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being beaten and stoned, but not executed. A more plausible explanation would be that sometimes they were executed and sometimes not, depending on the attitude of the victim. For instance, a deliberate unrepentant murderer would most likely be put to death.
1684:
A slave, a cripple, or a criminal was chosen and expelled from the community at times of disaster (famine, invasion or plague) or at times of calendrical crisis. It was believed that this would bring about purification. On the first day of the
1806:
rite. Burkert shows that humans were sacrificed or expelled after being fed well, and, according to some sources, their ashes were scattered to the ocean. This was a purification ritual, a form of societal
1852:. In doing so, he attacks the boundary between inside and outside, declaring that the outside (pharmakos, never uttered by Plato) is always-already present right behind the inside (
1575:
1982:
Calcagnetti, Daniel J., "Neuropharmacology: From
Cellular Receptors and Neurotransmitter Synthesis to Neuropathology & Drug Addiction", First Edition, 2006.
1637:
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1560:
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were actually sacrificed (thrown from a cliff or burned), but many modern scholars reject this, arguing that the earliest source for the
1811:. Girard likewise discusses the connection between catharsis, sacrifice, and purification. Some scholars have connected the practice of
1164:
1958:
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1777:. Compton surveys important poets who were exiled, executed or suffered unjust trials, either in history, legend or Greek or
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1363:
114:
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79:
57:
50:
1470:
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1623:
96:
2001:
Derrida, Jacques, "Dissemination", translated by
Barbara Johnson, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981.
1954:
1996:
Victim of the Muses: Poet as
Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History
1159:
1815:, in which a prominent politician was exiled from Athens after a vote using pottery pieces, with the
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custom. However, the ostracism exile was only for a fixed time, as opposed to the finality of the
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in some traditions; and Aesop was thrown from a cliff, as was the pharmakos in some traditions.
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2100:, 1940. See the discussion of the Thargelia in the chapter “Rural Customs and Festivals.”
1877:
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147:
964:
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1856:). As a concept, Pharmakos can be said to be related to other Derridian terms such as "
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1728:(1961), Anton Wiechers discussed the parallels between the legendary biography of
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1998:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Hellenic Studies/Harvard University Press, 2006.
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The Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1979, pp. 280–90 in print edition.
1985:
1941:, translated by Barbara Johnson, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981
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1989:
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The Best of the
Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry.
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2012:, Vol. 61, No. 2, Earle Homage Issue (Spring, 1993), pp. 185–199.
2005:
1732:(in which he is unjustly tried and executed by the Delphians) and the
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Pharmakon: Plato, Drug
Culture, and Identity in Ancient Athens
2114:
Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1983, pp. 24–26, 257-280.
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ritual. For example, Aesop is grotesquely deformed, as was the
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How the
Gospels became history: Jesus and Mediterranean myths,
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Synkrisis. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2019; pp.156-68.
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1844:, and reveals the inter-connection between the word chain
2006:"Alarcon's El dueno de las estrellas: Hero and Pharmakos"
622:
385:
1979:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979, 59-77.
1771:
Victim of the Muses: Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero
1802:
have written influential modern interpretations of the
1697:, were led out as if to be sacrificed as an expiation.
2045:
Themis: a Study of the Social Origin of Greek Religion
1826:
Pharmakos is also used as a vital term in Derridean
1672:was the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human
2140:
1972:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.
1631:
2121:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010, 73-74.
1751:death to the "worst" of the Achaeans in the
2060:, XLIX(2001), Classical Society of Japan,
2038:Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion
2031:Epilegomena to the Study of Greek Religion
1638:
1624:
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2017:The Golden Bough. Part VI. The Scapegoat
1977:Structure and History in Greek Mythology
43:This article includes a list of general
14:
2141:
1963:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1959:"Scapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greece"
2026:Trans. Y. Freccero. Baltimore, 1986.
1965:, Vol. 87. (1983), pp. 299–320.
1761:. More recently, both Daniel Ogden,
29:
2105:The Crooked Kings of Ancient Greece
1990:“The Pharmakos Ritual: Testimonia.”
1830:. In his essay "Plato's Pharmacy",
1763:The Crooked Kings of Ancient Greece
24:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2069:Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece
1571:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism
2071:, London 1991, pp. 139–165.
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2053:Stoning in the Pharmakos Ritual
1927:I See Satan Fall Like Lightning
1854:pharmakeia–pharmakon–pharmakeus
1846:pharmakeia–pharmakon–pharmakeus
1932:
1919:
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1834:deconstructs several texts by
27:Ancient Greek religious ritual
13:
1:
2128:. Cambridge University Press.
1948:
2126:A Companion to Greek Studies
2107:London 1997, pp. 15–46.
2058:Journal of Classical Studies
1848:and the notably absent word
7:
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2135:. Meisenheim am Glan 1961.
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1747:(1979), compared Aesop's
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1612:Ancient Greece portal
1929:, pp. 37–38, 51, 78, 131
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1823:execution or expulsion.
1693:at Athens, two men, the
1078:Sacrifices and Offerings
805:Underworld and Afterlife
1244:Three Monthly Festivals
64:more precise citations.
2154:Ancient Greek religion
2124:Whibley, Leonard, MA,
2097:Greek Popular Religion
2043:Harrison, Jane Ellen,
2036:Harrison, Jane Ellen,
2029:Harrison, Jane Ellen,
1791:Pharmakon (philosophy)
1785:Modern interpretations
1670:Ancient Greek religion
1126:Meditation and Charity
1107:Temples and holy sites
938:Plato's theory of soul
130:Ancient Greek religion
106:Ancient Greek religion
2117:Rinella, Michael A.,
2074:Litwa, M David, 'The
1712:(the iambic satirist
2094:Nilsson, Martin P.,
1773:(2006) examine poet
1745:Best of the Achaeans
1004:Eleusinian Mysteries
965:Ethic of Reciprocity
166:Hellenistic religion
1878:Modes of persuasion
1601:Religion portal
1388:Pherecydes of Syros
1014:Dionysian Mysteries
148:Minoan Civilization
2004:Fiore, Robert L.,
1779:Indo-European myth
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1576:Julian restoration
827:Divine and Reality
337:Primordial deities
236:Mount Ida (Turkey)
162:Hellenistic Greece
139:Mycenaean religion
2078:,' chapter 11 in
2019:, pp. 252ff.
1975:Burkert, Walter,
1968:Burkert, Walter,
1743:Gregory Nagy, in
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2062:Kyoto University
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251:Mount Kyllini
249:
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246:Mount Olympus
244:
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231:Mount Lykaion
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178:Sacred Places
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2016:
2009:
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1767:Todd Compton
1762:
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1717:
1716:) shows the
1709:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1651:
1649:
1555:Other Topics
1540:
1533:
1528:Orphic Hymns
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1493:
1469:
1462:
1370:
1364:Philosophers
1349:Neoplatonism
1295:Nemean Games
1267:
1261:Agathodaemon
1243:
1187:Daphnephoria
1177:Thesmophoria
1170:
1148:
1125:
1106:
1077:
1030:
995:
943:
916:
864:
826:
788:
310:Cave of Zeus
303:
261:
256:Mount Othrys
224:
182:
76:
70:October 2014
67:
48:
1800:René Girard
1765:(1997) and
1704:state that
1676:or victim.
1471:Bibliotheca
1464:Argonautica
1275:Panathenaia
1212:Elaphebolia
1192:Anthesteria
1155:Amphidromia
1085:Holokaustos
1057:Hiera Orgas
923:Anima mundi
552:Triptolemus
262:Sanctuaries
62:introducing
2143:Categories
1949:References
1838:, such as
1501:Epic Cycle
1495:Dionysiaca
1440:Iamblichus
1408:Empedocles
1403:Parmenides
1398:Xenophanes
1393:Pythagoras
1320:Philosophy
1197:Arrephoria
1143:Euergetism
1138:Meditation
980:Eudaimonia
896:Katalepsis
844:Polytheism
800:Orphic Egg
708:Persephone
613:Eileithyia
578:Amphitrite
557:Trophonius
512:Persephone
464:Hephaestus
209:Samothrace
45:references
2149:Injustice
2076:Pharmakos
1850:pharmakos
1821:pharmakos
1817:pharmakos
1813:ostracism
1809:catharsis
1804:pharmakos
1775:pharmakoi
1759:Thersites
1749:pharmakos
1738:pharmakos
1734:pharmakos
1718:pharmakoi
1710:pharmakos
1706:pharmakoi
1695:pharmakoi
1687:Thargelia
1674:scapegoat
1665:pharmakoi
1662:, plural
1652:pharmakós
1339:Platonism
1280:Herakleia
1237:Thargelia
1217:Pyanopsia
1171:Festivals
1062:Hero Cult
1042:Dithyramb
1026:Practices
997:Mysteries
990:Oikeiôsis
975:Adiaphora
911:Phronesis
871:Anamnesis
849:Pantheism
789:Worldview
733:Scamander
583:Asclepius
429:Aphrodite
420:Olympians
18:Pharmacos
1916:, p. 82.
1872:pharmacy
1864:See also
1841:Phaedrus
1714:Hipponax
1660:φαρμακός
1566:Calendar
1535:Theogony
1433:Plotinus
1428:Plutarch
1413:Socrates
1256:Noumenia
1222:Khalkeia
1182:Dionysia
1160:Marriage
1133:Eusebeia
1090:Libation
985:Kathekon
886:Episteme
881:Apatheia
876:Ataraxia
784:Concepts
768:Zephyrus
743:Thanatos
653:Heracles
633:Harmonia
484:Poseidon
459:Dionysus
406:Tartarus
97:a series
95:Part of
2047:, 1921.
2040:, 1908.
2033:, 1921.
1702:scholia
1521:Odyssey
1371:Ancient
1251:Deipnon
1232:Halieia
1207:Genesia
1119:Temenos
1031:Worship
1009:Orphism
933:Henosis
834:Apeiron
723:Proteus
718:Priapus
688:Nemesis
573:Alpheus
547:Melinoë
542:Iacchus
527:Erinyes
522:Demeter
517:Angelos
454:Demeter
444:Artemis
361:Chronos
328:Deities
298:Olympia
293:Eleusis
204:Kythira
124:Origins
58:improve
1894:kairos
1886:pathos
1691:Apollo
1680:Ritual
1423:Aratus
1378:Hesiod
1202:Kronia
1114:Temple
1071:Pythia
1067:Oracle
1052:Orgion
1037:Agalma
955:Hubris
944:Ethics
891:Epoché
839:Monism
815:Daimon
810:Miasma
758:Triton
753:Thetis
748:Themis
738:Selene
713:Phobos
693:Nereus
663:Kratos
648:Helios
643:Hecate
608:Deimos
603:Cybele
593:Boreas
537:Hecate
479:Hestia
474:Hermes
449:Athena
434:Apollo
411:Uranus
401:Pontus
396:Phanes
381:Hemera
366:Erebus
351:Ananke
346:Aether
288:Dodona
278:Didyma
273:Delphi
268:Aornum
219:Lemnos
194:Ithaca
47:, but
1900:Notes
1890:logos
1882:ethos
1858:Trace
1836:Plato
1754:Iliad
1730:Aesop
1700:Some
1668:) in
1656:Greek
1514:Iliad
1457:Texts
1418:Plato
1383:Homer
1227:Haloa
1047:Paean
960:Xenia
950:Arete
901:Logos
763:Zelus
683:Momus
678:Metis
598:Circe
507:Hades
391:Ourea
356:Chaos
304:Other
214:Crete
199:Naxos
189:Delos
1892:and
1798:and
1069:and
917:Soul
906:Nous
865:Mind
728:Rhea
698:Nike
673:Maia
668:Leto
658:Iris
638:Hebe
628:Eris
618:Enyo
532:Gaia
489:Zeus
469:Hera
439:Ares
376:Gaia
371:Eros
315:Troy
283:Dion
141:and
1860:".
1724:In
703:Pan
623:Eos
588:Bia
386:Nyx
2145::
2056:,
2008:,
1988:,
1961:,
1957:,
1888:,
1884:,
1781:.
1769:,
1757:,
1658::
1650:A
164:,
150:,
137:,
99:on
2064:.
1654:(
1639:e
1632:t
1625:v
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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