1952:. Students of pharmacology must have a detailed working knowledge of aspects in physiology, pathology, and chemistry. They may also require knowledge of plants as sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Modern pharmacology is interdisciplinary and involves biophysical and computational sciences, and analytical chemistry. A pharmacist needs to be well-equipped with knowledge on pharmacology for application in pharmaceutical research or pharmacy practice in hospitals or commercial organisations selling to customers. Pharmacologists, however, usually work in a laboratory undertaking research or development of new products. Pharmacological research is important in academic research (medical and non-medical), private industrial positions, science writing, scientific patents and law, consultation, biotech and pharmaceutical employment, the alcohol industry, food industry, forensics/law enforcement, public health, and environmental/ecological sciences. Pharmacology is often taught to pharmacy and medicine students as part of a
900:
alteration to the chemical structure of a medicinal compound could alter its medicinal properties, depending on how the alteration relates to the structure of the substrate or receptor site on which it acts: this is called the structural activity relationship (SAR). When a useful activity has been identified, chemists will make many similar compounds called analogues, to try to maximize the desired medicinal effect(s). This can take anywhere from a few years to a decade or more, and is very expensive. One must also determine how safe the medicine is to consume, its stability in the human body and the best form for delivery to the desired organ system, such as tablet or aerosol. After extensive testing, which can take up to six years, the new medicine is ready for marketing and selling.
60:
656:
1700:
molecular weight, polarity etc. in order to be absorbed, the fraction of a drug the reaches the systemic circulation is termed bioavailability, this is simply a ratio of the peak plasma drug levels after oral administration and the drug concentration after an IV administration(first pass effect is avoided and therefore no amount drug is lost). A drug must be lipophilic (lipid soluble) in order to pass through biological membranes this is true because biological membranes are made up of a lipid bilayer (phospholipids etc.) Once the drug reaches the blood circulation it is then distributed throughout the body and being more concentrated in highly perfused organs.
174:, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings; whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role. In either field, the primary contrast between the two is their distinctions between direct-patient care, pharmacy practice, and the science-oriented research field, driven by pharmacology.
827:
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9711:
8246:
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1968:
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520:
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7201:
1414:. This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect. A compound with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) exerts its desired effect at a dose close to its toxic dose. A compound with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) exerts its desired effect at a dose substantially below its toxic dose. Those with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require
294:
1553:
707:
678:. Both pharmacology and toxicology are scientific disciplines that focus on understanding the properties and actions of chemicals. However, pharmacology emphasizes the therapeutic effects of chemicals, usually drugs or compounds that could become drugs, whereas toxicology is the study of chemical's adverse effects and risk assessment.
575:, mind and behavior (e.g. antidepressants) in treating mental disorders (e.g. depression). It incorporates approaches and techniques from neuropharmacology, animal behavior and behavioral neuroscience, and is interested in the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs. The related field of
1036:
1270:
as well as the type of drug-drug interactions, thus can help designing efficient and safe therapeutic strategies. The topology
Network pharmacology utilizes computational tools and network analysis algorithms to identify drug targets, predict drug-drug interactions, elucidate signaling pathways, and
957:
or environmental pharmacology is the study of the effects of used pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on the environment after their elimination from the body. Human health and ecology are intimately related so environmental pharmacology studies the environmental effect of drugs and
899:
The metabolic stability and the reactivity of a library of candidate drug compounds have to be assessed for drug metabolism and toxicological studies. Many methods have been proposed for quantitative predictions in drug metabolism; one example of a recent computational method is SPORCalc. A slight
1699:
Pharmacokinetics is the movement of the drug in the body, it is usually described as 'what the body does to the drug' the physico-chemical properties of a drug will affect the rate and extent of absorption, extent of distribution, metabolism and elimination. The drug needs to have the appropriate
1265:
Network pharmacology is a subfield of pharmacology that combines principles from pharmacology, systems biology, and network analysis to study the complex interactions between drugs and targets (e.g., receptors or enzymes etc.) in biological systems. The topology of a biochemical reaction network
1738:
Gaining FDA approval usually takes several years. Testing done on animals must be extensive and must include several species to help in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug. The dosage of any drug approved for use is intended to fall within a range in which the drug
903:
Because of these long timescales, and because out of every 5000 potential new medicines typically only one will ever reach the open market, this is an expensive way of doing things, often costing over 1 billion dollars. To recoup this outlay pharmaceutical companies may do a number of things:
431:. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as
462:
Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. The advancement of research techniques propelled pharmacological research and understanding. The development of the
1359:
at specific receptors in the body. Agonists bind to receptors and produce a biological response, a partial agonist produces a biological response lower than that of a full agonist, antagonists have affinity for a receptor but do not produce a biological response.
988:. The energy of light is used to change for shape and chemical properties of the drug, resulting in different biological activity. This is done to ultimately achieve control when and where drugs are active in a reversible manner, to prevent
491:, and other advanced tools to transform information about molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against disease, defects or pathogens, and create methods for preventive care, diagnostics, and ultimately
147:. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In broad terms, pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological
1731:
The drug must be found to be effective against the disease for which it is seeking approval (where 'effective' means only that the drug performed better than placebo or competitors in at least two trials).
2270:; see especially "III. Säure im Opium" (acid in opium), pp. 234–235, and "I. Nachtrag zur Charakteristik der Säure im Opium" (Addendum on the characteristics of the acid in opium), pp. 236–241.
448:
42:
427:
translated and used pharmacological texts. Culpeper detailed plants and the conditions they could treat. In the 18th century, much of clinical pharmacology was established by the work of
3586:
Roeland van Wijk et al., Non-monotonic dynamics and crosstalk in signaling pathways and their implications for pharmacology. Scientific
Reports 5:11376 (2015) doi: 10.1038/srep11376
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3598:
Mehrad Babaei et al., Biochemical reaction network topology defines dose-dependent Drug–Drug interactions. Comput Biol Med 155:106584 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106584
795:
that considers the value of drugs
Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the cost and benefits of drugs in order to guide optimal healthcare resource allocation. The techniques used for the
1864:
721:
959:
671:
is the application of pharmacological methods and principles in the study of drugs in humans. An example of this is posology, which is the study of how medicines are dosed.
613:
studies the effect of microbiome variations on drug disposition, action, and toxicity. Pharmacomicrobiomics is concerned with the interaction between drugs and the gut
443:
were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first pharmacology department was set up by
3527:
1948:
and is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms. Pharmacological research can lead to new drug discoveries, and promote a better understanding of human
3008:
2829:
3106:
Smith J, Stein V (April 2009). "SPORCalc: A development of a database analysis that provides putative metabolic enzyme reactions for ligand-based drug design".
1856:
2553:
8177:
7257:
1911:
2737:
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in 1847, at
University of Tartu, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects. Subsequently, the first
1987:
1754:
3030:
Reklaitis GV, Khinast J, Muzzio F (November 2010). "Pharmaceutical engineering science—New approaches to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing".
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7225:
1391:
is the drug concentration of a drug that produces an efficacy of 50% and the lower the concentration the higher the potency of the drug therefore EC
1860:
1727:(FDA) is responsible for creating guidelines for the approval and use of drugs. The FDA requires that all approved drugs fulfill two requirements:
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by affecting sites directly on cell-surface receptors (which modulate and mediate cellular signaling pathways controlling cellular function).
8283:
2659:
Rizkallah MR, Saad R, Aziz RK (September 2010). "The Human
Microbiome Project, personalized medicine and the birth of pharmacomicrobiomics".
2616:
Kaddurah-Daouk R, Weinshilboum RM (February 2014). "Pharmacometabolomics: implications for clinical pharmacology and systems pharmacology".
2523:
8883:
4647:
1367:, in a dose-response profile it is indicated as percentage on the y-axis, where 100% is the maximal efficacy (all receptors are occupied).
108:. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal
8888:
7247:
3616:
2253:
1653:– How is the API disintegrated (for solid oral forms (breaking down into smaller particles), dispersed, or dissolved from the medication?
725:
471:, and physiological responses are recorded after drug application, allowed analysis of drugs' effects on tissues. The development of the
2230:
8028:
3679:
2344:
7988:
2163:
Takács-Novák, K.; Avdeef, A. (August 1996). "Interlaboratory study of log P determination by shake-flask and potentiometric methods".
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787:
has been identified through drug discovery, drug development involves bringing the drug to the market. Drug discovery is related to
539:
comprising the body. Divisions related to bodily systems study the effects of drugs in different systems of the body. These include
5652:
5409:
5101:
2141:
2578:
Kaddurah-Daouk R, Kristal BS, Weinshilboum RM (2008). "Metabolomics: a global biochemical approach to drug response and disease".
8866:
2883:
8910:
3819:
2111:
1767:
1747:
1683:– Is the API converted chemically inside the body, and into which substances. Are these active (as well)? Could they be toxic?
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3779:
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3190:
2860:
2474:
2224:
1907:
911:
Obtain a patent on the new medicine preventing other companies from producing that medicine for a certain allocation of time.
826:
3309:
2686:
Gomez A, Ingelman-Sundberg M (April 2009). "Pharmacoepigenetics: its role in interindividual differences in drug response".
1250:. Receptors are typically categorised based on structure and function. Major receptor types studied in pharmacology include
1055:
increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of
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and further characterization of drugs related to an organism's entire genome. For pharmacology regarding individual genes,
2258:
Journal der
Pharmacie für Aerzte, Apotheker und Chemisten (Journal of Pharmacy for Physicians, Apothecaries, and Chemists)
605:
compounds, and to better understand the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug. Pharmacometabolomics can be applied to measure
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41:"Pharmacologist" redirects here. For the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics newsletter, see
3000:
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process of finding new drugs. In the most basic sense, this involves the design of molecules that are complementary in
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3758:
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3165:
2338:
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Brater DC, Daly WJ (May 2000). "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: principles that presage the 21st century".
1837:
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to chemically design drugs. This overlaps with the biological approach of finding targets and physiological effects.
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193:
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1992:
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substances, and biologically active substances which are not used as drugs. Typically it includes pharmacological
59:
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levels following the administration of a drug, in order to monitor the effects of the drug on metabolic pathways.
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17:
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Pharmacodynamics is defined as how the body reacts to the drugs. Pharmacodynamics theory often investigates the
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drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin: toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses used to kill
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and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the manufacture, sale, and administration of medication. In the
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The study of chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of
139:, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are
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Pharmacology can be studied in relation to wider contexts than the physiology of individuals. For example,
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Carefully research the demand for their potential new product before spending an outlay of company funds.
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2007:
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are organisations representing standardisation and regulation of clinical and scientific pharmacology.
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Ritter, James; Flower, Rod J.; Henderson, G.; MacEwan, David J.; Loke, Yoon Kong; Rang, H. P. (2020).
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Arnold RJ, Ekins S (2010). "Time for cooperation in health economics among the modelling community".
1915:
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Content needs to be generalised to encompass pharmacokinetics as a whole, not just individual ideas.
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concerns the variations of the effects of drugs in or between populations, it is the bridge between
503:
The discipline of pharmacology can be divided into many sub disciplines each with a specific focus.
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2012:
1800:
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have been used since prehistory as a preparation of substances from natural sources. However, the
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1997:
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When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of the chemical that is the active ingredient or
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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Ligand-binding assays development, validation, and implementation in the drug development arena
2002:
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234:
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Maehle AH, Prüll CR, Halliwell RF (August 2002). "The emergence of the drug receptor theory".
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35:
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4357:
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Broichhagen J, Frank JA, Trauner D (July 2015). "A roadmap to success in photopharmacology".
3215:
2214:
1405:
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Binding affinity is the ability of a ligand to form a ligand-receptor complex either through
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1187:
Pharmacology is typically studied with respect to particular systems, for example endogenous
1130:
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668:
492:
354:
337:
128:
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The safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs in the U.S. are regulated by the federal
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varies between cultures and may be specific to a particular culture, such as in traditional
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The drug must meet safety criteria by being subject to animal and controlled human testing.
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marking patterns that lead to variation in an individual's response to medical treatment.
579:
focuses on the effects of drugs at the overlap between the nervous system and the psyche.
64:
Diagrammatic representation of organ bath used for studying the effect of isolated tissues
8:
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5377:
4931:
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4398:
4367:
4013:
3973:
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1945:
1875:
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is the study of the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
1371:
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synapse. Targets in synapses can be modulated with pharmacological agents. In this case,
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is the field of study concerned with creating new drugs. It encompasses the subfields of
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119:
The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and
113:
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of crude drugs are not purified and the substance is adulterated with other substances.
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2439:
2391:
2370:
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2198:
Kritikos PG, Papadaki SP (1 January 1967). "The early history of the poppy and opium".
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and natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Medicines were compiled in books called
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is assessed in pharmacokinetics and is important in drug research and prescribing.
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1138:
1079:
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describes the relationship between a drugs therapeutic benefits and its marketing.
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specialises in detecting and investigating potential undesirable effects of drugs.
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3220:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 21–23.
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preparation, where tissue samples are connected to recording devices, such as a
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5907:
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4033:
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1982:
1973:
1953:
1427:
885:
796:
760:
622:
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536:
326:
31:
3425:
3200:
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1910:
in South Africa. Hierarchical systems have also been developed, including the
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1891:
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552:
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345:
219:
187:
73:
30:
This article is about the science. For the book type ("a pharmacology"), see
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3083:
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2925:
2293:
728:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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586:
560:
488:
109:
6529:
2943:
2910:"Prescription drug spending: the impact of age and chronic disease status"
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629:
studies how genetic variation gives rise to differing responses to drugs.
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1714:
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of drugs at chemical targets. Modern pharmacologists use techniques from
341:
120:
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3434:
2699:
1516:
1191:. The major systems studied in pharmacology can be categorised by their
1098:
1004:
127:, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication,
9563:
8703:
8698:
8643:
8628:
8568:
8533:
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5793:
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5499:
5451:
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5035:
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4490:
4422:
4314:
4089:
1949:
1660:
1309: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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effect must be considered to assess the drug's true therapeutic value.
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675:
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464:
383:
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156:
112:
function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered
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93:
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3497:
2759:
1922:(GPI), a hierarchical classification number published by MediSpan and
1143:
1066:
Chemicals can have pharmacologically relevant properties and effects.
597:
in an individual's bodily fluids, in order to predict or evaluate the
9625:
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5882:
5871:
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5835:
5044:
4994:
4625:
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2330:
1686:
1664:
1378:(irreversible), therefore efficacy is dependent on binding affinity.
1220:
1216:
1204:
1156:
1071:
861:
803:, manufacturing and quality control of drugs discovery is studied by
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230:
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160:
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4362:
4349:
4038:
3308:
Jena, Monalisa; Mishra, Archana; Maiti, Rituparna (26 March 2019).
2466:
2427:
1967:
1419:
1363:
The ability of a ligand to produce a biological response is termed
1212:
1164:
981:
865:
853:
690:
686:
480:
468:
432:
349:
322:
255:
167:
3214:
Strom, Brian L.; Kimmel, Stephen E.; Hennessy, Sean, eds. (2013).
1689:– How is the API excreted (through the bile, urine, breath, skin)?
585:, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from
9667:
8723:
8453:
8323:
8166:
8084:
7749:
7516:
7338:
7288:
7129:
6861:
6731:
6648:
6493:
6468:
6453:
6435:
6282:
6247:
6088:
6083:
6010:
6005:
5985:
5778:
5763:
5714:
4709:
3851:
3730:
IUPHAR Committee on
Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification
3378:
2577:
1352:
1059:, to design chemicals that act on specific cellular signaling or
923:
452:
436:
85:
2850:
835:
8388:
7848:
7511:
6796:
6327:
6312:
6272:
6267:
6141:
6063:
6058:
5968:
5222:
4791:
4671:
3797:
3705:
American
Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3643:
1923:
1865:
European
Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1434:
1239:
1228:
1043:. Dose response curves are studied extensively in pharmacology.
263:
203:
3771:
3768:
Brunton L (2011). Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC (eds.).
8148:
7858:
7353:
6458:
6357:
6289:
6277:
6015:
5963:
2489:
2462:
1438:
1180:
1083:
985:
960:
pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment
776:
593:
produced by the body. It refers to the direct measurement of
420:
may have spiritual and religious use and historical context.
300:
207:
191:
3251:"Pharmacoenvironmentology--a component of pharmacovigilance"
3180:
9642:
7852:
6337:
6322:
6262:
5938:
5827:
5783:
5327:
4243:
4136:
4132:
3934:
3729:
1385:
1208:
325:, was first isolated in 1804 and is now known to act as an
246:
170:
and the two terms are frequently confused. Pharmacology, a
89:
5683:
4309:
2760:"Posology, Factors Influencing Dose, Calculation of Doses"
2615:
969:
studies the ethnic and cultural aspects of pharmacology.
523:
A variety of topics involved with pharmacology, including
218:
with the meaning of "study of" or "knowledge of" (cf. the
9652:
6116:
4583:
3407:
3310:"Environmental pharmacology: source, impact and solution"
2907:
2611:
2609:
2573:
2571:
1703:
4385:
3724:
1926:, C axis. Ingredients of drugs have been categorised by
1082:
describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or
531:, intracellular metabolism, and intracellular regulation
6000:
4543:
3709:
3704:
3551:
1070:
describes the effect of the body on the chemical (e.g.
771:. Drug discovery starts with drug design, which is the
640:
4005:
3725:
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
3714:
3476:
3029:
2685:
2606:
2568:
1857:
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
888:, the main body that regulates pharmaceuticals is the
872:, the main body that regulates pharmaceuticals is the
667:
Pharmacology can be applied within clinical sciences.
7258:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3719:
3594:
3592:
3373:
3371:
2516:"Psychopharmacology | Psychology Today International"
1912:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3477:
Velema WA, Szymanski W, Feringa BL (February 2014).
3248:
2851:
Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors TV (2002).
2456:
2413:
1963:
1902:, administered by the Pharmaceutical Service of the
817:
3967:
3746:
3213:
1988:
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
1755:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
3589:
3368:
3249:Rahman SZ, Khan RA, Gupta V, Uddin M (July 2007).
2661:Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
2162:
984:in which drugs are activated and deactivated with
412:. However much of this has since been regarded as
3750:Textbook of Receptor Pharmacology, Second Edition
3149:
2658:
2165:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
1448:which is one of several common reference models.
1089:
965:Drugs may also have ethnocultural importance, so
571:is the study of the use of drugs that affect the
163:(ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems.
9741:
3408:Ricart-Ortega M, Font J, Llebaria A (May 2019).
2908:Mueller C, Schur C, O'Connell J (October 1997).
2216:Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology
2197:
1861:Federation of European Pharmacological Societies
229:, the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human
3307:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
2457:Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ (2007).
2371:"The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea"
2200:Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens
1850:
1677:– How does the API spread through the organism?
1642:(API), pharmacologists are often interested in
96:, including a substance's origin, composition,
3479:"Photopharmacology: beyond proof of principle"
2795:. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto.
2793:"The Science of Pharmacology & Toxicology"
2490:Masood N. Khan; John W. Findlay, eds. (2009).
621:is the application of genomic technologies to
555:in the immune system. Other divisions include
307:has been used as a drug since before 1100 BCE.
8776:
8277:
7241:
5699:
5343:
4641:
4448:
3813:
3379:"International Society for Ethnopharmacology"
2844:
2032:
1384:of drug is the measure of its effectiveness,
992:and pollution of drugs into the environment.
7256:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
3791:Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology
3134:
2580:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
1398:Medication is said to have a narrow or wide
681:Pharmacological knowledge is used to advise
3383:International Society for Ethnopharmacology
2956:
2787:
2785:
2364:
2362:
1818:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1505:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1395:can be used to compare potencies of drugs.
423:In the 17th century, the English physician
8783:
8769:
8284:
8270:
7248:
7234:
5706:
5692:
5350:
5336:
4648:
4634:
3820:
3806:
3637:
3507:11370/d6714f52-c2c8-4e48-b345-238e98bcc776
3105:
2279:
1779:
1444:The effect of drugs can be described with
1234:Molecular targets in pharmacology include
8790:
8750:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
4849:
4421:
3889:
3844:
3715:International Conference on Harmonisation
3505:
3433:
3284:
3274:
3082:
2933:
2592:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094715
2390:
2322:
2251:
2054:
1838:Learn how and when to remove this message
1614:Learn how and when to remove this message
1596:Learn how and when to remove this message
1325:Learn how and when to remove this message
1175:) target membrane transport proteins and
995:
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
5410:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
3747:Foreman JC, Johansen T, Gibb AJ (2009).
3486:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2855:. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
2782:
2494:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
2359:
1944:The study of pharmacology overlaps with
1763:is a prescription drug plan in the U.S.
1142:
1034:
892:, and they enforce standards set by the
783:to a given biomolecular target. After a
654:
535:Pharmacology can also focus on specific
518:
505:
372:Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas
8291:
4348:
4056:
3767:
3185:(Ninth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
2407:
2206:
2191:
1878:have been developed. These include the
1748:Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987
1659:– How is the API absorbed (through the
1271:explore the polypharmacology of drugs.
14:
9742:
8235:Pharmacological classification systems
7602:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
4655:
4181:
4111:
3788:
3774:(12 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3533:from the original on 24 September 2019
2688:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2618:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2282:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1768:Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA)
1704:Administration, drug policy and safety
929:Drug development uses techniques from
514:
475:in 1945 allowed quantification of the
416:. Pharmacological substances known as
8764:
8745:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
8265:
7882:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
7229:
5687:
5331:
4629:
3801:
3631:
3458:from the original on 24 February 2022
3356:from the original on 24 February 2022
2853:Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery
2816:
2814:
2526:from the original on 24 February 2022
2033:Vallance P, Smart TG (January 2006).
1908:National Pharmaceutical Product Index
1757:(MHRA) has a similar role in the UK.
589:, the quantification and analysis of
151:, and pharmacokinetics discusses the
9698:
7200:
4236:
3414:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
3389:from the original on 21 January 2021
3150:Newton D, Thorpe A, Otter C (2004).
3064:
3011:from the original on 31 October 2021
2889:from the original on 31 October 2021
2832:from the original on 31 October 2021
2770:from the original on 31 October 2021
2740:from the original on 31 October 2021
2483:
2450:
2368:
2212:
1816:adding citations to reliable sources
1783:
1776:are drugs regulated by legislation.
1546:
1511:
1470:
1307:adding citations to reliable sources
1278:
1093:
999:
700:
641:Clinical practice and drug discovery
206:", together with another Greek word
166:Pharmacology is not synonymous with
9722:
7495:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
7210:
3108:Computational Biology and Chemistry
3071:International Journal of Toxicology
2144:from the original on 2 October 2017
2114:from the original on 2 October 2017
1466:
1351:to their receptors. Ligands can be
1274:
674:Pharmacology is closely related to
244:is used more broadly than the term
24:
6127:Evolutionary developmental biology
5255:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
5199:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
4606:Minimum bactericidal concentration
3740:
3120:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2008.11.002
2811:
2347:from the original on 17 April 2021
2233:from the original on 6 August 2020
1914:(AT, or ATC/DDD), administered by
1770:is an act related to drug policy.
972:
321:Opium's major active constituent,
280:List of drugs by year of discovery
27:Branch of biology concerning drugs
25:
9771:
6152:Post-transcriptional modification
5146:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
4908:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
3698:
3676:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3619:from the original on 16 July 2019
3001:"Pharmacoeconomics – an overview"
2914:American Journal of Public Health
2799:from the original on 16 July 2019
2556:from the original on 23 July 2020
1486:This section has multiple issues.
936:
791:, which is the sub-discipline of
696:
9721:
9709:
9697:
9686:
9685:
8244:
8224:
8223:
7209:
7199:
7190:
7189:
7177:
6528:
5668:
5667:
5628:List of pharmaceutical companies
4596:Minimum inhibitory concentration
3827:
3735:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology
3682:from the original on 27 May 2016
3217:Textbook of pharmacoepidemiology
3158:Heinemann Educational Publishers
3067:"Safety Pharmacology Approaches"
2971:10.2165/11537580-000000000-00000
2730:"What is Clinical Pharmacology?"
1993:List of pharmaceutical companies
1966:
1904:Department of Health (Hong Kong)
1788:
1640:active pharmaceutical ingredient
1551:
1515:
1475:
1283:
1097:
1003:
834:
825:
705:
374:. Early pharmacology focused on
314:
292:
58:
7632:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
5648:Pharmacies in the United States
5274:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
5188:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
4536:WHO list of essential medicines
4029:Non-specific effect of vaccines
3710:British Pharmacological Society
3664:
3601:
3580:
3545:
3470:
3401:
3314:Reviews on Environmental Health
3301:
3242:
3207:
3174:
3099:
3058:
3023:
2993:
2950:
2901:
2869:
2752:
2722:
2679:
2652:
2538:
2508:
2375:British Journal of Pharmacology
2316:
2254:"Untitled letter to the editor"
2039:British Journal of Pharmacology
1494:or discuss these issues on the
1294:needs additional citations for
1246:. Enzymes can be targeted with
5260:Endothelin receptor antagonist
5124:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
4883:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
4591:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
3672:"National Drug Code Directory"
2416:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
2273:
2245:
2156:
2126:
2096:
2071:
2026:
1708:
1090:Systems, receptors and ligands
13:
1:
9050:Interface and colloid science
8804:Glossary of chemical formulae
7384:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
5092:Glutamate receptor antagonist
5008:Serotonin receptor antagonist
4961:Histamine receptor antagonist
4736:Negative allosteric modulator
4730:Positive allosteric modulator
4516:Functional analog (chemistry)
3640:Pharmacology: An Introduction
3554:Accounts of Chemical Research
2877:"Introduction to Drug Design"
2019:
1266:determines the shape of drug
864:implications. To protect the
8095:Wakefulness-promoting agents
5357:
5249:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
5183:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
5102:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
5021:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
4932:Dopamine receptor antagonist
4069:Hill equation (biochemistry)
3566:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00129
3183:Rang and Dale's pharmacology
3032:Chemical Engineering Science
2546:"What is Psychopharmacology"
2326:Introduction to pharmacology
2177:10.1016/0731-7085(96)01773-6
2079:"Definition of PHARMACOLOGY"
2041:. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S304–7.
2035:"The future of pharmacology"
1933:
1928:Unique Ingredient Identifier
1884:Food and Drug Administration
1851:Societies and administration
1725:Food and Drug Administration
874:Food and Drug Administration
730:Knowledge's inclusion policy
527:, renal pharmacology, human
498:
177:
7:
9327:Bioorganometallic chemistry
8814:List of inorganic compounds
5713:
5623:Pharmacy benefit management
4937:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
4859:Adrenergic receptor agonist
3065:Hite, Mark (25 June 2016).
2377:. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S9-16.
2138:Online Etymology Dictionary
2108:Online Etymology Dictionary
1959:
1900:Hong Kong Drug Registration
1571:. The specific problem is:
1416:therapeutic drug monitoring
1252:G protein coupled receptors
1244:membrane transport proteins
980:is an emerging approach in
882:United States Pharmacopoeia
225:). Pharmakon is related to
10:
9776:
9253:Dynamic covalent chemistry
9224:Enantioselective synthesis
9204:Physical organic chemistry
9157:Organolanthanide chemistry
7745:Intravenous immunoglobulin
5228:Opioid receptor antagonist
5082:Glutamate receptor agonist
5003:Serotonin receptor agonist
4956:Histamine receptor agonist
4584:Antimicrobial pharmacology
4064:Dose–response relationship
3994:Desensitization (medicine)
2673:10.2174/187569210792246326
2008:Pharmaceutical formulation
1937:
1920:Generic Product Identifier
1888:Drug Identification Number
1712:
1625:
1336:
1128:
922:When designing drugs, the
805:pharmaceutical engineering
651:Drug Discovery Hit to Lead
644:
549:peripheral nervous systems
277:
273:
208:
192:
40:
29:
9681:
9584:
9345:
9261:
9182:
9132:
9008:
8951:
8842:Electroanalytical methods
8827:
8799:
8732:
8299:
8219:
8175:
8147:
8103:
7912:
7847:
7810:
7758:
7671:
7615:
7575:
7532:
7416:
7352:
7264:
7171:
7140:
6702:
6672:
6638:Polymerase chain reaction
6598:Green fluorescent protein
6548:
6537:
6526:
6434:
6366:
6298:
6238:
6175:Earliest known life forms
6160:
6107:
6024:
5931:
5771:
5762:
5721:
5663:
5598:
5535:
5492:
5418:
5365:
5286:
5241:
5208:
5173:
5114:
5072:
5043:
5034:
4993:
4946:
4927:Dopamine receptor agonist
4917:
4836:
4822:
4807:
4790:
4783:
4663:
4506:Coinduction (anesthetics)
4499:
4300:
4172:
3958:
3835:
3638:Nagle H, Nagle B (2005).
3426:10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.003
3052:10.1016/j.ces.2010.08.041
2264:: 229–243. Archived from
1916:World Health Organization
1451:Other models include the
1260:receptor tyrosine kinases
1256:ligand gated ion channels
850:Development of medication
510:Areas within Pharmacology
457:University College London
123:, molecular and cellular
69:
57:
52:
9597:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
9513:Supramolecular chemistry
9152:Organometallic chemistry
7800:Topoisomerase inhibitors
7484:renin–angiotensin system
7478:Calcium channel blockers
5618:Investigational New Drug
5459:Pharmaceutical chemistry
5405:Pharmacological activity
5193:Endocannabinoid enhancer
5139:Cholinesterase inhibitor
5058:GABA receptor antagonist
4571:Multiple drug resistance
4544:Tolerance and resistance
3912:Physiological antagonist
3410:"GPCR photopharmacology"
2369:Rang HP (January 2006).
2219:. Springer. p. 20.
2013:Pharmaceutical physician
1189:neurotransmitter systems
955:Pharmacoenvironmentology
840:The drug discovery cycle
9535:Combinatorial chemistry
9446:Food physical chemistry
9409:Environmental chemistry
9293:Bioorthogonal chemistry
9219:Retrosynthetic analysis
9040:Chemical thermodynamics
9023:Spectroelectrochemistry
8966:Computational chemistry
6690:species discovery curve
5818:Response to environment
5600:Pharmaceutical industry
5419:Pharmaceutical sciences
5233:Enkephalinase inhibitor
5223:Opioid receptor agonist
5063:GABA reuptake inhibitor
4768:♦ Miscellaneous:
4322:Neuropsychopharmacology
4084:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
4079:Del Castillo Katz model
4006:Other effects of ligand
3989:Receptor (biochemistry)
3907:Irreversible antagonist
3326:10.1515/reveh-2018-0049
3084:10.1080/109158197227332
2926:10.2105/ajph.87.10.1626
2294:10.1067/mcp.2000.106465
1998:List of withdrawn drugs
1890:(DIN), administered by
1882:(NDC), administered by
1780:Societies and education
633:studies the underlying
577:neuropsychopharmacology
449:pharmacology department
104:, therapeutic use, and
34:. For the journal, see
9760:Life sciences industry
9607:of element discoveries
9453:Agricultural chemistry
9441:Carbohydrate chemistry
9332:Bioinorganic chemistry
9197:Alkane stereochemistry
9142:Coordination chemistry
8971:Mathematical chemistry
8837:Instrumental chemistry
8359:Biological engineering
7592:Hormonal contraception
7522:Bile acid sequestrants
7303:Proton-pump inhibitors
7266:gastrointestinal tract
7163:Plant morphology terms
6767:Biological engineering
6449:Biological interaction
4816:Ion channel modulators
4458:Classical pharmacology
4219:Plasma protein binding
4194:Volume of distribution
3902:Competitive antagonist
3276:10.1186/1476-069X-6-20
2383:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457
2047:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454
2003:Pharmaceutical company
1872:medical classification
1457:Cheng-Prusoff equation
1372:weak attractive forces
1355:, partial agonists or
1184:
1169:transporter inhibitors
1076:volume of distribution
1044:
996:Theory of pharmacology
894:European Pharmacopoeia
856:, but also has strong
852:is a vital concern to
664:
532:
511:
455:was set up in 1905 at
235:Ancient Greek religion
36:Pharmacology (journal)
9602:Timeline of chemistry
9499:Post-mortem chemistry
9484:Clandestine chemistry
9414:Atmospheric chemistry
9337:Biophysical chemistry
9169:Solid-state chemistry
9119:Equilibrium chemistry
9028:Photoelectrochemistry
8444:Developmental biology
8419:Computational biology
8399:Cellular microbiology
6852:Developmental biology
6827:Computational biology
6807:Cellular microbiology
6147:Mendelian inheritance
6059:Energy transformation
5575:Pharmacist prescriber
5560:Consultant pharmacist
5053:GABA receptor agonist
4566:Antibiotic resistance
4358:Clinical pharmacology
3877:Physiological agonist
3837:Ligand (biochemistry)
2630:10.1038/clpt.2013.217
2323:Hollinger MA (2003).
1406:certain safety factor
1146:
1131:Ligand (biochemistry)
1038:
947:clinical pharmacology
669:Clinical pharmacology
658:
522:
509:
493:personalized medicine
355:The Canon of Medicine
338:clinical pharmacology
202:, meaning "drug" or "
129:molecular diagnostics
9592:History of chemistry
9547:Chemical engineering
9322:Bioorganic chemistry
9072:Structural chemistry
8809:List of biomolecules
8664:Reproductive biology
8549:Mathematical biology
8474:Evolutionary biology
8424:Conservation biology
8201:Radiopharmaceuticals
7989:Antiparkinson agents
7070:Reproductive biology
6957:Mathematical biology
6882:Evolutionary biology
6832:Conservation biology
6643:Two-hybrid screening
6613:Protein purification
6444:Biogeochemical cycle
6406:Internal environment
6054:Cellular respiration
5643:Pharmacies of Norway
5580:Pharmacy informatics
5474:Pharmacoepidemiology
5383:Prehistoric medicine
4463:Reverse pharmacology
4373:Pharmacoepidemiology
4214:Biological half-life
4094:Ligand binding assay
3968:Activity at receptor
3862:Irreversible agonist
3255:Environmental Health
2552:. 29 November 2012.
2252:Sertürner F (1805).
2213:Luch A, ed. (2009).
1876:pharmaceutical codes
1812:improve this section
1743:or desired outcome.
1578:improve this section
1567:to meet Knowledge's
1303:improve this article
1167:) target receptors;
1041:dose response curves
943:pharmacoepidemiology
611:Pharmacomicrobiomics
583:Pharmacometabolomics
473:ligand binding assay
394:Traditional medicine
266:inhibitors (such as
250:because it includes
9615:The central science
9569:Ceramic engineering
9494:Forensic toxicology
9467:Chemistry education
9365:Radiation chemistry
9347:Interdisciplinarity
9300:Medicinal chemistry
9238:Fullerene chemistry
9114:Microwave chemistry
8983:Molecular mechanics
8978:Molecular modelling
8449:Ecological genetics
8293:Branches of biology
7984:Antimigraine agents
7974:Antidementia agents
7877:Anti-inflammatories
7567:Medicated dressings
7507:Antihyperlipidemics
7334:Diabetes medication
6857:Ecological genetics
6568:Gel electrophoresis
6558:Genetic engineering
6511:Population dynamics
6421:Reproductive system
5590:Veterinary pharmacy
5522:Pharmacy technician
5484:Pharmacocybernetics
5378:History of pharmacy
5269:receptor antagonist
4511:Combination therapy
4399:Pharmacoinformatics
4368:Medicinal chemistry
3974:Mechanism of action
3267:2007EnvHe...6...20R
3153:Revise A2 Chemistry
3044:2010ChEnS..65D...4R
2766:. 23 January 2019.
2700:10.1038/clpt.2009.2
2520:psychologytoday.com
1946:biomedical sciences
1268:dose-response curve
1177:anticholinesterases
931:medicinal chemistry
917:inverse benefit law
813:Safety pharmacology
631:Pharmacoepigenetics
515:Systems of the body
364:Commentary on Isaac
284:History of pharmacy
9658:Chemical substance
9520:Chemical synthesis
9489:Forensic chemistry
9370:Actinide chemistry
9312:Clinical chemistry
8993:Molecular geometry
8988:Molecular dynamics
8943:Elemental analysis
8896:Separation process
8740:History of biology
8674:Structural biology
8659:Relational biology
8484:Generative biology
8479:Freshwater biology
7837:Immunosuppressants
7707:Antimycobacterials
7663:Antithyroid agents
7647:Mineralocorticoids
7451:Cardiac stimulants
7441:Cardiac glycosides
7433:cardiac therapy /
7329:Anti-obesity drugs
7184:Biology portal
7080:Structural biology
7065:Relational biology
6892:Generative biology
6887:Freshwater biology
6685:mark and recapture
6633:Restriction enzyme
6426:Respiratory system
6381:Circulatory system
6308:Epidermis (botany)
5585:Specialty pharmacy
5548:Community pharmacy
5517:Pharmacy residency
4657:Pharmacomodulation
4481:Immunopharmacology
4431:Pharmacotoxicology
4332:Psychopharmacology
4124:Intrinsic activity
4024:Pleiotropy (drugs)
3945:Agonist-antagonist
3857:Endogenous agonist
3609:"Pharmacokinetics"
2822:"Drug Development"
2268:on 17 August 2016.
1896:Food and Drugs Act
1880:National Drug Code
1774:Prescription drugs
1741:therapeutic effect
1527:. You can help by
1411:therapeutic window
1185:
1109:. You can help by
1061:metabolic pathways
1045:
1015:. You can help by
665:
569:Psychopharmacology
553:immunopharmacology
533:
512:
299:Naturally derived
172:biomedical science
43:The Pharmacologist
9737:
9736:
9673:Quantum mechanics
9638:Chemical compound
9621:Chemical reaction
9559:Materials science
9477:General chemistry
9472:Amateur chemistry
9400:Photogeochemistry
9385:Stellar chemistry
9355:Nuclear chemistry
9276:Molecular biology
9243:Polymer chemistry
9214:Organic synthesis
9209:Organic reactions
9174:Ceramic chemistry
9164:Cluster chemistry
9094:Chemical kinetics
9082:Molecular physics
8961:Quantum chemistry
8874:Mass spectrometry
8758:
8757:
8679:Synthetic biology
8559:Molecular biology
8414:Cognitive biology
8259:
8258:
8162:Ophthalmologicals
7872:Anabolic steroids
7775:Anticancer agents
7738:Ectoparasiticides
7458:Antihypertensives
7406:Antifibrinolytics
7223:
7222:
7085:Synthetic biology
6967:Molecular biology
6822:Cognitive biology
6698:
6697:
6524:
6523:
6215:Natural selection
5996:Organic compounds
5893:Scientific method
5883:Emergent property
5824:Hierarchy of life
5794:Energy processing
5681:
5680:
5638:Pharmacy in China
5565:Hospital pharmacy
5543:Clinical pharmacy
5479:Pharmacovigilance
5395:Prescription drug
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5282:
5281:
5110:
5109:
5030:
5029:
4800:Enzyme inhibition
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4579:
4578:
4476:Photopharmacology
4471:
4470:
4444:
4443:
4417:
4416:
4381:
4380:
4344:
4343:
4337:Electrophysiology
4327:Neuropharmacology
4282:
4281:
4232:
4231:
4168:
4167:
4155:Therapeutic index
4107:
4106:
4052:
4051:
4001:
4000:
3930:
3929:
3885:
3884:
3789:Whalen K (2014).
3781:978-0-07-162442-8
3498:10.1021/ja413063e
3227:978-1-118-34484-2
3192:978-0-7020-8060-9
3005:sciencedirect.com
2959:PharmacoEconomics
2862:978-0-415-28288-8
2826:sciencedirect.com
2476:978-0-443-06911-6
2226:978-3-7643-8335-0
1940:Medical education
1848:
1847:
1840:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1569:quality standards
1560:This section may
1545:
1544:
1509:
1461:Schild regression
1401:therapeutic index
1335:
1334:
1327:
1248:enzyme inhibitors
1183:) target enzymes.
1127:
1126:
1033:
1032:
978:Photopharmacology
967:ethnopharmacology
847:
846:
789:pharmacoeconomics
758:
757:
750:
541:neuropharmacology
525:neuropharmacology
485:molecular biology
429:William Withering
425:Nicholas Culpeper
388:active ingredient
340:date back to the
268:monoamine oxidase
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
9767:
9725:
9724:
9713:
9701:
9700:
9689:
9688:
9633:Chemical element
9288:Chemical biology
9147:Magnetochemistry
9124:Mechanochemistry
9077:Chemical physics
9018:Electrochemistry
8923:Characterization
8785:
8778:
8771:
8762:
8761:
8404:Chemical biology
8286:
8279:
8272:
8263:
8262:
8248:
8227:
8226:
8211:Senotherapeutics
8065:Neuroprotectives
8060:Mood stabilizers
7959:Anti-ADHD agents
7899:Muscle relaxants
7832:Immunostimulants
7827:Immunomodulators
7659:Thyroid hormones
7597:Fertility agents
7500:Renin inhibitors
7391:Antihemorrhagics
7358:forming organs (
7344:Dietary minerals
7250:
7243:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7213:
7212:
7203:
7202:
7193:
7192:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7158:Ecological terms
6812:Chemical biology
6673:Field techniques
6546:
6545:
6532:
6391:Digestive system
6386:Endocrine system
5959:Chemical element
5918:Biology journals
5814:Self-replication
5769:
5768:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5671:
5670:
5633:Medication costs
5608:Drug development
5570:Nuclear pharmacy
5447:Pharmacogenomics
5435:Pharmacodynamics
5431:Pharmacokinetics
5352:
5345:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5299:Enzyme cofactors
5218:Opioid modulator
5175:Cannabinoidergic
5041:
5040:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4788:
4787:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4581:
4580:
4541:
4540:
4521:Polypharmacology
4446:
4445:
4419:
4418:
4409:Pharmacogenomics
4404:Pharmacogenetics
4383:
4382:
4346:
4345:
4307:
4306:
4234:
4233:
4204:Rate of infusion
4179:
4178:
4174:Pharmacokinetics
4109:
4108:
4054:
4053:
4003:
4002:
3965:
3964:
3960:Pharmacodynamics
3940:Neurotransmitter
3922:Enzyme inhibitor
3887:
3886:
3842:
3841:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3764:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3509:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3437:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2030:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1792:
1784:
1633:Pharmacokinetics
1628:Pharmacokinetics
1619:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1519:
1512:
1501:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1467:Pharmacokinetics
1446:Loewe additivity
1374:(reversible) or
1345:binding affinity
1339:Pharmacodynamics
1330:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1287:
1279:
1275:Pharmacodynamics
1161:anticholinergics
1139:Neurotransmitter
1122:
1119:
1101:
1094:
1080:pharmacodynamics
1068:Pharmacokinetics
1028:
1025:
1007:
1000:
838:
837:
829:
818:
793:health economics
753:
746:
742:
739:
733:
709:
708:
701:
663:working in a lab
647:Drug development
627:pharmacogenetics
619:Pharmacogenomics
477:binding affinity
368:John of St Amand
318:
317:
296:
295:
240:The modern term
213:
212:
197:
196:
186:is derived from
155:, distribution,
145:pharmacokinetics
141:pharmacodynamics
137:chemical biology
102:pharmacodynamics
98:pharmacokinetics
62:
50:
49:
21:
9775:
9774:
9770:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9677:
9580:
9574:Polymer science
9530:Click chemistry
9525:Green chemistry
9419:Ocean chemistry
9395:Biogeochemistry
9341:
9257:
9229:Total synthesis
9192:Stereochemistry
9178:
9128:
9045:Surface science
9035:Thermochemistry
9004:
8947:
8918:Crystallography
8823:
8795:
8789:
8759:
8754:
8728:
8689:Systems biology
8654:Quantum biology
8295:
8290:
8260:
8255:
8251:Medicine portal
8215:
8171:
8143:
8138:
8130:Cough medicines
8125:Bronchodilators
8106:
8099:
7979:Antidepressants
7969:Anticonvulsants
7917:
7908:
7904:Bisphosphonates
7894:Corticosteroids
7856:
7843:
7815:
7806:
7790:Spindle poisons
7780:Antimetabolites
7763:
7754:
7676:
7667:
7642:Glucocorticoids
7637:Corticosteroids
7618:
7611:
7578:
7571:
7528:
7446:Antiarrhythmics
7419:
7412:
7369:Antithrombotics
7357:
7348:
7324:Antipropulsives
7320:Antidiarrhoeals
7297:
7268:
7260:
7254:
7224:
7219:
7176:
7175:
7167:
7153:Botanical terms
7136:
7135:
7134:
7095:Systems biology
7060:Quantum biology
6694:
6668:
6550:
6540:
6533:
6520:
6430:
6411:Muscular system
6368:
6362:
6353:Vascular tissue
6300:
6294:
6234:
6195:History of life
6156:
6137:Gene regulation
6132:Gene expression
6103:
6020:
5927:
5758:
5717:
5712:
5682:
5677:
5659:
5594:
5531:
5527:Pharmacy school
5488:
5440:Pharmacometrics
5414:
5361:
5356:
5326:
5317:
5278:
5268:
5237:
5204:
5169:
5106:
5068:
5026:
5015:
4989:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4942:
4913:
4827:
4818:
4803:
4779:
4725:Inverse agonist
4715:Partial agonist
4659:
4654:
4624:
4615:
4575:
4561:Drug resistance
4539:
4495:
4467:
4440:
4436:Neurotoxicology
4413:
4377:
4340:
4302:
4296:
4278:
4228:
4224:Bioavailability
4209:Onset of action
4164:
4103:
4048:
3997:
3954:
3926:
3917:Inverse agonist
3881:
3867:Partial agonist
3831:
3826:
3782:
3761:
3743:
3741:Further reading
3720:US Pharmacopeia
3701:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3613:Merriam-Webster
3607:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3306:
3302:
3247:
3243:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3193:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3148:
3135:
3104:
3100:
3063:
3059:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2955:
2951:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2684:
2680:
2657:
2653:
2614:
2607:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2455:
2451:
2412:
2408:
2367:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2321:
2317:
2278:
2274:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2211:
2207:
2196:
2192:
2171:(11): 1405–13.
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2104:"Pharmacy (n.)"
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2083:Merriam-Webster
2077:
2076:
2072:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1853:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1809:
1793:
1782:
1761:Medicare Part D
1717:
1711:
1706:
1694:Drug metabolism
1630:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1525:needs expansion
1480:
1476:
1469:
1394:
1389:
1341:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1300:
1288:
1277:
1141:
1129:Main articles:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1107:needs expansion
1092:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1013:needs expansion
998:
975:
973:Emerging fields
939:
876:; they enforce
843:
842:
841:
839:
831:
830:
754:
743:
737:
734:
720:Please help by
719:
710:
706:
699:
683:pharmacotherapy
653:
645:Main articles:
643:
517:
501:
445:Rudolf Buchheim
410:Korean medicine
336:The origins of
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
319:
315:
310:
309:
308:
297:
293:
286:
278:Main articles:
276:
180:
114:pharmaceuticals
65:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Pharmacological
15:
12:
11:
5:
9773:
9763:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9719:
9707:
9695:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9618:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9599:
9594:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9486:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9458:Soil chemistry
9450:
9449:
9448:
9443:
9436:Food chemistry
9433:
9431:Carbochemistry
9428:
9426:Clay chemistry
9423:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9402:
9397:
9387:
9381:Astrochemistry
9377:Cosmochemistry
9374:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9360:Radiochemistry
9351:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9317:Neurochemistry
9314:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9248:Petrochemistry
9245:
9240:
9235:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9188:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9149:
9144:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9109:Spin chemistry
9106:
9104:Photochemistry
9101:
9096:
9091:
9089:Femtochemistry
9086:
9085:
9084:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9014:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8901:Chromatography
8898:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8844:
8839:
8833:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8819:Periodic table
8816:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8788:
8787:
8780:
8773:
8765:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8544:Marine biology
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8354:Bioinformatics
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8289:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8266:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8196:Contrast media
8193:
8187:
8185:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8149:sensory organs
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8116:
8114:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7994:Antipsychotics
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7964:Antiaddictives
7961:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7919:nervous system
7910:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7889:Antirheumatics
7886:
7885:
7884:
7874:
7868:
7866:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7823:
7821:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7795:Antineoplastic
7792:
7787:
7782:
7771:
7769:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7728:Antiprotozoals
7723:Antiparasitics
7720:
7715:
7710:
7703:Antibacterials
7699:Antimicrobials
7695:
7693:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7656:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7586:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7562:Antipsoriatics
7559:
7554:
7549:
7543:
7541:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7490:ACE inhibitors
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7429:
7427:
7418:cardiovascular
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7379:Anticoagulants
7376:
7365:
7363:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7291:
7280:
7278:
7262:
7261:
7253:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7230:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7207:
7197:
7187:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6952:Marine biology
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6762:Bioinformatics
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6593:DNA microarray
6590:
6588:DNA sequencing
6585:
6580:
6578:Centrifugation
6575:
6573:Chromatography
6570:
6565:
6563:Transformation
6560:
6554:
6552:
6543:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6474:Climate change
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Nervous system
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6348:Vascular plant
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6205:Microevolution
6202:
6200:Macroevolution
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6094:Photosynthesis
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6049:Cell signaling
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5932:Chemical basis
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5898:Taxonomic rank
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Reductionistic
5875:
5821:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5725:Introduction (
5722:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:Drug discovery
5610:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5536:Practice areas
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Pharmaconomist
5509:
5508:
5507:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5089:
5078:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4880:
4874:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4831:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Bacteriostatic
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4551:Drug tolerance
4547:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4531:Lists of drugs
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4450:Drug discovery
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4292:Bioequivalence
4289:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4034:Adverse effect
4031:
4026:
4021:
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3979:Mode of action
3976:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
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3839:
3833:
3832:
3825:
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3802:
3796:
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3780:
3765:
3759:
3742:
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3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3699:External links
3697:
3694:
3693:
3678:. 5 May 2017.
3663:
3656:
3630:
3600:
3588:
3579:
3560:(7): 1947–60.
3544:
3492:(6): 2178–91.
3469:
3400:
3367:
3300:
3241:
3226:
3206:
3191:
3173:
3166:
3133:
3098:
3057:
3038:(21): iv–vii.
3022:
2992:
2949:
2920:(10): 1626–9.
2900:
2868:
2861:
2843:
2810:
2781:
2751:
2721:
2678:
2651:
2605:
2567:
2537:
2507:
2501:978-0470541494
2500:
2482:
2475:
2449:
2428:10.1038/nrd875
2406:
2358:
2339:
2315:
2272:
2244:
2225:
2205:
2190:
2155:
2134:"Pharmacology"
2125:
2095:
2070:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Cosmeceuticals
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:Biology portal
1961:
1958:
1954:Medical School
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1874:of drugs with
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1796:
1794:
1787:
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1778:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1713:Main article:
1710:
1707:
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1672:
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1626:Main article:
1622:
1621:
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1543:
1542:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1428:aminoglycoside
1424:antiepileptics
1418:(examples are
1392:
1387:
1337:Main article:
1333:
1332:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1125:
1124:
1104:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1031:
1030:
1010:
1008:
997:
994:
974:
971:
938:
937:Wider contexts
935:
913:
912:
909:
886:European Union
845:
844:
833:
832:
824:
823:
822:
821:
807:, a branch of
761:Drug discovery
756:
755:
713:
711:
704:
698:
697:Drug discovery
695:
642:
639:
623:drug discovery
603:pharmaceutical
567:pharmacology.
557:cardiovascular
516:
513:
500:
497:
380:pharmacopoeias
360:Peter of Spain
327:opioid agonist
320:
313:
312:
311:
298:
291:
290:
289:
288:
287:
275:
272:
179:
176:
77:
76:
71:
70:MeSH Unique ID
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
32:Materia medica
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9772:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9730:
9729:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9696:
9694:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9663:Chemical bond
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9553:
9552:Stoichiometry
9550:
9549:
9548:
9545:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9508:Nanochemistry
9506:
9505:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9233:Semisynthesis
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9131:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9067:Sonochemistry
9065:
9063:
9062:Cryochemistry
9060:
9056:
9055:Micromeritics
9053:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9007:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8933:Wet chemistry
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
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8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8848:
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8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8798:
8794:
8786:
8781:
8779:
8774:
8772:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8624:Phylogenetics
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
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8572:
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8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
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8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8519:Human biology
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8409:Chronobiology
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8384:Biotechnology
8382:
8380:
8379:Biostatistics
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8287:
8282:
8280:
8275:
8273:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8252:
8247:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8120:Decongestants
8118:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8039:Dissociatives
8037:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8029:Hallucinogens
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7915:
7911:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7813:
7809:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7733:Anthelmintics
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:genitourinary
7574:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7557:Antipruritics
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:Beta blockers
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7374:Antiplatelets
7372:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7244:
7239:
7237:
7232:
7231:
7228:
7216:
7208:
7206:
7198:
7196:
7188:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7030:Phylogenetics
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:Human biology
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6817:Chronobiology
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:Biotechnology
6790:
6788:
6787:Biostatistics
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:Belt transect
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Southern blot
6626:
6624:
6623:Northern blot
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6531:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Immune system
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6318:Ground tissue
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:Phylogenetics
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:Genetic drift
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:Nucleic acids
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:Chemical bond
5952:
5950:
5949:Carbohydrates
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5674:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Pharmacognosy
5467:
5465:
5464:Pharmaceutics
5462:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:Miscellaneous
5285:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5074:Glutamatergic
5071:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4948:Histaminergic
4945:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Tachyphylaxis
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4044:
4043:Neurotoxicity
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:Selectivity (
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3950:Pharmacophore
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3760:9781439887578
3756:
3753:. CRC Press.
3752:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3657:0-07-312275-0
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3167:0-435-58347-6
3163:
3160:. p. 1.
3159:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:(2): 149–59.
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:(8): 609–13.
2964:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2769:
2765:
2764:pharmamad.com
2761:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:(4): 426–30.
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2667:(3): 182–93.
2666:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:(2): 154–67.
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:(8): 637–41.
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2346:
2342:
2340:0-415-28033-8
2336:
2333:. p. 4.
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:(5): 447–50.
2287:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:Health Canada
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1842:
1839:
1831:
1828:February 2016
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1797:This section
1795:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:United States
1716:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1523:This section
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Hill equation
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:). Most anti-
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:covalent bond
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1315:November 2023
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1292:This section
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:acetylcholine
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:hemicholinium
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1135:List of drugs
1132:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1105:This section
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1011:This section
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
910:
907:
906:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:United States
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
828:
820:
819:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:lead compound
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
752:
749:
741:
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:This article
712:
703:
702:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
670:
662:
657:
652:
648:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
526:
521:
508:
504:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
414:pseudoscience
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:pharmacognosy
343:
339:
328:
324:
306:
305:opium poppies
302:
285:
281:
271:
270:inhibitors).
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
238:
236:
233:or victim in
232:
228:
224:
223:
220:etymology of
217:
211:
205:
201:
195:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
9755:Biochemistry
9750:Pharmacology
9726:
9714:
9702:
9690:
9540:Biosynthesis
9390:Geochemistry
9305:Pharmacology
9304:
9281:Cell biology
9271:Biochemistry
9099:Spectroscopy
8998:VSEPR theory
8847:Spectroscopy
8791:Branches of
8669:Sociobiology
8649:Protistology
8614:Photobiology
8609:Pharmacology
8608:
8599:Parasitology
8594:Paleontology
8574:Neuroscience
8554:Microbiology
8464:Epidemiology
8434:Cytogenetics
8394:Cell biology
8374:Biosemiotics
8364:Biomechanics
8344:Biogeography
8339:Biochemistry
8334:Bacteriology
8329:Astrobiology
8034:Psychedelics
8004:Aphrodisiacs
7678:infestations
7654:Sex hormones
7607:Sex hormones
7552:Cicatrizants
7482:
7468:Vasodilators
7435:antianginals
7432:
7284:stomach acid
7283:
7075:Sociobiology
7055:Protistology
7020:Photobiology
7016:Pharmacology
7007:Parasitology
7002:Paleontology
6982:Neuroscience
6962:Microbiology
6872:Epidemiology
6842:Cytogenetics
6802:Cell biology
6782:Biosemiotics
6772:Biomechanics
6752:Biogeography
6747:Biochemistry
6742:Bacteriology
6737:Astrobiology
6661:
6654:
6647:
6618:Western blot
6608:Enzyme assay
6583:Cell culture
6484:Conservation
6369:and function
6367:Animal form
6301:and function
6074:Fermentation
5852:Organ system
5810:Reproduction
5788:Properties (
5426:Pharmacology
5425:
5309:
5297:
4995:Serotonergic
4919:Dopaminergic
4798:
4656:
4526:Chemotherapy
4486:Cell biology
4387:Biochemistry
4311:Neuroscience
4259:Distribution
4189:Loading dose
3872:Superagonist
3829:Pharmacology
3828:
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3675:
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3612:
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3435:10261/201805
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2215:
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2107:
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2082:
2073:
2038:
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1956:curriculum.
1943:
1870:Systems for
1869:
1854:
1834:
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1810:Please help
1798:
1772:
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1759:
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1675:Distribution
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1576:Please help
1572:
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1524:
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1485:
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1301:Please help
1296:verification
1293:
1264:
1233:
1195:and include
1186:
1153:cholinergics
1115:
1111:adding to it
1106:
1065:
1053:biochemistry
1049:cell biology
1046:
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1017:adding to it
1012:
990:side effects
976:
964:
951:epidemiology
940:
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722:spinning off
715:
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587:metabolomics
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489:biochemistry
461:
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392:
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335:
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241:
239:
221:
215:
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184:pharmacology
183:
181:
165:
133:interactions
118:
82:Pharmacology
81:
80:
53:Pharmacology
47:
9728:WikiProject
8953:Theoretical
8938:Calorimetry
8719:Xenobiology
8714:Virophysics
8684:Systematics
8639:Primatology
8584:Ornithology
8524:Ichthyology
8509:Herpetology
8504:Gerontology
8469:Epigenetics
8429:Cryobiology
8319:Agrostology
8309:Aerobiology
8304:Abiogenesis
8167:Otologicals
8139:antagonists
8105:respiratory
8080:Orexigenics
8075:Neurotoxins
8024:Euphoriants
8014:Entactogens
8009:Depressants
7999:Anxiolytics
7937:Anesthetics
7713:Antifungals
7310:Antiemetics
7298:antagonists
7215:WikiProject
7125:Xenobiology
7120:Virophysics
7090:Systematics
7045:Primatology
6992:Ornithology
6932:Ichthyology
6917:Herpetology
6912:Gerontology
6877:Epigenetics
6837:Cryobiology
6727:Agrostology
6717:Aerobiology
6712:Abiogenesis
6549:Laboratory
6396:Homeostasis
6299:Plant form
6122:Epigenetics
6044:Cell theory
5944:Amino acids
5923:Common name
5913:Peer review
5888:Mechanistic
5493:Professions
5373:Compounding
5311:Amino acids
5210:Opioidergic
5116:Cholinergic
4829:transporter
4809:Ion channel
4745:Transporter
4689:Ion channel
4611:Bactericide
4287:Compartment
4098:Patch clamp
4074:Schild plot
3648:McGraw Hill
2088:28 February
1739:produces a
1715:Drug policy
1709:Drug policy
1669:oral mucosa
1580:if you can.
1431:antibiotics
1357:antagonists
1225:cannabinoid
1149:cholinergic
880:set by the
809:engineering
801:formulation
769:development
765:drug design
595:metabolites
591:metabolites
384:Crude drugs
342:Middle Ages
262:, but also
260:antagonists
121:drug design
110:biochemical
94:medications
9744:Categories
9564:Metallurgy
9263:Biological
8829:Analytical
8704:Toxicology
8699:Teratology
8644:Proteomics
8629:Physiology
8569:Neontology
8534:Lipidology
8529:Immunology
8499:Geobiology
8459:Embryology
8439:Dendrology
8369:Biophysics
8349:Biogeology
8090:Stimulants
8070:Nootropics
8044:Deliriants
8019:Entheogens
7954:Anorectics
7932:Analgesics
7785:Alkylating
7718:Antivirals
7673:infections
7547:Emollients
7401:Coagulants
7271:metabolism
7141:Glossaries
7110:Toxicology
7105:Teratology
7050:Proteomics
7035:Physiology
6977:Neontology
6942:Lipidology
6937:Immunology
6907:Geobiology
6867:Embryology
6847:Dendrology
6777:Biophysics
6757:Biogeology
6551:techniques
6506:Microbiome
6333:Plant stem
6225:Speciation
6170:Adaptation
6099:Prokaryote
6079:Metabolism
6039:Cell cycle
5870:>
5866:>
5862:>
5860:Population
5858:>
5854:>
5850:>
5846:>
5842:>
5838:>
5834:>
5830:>
5806:Regulation
5790:Adaptation
5500:Pharmacist
5452:Toxicology
5390:Medication
5159:Ganglionic
5150:Muscarinic
5128:Muscarinic
4851:Adrenergic
4720:Antagonist
4491:Physiology
4423:Toxicology
4315:psychology
4264:Metabolism
4254:Absorption
4248:Liberation
4090:Organ bath
4018:Functional
3897:Antagonist
3890:Inhibitory
3845:Excitatory
3393:4 February
3360:4 February
3201:1081403059
3015:31 October
2893:31 October
2836:31 October
2774:31 October
2744:31 October
2586:: 653–83.
2020:References
1950:physiology
1894:under the
1681:Metabolism
1657:Absorption
1651:Liberation
1491:improve it
1201:adrenaline
1039:A trio of
858:economical
726:relocating
676:toxicology
635:epigenetic
615:microbiome
607:metabolite
599:metabolism
529:metabolism
465:organ bath
418:entheogens
252:endogenous
157:metabolism
153:absorption
125:mechanisms
106:toxicology
9626:Catalysis
9134:Inorganic
8928:Titration
8793:chemistry
8619:Phycology
8604:Pathology
8589:Osteology
8579:Nutrition
8539:Mammalogy
8514:Histology
8240:ATC codes
8206:Dressings
8191:Antidotes
8055:Sedatives
8051:Hypnotics
7760:malignant
7617:endocrine
7463:Diuretics
7396:Platelets
7356:and blood
7315:Laxatives
7025:Phycology
7012:Pathology
6997:Osteology
6987:Nutrition
6947:Mammalogy
6922:Histology
6663:in silico
6539:Research
6516:Resources
6489:Ecosystem
6479:Community
6464:Biosphere
6376:Breathing
6258:Eukaryote
6240:Diversity
6190:Gene flow
6162:Evolution
6069:Eukaryote
5981:Molecules
5872:Biosphere
5868:Ecosystem
5864:Community
5836:Organelle
5731:Evolution
5306:Precursor
5155:Nicotinic
5133:Nicotinic
5045:GABAergic
4770:Precursor
4755:Inhibitor
4681:Inhibitor
4273:Clearance
4269:Excretion
4088:Methods (
3524:197196311
3420:: 36–51.
3334:2191-0308
3261:(1): 20.
3236:826123173
3077:: 23–32.
2734:ascpt.org
2550:ascpp.org
2444:205479063
2331:CRC Press
1934:Education
1799:does not
1687:Excretion
1665:intestine
1586:July 2019
1536:July 2019
1497:talk page
1236:receptors
1221:serotonin
1217:histamine
1205:glutamate
1179:(such as
1171:(such as
1163:(such as
1157:muscarine
1155:(such as
1118:July 2019
1072:half-life
1057:receptors
1024:July 2019
884:. In the
878:standards
862:political
797:discovery
773:inventive
738:July 2019
565:endocrine
543:, in the
499:Divisions
441:digitalis
402:Mongolian
376:herbalism
242:pharmacon
231:scapegoat
227:pharmakos
200:pharmakon
182:The word
178:Etymology
161:excretion
149:receptors
9692:Category
9648:Molecule
9585:See also
9010:Physical
8733:See also
8709:Virology
8694:Taxonomy
8634:Pomology
8564:Mycology
8494:Genomics
8489:Genetics
8314:Agronomy
8085:Serenics
7750:Vaccines
7517:Fibrates
7339:Vitamins
7289:Antacids
7195:Category
7115:Virology
7100:Taxonomy
7040:Pomology
6972:Mycology
6902:Genomics
6897:Genetics
6722:Agronomy
6703:Branches
6656:in vitro
6253:Bacteria
6230:Taxonomy
6210:Mutation
6180:Function
6109:Genetics
6011:Proteins
5856:Organism
5832:Molecule
5816:),
5772:Overview
5747:Timeline
5727:Genetics
5673:Category
5400:Pharmacy
5359:Pharmacy
5294:Cofactor
5164:Muscular
4824:Receptor
4775:Cofactor
4761:Releaser
4749:Enhancer
4743:♦
4706:Receptor
4704:♦
4687:♦
4670:♦
4391:genetics
4363:Pharmacy
4350:Medicine
4160:Affinity
4119:Efficacy
4057:Analysis
4039:Toxicity
3680:Archived
3617:Archived
3574:26103428
3528:Archived
3516:24456115
3456:Archived
3452:76664855
3444:30862498
3387:Archived
3354:Archived
3350:73725468
3342:30854834
3295:17650313
3128:19157988
3093:71986376
3009:Archived
2987:23088517
2979:20513161
2884:Archived
2830:Archived
2828:. 2013.
2797:Archived
2768:Archived
2738:Archived
2716:39131071
2708:19242404
2646:22649568
2638:24193171
2600:18184107
2554:Archived
2524:Archived
2467:Elsevier
2436:12402503
2401:16402126
2345:Archived
2310:45980791
2302:10824622
2231:Archived
2142:Archived
2112:Archived
2065:16402118
1960:See also
1562:require
1420:warfarin
1365:efficacy
1353:agonists
1213:dopamine
1165:atropine
982:medicine
866:consumer
854:medicine
691:pharmacy
687:medicine
481:genetics
469:myograph
433:morphine
350:Avicenna
323:morphine
256:agonists
222:pharmacy
194:φάρμακον
168:pharmacy
9704:Commons
9668:Alchemy
9184:Organic
8724:Zoology
8454:Ecology
8324:Anatomy
7942:General
7849:muscles
7818:L03–L04
7814:disease
7766:L01–L02
7762:disease
7512:Statins
7205:Commons
7148:Biology
7130:Zoology
6862:Ecology
6732:Anatomy
6649:in vivo
6541:methods
6494:Habitat
6469:Climate
6454:Biomass
6436:Ecology
6283:Protist
6248:Archaea
6142:Genomes
6089:Mitosis
6084:Meiosis
6006:Polymer
5986:Monomer
5974:Quantum
5808:,
5804:,
5800:,
5796:,
5792:,
5779:Science
5764:Biology
5742:History
5737:Outline
5715:Biology
5653:History
5366:General
5251:(AdoRI)
5201:(eCBRI)
4784:Classes
4710:Agonist
4698:Blocker
4676:Inducer
4301:Related
4244:(L)ADME
4198:Initial
4182:Metrics
4129:Potency
4112:Metrics
4014:Binding
3984:Binding
3852:Agonist
3623:16 July
3462:17 July
3286:1947975
3263:Bibcode
3040:Bibcode
2944:9357343
2935:1381124
2803:16 July
2560:23 July
2530:23 July
2392:1760743
2351:27 June
2237:21 July
2185:8877846
2056:1760753
1820:removed
1805:sources
1719:In the
1564:cleanup
1422:, some
1382:Potency
1349:ligands
1240:enzymes
1193:ligands
1078:), and
924:placebo
545:central
537:systems
453:England
437:quinine
406:Tibetan
398:Chinese
344:, with
274:History
86:science
84:is the
74:D010600
9716:Portal
8862:UV-Vis
8389:Botany
8249:
8228:
8176:other
8107:system
7859:joints
7812:immune
7619:system
7579:system
7420:system
6797:Botany
6603:vector
6459:Biomes
6328:Phloem
6313:Flower
6273:Fungus
6268:Animal
6064:Enzyme
5969:Matter
5964:Lipids
5903:Theory
5844:Tissue
5798:Growth
5433:&
5195:(eCBE)
4792:Enzyme
4693:Opener
4672:Enzyme
4303:fields
3778:
3757:
3686:28 May
3654:
3644:Boston
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2148:18 May
2118:18 May
2063:
2053:
1924:SNOMED
1723:, the
1667:, the
1663:, the
1644:L-ADME
1439:tumors
1435:cancer
1229:opioid
1159:) and
1137:, and
781:charge
573:psyche
366:, and
264:enzyme
210:-λογία
204:poison
159:, and
8889:MALDI
8857:Raman
8230:Drugs
7947:Local
7914:brain
7853:bones
7354:blood
6499:niche
6358:Xylem
6343:Shoot
6290:Virus
6278:Plant
6026:Cells
6016:Water
5939:Atoms
5848:Organ
5802:Order
5754:Index
5308:(see
5296:(see
5242:Other
5065:(GRI)
5023:(SRI)
4939:(DRI)
4910:(NRI)
4826:&
4738:(NAM)
4732:(PAM)
4664:Types
4500:Other
4237:LADME
3531:(PDF)
3520:S2CID
3482:(PDF)
3448:S2CID
3346:S2CID
3089:S2CID
2983:S2CID
2887:(PDF)
2880:(PDF)
2712:S2CID
2642:S2CID
2463:China
2440:S2CID
2306:S2CID
1181:sarin
1084:toxic
986:light
777:shape
561:renal
303:from
301:opium
216:logia
190:word
188:Greek
90:drugs
9643:Atom
8911:HPLC
7857:and
7534:skin
6338:Root
6323:Leaf
6263:Alga
5840:Cell
5828:Atom
5784:Life
5553:shop
5505:List
5096:NMDA
5086:AMPA
5012:5-HT
4814:See
4797:see
4763:(RA)
4757:(RI)
4751:(RE)
4389:and
4313:and
4149:TD50
4145:LD50
4141:ED50
4137:IC50
4133:EC50
3935:Drug
3776:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3688:2019
3652:ISBN
3625:2019
3570:PMID
3539:2019
3512:PMID
3464:2020
3440:PMID
3395:2021
3362:2021
3338:PMID
3330:ISSN
3291:PMID
3232:OCLC
3222:ISBN
3197:OCLC
3187:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3124:PMID
3017:2021
2975:PMID
2940:PMID
2895:2021
2857:ISBN
2838:2021
2805:2019
2776:2021
2746:2021
2704:PMID
2634:PMID
2596:PMID
2562:2020
2532:2020
2496:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2432:PMID
2397:PMID
2353:2015
2335:ISBN
2298:PMID
2239:2020
2221:ISBN
2181:PMID
2150:2017
2120:2017
2090:2023
2061:PMID
1906:and
1863:and
1855:The
1803:any
1801:cite
1766:The
1753:The
1661:skin
1459:and
1258:and
1242:and
1227:and
1209:GABA
1147:The
1074:and
1051:and
949:and
915:The
860:and
779:and
767:and
689:and
649:and
563:and
547:and
439:and
408:and
348:and
282:and
258:and
247:drug
143:and
92:and
9653:Ion
8884:ICP
8867:NMR
8178:ATC
7916:and
7675:and
6117:DNA
6034:ATP
5908:Law
4246:: (
3562:doi
3502:hdl
3494:doi
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3430:hdl
3422:doi
3418:488
3322:doi
3281:PMC
3271:doi
3116:doi
3079:doi
3048:doi
2967:doi
2930:PMC
2922:doi
2696:doi
2669:doi
2626:doi
2588:doi
2424:doi
2387:PMC
2379:doi
2290:doi
2173:doi
2051:PMC
2043:doi
1886:.;
1814:by
1531:.
1408:or
1347:of
1305:by
1113:.
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1019:.
890:EMA
724:or
685:in
601:of
451:in
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