unable to pursue the war. Philip III turned to peace negotiations instead; with the accession to the throne of

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Philip finally chose to intervene behind Ferdinand. Prince Philip had been rejected as unacceptable to the German nobility. Philip had also been increasingly influenced over the years by first

824:, as necessary, such as the 'junta of the night' through which Philip II exercised personal authority towards the end of his reign. As a matter of policy, Philip had tried to avoid appointing 1489:

and in which preparations were made for renewed conflict with the Dutch, largely occurred after the fall of Lerma and the rise of a new, more aggressive set of advisors in the Madrid court.

968:, exploited the lack of guidance from Madrid to pursue his own highly interventionist policy across north Italy, including making independent offers to support the Papacy by invading the 689:

was usually a positive one, although some commented that Prince Philip appeared less intelligent and politically competent than his late brother. Indeed, although Philip was educated in

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and to stop the harassment of the Portuguese in Asia. Both concessions were temporary as the Dutch soon recommenced preying upon Portuguese interests, which had already led to the

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It is said that his last words were: “Oh! If at that time I had been in a desert to become a saint! Now I would appear with more confidence at the judgment seat of Jesus Christ!”

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After months in Lisbon, Philip left in October, leaving the country dissatisfied, especially after the reappointment of the Marquis of Alenquer as Viceroy. His son, the future

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in 1602 and would continue till 1654. At least with peace in Europe, the Twelve Year's truce gave Philip's regime an opportunity to begin to recover its financial position.

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during 1618–19, with a confrontation between Catholic and Protestant factions. Ferdinand asked Spain for help to put down the rebellion; the Protestant rebels turned to

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Valenzuela Márquez, Jaime (2009). "Esclavos mapuches. Para una historia del secuestro y deportación de indígenas en la colonia". In Gaune, Rafael; Lara, Martín (eds.).

13823:, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms. 1390:, lacked the strong links to the crown required to overcome local opposition. Only in Philip's final years did reform begin to gain momentum; a reform committee, or 808:

and its subordinate Council for War, that were in turn supported by the seven professional councils for the different regions, and four specialised councils for the

1023:; lastly, ten years of quiet diplomacy by Fathers Luis de Aliaga, Philip's confessor, and Juan de Santa Maria, Philip's daughter's confessor and a former client of 17033: 17028: 16978: 15864:

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

1961:, who rapidly completed the process of removing the last elements of the Sandoval family regime from court. The story told in the memoirs of the French ambassador 670: 8647: 2019:. This pattern would continue in the next generation, ultimately culminating in the end of the Spanish Habsburg line in the person of Philip's feeble grandson, 1525:, stepping up the military pressure on the rebel provinces. The strategy of a 'great victory,' however, began to descend into a financial war of attrition: the 11922: 8970:

Sánchez, Magdalena S. (1996). "Pious and Political Images of a Habsburg Woman at the Court of Philip III (1598–1621)". In Sánchez; Saint-Saëns, Alain (eds.).

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ancestry influenced Spain's involvement in the convoluted politics of the Empire: on the one hand, Philip had a vested interest in the success of his cousin

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To improve the relationship, he undertook a trip to Portugal in 1619, applauded by the new minister and valid, the Duke of Uzeda, son of the Duke of Lerma.

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Financially, Philip's situation did not appear much better. He had inherited huge debts from his father, Philip II, and an unhelpful tradition that the

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struck during the 1590s through a sequence of bad harvests, while from 1599 to 1600 and for several years afterwards there was a terrible outbreak of

1046:. Lerma departed for his ducal seat, and for six weeks Philip did nothing; then, in October, Philip signed a decree removing the powers of his former 16342: 12860: 1303:

only provided one contribution, in 1604. Philip did not openly challenge this situation, but instead depended more and more heavily on the Castilian

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with the Dutch followed in 1609, which enabled the Southern Netherlands to recover, but it was a de facto recognition of the independence of the

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put the toll at 3,000 Spanish settlers killed and 500 Spanish women taken into captivity by Mapuche. In retaliation the proscription against

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by witchcraft in 1611, was ultimately tortured and then executed by Philip for the more plausible murder of the soldier Francisco de Juaras.

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believed the Mapuche could be voluntarily converted to Christianity only if there was peace. To diminish hostilities Valdivia proposed a

1513:, or navy, rebuilt in the 1590s, remained effective against the English, but after the failure of the Spanish invasion of Ireland at the 9093: 2922: 1251:

who recorded the terrible 'plague that came down from Castile and the famine that rose from Andalusia' to cripple Philip III's domestic

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The challenge for such a ruler was that these territories were, in legal reality, separate bodies, different entities bound together in

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increasingly began to tie new grants of money to specific projects, subtly but steadily altering the relationship between the King and

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coinage in 1603–04, 1617 and 1621—simply created considerable instability. The costs of the Dutch campaign resulted in Philip's

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Philip III's approach to government appears to have stemmed from three main drivers. Firstly, he was heavily influenced by the

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claimed the Defensive War gave the Mapuche a much needed respite to replenish their forces that should have been denied. The

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Philip died in 1621 shortly before the recommencement of war—his son, Philip IV, retained his chief foreign policy advisor,

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bore the brunt of royal taxation—Castile carried 65% of total imperial costs by 1616. Philip III received no money from the

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Lerma fell to an alliance of interests—Uceda, his son, led the attack, aiming to protect his future interests, allied with

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position than in 1598, despite the poor personal performance of her king during the period. Philip's use of Lerma as his

1903:, was sworn as the legitimate heir by the Portuguese. In the rest of Portugal's domains, the Dutch had tried to take the 1715: 1444:, marked by a Spanish failure to successfully bring its huge military resources to bear on the smaller English military. 1424:

On his accession, Philip inherited two major conflicts from his father. The first of these, the ongoing and long-running

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While popular at the time, and in keeping with earlier policies, this measure significantly damaged the economies of the

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of 29 July 1617, Ferdinand made a successful appeal to Philip's self-interest by promising Spain the Habsburg lands in

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In the Netherlands, his father Philip II had bequeathed his remaining territories in the Low Countries to his daughter

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He was received with enthusiasm, councils and corporations spent enormous sums on reception. He was suggested to make

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and undermining the economy further. The result was an economically weakened Spain with a rapidly falling population.

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In the final years of Philip's reign, Spain entered the initial part of the conflict that would become known as the

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Throughout Philip's reign, a body of analysis of Spain's condition began to emerge through the work of the numerous

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gave a Spanish ruler unparalleled reach from the Americas to the Philippines and beyond through India to Africa.

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it became possible to terminate both the war and English support to the Dutch, with the signature in 1604 of the

933: 586: 265: 15017: 12675: 12191: 11635: 11519: 9043:. Vol. II Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary civil wars, 1560–1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1473:—were increasingly at odds with Lerma's policy from Madrid. The final period, in which Philip intervened in the 776:, was felt by contemporaries to have an excessive influence over Philip at the end of his life, and both he and 16312: 16221: 16195: 16169: 16046: 16031: 15886: 15881: 14237: 14206: 14165: 13758: 13429: 12777: 12715: 12514: 11932: 11645: 11625: 11597: 11514: 11489: 11349: 11157: 11064: 11004: 10971: 10115: 10105: 10042: 9688: 9520: 7357: 6495: 6420: 5146: 5131: 3183: 1916: 1810: 1699:, to the Imperial throne and worried that a failed bid by Ferdinand might reduce collective Habsburg prestige. 1576:

of the Dutch into the Caribbean and the East-Indies, although Spain had tried to impose the liquidation of the

1548: 14891: 12740: 12569: 12326: 9056: 1394:, was established in Lerma's final months in 1618. Under the incoming administration, including the reformist 637:(1618–1648) through an (initially) extremely successful campaign, Philip's reign remains a critical period in 286: 16983: 16582: 16185: 16138: 16006: 15991: 15934: 15737: 15713: 15418: 15394: 15314: 15100: 14932: 14211: 13856: 13820: 13723: 13399: 13266: 12942: 12892: 12870: 12825: 12767: 12745: 12559: 12331: 12013: 11802: 11787: 10872: 10736: 10689: 10433: 10032: 9934: 9663: 9345: 9289: 8638: 7443:

In reality, the Archdukes outlived Philip, resulting in the reunification occurring under his son, Philip IV.

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Urbina Burgos, Rodolfo (2007). "El pueblo chono: de vagabundo y pagano a cristiano y sedentario mestizado".

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and the Republic of Venice. To secure the connection between Milan and the Netherlands a new route for the

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as a treaty condition. Minor concessions of the Dutch Republic were the scrapping of the plan to create a

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towards the end of Philip's reign. In conjunction with the Spanish ambassador to Venice, the influential

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as their new king. The situation in the Empire was in many ways auspicious for Spanish strategy; in the

16763: 16721: 16271: 16266: 16011: 15986: 15721: 15603: 15410: 14922: 14582: 14175: 14042: 13851: 13787: 13608: 13492: 13282: 12670: 12033: 11680: 11567: 11479: 11451: 11078: 11048: 10853: 10684: 10514: 10014: 9748: 9490: 9253: 9169: 9165: 6360: 6315: 4878: 4620: 4296: 4281: 4062: 1856: 1129: 1057:, a figure emblematic of the former administration. Calderón, suspected of having killed Philip's wife 877:

had been made a royal counsellor by the new king and set about establishing himself as a fully fledged

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The Great Favourite: the Duke of Lerma and the court and government of Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621

6435: 1175: 1141: 1125: 662: 559: 475: 389: 36: 14964: 14876: 11214: 7391: 2015:, herself the product of a cousin couple. Philip III in turn married his first cousin once removed, 1146:

One of Philip's first domestic changes was the issuing of a decree in 1609 for the expulsion of the

16800: 16758: 16251: 15793: 15777: 15362: 14613: 14572: 14556: 14441: 14278: 14247: 14027: 13259: 13209: 13062: 12534: 12417: 12377: 12316: 12311: 12251: 11670: 11660: 11446: 11149: 11060: 10761: 10522: 10258: 9835: 9285: 9192: 8811: 5249: 4893: 4635: 3244: 3083: 1761: 1707: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1330: 1158:. The Moriscos were the descendants of those Muslims that had converted to Christianity during the 275: 14099: 12914: 11993: 11226: 10746: 8545: 17053: 17013: 16082: 15162: 14912: 14827: 14716: 14546: 14472: 14216: 13897: 13663: 13638: 13593: 13097: 13092: 13022: 12584: 12442: 12286: 12226: 12176: 12078: 11675: 11640: 11587: 11222: 11092: 11056: 10786: 10659: 10644: 10540: 10518: 9850: 9820: 8698:

Magazine Sábado n.º 547 (23 to 29 October 2014). How could an orange kill a king?, Vanda Marques.

4929: 3541: 3341: 3304: 3267: 3201: 3143: 3106: 3040: 3003: 2940: 1769: 1542: 1395: 1319:

had even insisted that it be recalled every three years, and that Philip take an oath—on pain of

1035: 230: 11777: 8678:(in Spanish). Vol. IV (2 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria. p. 341. 16403: 16302: 15855: 15785: 15753: 15498: 14577: 14467: 14058: 13713: 13683: 13623: 13387: 13372: 13304: 13002: 12875: 12447: 12382: 11886: 11772: 11655: 11615: 11259: 11052: 10711: 10701: 10409: 10229: 10148: 10085: 9907: 9640: 9309: 2050: 1978: 1565: 1478: 1406: 1323:—to promise that he had spent the royal funds in line with the promises made previously to the 1202:, or navy, and 30,000 soldiers were mobilized with the mission of transporting the families to 1151: 929: 859: 630: 470: 384: 14659: 12018: 10400: 10244: 9870: 9768: 9617: 1817:

captured in war was lifted by Philip in 1608. This decree was abused when Spanish settlers in

976:, as governor of Milan, similarly exercised his own considerable judgement on foreign policy. 890:

This new system of government became increasingly unpopular very quickly. The novel idea of a

15482: 15346: 15155: 15124: 14927: 14855: 14509: 14462: 14436: 13996: 13991: 13981: 13698: 13673: 13603: 13451: 13362: 13320: 13229: 13178: 13152: 13087: 13012: 12997: 12992: 12321: 11731: 11552: 11441: 11380: 11308: 11218: 10919: 10599: 10265: 10224: 10219: 10143: 10125: 10095: 10075: 9903: 9855: 9830: 9815: 9793: 9625: 9582: 9305: 8446: 4326: 2985: 2065: 1912: 1845: 1386: 15059: 13219: 12855: 12256: 12043: 12003: 11962: 10936: 8673: 3045: 1818: 1752:. The Palatinate was a vital, Protestant set of territories along the Rhine threatening the 16878: 16873: 16705: 16559: 15330: 15282: 15118: 14995: 14917: 14860: 14696: 14669: 14664: 14608: 14420: 14397: 14385: 13986: 13763: 13678: 13628: 13588: 13435: 13367: 13299: 13224: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13167: 13157: 13082: 13077: 13067: 13027: 12987: 12982: 12830: 12499: 12462: 12452: 12392: 12291: 12271: 12166: 11978: 11797: 10674: 10664: 10487: 10294: 10234: 10196: 10120: 10060: 9888: 9845: 9840: 9592: 9562: 9535: 9403: 7424: 5085: 3309: 2944: 2278: 2132: 1924: 1749: 1668: 1660: 1526: 1498: 1425: 1155: 1090: 837: 746: 634: 16640: 12356: 12146: 12068: 3385:, his first-cousin-once-removed. They had 8 children, five of whom survived to adulthood: 1849: 308: 8: 16768: 16128: 15918: 15801: 15665: 15490: 15466: 15322: 15053: 14969: 14654: 14530: 14375: 14017: 13923: 13743: 13703: 13653: 13598: 13583: 13423: 13377: 13356: 13346: 13338: 13325: 13214: 13183: 13172: 13147: 13072: 13017: 12899: 12655: 12640: 12524: 12504: 12457: 12437: 12241: 12236: 12181: 12151: 11917: 11542: 11499: 11456: 11385: 11354: 11125: 11104: 11070: 10976: 10946: 10877: 10721: 10694: 10594: 10492: 10453: 10390: 10331: 10312: 10176: 10110: 9954: 9916: 9898: 9878: 9683: 9630: 9577: 9530: 9525: 9408: 9365: 9318: 7032: 5405: 4245: 4028: 3843: 3474: 2179: 2020: 1896:, a potential leader of opposition to Spanish rule, who had come to pay homage, harshly. 1860: 1814: 1785: 1738: 1502: 1300: 1296: 1214: 1195: 1121: 937: 903:

Lerma's role as royal favourite at court was further complicated by the rise of various '

809: 801: 773: 713: 698: 494: 485: 432: 210: 12645: 12346: 8569: 1054: 1000: 666: 16753: 16067: 15955: 15729: 15689: 15649: 15442: 15402: 15298: 15271: 15022: 14881: 14809: 14078: 13882: 13835: 13738: 13728: 13688: 13668: 13658: 13643: 13578: 13559: 13532: 13417: 13405: 13309: 13293: 13162: 13128: 13118: 13109: 13057: 12660: 12650: 12625: 12579: 12544: 12402: 12111: 11988: 11861: 11359: 11339: 10999: 10887: 10614: 10448: 10438: 10360: 10355: 10336: 10271: 10201: 10191: 10153: 10135: 10018: 9949: 9939: 9893: 9825: 9752: 9678: 9668: 9597: 9587: 9567: 9554: 9510: 9360: 9350: 9227: 9218: 9208: 9184: 9146: 8772: 8768: 8669: 8601: 6715: 5969: 5693: 5613: 4311: 4260: 3467: 3451: 3251: 3090: 2637: 2004: 1958: 1908: 1900: 1730: 1702: 1696: 1676: 1604: 1538: 1486: 1441: 1275: 1108:

through the royal institutions of the Spanish crown, utilising Castilian nobility as a

1043: 845: 661:

attention to arrangements for his later sons. Philip II appointed Juan de Zúñiga, then

657: 582: 451: 427: 365: 334: 255: 205: 90: 80: 11983: 11912: 10211: 10052: 9760: 9502: 3147: 3008: 2916: 1877: 1863:

was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuche.

1596: 16748: 16669: 15761: 15745: 15386: 15240: 14990: 14628: 14488: 14401: 14393: 13753: 13748: 13718: 13708: 13569: 13549: 13393: 13333: 13315: 13188: 13138: 13007: 12840: 12782: 12615: 12387: 12361: 12351: 12341: 12276: 12231: 12161: 12141: 12116: 12063: 12038: 11303: 10830: 10771: 10726: 10585: 10472: 10424: 10414: 10252: 10181: 10158: 9972: 9926: 9912: 9883: 9706: 9655: 9645: 9635: 9572: 9494: 9428: 9393: 9383: 9314: 9276: 9055: 9004: 8875: 8874:. Spain and America. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 14–61. 8679: 8548:(1993). "Jesuitas, Franciscanos y Capuchinos italianos en la Araucanía (1600–1900)". 8510: 5689: 3654: 3591: 2162: 1825:

of northwestern Patagonia, who had never been under Spanish rule and never rebelled.

1772:, and an initially highly successful campaign against the Dutch began the same year. 1684: 1672: 1664: 1620: 1608: 1514: 1474: 1416:

depicting a meeting between English and Spanish diplomats that brought an end to the

1374: 1362: 1352: 1292: 1222: 1218: 1098: 1082: 1038:, a well-connected noble with a background in diplomacy across Europe, whose nephew, 1008: 981: 969: 922: 757: 574: 355: 187: 10861: 10100: 9515: 2979: 2890: 15626: 15595: 15474: 13971: 13693: 13540: 13466: 12472: 12467: 12432: 12412: 12171: 12048: 11947: 11851: 11313: 11153: 10477: 10463: 10346: 10186: 9964: 9860: 9698: 9607: 9602: 9413: 9388: 9157: 8764: 8434: 4546: 2000: 1973:

of 'a weak, dim-witted monarch who preferred hunting and traveling to governing'.

1841: 1829: 1745: 1287: 1282: 1113: 945: 817: 805: 745:, on 18 April 1599, a year after becoming king. Margaret, the sister of the future 729:

confessor. The following year, Philip II died after a painful illness, leaving the

638: 551: 535: 114: 55: 13351: 12850: 10882: 8804:

European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies

1509:

in an effort to terminate English support for their Dutch colleagues. The Spanish

1031:, a position which would offer Lerma some protection as his government collapsed. 972:

in 1607. Fuentes remained in power and pursuing his own policies until his death.

13554: 12915:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

12665: 12605: 12519: 12427: 12301: 12281: 12246: 12028: 11998: 11937: 11547: 11537: 11433: 11318: 11210: 11167: 10927: 10835: 10706: 10289: 9545: 9237: 8606: 4574: 3416: 3206: 2008: 1320: 1207: 1203: 1117: 949: 770: 726: 694: 674: 650: 422: 349: 195: 12574: 8945:

The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the politics of religion in early modern Spain

8438: 3346: 1719: 1271: 1241: 12509: 12422: 12306: 12058: 11881: 11866: 11767: 11741: 11726: 11607: 11202: 11196: 11100: 10867: 10781: 10731: 10609: 10563: 10168: 9337: 9297: 9117: 9018: 8786:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

4341: 1794: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1607:—a supporter of the war against Spain—a period of instability commenced in the 1569: 1530: 1433: 1429: 1267: 1237: 1226: 1187: 1164: 1105: 1078: 965: 954: 730: 626: 613: 594: 298: 118: 11014: 1112:. Even within the peninsula itself, Philip would rule through the kingdoms of 16857: 14389: 14273: 13471: 13048: 12073: 10923: 10840: 10649: 10497: 10281: 9443: 9418: 9174: 9153: 9084: 9079: 5610: 2911: 1833: 1644: 1262:

Philip III's reign was marked by significant economic problems across Spain.

1086: 1004: 617: 612:, Philip's political reputation abroad has been largely negative. Historians 567: 543: 51: 3271: 3110: 1648: 1631:, directed the Spanish policy in Italy that encountered resistance from the 30: 12845: 12835: 12564: 12103: 11957: 11782: 11298: 11074: 10756: 10604: 10482: 9438: 9398: 3187:(in German), vol. 42, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 717–723 1822: 1753: 1723: 1636: 1557: 1256: 1245: 1109: 1094: 12156: 3087:(in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 471–475 1957:

Philip III died in Madrid on 31 March 1621, and was succeeded by his son,

721:

trusted advisor to his son, appointing his ally, García Loaysa y Girón as

15522: 15506: 14145: 11746: 11572: 11141: 11019: 10502: 10385: 9433: 9423: 1553: 1506: 1159: 1028: 841: 143: 11736: 8776: 8752: 8634:"Chile como un "Flandes indiano" en las crónicas de los siglos VI y VII" 14344: 12934: 12610: 11344: 10624: 10365: 9375: 8468:

The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

3428: 3361: 3324: 3287: 3248:(in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 83–85 3221: 3163: 3126: 3060: 3023: 2960: 1798: 1492: 1428:, represented a serious challenge to Spanish power from the Protestant 1347: 1186:

The idea of completely cleansing Spain of the Moriscos was proposed by

15224:

title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic

9983: 9717: 1871: 1497:

Philip's initial aim was to achieve a decisive 'great victory' in the

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however, and by 1618 the policies of Philip's 'proconsuls'—men like

1356:

tax system—high-interest loans owed to tax farmers—into longer-term

13633: 11751: 10629: 10375: 3044: 1996: 1953:

Philip III's tomb, between those of his grandfather, father and son

1688: 1350:

in 1607, and the crown's attempt to resolve this by converting the

1248: 996: 765: 245: 9078:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3308: 1949: 1179: 736: 13810: 12909: 12880: 11390: 11375: 10532: 2946:"Habsburg, Elisabeth (eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich)" 1802: 1760:

in Bohemia achieved a decisive victory against the Czechs in the

1744:

had been conspiring to find an opportunity to intervene with the

1252: 1147: 836:

ideas being circulated in Italian circles in reaction to the new

833: 825: 717: 240: 15176:* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples 8470:(Kindle ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 127–128. 2978: 820:. These councils were then supplemented by small committees, or 792: 11846: 11400: 11395: 11172: 10322: 10304: 9103:

Philip III and the Pax Hispanica: The Failure of Grand Strategy

8861:

Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government 1450–1789

8509:(in Spanish). Huelva: Universidad de Huelva. pp. 325–346. 3299: 3297: 1889: 1263: 867: 578: 110: 8825:

Kingship and Favouritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621

1671:

shortly after Philip's death. Europe was anticipating a fresh

12887: 11161: 10825: 8795:

Discourses of Poverty: Social Reform and the Picaresque Novel

3007: 2915: 1866: 1522: 1518: 690: 3294: 3149:"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" 3101: 3099: 1710:, 1620, a triumph for the later foreign policy of Philip III 1663:(1618–48). The result was a decisive Spanish victory in the 1097:

appeared secure; globally, the combination of Castilian and

11230: 11145: 9097:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8339:

See Goodman (2002), for a thorough account of this revival.

2926:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2029:

Ancestors of Philip III and his relationship with his wife

11123: 3176: 1934:. Upon leaving Portugal in 1619, he fell seriously ill in 1821:

used it to justify slave raids against groups such as the

1793:

In the Americas Philip inherited a difficult situation in

944:

was to perform a crucial role as a Spanish general in the

8834:

Spanish Naval Power, 1589–1665: Reconstruction and Defeat

3096: 2998: 2996: 940:

would return to him as king. Meanwhile, the Italian-born

665:'s governor, to continue this role for Philip, and chose 3360:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 122 – via 3220:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 120 – via 3205: 3162:] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via 3125:] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via 3059:] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – via 2959:] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 167 – via 1440:

was a newer, and less critical conflict with Protestant

1150:

from Spain, timed to coincide with the declaration of a

3345: 3323:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 23 – via 3286:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 13 – via 3022:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 19 – via 15270: 15208:

also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony

14334:

consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante

8090: 8088: 8086: 2993: 2886: 2884: 873:

Within a few hours of Philip ascending to the throne,

684:

Philip III of Spain, 1599–1601, The Phoebus Foundation

633:

with the Dutch (1609–1621) and brought Spain into the

14398:

Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain

10878:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

8972:

Spanish women in the golden age: images and realities

7971: 7969: 3411:(25 December 1584 – 3 October 1611; married in 1599) 2972: 2970: 1232: 764:, Maria's daughter—formed a powerful, uncompromising 15625: 9066:. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. p. 746. 8988:

Thompson, I. A. A. (2001). Hoffman; Norburg (eds.).

8936:

The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659

7920: 7918: 3072: 3070: 1493:

War with the Dutch, England and the truce of 1609–21

15184:

also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria

8859:Hoffman, Philip T.; Norberg, Kathyrn, eds. (2001). 8083: 3336: 3334: 3233: 3231: 2881: 1930:This King became known in Portugal by the nickname 974:

Pedro de Toledo Osorio, 5th Marquess of Villafranca

864:

Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma,

8963:Spain, Europe and the "Spanish Miracle", 1700–1900 8753:"The Nature of Spanish Government After Philip II" 8503:Orbis incognitvs: avisos y legados del Nuevo Mundo 8484: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8222: 8220: 8013: 8011: 7998: 7996: 7966: 7812: 7810: 3353:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3316:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3279:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3273:"Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" 3262: 3260: 3213:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3196: 3194: 3155:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3118:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3112:"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" 3052:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 3015:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 2989:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2967: 2952:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 1270:across Spain, killing over 10% of the population. 948:. Having demonstrated his military prowess at the 671:Cristóvão de Moura, 1st Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo 8478: 8451:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 8425:insight of four chroniclers (17th century)]. 8359: 8357: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7713: 7711: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7610: 7608: 3067: 1654: 16855: 14845:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias 8981:Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665 8719: 8717: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7640: 7638: 7625: 7623: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7515: 7513: 3358:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3331: 3321:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3284:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3228: 3218:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3160:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3123:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3057:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 3020:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 2957:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 2935: 2933: 1726:in return for Spanish support for his election. 17034:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece 17029:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial 16206:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 11422: 8544: 8316: 8217: 8008: 7993: 7854: 7852: 7827: 7825: 7807: 3257: 3191: 3035: 3033: 752:Margaret, alongside Philip's grandmother/aunt, 737:Religion, Philip and the role of women at court 733:to his son (and grandnephew), King Philip III. 14691:Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias 8858: 8487:Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile 8354: 8294: 8292: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 7900: 7708: 7662: 7605: 2906: 2904: 1501:against the rebellious Dutch provinces of the 1014:From 1612 onwards, and certainly by 1617, the 800:The Spanish crown at the time ruled through a 623:Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma 15840: 15611: 15256: 14360: 13795: 13517: 13267: 12950: 11067:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 10548: 9999: 9733: 9475: 9261: 9003:. New York City: Cambridge University Press. 8714: 8562: 8499: 8493: 7679: 7635: 7620: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7510: 7500: 7498: 3577: 3170: 3076: 2930: 1093:, Spanish possessions in Italy and along the 629:at its height and as the king who achieved a 512: 10742:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 8888: 8668: 8154: 8112: 7849: 7822: 7485: 7483: 7481: 3138: 3136: 3030: 1643:, then part of the independent state of the 1135: 1089:in 1580; across Europe, despite the ongoing 1081:considerably enlarged by his father. On the 962:Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes 16:King of Spain and Portugal from 1598 to 1621 16979:People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8596: 8594: 8289: 8196: 2901: 1840:These policies were not without criticism. 1667:that would lead to a recommencement of the 15847: 15833: 15618: 15604: 15263: 15249: 14367: 14353: 13802: 13788: 13524: 13510: 13274: 13260: 12957: 12943: 10555: 10541: 10006: 9992: 9740: 9726: 9482: 9468: 9268: 9254: 9034:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 8951: 8889:De Maddalena, Aldo (1974). Cipolla (ed.). 8551:Revista Complutense de Historia de América 7924: 7559: 7542: 7525: 7495: 3584: 3570: 3237: 1999:, Philip III was the product of extensive 1867:Visit to the kingdom of Portugal and death 986:Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar 851: 725:. The Prince received a new, conservative 519: 505: 29: 14171:Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime 14074:Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal 12861:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 8978: 8897: 8801: 8662: 7741: 7504: 7478: 7472: 3133: 3046:"Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" 804:. The most significant of these were the 14552:Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos 14374: 14115:Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain 12964: 12866:Colonial universities in the Philippines 9083: 9029: 9017: 8987: 8983:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8965:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8960: 8947:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 8938:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8836:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8827:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8631: 8591: 8411: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8363: 8327: 8226: 8029: 8017: 8002: 7975: 7960: 7948: 7936: 7909: 7870: 7843: 7816: 7789: 7777: 7717: 7702: 7614: 7587: 7489: 3558: 3340: 3310:"Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien" 3303: 3266: 3200: 3142: 3105: 3039: 3002: 2939: 2910: 1948: 1870: 1784: 1701: 1590: 1547: 1405: 1329: 1236: 1170: 1068: 1003:, executed by Philip III to satisfy the 995: 960:In Italy, a parallel situation emerged. 909: 858: 791: 760:representative to the Spanish court—and 679: 17049:Italian people of the Thirty Years' War 16969:Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War 11857:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 10013: 9747: 9038: 8969: 8854:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8843:Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict 8831: 8810: 8797:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 8783: 8723: 8538: 8417: 8106: 8053: 7690: 7673: 7656: 7644: 7629: 7599: 7519: 1315:. By the financial crisis of 1607, the 917:, one of Philip III's various imperial 16856: 15854: 14991:Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal 14779:Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias 14384:The generations indicate descent from 14192:Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 14125:Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal 13819:The generations indicate descent from 13531: 13281: 12810: 9489: 8933: 8924: 8915: 8849: 8750: 8735: 8423: 8348: 8283: 8271: 8190: 8178: 8166: 8094: 8065: 8041: 7987: 7384: 1965:, that he was killed by the heat of a 1085:, Philip II had successfully acquired 898: 787: 649:After Philip III's older half-brother 597:. Philip III later married his cousin 176: 16119:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 15828: 15599: 15244: 15101:Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza 14792:Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 14686:Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 14406:Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza 14348: 13809: 13783: 13505: 13255: 12938: 12809: 12705: 12704: 11828: 11706: 11421: 11280: 11248: 11185: 11122: 11037: 10960: 10900: 10814: 10803: 10575: 10574: 10536: 9987: 9721: 9463: 9275: 9249: 8942: 8909:Seventeenth Century Europe, 1598–1700 8906: 8867: 8840: 8822: 8310: 8298: 8211: 8142: 8130: 8118: 7894: 7882: 7858: 7831: 7801: 7729: 7570: 7553: 7536: 7356: 7354: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7245: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7132: 7130: 7117: 7115: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7031: 7029: 7016: 6976: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6874: 6857: 6855: 6842: 6840: 6827: 6825: 6812: 6810: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6744: 6742: 6729: 6727: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6648: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6509: 6507: 6494: 6492: 6479: 6477: 6464: 6462: 6449: 6447: 6434: 6432: 6419: 6417: 6404: 6402: 6389: 6387: 6374: 6372: 6359: 6357: 6344: 6342: 6329: 6327: 6314: 6204: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6078: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5908: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5511: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5145: 5143: 5130: 5128: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4928: 4926: 4913: 4911: 4892: 4890: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4807: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4647: 4645: 4634: 4632: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4447: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4308: 4295: 4293: 4280: 4278: 4259: 4257: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3945: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 2976: 2848: 2846: 2831: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2695: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2336: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2294: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2247: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2193: 2178: 2161: 2159: 2146: 2131: 2113: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2077: 2064: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1529:—still under Spanish control—and the 1384:position—the closest equivalent, the 1042:was close to the heir to the throne, 978:Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna 542:; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was 466:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 172: 16227:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 15132:Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza 14634:Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal 14619:Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal 14095:Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier 13240:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 11138:Captaincy General of the Philippines 10630:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 9000:Philosophy and government, 1572-1651 8996: 8990:Castile, Constitionalism and Liberty 8792: 8650:from the original on 26 January 2017 8625: 8465: 8259: 8247: 8077: 7765: 7753: 3177:Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1897), " 1021:Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda 840:theories of governance, typified by 390:Catherine Michaela, Duchess of Savoy 60: 16419:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 16124:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 14588:Infante João, Constable of Portugal 14447:Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders 14100:Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin 13919:Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias 13914:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias 12841:Indochristian painting in New Spain 10961: 3009:"Habsburg, Maria von Spanien" 1552:Statue of Philip III in Madrid, by 570:from 1598 until his death in 1621. 481:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 13: 16287:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary 15582: 15272:Princes and Princesses of Asturias 14986:Francisco António, Prince of Beira 14494:Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre 11808:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 11281: 10562: 9048: 8769:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1963.tb00234.x 8570:"Misioneros y mapuche (1600–1818)" 1775: 1233:Economic decline and failed reform 1064: 669:as his tutor. They were joined by 307: 14: 17065: 16318:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 15200:also an imperial prince of Brazil 14758:Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães 14722:Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães 14629:Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra 14253:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria 14202:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera 14161:Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera 14151:Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti 11038: 10901: 10782:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 3487:Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 1401: 591:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 385:Isabella, Lady of the Netherlands 72:13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621 16899:17th-century Portuguese monarchs 16894:16th-century Portuguese monarchs 15813: 15627:Princes and Princesses of Girona 15078:Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra 15030:Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza 14707:Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda 14557:Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes 14284:Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria 14258:Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera 14243:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona 14207:Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans 14120:Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville 14013:Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria 13038: 12893:Criollos in the colonial society 12821:Spanish missions in the Americas 11943:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 9792: 9544: 9327: 9071: 8850:Harvey, Leonard Patrick (2005). 3520:A military general and Cardinal 2983:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 1758:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 1729:Crisis broke out in Ferdinand's 991: 608:Although also known in Spain as 603:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 285: 17044:People of the Thirty Years' War 16949:17th-century Navarrese monarchs 16944:16th-century Navarrese monarchs 16939:17th-century monarchs of Naples 16934:16th-century monarchs of Naples 16919:17th-century Aragonese monarchs 16914:16th-century Aragonese monarchs 16909:17th-century Castilian monarchs 16904:16th-century Castilian monarchs 14887:Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja 14753:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal 14624:Infante João, Prince of Antioch 14614:Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu 14583:Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu 14473:Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa 14105:Infante Juan, Count of Montizón 14064:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina 13997:Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón 12920:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 10804: 8784:Cipolla, Carlo M., ed. (1974). 8744: 8729: 8701: 8692: 8489:(in Spanish). pp. 231–233. 8459: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8369: 8342: 8333: 8304: 8277: 8265: 8253: 8241: 8232: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8148: 8136: 8124: 8100: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8035: 8023: 7981: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7837: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7696: 7650: 7446: 7437: 3464:Elisabeth of France (1602–1644) 1099:Portuguese colonial territories 585:and his fourth wife, his niece 168: 134:Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain 17039:Children of Philip II of Spain 16959:17th-century House of Habsburg 16954:16th-century House of Habsburg 14897:Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém 14717:Henrique I (The Cardinal-King) 14578:Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra 14515:Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria 14442:Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell 14238:Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia 14166:Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid 14023:Fernando I of the Two Sicilies 11249: 10972:Captaincy General of Guatemala 10680:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 8943:Perry, Mary Elizabeth (2005). 8802:Davenport, Frances G. (2004). 8600: 7593: 7466: 3207:"Habsburg, Philipp III." 3184:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3179:Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern) 2009:marriage between first cousins 1990: 1683:, who was heirless. Spain and 1655:Entry to the Thirty Years' War 1361:state had become dominated by 1124:, the autonomous provinces of 471:Maria Theresa, Queen of France 433:Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress 211:Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress 1: 16889:17th-century Spanish monarchs 16884:16th-century Spanish monarchs 15992:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 15125:Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto 15085:Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu 14329:title granted by Royal Decree 14212:Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid 12871:General Archive of the Indies 12132:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 11803:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 11788:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 10737:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 10690:War of the Spanish Succession 10655:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8974:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8639:Revista Chilena de Literatura 8441:(inactive 12 September 2024). 7460: 4902: 4350: 4269: 3852: 3721: 3347:"Habsburg, Philipp IV." 2891:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1894:Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza 1735:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 644: 40: 17024:Knights of the Golden Fleece 16929:17th-century kings of Sicily 16924:16th-century kings of Sicily 15018:João Carlos, Prince of Beira 14665:Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu 14388:, and continues through the 14197:Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria 13857:Fernando, Prince of Asturias 11829: 10943:Captaincy General of Yucatan 10873:Union with Holy Roman Empire 10852:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 10767:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 9057:"Philip III. of Spain" 9041:Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660 8863:. Stanford University Press. 8845:. Harlow: Pearson Education. 8806:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 8612:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 8578:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3485:Holy Roman Empress. Married 1809:(1598–1604). An estimate by 476:Margaret, Holy Roman Empress 7: 16825:also an infante of Portugal 15987:Charles, Prince of Asturias 15770:Infante Michael of Portugal 14660:Infante João, Duke of Viseu 14233:Alfonso, Prince of Asturias 11707: 11423:Administrative subdivisions 10620:War of the League of Cognac 8918:Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648 8898:Mattingly, Garrett (2005). 8852:Muslims in Spain, 1500–1614 8751:Carter, Charles H. (1963). 8439:10.15691/07176864.2014.0.94 7418: 1807:razing seven Spanish cities 1647:(the present-day canton of 741:Philip married his cousin, 10: 17070: 16459:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 16272:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 16052:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 15066:Infante João, Duke of Beja 14851:Teodósio, Prince of Brazil 14748:Filipe, Prince of Portugal 14743:Manuel, Prince of Portugal 14738:Afonso, Prince of Portugal 14702:Infante Luís, Duke of Beja 14069:Infante Francisco de Paula 13852:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 12137:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 12122:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 12024:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 11186: 10922:), Western United States ( 10815: 10685:Portuguese Restoration War 9089:Philip III., king of Spain 9030:Williams, Patrick (2006). 8952:Polisensky, J. V. (1971). 8902:. New York: Mariner Books. 3462:King of Spain. Married 1) 1857:Real Audiencia of Santiago 1533:in the north—dominated by 1295:, the Basque provinces or 1139: 656:died insane, their father 654:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 443:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand 380:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 345:Joan, Princess of Portugal 221:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand 16813: 16788: 16781: 16741: 16734: 16714: 16698: 16660: 16653: 16626: 16573: 16555: 16548: 16467: 16391: 16378:Francis V, Duke of Modena 16295: 16214: 16178: 16152: 16111: 16060: 15997:Diego, Prince of Asturias 15979: 15948: 15927: 15911: 15895: 15869: 15862: 15811: 15682:Infante Balthasar Charles 15633: 15580: 15278: 15216:also a prince of Braganza 15173: 15150:Luís Filipe, Prince Royal 15142: 15111: 15046: 15010: 14978: 14957: 14941: 14905: 14869: 14837: 14822:Cardinal-Infante Fernando 14802: 14766: 14730: 14678: 14642: 14601: 14565: 14539: 14523: 14502: 14481: 14455: 14429: 14413: 14382: 14324: 14308: 14292: 14266: 14225: 14184: 14176:Carlos III, Duke of Parma 14138: 14087: 14051: 14043:Fernando I, Duke of Parma 14005: 13964: 13948: 13932: 13906: 13875: 13862:Diego, Prince of Asturias 13844: 13828: 13817: 13568: 13539: 13489: 13289: 13238: 13137: 13108: 13047: 13036: 12972: 12905:Slavery in Spanish Empire 12816: 12805: 12711: 12700: 12598: 12492: 12485: 12370: 12219: 12212: 12205: 12192:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 12102: 11971: 11933:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 11895: 11839: 11835: 11824: 11793:Barcelona Trading Company 11760: 11717: 11713: 11702: 11606: 11558:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 11528: 11470: 11432: 11428: 11417: 11368: 11327: 11291: 11287: 11276: 11255: 11192: 11133: 11065:Venezuela, part of Guyana 11044: 10967: 10918:, Central United States ( 10907: 10821: 10810: 10799: 10650:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 10635:Expulsion of the Moriscos 10581: 10570: 10511: 10462: 10423: 10399: 10345: 10321: 10303: 10280: 10243: 10210: 10167: 10134: 10051: 10025: 9963: 9925: 9869: 9801: 9790: 9759: 9697: 9654: 9616: 9553: 9542: 9501: 9374: 9336: 9325: 9296: 9283: 9234: 9225: 9215: 9206: 9198: 9191: 9181: 9151: 9143: 9138: 9111: 8979:Stradling, R. A. (1988). 8934:Parker, Geoffrey (2004). 8925:Parker, Geoffrey (1985). 8916:Parker, Geoffrey (1984). 8871:Spain Under the Habsburgs 8816:Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 8675:Historia General de Chile 8632:Baraibar, Alvaro (2013). 7255: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6974: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6888: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6084: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5830: 5828: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5348: 5346: 5216: 5214: 5190: 5188: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 4996: 4994: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4805: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4759: 4757: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4591: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4523: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3786: 3784: 3427:Queen of France. Married 3404: 3376: 2977:Kurth, Godefroid (1911). 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2770: 2768: 2746: 2744: 2724: 2718: 2693: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2586: 2584: 2572: 2570: 2531: 2529: 2508: 2487: 2485: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2334: 2292: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2215: 2213: 2176: 2144: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2062: 1944: 1917:André Furtado de Mendonça 1859:opined in the 1650s that 1811:Alonso González de Nájera 1679:upon the likely death of 1432:in a crucial part of the 1413:Somerset House Conference 1176:Expulsion of the Moriscos 1142:Expulsion of the Moriscos 1136:Expulsion of the Moriscos 577:, Philip III was born in 340:Maria, Holy Roman Empress 281: 271: 261: 251: 239: 186: 150: 138: 124: 100: 96: 86: 76: 68: 50: 28: 23: 16843:also a prince of Belgium 16831:also a prince of Tuscany 16819:also an infante of Spain 15192:also an infante of Spain 14650:João, Prince of Portugal 14217:Roberto I, Duke of Parma 14130:Carlos II, Duke of Parma 14038:Infante Francisco Javier 12846:Quito painting tradition 12836:Cusco painting tradition 12197:García López de Cárdenas 12187:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 12094:Felipe González de Ahedo 12014:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 10591:Conquest of the Americas 9101:See also Paul C. Allen, 8961:Ringrose, David (1998). 8929:. London: Pelican Books. 8823:Feros, Antonio. (2006). 7430: 3342:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3305:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3268:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3245:Neue Deutsche Biographie 3202:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3144:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3107:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3084:Neue Deutsche Biographie 3041:Wurzbach, Constantin von 3004:Wurzbach, Constantin von 2941:Wurzbach, Constantin von 1977:from the 1590s onwards; 1963:François de Bassompierre 1780: 1762:Battle of White Mountain 1708:Battle of White Mountain 1582:Dutch West India Company 1578:Dutch East India Company 802:system of royal councils 16974:Spanish Roman Catholics 16837:also a prince of Modena 16134:Ferdinand IV of Hungary 15674:Infante Philip Prospero 15163:Afonso, Prince of Beira 14913:Pedro, Prince of Brazil 14712:Cardinal-Infante Afonso 14033:Infante Antonio Pascual 13992:Felipe I, Duke of Parma 12631:Comuneros (New Granada) 12408:Balearic Islands (1558) 12127:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 12054:Ruy López de Villalobos 12009:Miguel López de Legazpi 11923:García de Toledo Osorio 10787:Western Sahara conflict 10777:Independence of Morocco 10717:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 10660:Piracy in the Caribbean 10645:French Wars of Religion 9094:Encyclopædia Britannica 9063:Encyclopædia Britannica 9039:Zagorin, Perez (1992). 8891:Rural Europe, 1500–1750 8832:Goodman, David (2002). 7396:Habsburg family website 3421:22 September 1601 2923:Encyclopædia Britannica 2896:Encyclopædia Britannica 1919:and Estêvão de Ataíde. 1875:Philip on horseback, by 1625:Marquess of Villafranca 1229:, vineyards and wheat. 1007:'s enemies, painted by 778:Luis de Aliaga Martínez 107:Royal Alcázar of Madrid 16964:Spanish Baroque people 16404:Maximilian I of Mexico 16399:Emperor Franz Joseph I 15587: 15093:Infante Francisco José 14965:José, Prince of Brazil 14877:João, Prince of Brazil 12876:Colonial Spanish Horse 12550:Colonia del Sacramento 11773:Spanish treasure fleet 11350:Royal Decree of Graces 8997:Tuck, Richard (1993). 8907:Munck, Thomas (1990). 8793:Cruz, Anne J. (1999). 8546:Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 7392:"Habsburg family tree" 3077:Press, Volker (1990), 1979:revisionist historians 1954: 1901:Philip III of Portugal 1882: 1790: 1711: 1600: 1561: 1421: 1335: 1259: 1183: 1074: 1011: 925: 870: 797: 685: 539: 312: 16383:Ferdinand Karl Viktor 16277:Ferdinand Karl Joseph 15586: 14156:Infante Luis Fernando 13452:Parthenopean Republic 12034:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 11994:Juan Sebastián Elcano 11309:Council of the Indies 10670:Spanish–Moro conflict 10640:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 10600:Treaty of Tordesillas 9290:Monarchs' family tree 8841:Kamen, Henry (2005). 8427:Intus-Legere Historia 3559:Male-line family tree 2986:Catholic Encyclopedia 2011:, married his niece, 1952: 1874: 1788: 1705: 1594: 1551: 1409: 1333: 1291:, or parliaments, of 1240: 1174: 1072: 999: 964:, as governor of the 913: 862: 795: 762:Margaret of the Cross 708:Philip first met the 683: 423:Anne, Queen of France 311: 196:Anne, Queen of France 16984:Nobility from Madrid 15001:Infante Pedro Carlos 14376:Infantes of Portugal 13977:Infante Felipe Pedro 12966:Monarchs of Portugal 12831:Mesoamerican Codices 12555:Comuneros (Paraguay) 12393:Siege of Castelnuovo 11979:Christopher Columbus 11798:Consulate of the Sea 11778:Casa de Contratación 11369:Titles and positions 10762:Spanish–American War 10752:Liberal constitution 10595:Asia and the Pacific 9113:Philip III of Spain 9023:The Thirty Years War 8954:The Thirty Years War 8911:. London: Macmillan. 8868:Lynch, John (1969). 8238:Kamen, 1991, p. 200. 7425:Palacio de la Ribera 1915:, being defeated by 1801:raged and the local 1789:Armour of Philip III 1750:Electoral Palatinate 1693:Ferdinand of Bohemia 1675:for the position of 1586:Dutch–Portuguese War 1527:Southern Netherlands 1392:Junta de Reformación 1182:, by Vincente Mostre 1077:Philip inherited an 747:Emperor Ferdinand II 723:archbishop of Toledo 175:; died 37:Andrés López Polanco 17019:Knights of Santiago 17009:Portuguese infantes 16999:Princes of Portugal 16989:Princes of Asturias 16864:Philip III of Spain 16613:Franz Karl Salvator 16475:Crown Prince Rudolf 16333:Frederick Ferdinand 16303:Emperor Ferdinand I 16129:Charles II of Spain 16002:Philip III of Spain 15919:Philip I of Castile 12560:Cartagena de Indias 12182:Diego de Mazariegos 12152:Pere Fages i Beleta 12019:Sebastián de Ocampo 11500:Provincias Internas 11472:Captaincies General 11386:Municipal president 11355:School of Salamanca 11126:Spanish East Indies 11105:Misiones Orientales 10977:Spanish West Indies 10941:, Central America ( 10888:Pyrénées-Orientales 10841:Union with Portugal 10732:Napoleonic invasion 10712:War of Jenkins' Ear 10523:King/Queen of Spain 10401:House of Trastámara 10245:House of Trastámara 9871:House of Trastámara 9618:House of Trastámara 8707:Afonso de Ligório, 8670:Barros Arana, Diego 6863:Archduke of Austria 6848:Archduke of Austria 6500:Archduke of Austria 6425:Archduke of Austria 6410:Archduke of Austria 6395:Archduke of Austria 6067:Archduke of Austria 6044:Archduke of Austria 5151:Archduke of Austria 5136:Archduke of Austria 3408:Margaret of Austria 3383:Margaret of Austria 3238:Eder, Karl (1961), 2684:Archduke of Austria 2017:Margaret of Austria 1861:slavery of Mapuches 1853:Santiago de Tesillo 1739:Spanish Netherlands 1639:was opened through 1566:Twelve Years' Truce 1503:Spanish Netherlands 1334:Philip III of Spain 1215:Kingdom of Valencia 1196:Viceroy of Valencia 1073:Philip III of Spain 938:Spanish Netherlands 899:Imperial proconsuls 866:Spanish statesman, 796:Philip III of Spain 788:Style of government 743:Margaret of Austria 616:, R. Stradling and 599:Margaret of Austria 486:Charles II of Spain 395:Philip III of Spain 157:Margaret of Austria 16994:Dukes of Montblanc 16869:Philippine dynasty 16796:Ferdinand Zvonimir 16068:Philip IV of Spain 15956:Philip II of Spain 15856:Austrian archdukes 15588: 15531:Emanuele Filiberto 15023:Pedro II of Brazil 13533:Monarchs of Sicily 13283:Monarchs of Naples 12856:Academia Antártica 12811:Other civil topics 12177:Pánfilo de Narváez 12079:Sebastián Vizcaíno 12044:Andrés de Urdaneta 12004:Juan Ponce de León 11989:Ferdinand Magellan 11963:Bernardo de Gálvez 11862:Indian auxiliaries 11360:Trial of residence 11340:Laws of the Indies 11124:Asia and Oceania ( 10985:Dominican Republic 10136:House of Champagne 10091:García Sánchez III 9555:House of Barcelona 9228:Prince of Portugal 9209:Prince of Asturias 9185:Philip IV of Spain 9147:Philip II of Spain 9025:. London: Methuen. 8920:. London: Fontana. 8818:. London: Penguin. 8788:. London: Fontana. 8602:"Guerra Defensiva" 8526:on 31 October 2021 8466:Reséndez, Andrés. 8193:, pp. 146–147 7522:, pp. 300–301 7108:King of the Romans 7022:Prince of Asturias 6455:Margrave of Burgau 6440:Margrave of Burgau 6320:Prince of Asturias 3468:Mariana of Austria 2516:Holy Roman Emperor 2513:Maximilian II 2325:Holy Roman Emperor 2300:Holy Roman Emperor 1955: 1883: 1828:Jesuit missionary 1819:Chiloé Archipelago 1791: 1731:Kingdom of Bohemia 1712: 1677:Holy Roman Emperor 1669:war with the Dutch 1627:, the Governor of 1605:Henry IV of France 1603:With the death of 1601: 1574:colonial expansion 1562: 1539:James I of England 1487:Holy Roman Emperor 1436:. The second, the 1422: 1396:Baltasar de Zúñiga 1336: 1276:manufactured goods 1260: 1184: 1075: 1036:Baltasar de Zúñiga 1012: 926: 871: 846:Girolamo Frachetta 844:. Writers such as 816:, Finance and the 798: 686: 589:, the daughter of 583:Philip II of Spain 428:Philip IV of Spain 335:Philip II of Spain 313: 256:Philip II of Spain 206:Philip IV of Spain 91:Philip IV of Spain 81:Philip II of Spain 16851: 16850: 16809: 16808: 16777: 16776: 16730: 16729: 16670:Crown Prince Otto 16649: 16648: 16560:Emperor Charles I 16495:Leopold Ferdinand 16237:Alexander Leopold 16222:Emperor Francis I 16103:Sigismund Francis 16098:Ferdinand Charles 16042:Maximilian Ernest 15822: 15821: 15786:Infante Ferdinand 15714:Infante Ferdinand 15593: 15592: 15451:Balthasar Charles 15238: 15237: 15037:Infante Sebastião 14933:Infante Alexandre 14402:House of Braganza 14394:House of Habsburg 14342: 14341: 14079:Luis I of Etruria 13811:Infantes of Spain 13777: 13776: 13570:Kingdom of Sicily 13499: 13498: 13493:Monarch of Sicily 13482: 13463: 13447: 13343: 13330: 13314: 13249: 13248: 13139:House of Braganza 13110:House of Habsburg 12974:House of Burgundy 12932: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12801: 12800: 12706:Spanish conquests 12696: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12481: 12480: 12162:Pedro de Alvarado 12147:Gaspar de Portolà 12142:Pedro de Valdivia 12117:Francisco Pizarro 12069:Nicolás de Ovando 12064:Alonso de Ercilla 12039:Alonso de Salazar 11872:Ships of the line 11820: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11413: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11244: 11243: 11201:Northern Africa ( 11197:Equatorial Guinea 11181: 11180: 11118: 11117: 11033: 11032: 10956: 10955: 10947:Spanish Caribbean 10920:Spanish Louisiana 10896: 10895: 10831:Crown of Castille 10795: 10794: 10772:Spanish Civil War 10747:Adams–Onís Treaty 10727:Nootka Convention 10675:Thirty Years' War 10665:Eighty Years' War 10586:Catholic Monarchs 10576:Timeline–immersed 10530: 10529: 10425:House of Habsburg 10081:García Sánchez II 9981: 9980: 9927:House of Habsburg 9803:House of Burgundy 9715: 9714: 9656:House of Habsburg 9457: 9456: 9277:Monarchs of Spain 9244: 9243: 9235:Succeeded by 9216:Succeeded by 9182:Succeeded by 9118:House of Habsburg 9010:978-0-521-43885-8 8881:978-0-631-08030-5 8155:De Maddalena 1974 7416: 7415: 7398:. 28 October 2023 7373: 7372: 7019:Balthasar Charles 6860:Sigismund Francis 6845:Ferdinand Charles 6482:Maximilian Ernest 3717:Count of Habsburg 3592:House of Habsburg 3556: 3555: 3549:16 September 1612 3546:22 September 1611 3498:15 September 1607 3459:17 September 1665 3374: 3373: 2980:"Philip II" 2870: 2869: 2157: 2142: 2075: 2060: 1815:enslaving Indians 1673:Imperial election 1665:Holy Roman Empire 1661:Thirty Years' War 1609:Kingdom of France 1515:Battle of Kinsale 1475:Holy Roman Empire 1438:Anglo–Spanish War 1418:Anglo–Spanish War 1375:political economy 1156:Eighty Years' War 1083:Iberian Peninsula 1009:Peter Paul Rubens 970:Venetian Republic 932:and her husband, 930:Isabella of Spain 923:Peter Paul Rubens 852:Duke of Lerma as 635:Thirty Years' War 575:House of Habsburg 529: 528: 356:Margaret of Parma 319:Emperor Charles V 299:House of Habsburg 293: 292: 276:Roman Catholicism 226:Infanta Margarita 17061: 17004:Spanish infantes 16786: 16785: 16739: 16738: 16658: 16657: 16553: 16552: 16510:Leopold Salvator 16368:Rainer Ferdinand 15849: 15842: 15835: 15826: 15825: 15817: 15816: 15620: 15613: 15606: 15597: 15596: 15585: 15265: 15258: 15251: 15242: 15241: 15232:claimant infante 15229: 15221: 15213: 15205: 15197: 15189: 15181: 15072:Infante Fernando 14593:Infante Fernando 14369: 14362: 14355: 14346: 14345: 14335: 14330: 14110:Infante Fernando 13893:Infante Fernando 13804: 13797: 13790: 13781: 13780: 13541:County of Sicily 13526: 13519: 13512: 13503: 13502: 13480: 13461: 13445: 13341: 13328: 13312: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13253: 13252: 13208: 13177: 13042: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12936: 12935: 12807: 12806: 12773:Chibchan Nations 12702: 12701: 12671:Santiago de Cuba 12530:Guadalupe Island 12490: 12489: 12217: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12172:Diego de Almagro 12049:Antonio de Ulloa 11953:Ambrosio Spinola 11948:Pedro de Zubiaur 11918:Alfonso d'Avalos 11908:Antonio de Leyva 11852:Army of Flanders 11837: 11836: 11826: 11825: 11715: 11714: 11704: 11703: 11430: 11429: 11419: 11418: 11289: 11288: 11278: 11277: 11246: 11245: 11219:Peñón of Algiers 11183: 11182: 11120: 11119: 11035: 11034: 10958: 10957: 10940: 10898: 10897: 10812: 10811: 10801: 10800: 10722:Seven Years' War 10695:Queen Anne's War 10572: 10571: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10534: 10533: 10464:House of Bourbon 10347:House of Bourbon 10071:García Sánchez I 10053:House of Jiménez 10026:House of Íñiguez 10008: 10001: 9994: 9985: 9984: 9965:House of Bourbon 9796: 9761:House of Jiménez 9742: 9735: 9728: 9719: 9718: 9699:House of Bourbon 9548: 9503:House of Jiménez 9484: 9477: 9470: 9461: 9460: 9331: 9286:List of monarchs 9270: 9263: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9199:Preceded by 9144:Preceded by 9134: 9127: 9109: 9108: 9098: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9067: 9059: 9044: 9035: 9026: 9014: 8993: 8984: 8975: 8966: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8927:The Dutch Revolt 8921: 8912: 8903: 8894: 8885: 8864: 8855: 8846: 8837: 8828: 8819: 8807: 8798: 8789: 8780: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8712: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8519:. Archived from 8508: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8450: 8442: 8421: 8415: 8414:, pp. 110–1 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8274:, pp. 147–8 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8215: 8209: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8006: 8000: 7991: 7990:, pp. 153–4 7985: 7979: 7978:, pp. 113–4 7973: 7964: 7963:, pp. 126–7 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7913: 7907: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7885:, pp. 117–8 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7820: 7814: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7677: 7671: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7633: 7627: 7618: 7612: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7574: 7568: 7557: 7551: 7540: 7534: 7523: 7517: 7508: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7476: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7367: 7352: 7143: 7128: 7113: 7042: 7027: 6868: 6853: 6838: 6823: 6808: 6755: 6740: 6725: 6520: 6505: 6490: 6475: 6460: 6445: 6430: 6415: 6400: 6385: 6370: 6355: 6340: 6325: 6072: 6049: 6018: 5979: 5800: 5721: 5696: 5687: 5616: 5604: 5415: 5290: 5259: 5156: 5141: 5126: 5095: 4962: 4939: 4924: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4888: 4725: 4710: 4689: 4658: 4643: 4630: 4577: 4572: 4549: 4547:Albertinian line 4544: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4336: 4321: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4255: 4072: 4057: 4038: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3657: 3652: 3599: 3598: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3388: 3387: 3366: 3365: 3349: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3312: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3275: 3264: 3255: 3252:full text online 3249: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3209: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3151: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3114: 3103: 3094: 3091:full text online 3088: 3079:"Maximilian II." 3074: 3065: 3064: 3048: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3011: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2948: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2908: 2899: 2888: 2844: 2843: 2813: 2812: 2708: 2707: 2691: 2690: 2670: 2669: 2649: 2648: 2550: 2549: 2523: 2522: 2506: 2505: 2351: 2350: 2332: 2331: 2322:Ferdinand I 2307: 2306: 2290: 2289: 2191: 2190: 2174: 2173: 2167:Queen of Castile 2155: 2140: 2137:King of Portugal 2073: 2070:Queen of Castile 2058: 2039: 2038: 2026: 2025: 1842:Maestre de campo 1830:Luis de Valdivia 1746:Army of Flanders 1742:Ambrosio Spinola 1543:Treaty of London 1499:long-running war 1430:United Provinces 1283:Crown of Castile 1055:Rodrigo Calderón 1001:Rodrigo Calderón 946:Army of Flanders 942:Ambrosio Spinola 915:Ambrosio Spinola 806:Council of State 710:Marquis of Denia 667:García de Loaysa 610:Philip the Pious 573:A member of the 552:King of Portugal 521: 514: 507: 461:Children include 418:Children include 375:Children include 322:(King Charles I) 295: 294: 289: 180: 178: 174: 170: 131: 115:Crown of Castile 45: 42: 33: 21: 20: 17069: 17068: 17064: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17059: 17058: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16847: 16805: 16782:19th generation 16773: 16735:18th generation 16726: 16710: 16694: 16662: 16654:17th generation 16645: 16628: 16622: 16618:Hubert Salvator 16575: 16569: 16549:16th generation 16544: 16505:Peter Ferdinand 16500:Josef Ferdinand 16480:Franz Ferdinand 16468:15th generation 16463: 16444:Charles Stephen 16429:Ludwig Salvator 16392:14th generation 16387: 16296:13th generation 16291: 16267:Cardinal Rudolf 16215:12th generation 16210: 16179:11th generation 16174: 16148: 16107: 16093:Leopold Wilhelm 16056: 15975: 15944: 15923: 15907: 15891: 15865: 15858: 15853: 15823: 15818: 15814: 15809: 15802:Infante Alfonso 15794:Infante Charles 15738:Infante Charles 15722:Infante Charles 15666:Infante Charles 15658:Infante Alfonso 15629: 15624: 15594: 15589: 15583: 15578: 15459:Philip Prospero 15274: 15269: 15239: 15234: 15227: 15219: 15211: 15203: 15195: 15187: 15179: 15169: 15143:24th generation 15138: 15112:23rd generation 15107: 15047:22nd generation 15042: 15011:21st generation 15006: 14979:20th generation 14974: 14958:19th generation 14953: 14942:18th generation 14937: 14906:17th generation 14901: 14892:Infante António 14870:16th generation 14865: 14838:15th generation 14833: 14803:14th generation 14798: 14767:13th generation 14762: 14731:12th generation 14726: 14679:11th generation 14674: 14643:10th generation 14638: 14597: 14561: 14535: 14519: 14498: 14477: 14451: 14425: 14409: 14378: 14373: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14320: 14309:16th generation 14304: 14293:15th generation 14288: 14279:Infante Alfonso 14267:14th generation 14262: 14248:Infante Gonzalo 14226:13th generation 14221: 14185:12th generation 14180: 14139:11th generation 14134: 14088:10th generation 14083: 14047: 14028:Infante Gabriel 14001: 13960: 13944: 13928: 13902: 13871: 13840: 13824: 13813: 13808: 13778: 13773: 13564: 13535: 13530: 13500: 13495: 13485: 13285: 13280: 13250: 13245: 13234: 13206: 13175: 13133: 13104: 13043: 13034: 12968: 12963: 12933: 12924: 12900:Old inquisition 12812: 12797: 12707: 12680: 12636:Trinidad (1797) 12606:La Noche Triste 12594: 12590:San Juan (1797) 12540:San Juan (1595) 12477: 12366: 12206:Notable battles 12201: 12167:Martín de Ursúa 12098: 12029:Alonso de Ojeda 11999:Juan de la Cosa 11984:Pinzón brothers 11967: 11938:John of Austria 11913:Martín de Goiti 11891: 11831: 11812: 11756: 11709: 11690: 11602: 11598:Terra Australis 11593:Río de la Plata 11538:Castilla de Oro 11524: 11466: 11462:Río de la Plata 11424: 11405: 11364: 11323: 11319:Santa Hermandad 11283: 11264: 11260:Terra Australis 11251: 11240: 11207:Spanish Morocco 11188: 11177: 11168:Northern Taiwan 11129: 11114: 11085:Río de la Plata 11040: 11029: 10963: 10962:Central America 10952: 10934: 10903: 10892: 10836:Crown of Aragon 10817: 10806: 10791: 10707:Bourbon Reforms 10577: 10566: 10561: 10531: 10526: 10507: 10466:- Upper Navarre 10458: 10427:- Upper Navarre 10419: 10403:- Upper Navarre 10395: 10349:- Lower Navarre 10341: 10325:- Lower Navarre 10323:House of Albret 10317: 10305:House of Albret 10299: 10290:Francis Phoebus 10276: 10239: 10212:House of Évreux 10206: 10163: 10130: 10047: 10021: 10012: 9982: 9977: 9959: 9921: 9865: 9797: 9788: 9755: 9746: 9716: 9711: 9693: 9650: 9612: 9549: 9540: 9497: 9488: 9458: 9453: 9370: 9332: 9323: 9292: 9279: 9274: 9240: 9231: 9221: 9212: 9204: 9193:Spanish royalty 9187: 9178: 9173: 9149: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9114: 9087:, ed. (1911). " 9072: 9070: 9054: 9051: 9049:Further reading 9011: 8882: 8747: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8715: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8614: 8607:Memoria Chilena 8599: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8574:Memoria Chilena 8568: 8567: 8563: 8543: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8483: 8479: 8464: 8460: 8444: 8443: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8009: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7925:Polisensky 1971 7923: 7916: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7823: 7815: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7780:, pp. 47–8 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7680: 7672: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7586: 7577: 7569: 7560: 7552: 7543: 7535: 7526: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7025: 7024: 7021: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6830:Leopold Wilhelm 6821: 6820: 6817: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6016: 6015: 6012: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5688: 5685: 5605: 5602: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5093: 5092: 5089: 4960: 4959: 4957:Duke of Austria 4956: 4937: 4936: 4934:Duke of Austria 4933: 4922: 4921: 4919:Duke of Austria 4918: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4898:Duke of Austria 4897: 4886: 4885: 4883:Duke of Austria 4882: 4723: 4722: 4720:Duke of Austria 4719: 4708: 4707: 4706:Duke of Austria 4705: 4687: 4686: 4684:Duke of Austria 4683: 4656: 4655: 4653:Duke of Austria 4652: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4627: 4625:Duke of Austria 4624: 4575:Leopoldian line 4573: 4570: 4545: 4542: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4334: 4333: 4331:Duke of Austria 4330: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4304: 4303: 4301:Duke of Austria 4300: 4289: 4288: 4286:Duke of Austria 4285: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4070: 4069: 4067:Duke of Austria 4066: 4055: 4054: 4036: 4035: 4032: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3653: 3650: 3590: 3561: 3517:9 November 1641 3504:Died unmarried 3440:1 February 1603 3424:20 January 1666 3381:Philip married 3379: 3370: 3369: 3339: 3332: 3302: 3295: 3265: 3258: 3240:"Ferdinand II." 3236: 3229: 3199: 3192: 3175: 3171: 3141: 3134: 3104: 3097: 3075: 3068: 3038: 3031: 3001: 2994: 2975: 2968: 2938: 2931: 2909: 2902: 2889: 2882: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804:Philip III 2705: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2681:Charles II 2667: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2184:King of Castile 2183: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2154: 2151: 2139: 2136: 2072: 2069: 2057: 2054: 2013:Anna of Austria 2007:, a product of 1993: 1947: 1878:Diego Velásquez 1869: 1783: 1778: 1776:Colonial policy 1657: 1597:Diego Velázquez 1495: 1404: 1366:'white moors'. 1321:excommunication 1307:; in turn, the 1255:. Engraving by 1235: 1178:at the port of 1144: 1138: 1067: 1065:Domestic policy 994: 950:siege of Ostend 934:Archduke Albert 901: 857: 814:Military Orders 790: 780:, Philip's own 739: 675:Juan de Mariana 647: 639:Spanish history 631:temporary peace 525: 321: 301: 266:Anna of Austria 235: 182: 166: 162: 159: 146: 133: 129: 105: 64: 46: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17067: 17057: 17056: 17054:Sons of counts 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17014:Dukes of Milan 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16839: 16833: 16827: 16821: 16814: 16811: 16810: 16807: 16806: 16804: 16803: 16798: 16792: 16790: 16783: 16779: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16772: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16745: 16743: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16728: 16727: 16725: 16724: 16718: 16716: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16708: 16702: 16700: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16666: 16664: 16655: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16646: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16632: 16630: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16579: 16577: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16556: 16550: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16542: 16540:Joseph Francis 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16520:Albrecht Franz 16517: 16515:Franz Salvator 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16490:Ferdinand Karl 16487: 16482: 16477: 16471: 16469: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16388: 16386: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16373:Heinrich Anton 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16353:Leopold Ludwig 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16328:Karl Ferdinand 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16299: 16297: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16211: 16209: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16191:Charles Joseph 16188: 16182: 16180: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16172: 16167: 16165:Leopold Joseph 16162: 16156: 16154: 16153:9th generation 16150: 16149: 16147: 16146: 16144:Charles Joseph 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16113: 16112:8th generation 16109: 16108: 16106: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16064: 16062: 16061:7th generation 16058: 16057: 16055: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16022:Maximilian III 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15983: 15981: 15980:6th generation 15977: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15952: 15950: 15949:5th generation 15946: 15945: 15943: 15942: 15937: 15931: 15929: 15928:4th generation 15925: 15924: 15922: 15921: 15915: 15913: 15912:3rd generation 15909: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15899: 15897: 15896:2nd generation 15893: 15892: 15890: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15870:1st generation 15867: 15866: 15863: 15860: 15859: 15852: 15851: 15844: 15837: 15829: 15820: 15819: 15812: 15810: 15808: 15807: 15799: 15791: 15783: 15775: 15767: 15762:Infanta Joanna 15759: 15751: 15746:Infanta Joanna 15743: 15735: 15727: 15719: 15711: 15703: 15698:Infante Philip 15695: 15687: 15679: 15671: 15663: 15655: 15650:Infante Felipe 15646: 15645: 15643:(2014-present) 15639:Infanta Leonor 15634: 15631: 15630: 15623: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15600: 15591: 15590: 15581: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15568: 15560: 15552: 15544: 15536: 15528: 15520: 15512: 15504: 15496: 15488: 15480: 15472: 15464: 15456: 15448: 15440: 15432: 15424: 15416: 15408: 15400: 15392: 15384: 15376: 15368: 15360: 15352: 15344: 15336: 15328: 15320: 15312: 15304: 15296: 15288: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15268: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15245: 15236: 15235: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15159: 15153: 15146: 15144: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15128: 15122: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15097: 15089: 15081: 15075: 15069: 15063: 15057: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15034: 15026: 15020: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15004: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14967: 14961: 14959: 14955: 14954: 14952: 14951: 14945: 14943: 14939: 14938: 14936: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14923:Infante Carlos 14920: 14915: 14909: 14907: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14841: 14839: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14831: 14828:Infante Alonso 14825: 14819: 14816:Infante Carlos 14813: 14806: 14804: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14796: 14788: 14782: 14776: 14770: 14768: 14764: 14763: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14734: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14688: 14682: 14680: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14646: 14644: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14605: 14603: 14602:9th generation 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14569: 14567: 14566:8th generation 14563: 14562: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14543: 14541: 14540:7th generation 14537: 14536: 14534: 14533: 14527: 14525: 14524:6th generation 14521: 14520: 14518: 14517: 14512: 14506: 14504: 14503:5th generation 14500: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14491: 14485: 14483: 14482:4th generation 14479: 14478: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14457: 14456:3rd generation 14453: 14452: 14450: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14433: 14431: 14430:2nd generation 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14417: 14415: 14414:1st generation 14411: 14410: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14372: 14371: 14364: 14357: 14349: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14312: 14310: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14296: 14294: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14229: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14142: 14140: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14052:9th generation 14049: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14009: 14007: 14006:8th generation 14003: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13968: 13966: 13965:7th generation 13962: 13961: 13959: 13958: 13952: 13950: 13949:6th generation 13946: 13945: 13943: 13942: 13936: 13934: 13933:5th generation 13930: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13907:4th generation 13904: 13903: 13901: 13900: 13898:Infante Alonso 13895: 13890: 13888:Infante Carlos 13885: 13879: 13877: 13876:3rd generation 13873: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13848: 13846: 13845:2nd generation 13842: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13829:1st generation 13826: 13825: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13807: 13806: 13799: 13792: 13784: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13754:Victor Amadeus 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13575: 13573: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13546: 13544: 13537: 13536: 13529: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13506: 13497: 13496: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13455: 13448: 13439: 13433: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13409: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13336: 13331: 13323: 13318: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13279: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13256: 13247: 13246: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13144: 13142: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13115: 13113: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13054: 13052: 13045: 13044: 13037: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12979: 12977: 12970: 12969: 12962: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12939: 12930: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12803: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12716:Canary Islands 12712: 12709: 12708: 12698: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12570:Túpac Amaru II 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12515:Bogotá savanna 12512: 12507: 12502: 12496: 12494: 12487: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12423:Spanish Armada 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12317:White Mountain 12314: 12312:Cape Celidonia 12309: 12307:English Armada 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12223: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12108: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12084:Juan Fernández 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12059:Diego Columbus 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11887:Army of Africa 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11867:Spanish Armada 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11841: 11833: 11832: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11768:Manila galleon 11764: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11721: 11711: 11710: 11700: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11476: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11426: 11425: 11415: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11331: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11295: 11293: 11285: 11284: 11282:Administration 11274: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11203:Western Sahara 11199: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11101:Banda Oriental 11082: 11068: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10916:Coastal Alaska 10908: 10905: 10904: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10808: 10807: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10588: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10568: 10567: 10564:Spanish Empire 10560: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10537: 10528: 10527: 10519:King of France 10515:King of Aragon 10512: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10469: 10467: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10328: 10326: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10169:House of Capet 10165: 10164: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10116:García Ramírez 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10057: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10038:García Íñiguez 10035: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10011: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9988: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9931: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9910: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9875: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9745: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9722: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9487: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9338:Personal union 9334: 9333: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9298:Dynastic union 9294: 9293: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9214: 9205: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9180: 9150: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9139:Regnal titles 9136: 9135: 9115: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9099: 9085:Chisholm, Hugh 9068: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9036: 9027: 9019:Wedgwood, C.V. 9015: 9009: 8994: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8956:. London: NEL. 8949: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8913: 8904: 8895: 8886: 8880: 8865: 8856: 8847: 8838: 8829: 8820: 8812:Elliott, J. H. 8808: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8728: 8713: 8700: 8691: 8684: 8661: 8642:(in Spanish). 8624: 8610:(in Spanish). 8590: 8576:(in Spanish). 8561: 8554:(in Spanish). 8537: 8515: 8492: 8477: 8458: 8429:(in Spanish). 8416: 8404: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8353: 8341: 8332: 8315: 8303: 8288: 8276: 8264: 8252: 8240: 8231: 8216: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8056:, pp. 3–4 8046: 8034: 8022: 8020:, p. 241. 8007: 7992: 7980: 7965: 7953: 7941: 7929: 7914: 7899: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7848: 7836: 7821: 7806: 7794: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7742:Mattingly 2005 7734: 7722: 7707: 7695: 7678: 7661: 7649: 7634: 7619: 7604: 7592: 7575: 7558: 7541: 7524: 7509: 7505:Stradling 1988 7494: 7477: 7473:Stradling 1988 7464: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7445: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7382: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7355: 7353: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7135:Charles Joseph 7131: 7129: 7116: 7114: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7030: 7028: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6856: 6854: 6841: 6839: 6826: 6824: 6811: 6809: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6743: 6741: 6728: 6726: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6508: 6506: 6493: 6491: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6461: 6448: 6446: 6433: 6431: 6418: 6416: 6403: 6401: 6392:Maximilian III 6388: 6386: 6373: 6371: 6358: 6356: 6343: 6341: 6328: 6326: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5254:the Posthumous 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5144: 5142: 5129: 5127: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4927: 4925: 4912: 4910: 4891: 4889: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4646: 4644: 4633: 4631: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 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3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3479:18 August 1606 3477: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3344:, ed. (1861). 3330: 3307:, ed. (1861). 3293: 3270:, ed. (1861). 3256: 3227: 3204:, ed. (1861). 3190: 3169: 3146:, ed. (1860). 3132: 3109:, ed. (1860). 3095: 3066: 3043:, ed. (1860). 3029: 3006:, ed. (1861). 2992: 2966: 2943:, ed. (1860). 2929: 2917:"Joanna" 2914:, ed. (1911). 2912:Chisholm, Hugh 2900: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2639:Philip II 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2335: 2333: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2297:Charles V 2293: 2291: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2175: 2160: 2158: 2145: 2143: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2063: 2061: 2055:King of Aragon 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2003:. His father, 1992: 1989: 1946: 1943: 1868: 1865: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1716:Queen Margaret 1656: 1653: 1633:Duchy of Savoy 1570:Dutch Republic 1556:, finished by 1531:Dutch Republic 1494: 1491: 1477:to secure the 1434:Spanish Empire 1403: 1402:Foreign policy 1400: 1268:bubonic plague 1234: 1231: 1227:white mulberry 1188:Juan de Ribera 1140:Main article: 1137: 1134: 1106:personal union 1066: 1063: 1059:Queen Margaret 1025:Queen Margaret 993: 990: 966:Duchy of Milan 955:Dutch Republic 900: 897: 856: 850: 789: 786: 738: 735: 731:Spanish Empire 646: 643: 627:Spanish Empire 614:C. V. Wedgwood 595:Maria of Spain 550:, he was also 527: 526: 524: 523: 516: 509: 501: 498: 497: 491: 490: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 455: 454: 448: 447: 446: 445: 440: 438:Infante Carlos 435: 430: 425: 420: 412: 411: 405: 404: 403: 402: 400:Maria of Spain 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 369: 368: 362: 361: 360: 359: 358:(illegitimate) 353: 352:(illegitimate) 347: 342: 337: 332: 324: 323: 315: 314: 304: 303: 291: 290: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 234: 233: 231:Infante Alonso 228: 223: 218: 216:Infante Carlos 213: 208: 203: 198: 192: 190: 184: 183: 164: 160: 155: 154: 152: 148: 147: 142: 140: 136: 135: 132:(aged 42) 126: 122: 121: 102: 98: 97: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 58: 48: 47: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17066: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16844: 16840: 16838: 16834: 16832: 16828: 16826: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16815: 16812: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16780: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16740: 16737: 16733: 16723: 16720: 16719: 16717: 16713: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16659: 16656: 16652: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16625: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16593:Leopold Maria 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16572: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16525:Karl Albrecht 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16472: 16470: 16466: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16454:Joseph August 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16434:John Salvator 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16424:Karl Salvator 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16414:Ludwig Viktor 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16394: 16390: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16338:Wilhelm Franz 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16257:Rainer Joseph 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16213: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16177: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16110: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16037:Ferdinand III 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15978: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15961:Maximilian II 15959: 15957: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15926: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15894: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15861: 15857: 15850: 15845: 15843: 15838: 15836: 15831: 15830: 15827: 15806: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15706:Infante Diego 15704: 15702: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15636: 15635: 15632: 15628: 15621: 15616: 15614: 15609: 15607: 15602: 15601: 15598: 15575: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15277: 15273: 15266: 15261: 15259: 15254: 15252: 15247: 15246: 15243: 15233: 15225: 15217: 15209: 15201: 15193: 15185: 15177: 15172: 15165: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15141: 15134: 15133: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15120: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15110: 15103: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15082: 15079: 15076: 15073: 15070: 15067: 15064: 15061: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15038: 15035: 15032: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14956: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14940: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14904: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14836: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14814: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14801: 14794: 14793: 14789: 14786: 14783: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14769: 14765: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14729: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14677: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14641: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14564: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14538: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14480: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14454: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14412: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14390:House of Aviz 14387: 14381: 14377: 14370: 14365: 14363: 14358: 14356: 14351: 14350: 14347: 14332: 14327: 14326: 14323: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14301: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14274:Juan Carlos I 14272: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14183: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14137: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14004: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13947: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13905: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13874: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13827: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13805: 13800: 13798: 13793: 13791: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13770: 13769:Ferdinand III 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13679:Frederick III 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13527: 13522: 13520: 13515: 13513: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13494: 13488: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13453: 13449: 13443: 13440: 13437: 13434: 13431: 13428: 13425: 13422: 13419: 13416: 13413: 13410: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13388:Ferdinand III 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13277: 13272: 13270: 13265: 13263: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13243: 13237: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13100: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13049:House of Aviz 13046: 13041: 13031: 13030: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12960: 12955: 12953: 12948: 12946: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12851:Tapada limeña 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12808: 12804: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12710: 12703: 12699: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12484: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12443:Montes Claros 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12383:Vienna (1529) 12381: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12112:Hernán Cortés 12110: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12104:Conquistadors 12101: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12074:Juan de Ayala 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11928:Duke of Savoy 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11827: 11823: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11727:Dollar (Peso) 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11705: 11701: 11687: 11686:Santo Domingo 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11563:New Andalusia 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11510:Santo Domingo 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11434:Viceroyalties 11431: 11427: 11420: 11416: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11279: 11275: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11247: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11184: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11127: 11121: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11043: 11039:South America 11036: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10959: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10924:Spanish Texas 10921: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10902:North America 10899: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10883:Franche-Comté 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10558: 10553: 10551: 10546: 10544: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10498:Ferdinand III 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10282:House of Foix 10279: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10261: 10260: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10066:Jimeno Garcés 10064: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10043:Fortún Garcés 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 10004: 10002: 9997: 9995: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9836:Ferdinand III 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9795: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9485: 9480: 9478: 9473: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Juan Carlos I 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9419:Ferdinand VII 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9239: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9220: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9177: 9176: 9175:Duke of Milan 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9154:King of Spain 9148: 9142: 9137: 9133:31 March 1621 9132: 9126:14 April 1578 9125: 9120: 9119: 9110: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9081: 9080:public domain 9069: 9065: 9064: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8757:The Historian 8754: 8749: 8748: 8738:, p. 145 8737: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8718: 8710: 8704: 8695: 8687: 8685:956-11-1535-2 8681: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8628: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8597: 8595: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8522: 8518: 8516:9788496826243 8512: 8505: 8504: 8496: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8469: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8413: 8412:Wedgwood 1981 8408: 8402:, p. 57. 8401: 8400:Wedgwood 1981 8396: 8390:, p. 320 8389: 8388:Ringrose 1998 8384: 8377: 8376:Wedgwood 1981 8372: 8365: 8364:Wedgwood 1981 8360: 8358: 8351:, p. 212 8350: 8345: 8336: 8330:, p. 125 8329: 8328:Williams 2006 8324: 8322: 8320: 8313:, p. 214 8312: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8293: 8286:, p. 148 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8262:, p. 103 8261: 8256: 8250:, p. 102 8249: 8244: 8235: 8229:, p. 189 8228: 8227:Thompson 2001 8223: 8221: 8213: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8181:, p. 147 8180: 8175: 8169:, p. 235 8168: 8163: 8157:, p. 286 8156: 8151: 8145:, p. 157 8144: 8139: 8133:, p. 148 8132: 8127: 8121:, p. 133 8120: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8097:, p. 150 8096: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8080:, p. 177 8079: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8044:, p. 146 8043: 8038: 8032:, p. 242 8031: 8030:Williams 2006 8026: 8019: 8018:Williams 2006 8014: 8012: 8005:, p. 245 8004: 8003:Williams 2006 7999: 7997: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7976:Wedgwood 1981 7972: 7970: 7962: 7961:Williams 2006 7957: 7951:, p. 128 7950: 7949:Williams 2006 7945: 7939:, p. 127 7938: 7937:Williams 2006 7933: 7927:, p. 127 7926: 7921: 7919: 7911: 7910:Williams 2006 7906: 7904: 7897:, p. 133 7896: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7871:Williams 2006 7867: 7861:, p. 110 7860: 7855: 7853: 7846:, p. 105 7845: 7844:Williams 2006 7840: 7834:, p. 113 7833: 7828: 7826: 7819:, p. 104 7818: 7817:Williams 2006 7813: 7811: 7804:, p. 112 7803: 7798: 7791: 7790:Williams 2006 7786: 7779: 7778:Williams 2006 7774: 7768:, p. 122 7767: 7762: 7756:, p. 121 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7719: 7718:Williams 2006 7714: 7712: 7704: 7703:Williams 2006 7699: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7676:, p. 100 7675: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7659:, p. 99. 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7615:Williams 2006 7611: 7609: 7602:, p. 101 7601: 7596: 7589: 7588:Williams 2006 7584: 7582: 7580: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7490:Wedgwood 1981 7486: 7484: 7482: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7449: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7360: 7348: 7345: 7260: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7233: 7148: 7146: 7139: 7136: 7124: 7121: 7109: 7106: 7038: 7035: 7023: 7020: 7015: 7012: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6952: 6886: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6864: 6861: 6849: 6846: 6834: 6831: 6819: 6816: 6815:Ferdinand III 6802: 6751: 6748: 6736: 6733: 6721: 6718: 6705: 6702: 6694: 6692: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6660: 6652: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6624: 6616: 6614: 6606: 6604: 6554: 6538: 6525: 6523: 6516: 6513: 6501: 6498: 6486: 6483: 6471: 6468: 6456: 6453: 6441: 6438: 6426: 6423: 6411: 6408: 6396: 6393: 6381: 6378: 6366: 6363: 6351: 6348: 6336: 6333: 6321: 6318: 6313: 6310: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6260: 6252: 6250: 6242: 6240: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6176: 6164: 6156: 6144: 6128: 6126: 6102: 6100: 6090: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6068: 6065: 6045: 6042: 6014: 6011: 6010:Maximilian II 5975: 5972: 5959: 5956: 5940: 5938: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5864: 5862: 5817: 5815: 5796: 5793: 5717: 5714: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5592: 5589: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5475: 5473: 5433: 5431: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5355: 5353: 5295: 5293: 5286: 5283: 5255: 5252: 5223: 5221: 5161: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5137: 5134: 5122: 5119: 5118:Frederick III 5091: 5088: 5059: 5056: 5048: 5047: 5030: 5022: 4967: 4965: 4958: 4955: 4935: 4932: 4920: 4917: 4899: 4896: 4884: 4881: 4852: 4849: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4821: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4787: 4785: 4769: 4767: 4730: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4704: 4685: 4682: 4654: 4651: 4639: 4638: 4637:Frederick III 4626: 4623: 4610: 4608: 4576: 4548: 4512: 4509: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4473: 4471: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4433: 4415: 4375: 4373: 4362: 4360: 4347: 4344: 4332: 4329: 4317: 4314: 4302: 4299: 4287: 4284: 4266: 4263: 4251: 4248: 4219: 4216: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4148: 4132: 4130: 4106: 4104: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4053: 4034: 4031: 3978: 3975: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3917: 3864: 3862: 3849: 3846: 3793: 3791: 3733: 3731: 3718: 3715: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655:Original line 3600: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3533:11 March 1617 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2851: 2838: 2835: 2807:King of Spain 2805: 2791: 2789: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2702: 2699: 2685: 2682: 2664: 2661: 2643: 2642:King of Spain 2640: 2631: 2629: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2544: 2541: 2517: 2514: 2500: 2497: 2478: 2475: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2401: 2399: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2345: 2340: 2326: 2323: 2301: 2298: 2284: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2182: 2181:Philip I 2168: 2165: 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Castile 11553:La Luisiana 11505:Puerto Rico 11495:Philippines 11452:New Granada 11142:Philippines 11103:(Uruguay), 11099:(Bolivia), 11049:New Granada 10989:Puerto Rico 10935: [ 10805:Territories 10625:Encomiendas 10493:Charles VII 10410:Ferdinand I 10230:Charles III 10149:Theobald II 9908:Ferdinand V 9811:Alfonso VII 9769:Ferdinand I 9689:Charles III 9626:Ferdinand I 9583:Alfonso III 9434:Alfonso XII 9424:Isabella II 9404:Charles III 9310:Ferdinand V 8763:(1): 1–18. 8736:Parker 1984 8530:1 September 8349:Parker 2004 8284:Parker 1984 8272:Parker 1984 8191:Parker 1984 8179:Parker 1984 8167:Parker 1985 8095:Parker 1984 8066:Parker 1984 8042:Parker 1984 7988:Parker 1984 7873:, p. 9 7475:, p. 9 5792:Ferdinand I 4906: 1370 4681:Leopold III 4354: 1290 4273: 1289 3856: 1218 3725: 1188 3552:Died young 3536:Died young 3530:24 May 1610 3514:16 May 1609 3482:13 May 1646 3446:Died young 2344:and Hungary 2283:of Portugal 1991:Family tree 1936:Covarrubias 1554:Giambologna 1507:Elizabeth I 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IV 10266:Blanche II 10259:Charles IV 10225:Charles II 10220:Philip III 10144:Theobald I 10126:Sancho VII 10086:Sancho III 9955:Charles II 9945:Philip III 9904:Isabella I 9856:Alfonso XI 9831:Berengaria 9816:Sancho III 9779:Alfonso VI 9684:Charles II 9679:Philip III 9593:Alfonso IV 9563:Alfonso II 9536:Petronilla 9409:Charles IV 9376:Real union 9366:Charles II 9356:Philip III 9306:Isabella I 9179:1598–1621 8900:The Armada 8654:30 January 8583:30 January 8558:: 109–147. 8311:Kamen 2005 8299:Munck 1990 8212:Munck 1990 8143:Perry 2005 8131:Perry 2005 8119:Perry 2005 7895:Feros 2006 7883:Feros 2006 7859:Feros 2006 7832:Feros 2006 7802:Feros 2006 7730:Munck 1990 7571:Feros 2006 7554:Feros 2006 7537:Feros 2006 7461:References 7402:28 October 7359:Charles VI 7138:of Austria 7034:Charles II 6833:of Austria 6804:of Austria 6750:of Austria 6735:of Austria 6515:of Austria 6485:of Austria 6422:Wenceslaus 6407:Albert VII 6365:of Austria 6332:Philip III 6064:Charles II 5410:of Castile 5090:of Germany 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9578:Peter III 9531:Ramiro II 9526:Alfonso I 9449:Felipe VI 9361:Philip IV 9351:Philip II 9346:Charles I 8711:, p. 122. 8709:Santuário 8672:(2000) . 8260:Cruz 1999 8248:Cruz 1999 8078:Cruz 1999 7766:Tuck 1993 7754:Tuck 1993 7366:1685–1740 7351:1678–1711 7142:1649–1664 7127:1640–1705 7120:Leopold I 7112:1633–1654 7041:1661–1700 7026:1629–1646 6867:1630–1665 6852:1628–1662 6837:1614–1662 6822:1608–1657 6807:1605–1619 6754:1609–1641 6747:Ferdinand 6739:1607–1632 6724:1605–1665 6717:Philip IV 6519:1590–1624 6504:1586–1632 6497:Leopold V 6489:1583–1616 6474:1578–1637 6459:1560–1618 6444:1558–1600 6429:1561–1578 6414:1559–1621 6399:1558–1618 6384:1557–1619 6369:1553–1595 6354:1552–1612 6347:Rudolf II 6339:1578–1621 6324:1545–1568 6071:1540–1590 6048:1529–1595 6017:1527–1576 5978:1527–1598 5971:Philip II 5799:1503–1564 5720:1500–1558 5713:Charles V 5414:1478–1506 5289:1459–1519 5258:1440–1457 5251:Ladislaus 5155:1427–1496 5148:Sigismund 5140:1418–1463 5133:Albert VI 5125:1415–1493 5094:1397–1439 5087:Albert II 4961:1382–1439 4938:1377–1424 4923:1371–1411 4887:1377–1404 4880:Albert IV 4724:1328–1344 4709:1327–1344 4688:1351–1386 4657:1349–1395 4642:1347–1362 4629:1339–1365 4622:Rudolf IV 4346:Parricida 4335:1301–1339 4320:1299–1327 4305:1298–1358 4298:Albert II 4290:1290–1326 4283:Leopold I 4262:Frederick 4254:1281–1307 4071:1270–1290 4064:Rudolf II 4056:1263–1281 4037:1255–1308 3510:Ferdinand 3452:Philip IV 2842:1584–1611 2811:1578–1621 2706:1551–1608 2504:1528–1603 2189:1478–1506 2172:1479–1555 2156:1482–1517 2152:of Aragon 2141:1469–1521 2074:1451–1504 2059:1452–1516 2005:Philip II 1997:Habsburgs 1959:Philip IV 1932:The Pious 1925:Manueline 1770:de Zúñiga 1748:into the 1535:Calvinist 1381:intendant 1130:Andalusia 1126:Catalonia 1052:secretary 782:confessor 727:Dominican 703:astronomy 658:Philip II 548:Philip II 452:Philip IV 366:Philip II 282:Signature 87:Successor 16574:Habsburg 16530:Leo Karl 16323:Albrecht 16160:Joseph I 16017:Matthias 16007:Rudolf V 15574:(2014– ) 15547:Mercedes 15539:Isabella 15515:Isabella 15507:Isabella 15371:Isabella 15355:Isabella 15347:Isabella 15119:Carlos I 14996:Miguel I 14861:Pedro II 14697:João III 14670:Manuel I 14609:Afonso V 14573:Duarte I 14421:Sancho I 14404:through 14396:through 14386:Afonso I 13821:Carlos I 13729:Philip I 13689:Martin I 13669:Peter II 13629:Conrad I 13624:Henry II 13579:Roger II 13560:Roger II 13467:Joseph I 13406:Philip I 13334:Louis II 13310:Joanna I 13225:Carlos I 13204:Maria II 13199:Miguel I 13194:Maria II 13189:Peter IV 13168:Joseph I 13158:Peter II 13119:Philip I 13083:John III 13078:Manuel I 13068:Afonso V 13063:Edward I 12988:Sancho I 12983:Afonso I 12778:Colombia 12763:Honduras 12676:Asomante 12661:Ayacucho 12651:Carabobo 12626:Curalaba 12403:Ceresole 12297:Gembloux 12257:Mühlberg 11972:Mariners 11830:Military 11752:Doubloon 11737:Maravedí 11681:Santiago 11588:Paraguay 11314:Germania 11154:Caroline 11109:Malvinas 11093:Paraguay 11053:Colombia 10995:Trinidad 10862:Sardinia 10702:Bourbons 10478:Louis II 10444:Philip V 10415:Joan III 10386:Louis VI 10376:Louis IV 10366:Louis II 10337:Joan III 10332:Henry II 10313:John III 10177:Philip I 10101:Sancho V 10061:Sancho I 10015:Monarchs 9973:Philip V 9917:Philip I 9899:Henry IV 9879:Henry II 9749:Monarchs 9669:Philip I 9598:Peter IV 9588:James II 9568:Peter II 9511:Ramiro I 9491:Monarchs 9394:Philip V 9384:Philip V 9319:Philip I 9232:1582–98 9213:1582–98 9162:Sardinia 9158:Portugal 9021:(1981). 8814:(1963). 8777:24442462 8648:Archived 8617:3 August 7419:See also 7344:Joseph I 7037:of Spain 6720:of Spain 6377:Matthias 6335:of Spain 5974:of Spain 5694:HRE line 5690:Austrian 5407:Philip I 4265:the Fair 4247:Rudolf I 4052:Hartmann 4030:Albert I 3845:Rudolf I 3526:Margaret 2834:Margaret 2499:of Spain 2280:Isabella 1905:Moluccas 1689:Habsburg 1681:Matthias 1623:and the 1599:(detail) 1479:election 1301:Valencia 1297:Portugal 1249:novelist 1148:Moriscos 1122:Portugal 1087:Portugal 1040:Olivares 885:consulta 838:Humanist 826:grandees 766:Catholic 758:Austrian 714:Valencia 581:to King 564:Sardinia 350:Don John 330:Children 272:Religion 246:Habsburg 56:Portugal 16789:Charles 16742:Charles 16706:Dominic 16699:Tuscany 16576:Tuscany 16535:Wilhelm 16343:Stephen 16232:Charles 16073:Charles 15555:Alfonso 15523:Alfonso 15491:Charles 15467:Charles 15411:Charles 15395:Charles 15379:Michael 15339:Alfonso 15315:Eleanor 15054:Pedro V 14970:João VI 14655:João II 14531:Pedro I 14489:Dinis I 13659:James I 13654:Peter I 13639:Manfred 13614:Henry I 13594:Tancred 13550:Roger I 13316:Louis I 13242:italics 13215:Peter V 13184:John VI 13173:Maria I 13148:John IV 13093:Henry I 13073:John II 13018:Peter I 13008:Denis I 12910:Asiento 12881:Mustang 12741:Yucatán 12736:Chiapas 12616:Tucapel 12448:Passaro 12398:Algiers 12388:Preveza 12357:Tetouan 12352:Vitoria 12342:Bitonto 12282:Antwerp 12277:Lepanto 12232:Bicocca 11708:Economy 11631:Charcas 11626:Caracas 11520:Yucatán 11391:Regidor 11376:Alcalde 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Philip III of Spain

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