951:
825:
898:
697:
1034:
920:
70:
42:
781:
368:). Skeletons of some species are composed of hollow bars, instead of solid rods as in Polycystinea. Others have ornate spicules scattered through the external cytoplasm in a variety of forms, including geodesic frameworks, spheres or polyhedra. Other species have porous
372:
that are either bivalved, resembling clams, or vase-like with ornamentations around the opening. Other species have highly branched antler-llike spines stemming from a central shell. Unlike
Polycystinea, the capsular wall surrounding the denser
1105:
clade, but the historical orders and families comprising it aren't. Instead, the clade consists of 11 subclades defined by morphological and phylogenetic values that do not correspond with the traditional orders and families:
2235:
Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E, Cavalier-Smith T (2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of
Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata".
2332:
Nakamura, Yasuhide; Suzuki, Noritoshi (2015). "Chapter 9. Phaeodaria: Diverse Marine
Cercozoans of World-Wide Distribution". In Ohtsuka, Susumu; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Horiguchi, Takeo; Suzuki, Noritoshi; Not, Fabrice (eds.).
591:, and it has been little updated until today. Because of the presence of an organic central capsule and "ray-like pseudopodia", Phaeodaria were historically regarded as
466:
558:
2136:
Polet S, Berney C, Fahrni J, Pawlowski J (2004). "Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of
Phaeodarea challenge the monophyly of Haeckel's Radiolaria".
1836:
1794:
3617:
3536:
259:. They are distinguished by the structure of their central capsule and by the presence of a phaeodium, an aggregate of waste particles within the cell.
3519:
3342:
1732:
1592:
1550:
397:
3622:
3531:
3525:
3332:
3103:
2978:
2820:
1897:
1747:
3606:
3071:
2872:
1968:
1918:
1870:
1855:
1564:
1513:
1367:
181:
333:" or lateral pores, from which thinner strands of cytoplasm protrude. External to the capsule there is a large, often darkly pigmented, mass of
3565:
3475:
3428:
3337:
2988:
2983:
2764:
2019:
2013:
1911:
1905:
1815:
1624:
1577:
1570:
474:
starts with the disappearance of the phaeodium, followed by the dissolution of the capsule and the creation of small plasmodial spheres in the
2506:"Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria"
1978:
1953:
1878:
1863:
1821:
1761:
1755:
1740:
1725:
2825:
1945:
1932:
1926:
1848:
1842:
1809:
1678:
1672:
1651:
1600:
2867:
2769:
1938:
1767:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1585:
1558:
3375:
3091:
3086:
1529:
The modern classification is the following, with the subclass containing a total of 2 orders, 7 suborders, 16 families and 39 genera.
1959:
1719:
607:, assigned to the phylum Actinopoda due to their elaborate siliceous skeletons surrounding the central capsule with pores from which
416:
The continuous, massive strand of cytoplasm in the astropyle of
Phaeodarea provides a pathway to carry digested prey matter into the
587:
researchers. The majority of taxonomic and ecological information regarding
Phaeodaria, studied by German scientists, ended after
2366:
Swanberg N, Bennett P, Lindsey JL, Anderson OR (1986). "The biology of a coelodendrid: a mesopelagic phaeodarian radiolarian".
2350:
2074:
2057:
Boltovskoy D, Anderson OR, Correa NM (2017). "Radiolaria and
Phaeodaria". In Archibald JM, Simpson AGB, Slamovits CH (eds.).
1500:, containing phaeodarea with a highly perforated, shell-like opaline silica skeleton. Contains the remaining five suborders:
3706:
824:
400:
are generally smaller than a few hundred μm. Some phaeodarians with spherical skeletons are similar to
Polycystinea and
2597:
2093:
Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, et al. (2012).
950:
404:(Radiolaria), although they are more porous and fragile. Some species of the family Challengeriidae resemble marine
2631:
2276:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, et al. (2019).
255:, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the
2626:
538:. They have not been reported from brackish and high-salinity environments, but they are present in all oceans.
2563:
2435:
2176:
Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, Bolivar I, Polet S, Mylnikov AP, Aleshin VV, Petrov NB, Pawlowski J (2004).
579:
group often broken by normal sampling methods and not very abundant in comparison with other organisms in the
2710:
2700:
2683:
460:
Sexual reproduction of
Phaeodaria has not been confirmed, but the release of motile swarmers that are likely
2556:
2458:
sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked
Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa".
69:
17:
3696:
897:
475:
349:
2715:
615:
262:
The term "Radiozoa" has been used to refer to radiolaria when Phaeodarea is explicitly excluded.
2395:"Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists, Phaeodaria (Rhizaria, Cercozoa)"
285:. Unlike true radiolarians, there are no cross-bridges between them. They also lack symbiotic
2590:
334:
2568:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 981–994.
2178:"The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes"
696:
2678:
1666:
55:
1033:
408:, but can be correctly distinguished by the presence of a phaeodium and absence of grooves.
471:
8:
3691:
919:
294:
3701:
2695:
2673:
2661:
2636:
2532:
2505:
2302:
2277:
2121:
2094:
1484:
skeleton or with a skeleton made of simple radiating spicules. Contains two suborders:
627:
219:
64:
2212:
2177:
3669:
3046:
2942:
2705:
2668:
2656:
2646:
2583:
2537:
2483:
2475:
2416:
2379:
2346:
2307:
2253:
2217:
2199:
2153:
2111:
2070:
1540:
1485:
1388:
1028:
161:
3653:
3470:
3249:
3006:
2620:
2527:
2517:
2467:
2406:
2375:
2338:
2297:
2289:
2245:
2207:
2189:
2145:
2116:
2106:
2062:
1473:
maintains the original classification of suborders divided between two new orders:
511:
389:
634:, while the ecologically different "true" Radiolaria belong to the related phylum
3657:
3194:
2471:
2411:
2394:
2066:
421:
2342:
2249:
3612:
3423:
3327:
3056:
2932:
2792:
2748:
2651:
2005:
1705:
1658:
1501:
1470:
1353:
1073:
819:
667:
657:
550:
503:
405:
357:
196:
107:
94:
2522:
3685:
3513:
3485:
3301:
3098:
2998:
2812:
2797:
2479:
2203:
1995:
1786:
1643:
1517:
1360:
691:
677:
580:
531:
515:
479:
369:
273:
is divided by a cape with three openings, of which one gives rise to feeding
186:
142:
50:
2278:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
2194:
3636:
3554:
3493:
3465:
3446:
3435:
3417:
3408:
3398:
3234:
3199:
3186:
3176:
3081:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3033:
2919:
2909:
2844:
2787:
2779:
2541:
2487:
2420:
2311:
2257:
2221:
2157:
1887:
1828:
1801:
1776:
1695:
1633:
1509:
1505:
1489:
1381:
1374:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1102:
945:
859:
619:
596:
425:
393:
361:
207:
191:
176:
166:
127:
2575:
2149:
1101:
Through phylogenetic analyses it has been discovered that Phaeodarea is a
3508:
3503:
3370:
3365:
3352:
3244:
3204:
2802:
1713:
588:
542:
519:
499:
483:
433:
311:
290:
278:
2061:(2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 731–763.
341:" which contains undigested or partially digested food or debris. Their
3645:
3571:
3455:
3360:
3319:
3309:
3291:
3239:
3214:
3209:
3011:
2965:
2947:
2937:
1986:
1012:
914:
892:
871:
600:
592:
553:
437:
401:
385:
381:
365:
252:
41:
2293:
3498:
3460:
3163:
2973:
2890:
2234:
1058:
734:
647:
643:
546:
429:
417:
374:
326:
321:
containing two kinds of pores or openings: the large type, known as "
318:
274:
270:
81:
3665:
3661:
3559:
3171:
3146:
2882:
2737:
2690:
2606:
999:
756:
746:
639:
631:
608:
604:
584:
535:
507:
487:
445:
441:
314:
256:
248:
245:
117:
3649:
3275:
2393:
Nakamura Y, Imai I, Yamaguchi A, Tuji A, Not F, Suzuki N (2015).
846:
780:
635:
576:
523:
1481:
461:
353:
342:
282:
266:
2365:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
623:
527:
449:
2175:
2037:
286:
2135:
265:
Phaeodarea produce hollow skeletons composed of amorphous
2392:
2056:
603:. The marine Radiolaria were, along with the freshwater
2503:
2368:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
2092:
556:
are reported to infect species of Phaeodaria, such as
2427:
2499:
2497:
269:and organic material, which rarely fossilize. The
2453:
2386:
2171:
2169:
2167:
583:, Phaeodaria have attracted little attention from
444:prey. When introduced in the laboratory cultures,
2554:
2494:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
317:that grow a capsule with a thick, double-layered
3683:
2275:
2182:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2164:
618:, Actinopoda was rendered invalid due to being
482:amoebae that eventually form swarmers with two
325:" or oral pore, from which a massive strand of
2918:
2747:
2548:
2331:
2318:
2591:
650:of all groups of "Actinopoda" (highlighted).
541:Very little is known about their role in the
251:organisms. They are traditionally considered
3396:
2997:
2562:. In Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradbury P (eds.).
2449:
2447:
2440:. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, New York.
428:. Among the limited evidence of phaeodarian
360:. They may contain more organic matter than
3032:
2907:
2842:
2605:
2504:Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (2018).
2228:
2129:
478:; each of the spheres produces hundreds of
329:protrudes; and the smaller type, known as "
3289:
2598:
2584:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2095:"The revised classification of eukaryotes"
2088:
2086:
40:
2964:
2531:
2521:
2444:
2410:
2301:
2211:
2193:
2120:
2110:
2734:
1524:
380:Their cell size ranges from hundreds of
277:, and the others let through bundles of
3144:
2853:
2433:
2335:Marine Protists: Diversity and Dymanics
2264:
2083:
14:
3684:
1469:Despite this, the current taxonomy by
1226:clade E
2579:
2238:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
626:. Phaeodaria are now classified as a
464:is widely documented. In the species
2337:. Springer Japan. pp. 223–249.
2454:Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2012). "
24:
2282:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2099:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
300:
25:
3718:
2565:Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa
2555:Takahashi K, Anderson OR (2000).
432:, it was reported in 1986 that a
305:
2112:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
1480:, containing phaeodarea with no
1032:
949:
918:
896:
823:
779:
695:
452:also were snared by phaeodaria.
68:
510:that play an important role in
455:
2359:
565:
436:phaeodarian had absorbed micro
13:
1:
2030:
1539:Suborder Phaeogymnocellina (=
377:of Phaeodarea lacks fusules.
289:, generally living below the
2472:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005
2412:10.1016/j.protis.2015.05.004
2380:10.1016/0198-0149(86)90105-6
2067:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19
1096:
411:
7:
3707:Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel
2437:The biology of the Protozoa
2343:10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_9
2250:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.001
498:Phaeodaria are exclusively
388:, roughly depending on the
10:
3723:
1949:Loeblich & Tappan 1961
642:supergroup. The following
570:
493:
392:. For example, species of
3631:
3596:
3545:
3484:
3445:
3407:
3392:
3351:
3318:
3300:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3227:
3185:
3162:
3155:
3140:
3028:
2960:
2928:
2903:
2881:
2860:
2838:
2811:
2778:
2757:
2730:
2614:
2523:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1
1694:Suborder Phaeosphaeria (=
1437:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1329:
1306:
1293:
1286:
1264:
1224:
1211:
1204:
1191:
1184:
1162:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1071:
1056:
1025:
1010:
1003:
942:
911:
889:
882:
875:
857:
850:
816:
794:
774:
767:
760:
750:
732:
710:
688:
681:
671:
661:
638:, both within the higher
467:Coelodendrum ramosissimum
293:, and do not produce any
225:
218:
213:
206:
155:
150:
65:Scientific classification
63:
48:
39:
34:
2059:Handbook of the Protists
1994:Suborder Phaeodendria (=
1967:Suborder Phaeoconchia (=
1632:Suborder Phaeocystina (=
1545:Cachon & Cachon 1985
2195:10.1073/pnas.0308602101
1886:Suborder Phaeogromia (=
1775:Suborder Phaeocalpia (=
616:molecular phylogenetics
522:) that chiefly live in
348:Most Phaeodaria have a
352:composed of amorphous
2150:10.1078/1434461000164
1525:Modern classification
648:phylogenetic position
559:Syndinium nucleophaga
343:mitochondrial cristae
56:Kunstformen der Natur
1688:Order Opaloconchida
712:other stramenopiles
420:, similarly to some
3644:organization type:
2434:Calkins GN (1926).
1690:Cavalier-Smith 2012
1596:Cachon-Enjumet 1961
1581:Cachon-Enjumet 1961
1554:Cachon-Enjumet 1961
1535:Cavalier-Smith 2012
396:exceed 3 mm, while
3278:
3274:
2557:"Class Phaeodaria"
350:siliceous skeleton
337:cytoplasm called "
295:strontium sulphate
49:"Phaeodaria" from
3679:
3678:
3662:heliozoan amoebae
3654:amoeboflagellates
3618:Labyrinthomyxidae
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3537:Globigerinitoidea
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3223:
3222:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3047:Phaeogymnocellida
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
2956:
2955:
2943:Paracercomonadida
2899:
2898:
2834:
2833:
2352:978-4-431-55130-0
2294:10.1111/jeu.12691
2188:(21): 8066–8071.
2076:978-3-319-28149-0
1541:Phaeogymnocellida
1486:Phaeogymnocellina
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1390:Phaeogymnocellida
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1275:
1274:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1173:
1172:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1045:
1044:
1029:Centroplasthelida
989:
988:
980:
979:
971:
970:
962:
961:
931:
930:
836:
835:
805:
804:
721:
720:
512:marine ecosystems
281:that support the
235:
234:
162:Phaeogymnocellida
146:
27:Class of protists
16:(Redirected from
3714:
3697:Rhizaria classes
3471:Silicoloculinida
3405:
3404:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3250:Plasmodiophorida
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3030:
3029:
3007:Thaumatomonadida
2995:
2994:
2962:
2961:
2926:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2643:
2623:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2516:(5): 1517–1574.
2501:
2492:
2491:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2197:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2054:
2010:
2001:
1983:
1974:
1950:
1923:
1902:
1893:
1875:
1874:Reschetnjak 1966
1860:
1833:
1806:
1791:
1782:
1752:
1737:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1663:
1648:
1639:
1597:
1582:
1555:
1546:
1536:
1420:
1419:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1289:
1288:
1207:
1206:
1187:
1186:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1036:
1006:
1005:
953:
922:
900:
885:
884:
878:
877:
853:
852:
827:
783:
770:
769:
763:
762:
753:
752:
699:
684:
683:
674:
673:
664:
663:
654:
653:
545:and about their
230:
214:400-500 species
141:
73:
72:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3658:testate amoebae
3627:
3576:
3541:
3520:Globotruncanida
3480:
3441:
3397:
3380:
3347:
3343:Symphyacanthida
3314:
3290:
3273:
3256:
3219:
3195:Claustrosporida
3181:
3145:
3108:
3016:
2993:
2952:
2908:
2895:
2877:
2843:
2830:
2807:
2774:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2641:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2574:
2573:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2502:
2495:
2456:Oxnerella micra
2452:
2445:
2432:
2428:
2391:
2387:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2330:
2319:
2274:
2265:
2233:
2229:
2174:
2165:
2134:
2130:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2055:
2038:
2033:
2008:
1999:
1981:
1972:
1948:
1921:
1900:
1891:
1873:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1789:
1780:
1750:
1735:
1733:Cannosphaeridae
1708:
1699:
1689:
1661:
1646:
1637:
1595:
1593:Atlanticellidae
1580:
1553:
1551:Phaeosphaeridae
1544:
1534:
1533:Order Eodarida
1527:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1276:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1174:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1046:
990:
981:
972:
963:
932:
837:
806:
722:
573:
568:
496:
458:
422:testate amoebae
414:
406:dinoflagellates
398:Challengeriidae
310:Phaeodarea are
308:
303:
301:Characteristics
228:
140:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3666:sporozoan-like
3642:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3623:Rhizoplasmidae
3620:
3615:
3613:Gymnosphaerida
3610:
3602:
3600:
3598:Incertae sedis
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3547:Incertae sedis
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:Guembelitriida
3528:
3526:Heterohelicida
3522:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3424:Xenophyophorea
3421:
3414:
3412:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Chaunocanthida
3330:
3328:Arthracanthida
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3280:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3104:Ventricleftida
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Phaeosphaerida
3054:
3049:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Spongomonadida
2976:
2970:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Glissomonadida
2929:
2923:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:Chlorarachnida
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Desmothoracida
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2749:Reticulofilosa
2742:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:Mesomycetozoea
2713:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2652:Diaphoretickes
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:classification
2603:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2547:
2493:
2466:(4): 574–601.
2443:
2426:
2405:(3): 363–373.
2385:
2358:
2351:
2317:
2263:
2227:
2163:
2128:
2105:(5): 429–493.
2082:
2075:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2006:Coelodendridae
1992:
1991:
1990:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1942:
1915:
1898:Challengeridae
1884:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1825:
1798:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1748:Sagosphaeridae
1744:
1729:
1706:Aulosphaeridae
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1659:Astracanthidae
1655:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1589:
1574:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1494:
1493:
1471:Cavalier-Smith
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:Archaeplastida
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
969:
968:
965:
964:
960:
959:
956:
955:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
925:
924:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
868:
867:
864:
863:
856:
851:
849:
843:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
829:
820:Desmothoracida
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
798:
796:core Cercozoa
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
751:
749:
743:
742:
739:
738:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
687:
682:
680:
672:
670:
662:
660:
658:Diaphoretickes
652:
630:of the phylum
572:
569:
567:
564:
551:Dinoflagellate
504:holoplanktonic
495:
492:
480:multinucleated
457:
454:
413:
410:
358:organic matter
307:
306:Cell structure
304:
302:
299:
244:is a group of
233:
232:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
197:Phaeosphaerida
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:Opaloconchida
171:
170:
169:
164:
153:
152:
148:
147:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
95:Diaphoretickes
92:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3719:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:Globigerinida
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3486:Globothalamea
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3302:Sticholonchea
3299:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Tectofilosida
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:Phaeoconchida
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2999:Silicofilosea
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2948:Cercomonadida
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2873:Metromonadida
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2813:Chlorarachnea
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Leucodictyida
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Stramenopiles
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:(major groups
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:(1): 255–66.
2243:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:Phaeodendrida
1993:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:Phaeoconchida
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:Medusettiidae
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:Polypyramidae
1868:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:Porospathidae
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:Castanellidae
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:Aulacanthidae
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:Phaeodactylis
1561:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Phaeosphaeria
1499:
1498:Opaloconchida
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1369:Phaeoconchida
1364:
1362:Phaeodendrida
1357:
1355:Phaeospherida
1350:
1343:
1336:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
985:
984:
976:
975:
967:
966:
958:
957:
954:
952:
948:
947:
940:
939:
936:
935:
927:
926:
923:
921:
917:
916:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
899:
895:
894:
887:
886:
880:
879:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
855:
854:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
828:
826:
822:
821:
814:
813:
810:
809:
801:
800:
797:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
782:
778:
772:
771:
765:
764:
758:
755:
754:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
726:
725:
717:
716:
713:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
698:
694:
693:
692:Actinophryida
686:
685:
679:
678:Stramenopiles
676:
675:
669:
666:
665:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:natural group
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:, along with
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:euphotic zone
578:
563:
561:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:heterotrophic
513:
509:
505:
501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
345:are tubular.
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
260:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
231:
224:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Phaeodendrida
185:
183:
182:Phaeoconchida
180:
178:
175:
174:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
156:
154:
149:
144:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:Ernst Haeckel
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3637:paraphyletic
3607:Lapot gusevi
3605:
3597:
3566:Heterogromia
3564:
3555:Involutinida
3546:
3494:Textulariida
3476:Ammodiscidae
3466:Spirillinida
3447:Tubothalamea
3436:Reticulomyxa
3434:
3429:Astrorhizida
3418:Allogromiida
3409:Monothalamea
3399:Foraminifera
3353:Polycystinea
3338:Holocanthida
3235:Vampyrellida
3200:Haplosporida
3187:Ascetosporea
3177:Reticulosida
3082:Cryomonadida
3067:Phaeogromida
3062:Phaeocalpida
3052:Phaeocystida
3041:
3034:Thecofilosea
2989:Variglissida
2984:Marimonadida
2920:Sarcomonadea
2910:Ventrifilosa
2861:Metromonadea
2845:Monadofilosa
2788:Cryptofilida
2780:Granofilosea
2765:Aquavolonida
2701:Opisthokonta
2564:
2550:
2513:
2509:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2436:
2429:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2374:(1): 15–25.
2371:
2367:
2361:
2334:
2288:(1): 4–119.
2285:
2281:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2185:
2181:
2144:(1): 53–63.
2141:
2137:
2131:
2102:
2098:
2058:
2020:Coelographis
2018:
2014:Coelodendrum
2012:
2009:Haeckel 1887
2000:Haeckel 1887
1985:
1982:Haeckel 1887
1973:Haeckel 1887
1958:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1922:Haeckel 1887
1912:Challengeron
1910:
1906:Challengeria
1904:
1892:Haeckel 1887
1888:Phaeogromida
1877:
1862:
1859:Borgert 1900
1847:
1841:
1835:
1832:Haeckel 1887
1829:Tuscaroridae
1820:
1816:Circospathis
1814:
1808:
1805:Haeckel 1887
1802:Circoporidae
1793:
1790:Haecker 1906
1781:Haeckel 1887
1777:Phaeocalpida
1766:
1760:
1754:
1751:Haeckel 1887
1739:
1736:Haeckel 1887
1724:
1718:
1712:
1709:Haeckel 1887
1700:Haeckel 1887
1696:Phaeocystida
1677:
1671:
1665:
1662:Haeckel 1887
1650:
1647:Haeckel 1887
1638:Haeckel 1887
1634:Phaeocystida
1625:Planktonetta
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1584:
1578:Phaeodinidae
1571:Phaeosphaera
1569:
1563:
1557:
1528:
1518:Phaeodendria
1514:Phaeoconchia
1497:
1490:Phaeocystina
1477:
1468:
1438:
1425:
1405:
1383:Phaeocystida
1376:Phaeocystida
1348:Phaeocalpida
1341:Phaeogromida
1334:Phaeogromida
1307:
1294:
1265:
1225:
1212:
1192:
1163:
1150:
1103:monophyletic
1100:
1072:
1057:
1027:
1026:
1011:
946:Polycystinea
944:
943:
913:
912:
891:
890:
860:Foraminifera
858:
818:
817:
795:
776:
775:
733:
711:
690:
689:
620:polyphyletic
613:
597:Polycystinea
574:
557:
540:
506:unicellular
497:
465:
459:
456:Reproduction
426:foraminifera
415:
394:Tuscaroridae
379:
362:Polycystinea
347:
338:
330:
322:
309:
279:microtubules
264:
261:
253:radiolarians
241:
237:
236:
229:Hertwig 1879
226:
192:Phaeogromida
177:Phaeocalpida
167:Phaeocystida
137:
128:Thecofilosea
101:
88:
54:
29:
3670:fungus-like
3646:flagellates
3509:Carterinida
3504:Robertinida
3371:Spumellaria
3366:Nassellaria
3245:Phagomyxida
3228:Proteomyxia
3205:Mikrocytida
2803:Limnofilida
2758:Skiomonadea
2510:Protoplasma
1979:Concharidae
1954:Borgertella
1901:Murray 1886
1879:Polypyramis
1864:Porospathis
1822:Haeckeliana
1762:Sagenoscena
1756:Sagenoarium
1741:Coelocantha
1726:Aulotractus
1714:Aulosphaera
1667:Astracantha
1510:Phaeogromia
1506:Phaeocalpia
589:World War I
566:Systematics
554:necrotrophs
543:trophic web
530:, from the
520:zooplankton
514:. They are
484:undulipodia
434:mesopelagic
386:millimetres
382:micrometres
312:unicellular
291:photic zone
35:Phaeodarea
3692:Phaeodaria
3686:Categories
3572:Komokiacea
3456:Fusulinida
3361:Collodaria
3320:Acantharea
3310:Taxopodida
3292:Radiolaria
3240:Phytomyxea
3215:Paramyxida
3210:Paradinida
3042:Phaeodarea
3012:Euglyphida
2966:Imbricatea
2938:Katabiidae
2826:Minorisida
2031:References
1987:Conchidium
1946:Lirellidae
1933:Gazelletta
1927:Euphysetta
1849:Tuscaretta
1843:Tuscarilla
1810:Circoporus
1679:Castanissa
1673:Castanella
1652:Aulacantha
1601:Gymnocelia
1013:Haptophyta
915:Taxopodida
893:Acantharea
872:Radiolaria
777:Phaeodarea
646:shows the
601:Acantharea
593:Radiolaria
518:plankton (
438:flagellate
402:Acantharea
366:Radiolaria
356:joined by
323:astropylum
275:pseudopods
242:Phaeodaria
238:Phaeodarea
138:Phaeodaria
134:Subclass:
18:Phaeodaria
3702:Amoeboids
3499:Rotaliida
3461:Miliolida
3164:Gromiidea
3156:Marimyxia
3078:Eothecia
2974:Krakenida
2891:Helkesida
2868:Metopiida
2770:Tremulida
2696:Amoebozoa
2674:Alveolata
2662:Cryptista
2637:Eukaryota
2480:1434-4610
2204:0027-8424
1939:Medusetta
1837:Tuscarora
1768:Sagoscena
1619:Miracelia
1613:Lobocelia
1607:Halocelia
1586:Phaeodina
1559:Phaeopyla
1097:Phylogeny
1059:Cryptista
735:Alveolata
644:cladogram
547:predators
476:ectoplasm
472:dispersal
430:predation
418:endoplasm
412:Nutrition
384:to a few
375:endoplasm
339:phaeodium
331:parapylae
327:cytoplasm
271:endoplasm
249:cercozoan
227:Tripylea
208:Diversity
158:Eodarida
82:Eukaryota
3641:†extinct
3560:Lagenida
3376:Orodaria
3172:Gromiida
3147:Endomyxa
3092:Matazida
3087:Ebriacea
2883:Helkesea
2854:Eoglissa
2738:Cercozoa
2691:Amorphea
2669:Rhizaria
2657:Hacrobia
2647:Excavata
2632:Bacteria
2607:Rhizaria
2542:29666938
2488:22317961
2421:26083083
2312:30257078
2258:17174576
2222:15148395
2158:15144058
1795:Castanea
1478:Eodarida
1439:clade K
1426:clade J
1406:clade I
1308:clade H
1295:clade G
1266:clade F
1213:clade D
1193:clade C
1164:clade B
1151:clade A
1000:Haptista
757:Cercozoa
747:Rhizaria
640:Rhizaria
632:Cercozoa
628:subclass
622:, not a
614:Through
611:emerge.
609:axopodia
605:Heliozoa
585:plankton
536:deep sea
508:protists
488:flagella
446:copepods
442:metazoan
335:granular
315:protists
257:Cercozoa
246:amoeboid
220:Synonyms
118:Cercozoa
114:Phylum:
78:Domain:
3650:amoebae
3276:Retaria
2706:Animals
2627:Archaea
2533:6133090
2460:Protist
2399:Protist
2303:6492006
2138:Protist
2122:3483872
2004:Family
1977:Family
1960:Lirella
1944:Family
1917:Family
1896:Family
1869:Family
1854:Family
1827:Family
1800:Family
1785:Family
1746:Family
1731:Family
1720:Aularia
1704:Family
1657:Family
1642:Family
1591:Family
1576:Family
1549:Family
847:Retaria
636:Retaria
577:protist
571:History
534:to the
532:surface
524:pelagic
494:Ecology
462:gametes
283:axopods
151:Orders
143:Haeckel
124:Class:
59:, 1904
2740:
2736:
2684:Plants
2621:Domain
2540:
2530:
2486:
2478:
2419:
2349:
2310:
2300:
2256:
2220:
2213:419558
2210:
2202:
2156:
2119:
2073:
1482:silica
528:oceans
500:marine
390:family
370:shells
354:silica
267:silica
2711:Fungi
2560:(PDF)
575:As a
526:open
450:salps
287:algae
102:Clade
89:Clade
2538:PMID
2484:PMID
2476:ISSN
2417:PMID
2347:ISBN
2308:PMID
2254:PMID
2218:PMID
2200:ISSN
2154:PMID
2071:ISBN
1516:and
1488:and
599:and
448:and
440:and
424:and
319:wall
145:1879
2528:PMC
2518:doi
2514:255
2468:doi
2464:163
2407:doi
2403:166
2376:doi
2339:doi
2298:PMC
2290:doi
2246:doi
2208:PMC
2190:doi
2186:101
2146:doi
2142:155
2117:PMC
2107:doi
2063:doi
668:SAR
490:).
240:or
108:SAR
53:'s
3688::
3668:;
3664:;
3660:;
3656:;
3652:;
3648:;
2536:.
2526:.
2512:.
2508:.
2496:^
2482:.
2474:.
2462:.
2446:^
2415:.
2401:.
2397:.
2372:33
2370:.
2345:.
2320:^
2306:.
2296:.
2286:66
2284:.
2280:.
2266:^
2252:.
2242:44
2240:.
2216:.
2206:.
2198:.
2184:.
2180:.
2166:^
2152:.
2140:.
2115:.
2103:59
2101:.
2097:.
2085:^
2069:.
2039:^
2017:,
2011:–
1998:)
1984:–
1971:)
1957:,
1951:–
1936:,
1930:,
1924:–
1909:,
1903:–
1890:)
1876:–
1861:–
1846:,
1840:,
1834:–
1819:,
1813:,
1807:–
1792:–
1779:)
1765:,
1759:,
1753:–
1738:–
1723:,
1717:,
1711:–
1698:)
1676:,
1670:,
1664:–
1649:–
1636:)
1622:,
1616:,
1610:,
1604:,
1598:–
1583:–
1568:,
1562:,
1556:–
1543:)
1512:,
1508:,
1504:,
562:.
549:.
502:,
470:,
297:.
104::
91::
3672:.
3635:*
3530:†
3524:†
3518:†
3454:†
3431:*
3420:*
3411:*
2922:*
2751:*
2718:)
2599:e
2592:t
2585:v
2544:.
2520::
2490:.
2470::
2423:.
2409::
2382:.
2378::
2355:.
2341::
2314:.
2292::
2260:.
2248::
2224:.
2192::
2160:.
2148::
2125:.
2109::
2079:.
2065::
1520:.
1492:.
486:(
364:(
20:)
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