148:
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51:
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enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are mostly responsible for phagocytosis by rapidly retracting in response to physical contact. These pseudopodia are primarily food-collecting structures, but also provide a means of hydrological transportation via the expansion of their surface areas. They are
665:
Reticulopodia (or reticulose pseudopods), are complex formations in which individual pseudopods are merged and form irregular nets. The primary function of reticulopodia, also known as myxopodia, is food ingestion, with locomotion a secondary function. Reticulopods are typical of
413:
In the case there is no extracellular cue, all moving cells navigate in random directions, but they can keep the same direction for some time before turning. This feature allows cells to explore large areas for colonization or searching for a new extracellular cue.
629:, cell-derived matrix). Contrarily to other pseudopodia using the pressure exerted by actin polymerization on the membrane to extend, fibroblast lobopods use the nuclear piston mechanism consisting in pulling the nucleus via actomyosin contractility to push the
1160:
Houk, Andrew R.; Jilkine, Alexandra; Mejean, Cecile O.; Boltyanskiy, Rostislav; Dufresne, Eric R.; Angenent, Sigurd B.; Altschuler, Steven J.; Wu, Lani F.; Weiner, Orion D. (2012-01-20).
368:
Otherwise, pseudopodia cannot grow on other sides of the membrane than the leading edge because myosin filaments prevent them to extend. These myosin filaments are induced by
522:
Lamellipodia are broad and flat pseudopodia used in locomotion. They are supported by microfilaments which form at the leading edge, creating a mesh-like internal network.
657:
forming along the side of the cell, probably due to the high intracellular pressure during lobopodia formation increasing the frequency of plasma membrane-cortex rupture.
495:
The forms of pseudopodia, from left: polypodial and lobose; monopodial and lobose; filose; conical; reticulose; tapering actinopods; non-tapering actinopods
499:
Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to the number of projections (monopodia and polypodia), and according to their appearance.
946:
389:
Different physical parameters were shown to regulate the length and time-scale of pseudopodia formation. For example, an increase in membrane
236:
type with long, thin pseudopods supported by complex microtubule arrays enveloped with cytoplasm; they respond rapidly to physical contact.
1678:
474:
are a good example of this function: these migratory cells are responsible for in-utero remodeling; for example, in the formation of the
1631:
329:), and then pull the cell's body forward via contraction of an actin-myosin complex in the pseudopod. This type of locomotion is called
343:
321:. The actin polymers then push the membrane as they grow, forming the pseudopod. The pseudopodium can then adhere to a surface via its
1217:
Banerjee, Tatsat; Biswas, Debojyoti; Pal, Dhiman Sankar; Miao, Yuchuan; Iglesias, Pablo A.; Devreotes, Peter N. (2022-10-06).
1305:
922:
777:"The roles and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments and microtubules in smooth muscle cell migration"
590:
Lobopodia (or lobose pseudopods) are bulbous, short, and blunt in form. These finger-like, tubular pseudopodia contain both
502:
Some pseudopodial cells are able to use multiple types of pseudopodia depending on the situation. Most use a combination of
432:
to advance relatively straight forward by alternating between retraction of the left or right branch of the pseudopod. The
310:
905:
Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (2013). "General
Characteristics of the Euprotista (Protozoa)".
633:
that in turn push the membrane, leading to pseudopod formation. To occur, this lobopodia-based fibroblast migration needs
115:
514:
fibroblasts can either use lamellipodia- or lobopodia-based migration in a 3D matrix depending on the matrix elasticity.
87:
362:
443:
ones, which explain the preference of the cell to keep moving to the same direction. This persistence is modulated by
365:
stimulation. This serves as a feedback loop to amplify and maintain the presence of local GTPase at the leading edge.
1545:
Chengappa P; et al. (2018). "Chapter Seven - Intracellular
Pressure: A Driver of Cell Morphology and Movement".
134:
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1671:
94:
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866:
1162:"Membrane tension maintains cell polarity by confining signals to the leading edge during neutrophil migration"
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72:
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646:
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Pseudopodia are critical in sensing targets which can then be engulfed; the engulfing pseudopodia are called
339:
101:
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68:
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are slender, thread-like, and are supported largely by microfilaments. Lobopodia are bulbous and amoebic.
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83:
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17:
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1301:"Contribution of Filopodia to Cell Migration: A Mechanical Link between Protrusion and Contraction"
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374:
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Filopodia (or filose pseudopods) are slender and filiform with pointed ends, consisting mainly of
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61:
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pseudopodia form at different sides than pre-existing ones, they are used by the cells to turn.
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inhibits actin assembly and protrusion formation. It was demonstrated that the lowered negative
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which, unlike the filaments of lamellipodia with their net-like actin, form loose bundles by
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988:
781:
622:
475:
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1352:
Machesky LM; et al. (2008). "Lamellipodia and filopodia in metastasis and invasion".
1219:"Spatiotemporal dynamics of membrane surface charge regulates cell polarity and migration"
8:
2698:
1223:
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Axopodia (also known as actinopodia) are narrow pseudopodia containing complex arrays of
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cells), to extend pseudopodia at the membrane area facing the source of these molecules.
108:
35:
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992:
977:"The Ordered Extension of Pseudopodia by Amoeboid Cells in the Absence of External Cues"
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Van
Haastert PJM & Devreotes PN (2004). "Chemotaxis: signalling the way forward".
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False leg found on slime molds, archaea, protozoans, leukocytes and certain bacteria
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are complex structures bearing individual pseudopodia which form irregular nets.
190:
285:. It senses extracellular signalling molecules, chemoattractants (e.g. cAMP for
216:
Different types of pseudopodia can be classified by their distinct appearances.
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2020:
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as normal, or from an existing pseudopod, forming a Y-shaped pseudopodium.
233:
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2010:
1978:
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695:
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1582:"Activating the nuclear piston mechanism of 3D migration in tumor cells"
1402:"Nonpolarized signaling reveals two distinct modes of 3D cell migration"
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2154:
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1932:
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1082:
Campbell EJ (2017). "A computational model of amoeboid cell swimming".
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383:
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179:
75: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Generally, several pseudopodia arise from the surface of the body, (
50:
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1999:
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1038:
726:"Actin and Microtubules in Cell Motility: Which One is in Control?"
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pseudopodia. A common example of this type of amoeboid cell is the
326:
202:
2630:
2149:
2103:
1742:
1695:
974:
634:
543:
1117:
Conti MA (2008). "Nonmuscle myosin II moves in new directions".
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2410:
2113:
1989:
1721:
676:
653:. Otherwise, lobopods are often accompanied with small lateral
626:
599:
551:
547:
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The functions of pseudopodia include locomotion and ingestion:
210:
39:
249:), or a single pseudopod may form on the surface of the body (
2524:
2092:
1754:
1159:
542:. This formation is partly due to bundling proteins such as
642:
598:. They can be found in different kind of cells, notably in
470:
They are also essential to amoeboid-like locomotion. Human
550:. Filopodia are observed in some animal cells: in part of
185:
that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with
30:
This article is about eukaryotic cells. For the band, see
1459:
Cell
Movements: From molecules to motility second edition
830:"Amoebae: Protists Which Move and Feed Using Pseudopodia"
267:
Cells which make pseudopods are generally referred to as
1686:
873:. May 23, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16
349:
to the membrane at the leading edge and detach the PIP
1216:
904:
717:
723:
617:High-pressure lobopodia can also be found in human
1547:International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
1471:
2313:
510:to migrate (e.g. metastatic cancer cells). Human
2852:
401:generates protrusions via activation of the Ras-
1288:(4th ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
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1030:
970:
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1351:
1081:
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1027:
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621:travelling through a complex network of 3D
439:Y-shaped pseudopods are more frequent than
38:. For the structure in insect anatomy, see
1679:
1665:
1573:
1390:
1283:
975:Bosgraaf L & Van Haastert PJM (2009).
178:) is a temporary arm-like projection of a
2181:
1607:
1597:
1579:
1497:
1474:"Role of fascin in filopodial protrusion"
1427:
1399:
1328:
1318:
1252:
1193:
1110:
1010:
1000:
804:
794:
743:
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
1472:Danijela Vignjevic; et al. (2006).
1444:
1116:
490:
281:To move towards a target, the cell uses
276:
146:
1292:
774:
768:
357:from the same area of the membrane. PIP
14:
2853:
421:cells, a pseudopodium can form either
1660:
1306:International Journal of Cell Biology
1298:
1041:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
827:
1453:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
534:. These formations are supported by
428:The Y-shaped pseudopods are used by
317:which serve as nucleation sites for
73:adding citations to reliable sources
44:
189:, pseudopodia primarily consist of
167:
24:
915:10.1016/B978-0-12-415915-0.00003-0
25:
2882:
850:
309:Rho GTPases are able to activate
745:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.00196.x
660:
296:G protein-coupled receptors
49:
1624:
1580:Petrie RJ; et al. (2017).
1514:
1400:Petrie RJ; et al. (2012).
1277:
1210:
1153:
517:
361:then activate GTPases back via
60:needs additional citations for
2426:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
939:
898:
821:
447:and cGMP signalling pathways.
338:Rho GTPases can also activate
13:
1:
2396:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
1368:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.039
724:Etienne-Manneville S (2004).
710:
486:
340:phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
294:The chemoattractants bind to
229:
1559:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.12.005
1002:10.1371/journal.pone.0005253
585:
525:
450:
397:on the inner surface of the
262:
154:extending lobose pseudopodia
7:
1299:Xue F; et al. (2010).
689:
10:
2887:
1522:"Pseudopodium | cytoplasm"
1237:10.1038/s41556-022-00997-7
1178:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.050
209:. They are often found in
201:. Pseudopods are used for
29:
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2008:
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1702:
1286:Larsen's Human Embryology
1284:Schoenwolf, Gary (2009).
890:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
796:10.1186/s12931-017-0544-7
409:Without extracellular cue
300:GTPases of the Rho family
1717:Mastigophora/Flagellates
838:Tree of Life Web Project
2755:Baas-Becking hypothesis
1586:Journal of Cell Biology
1526:Encyclopedia Britannica
1478:Journal of Cell Biology
1407:Journal of Cell Biology
1119:Journal of Cell Science
313:which in turn activate
34:. For the podcast, see
2861:Actin-based structures
2750:Microbial biogeography
496:
472:mesenchymal stem cells
302:(e.g. Cdc42, Rac) via
199:intermediate filaments
155:
1770:Fungus-like organisms
1599:10.1083/jcb.201605097
1490:10.1083/jcb.200603013
1420:10.1083/jcb.201201124
494:
342:(PI3K) which recruit
277:Via extracellular cue
256:Entamoeba histolytica
193:and may also contain
150:
2485:Simple cell membrane
2421:Pseudoparenchymatous
2409:Filamentous/trichal/
2393:Colonial flagellated
2326:Collar of microvilli
828:Patterson, David J.
782:Respiratory Research
476:trilaminar germ disc
405:signalling pathway.
319:actin polymerization
220:are broad and thin.
69:improve this article
2699:Contractile vacuole
2650:Meiosis in protists
2631:Mitosis in protists
2609:Multinucleate cells
1831:Flagellar apparatus
1780:Ambiregnal protists
1722:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
1320:10.1155/2010/507821
1224:Nature Cell Biology
1096:2017PhFl...29j1902C
993:2009PLoSO...4.5253B
36:Pseudopod (podcast)
2530:Periplast/pellicle
2253:Periplast/pellicle
2193:Cruciform division
1131:10.1242/jcs.007112
909:. pp. 37–51.
907:Human Parasitology
497:
353:-degrading enzyme
156:
2848:
2847:
2745:Microbial ecology
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2704:Eyespot apparatus
2334:
2333:
2316:Choanoflagellates
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2201:
2200:
2168:
2167:
2034:
2033:
1956:
1955:
1891:
1890:
1231:(10): 1499–1515.
1104:10.1063/1.4990543
1084:Physics of Fluids
924:978-0-12-415915-0
332:amoeboid movement
323:adhesion proteins
298:, which activate
145:
144:
137:
119:
16:(Redirected from
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2719:Mastigont system
2672:
2597:
2574:
2563:Gliding motility
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2423:/plektenchymatic
2379:Amoeboflagellate
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1172:(1–2): 175–188.
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625:(e.g. mammalian
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32:Pseudopod (band)
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2073:Dinoflagellates
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2009:
2004:
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1705:classifications
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1632:"Reticulopodia"
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1362:(14): 2102–11.
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1346:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1215:
1211:
1158:
1154:
1125:(Pt 1): 11–18.
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1111:
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1053:10.1038/nrm1435
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1028:
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560:Testaceafilosia
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520:
489:
453:
411:
399:plasma membrane
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347:
304:G proteins
279:
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243:, for example,
191:actin filaments
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43:
28:
23:
22:
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12:
11:
5:
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2447:Siphonocladous
2445:
2437:
2430:Multinucleated
2427:
2424:
2418:
2416:Parenchymatous
2413:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2355:
2353:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:Kinetoplastids
2209:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1883:Phycobilisomes
1880:
1878:Pit connection
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1857:Phycobilisomes
1854:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1807:Chloroplastida
1799:
1797:Archaeplastida
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1623:
1572:
1537:
1513:
1484:(6): 863–875.
1464:
1443:
1414:(3): 439–455.
1389:
1344:
1291:
1276:
1209:
1152:
1109:
1090:(10): 101902.
1074:
1047:(8): 626–634.
1026:
987:(4): 626–634.
964:
938:
923:
897:
849:
820:
767:
715:
714:
712:
709:
691:
688:
662:
659:
587:
584:
536:microfilaments
527:
524:
519:
516:
488:
485:
484:
483:
468:
452:
449:
410:
407:
395:surface charge
358:
350:
345:
315:Arp2/3 complex
278:
275:
264:
261:
246:Amoeba proteus
152:Amoeba proteus
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2883:
2872:
2871:Cell movement
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:Fertilization
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:Pleuromitosis
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Hydrogenosome
2579:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:Multicellular
2453:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:Dictyostelids
2273:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:Apicomplexans
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Stramenopiles
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1642:on 2007-07-17
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1592:(1): 93–100.
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
954:
953:
948:
947:"Pseudopodia"
942:
934:
930:
926:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
893:
887:
872:
868:
867:"Pseudopodia"
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
839:
835:
831:
824:
816:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
783:
778:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
741:
738:(7): 470–77.
737:
733:
732:
727:
720:
716:
708:
706:
702:
699:observed in "
697:
687:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
672:Chlorarachnea
669:
661:Reticulopodia
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
608:Heterolobosea
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Pseudosporida
565:
564:Vampyrellidae
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:cross-linking
537:
533:
523:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
493:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
457:
456:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
430:Dictyostelium
426:
424:
420:
419:Dictyostelium
415:
406:
404:
403:PI3K/AKT/mTOR
400:
396:
392:
387:
386:for example.
385:
381:
377:
376:
375:D. discoideum
371:
366:
364:
356:
348:
341:
336:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
289:
288:Dictyostelium
284:
274:
272:
271:
260:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:Reticulopodia
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:cell membrane
181:
177:
173:
165:
161:
153:
149:
139:
136:
128:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86: –
85:
84:"Pseudopodia"
81:
80:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2866:Cell anatomy
2796:Heterotrophy
2766:Reproduction
2641:Orthomitosis
2626:Heterokaryon
2573:Mitochondria
2557:
2474:Cell surface
2350:organization
2306:Opisthokonta
2129:Micronucleus
2124:Macronucleus
2026:Pneumatocyst
1842:Glaucophytes
1826:Phragmoplast
1765:Thallophytes
1692:Protistology
1688:Microbiology
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1635:
1626:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1455:Bray, Dennis
1411:
1405:
1359:
1355:FEBS Letters
1353:
1347:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1044:
1040:
984:
980:
956:. Retrieved
950:
941:
906:
900:
875:. Retrieved
870:
841:. Retrieved
833:
823:
786:
780:
770:
735:
729:
719:
696:microtubules
693:
686:(Rhizaria).
681:
675:
668:Foraminifera
664:
616:
606:and in some
589:
580:Opisthokonta
529:
521:
518:Lamellipodia
504:lamellipodia
501:
498:
480:gastrulation
461:phagocytosis
454:
440:
438:
433:
429:
427:
422:
418:
416:
412:
388:
373:
367:
337:
330:
308:
293:
286:
280:
268:
266:
254:
250:
244:
240:
238:
234:phagocytosis
218:Lamellipodia
215:
195:microtubules
175:
171:
164:pseudopodium
163:
159:
157:
151:
131:
125:October 2007
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
2826:Necrotrophy
2811:Saprotrophy
2801:Phagotrophy
2789:Phototrophy
2782:Nutrition:
2771:Life cycles
2762:Development
2736:Ecology and
2604:Nucleomorph
2558:Pseudopodia
2359:Unicellular
2243:Euglenoidea
2227:Kinetoplast
2011:Brown algae
1979:Mastigoneme
1917:Mastigoneme
1907:Cryptophyta
1817:green algae
1775:Slime molds
1553:: 185–211.
619:fibroblasts
576:Nucleariida
384:neutrophils
176:pseudopodia
2855:Categories
2840:Auxotrophy
2835:Mixotrophy
2816:Parasitism
2806:Osmotrophy
2784:Autotrophy
2738:physiology
2614:Plasmodium
2540:Locomotion
2476:structures
2440:Coenocytic
2184:Phytomyxea
2155:Apicoplast
2083:Dinokaryon
2062:Trichocyst
1933:Haptophyte
1821:Phycoplast
1789:Morphology
1760:Cryptogams
1646:2005-12-30
1531:2018-12-16
958:2018-12-16
877:2018-12-16
871:Arcella.nl
843:2017-11-12
834:tolweb.org
711:References
701:Radiolaria
602:and other
487:Morphology
465:macrophage
380:Rho kinase
370:cyclic GMP
283:chemotaxis
253:, such as
251:monopodial
241:polypodial
180:eukaryotic
172:pseudopods
95:newspapers
2821:Biotrophy
2694:Extrusome
2684:Cytostome
2548:Flagellum
2505:Cell wall
2464:/histonal
2444:Siphonous
2435:Syncytial
2403:Coenobial
2399:Sarcinoid
2348:Levels of
2287:Macrocyst
2267:Amoebozoa
2232:Glycosome
2160:Microneme
2040:Alveolata
1948:Haptonema
1943:Coccolith
1922:Periplast
1868:Red algae
1852:Cyanelles
1739:Infusoria
1271:248990694
1245:1476-4679
1186:0092-8674
789:(1): 54.
651:myosin II
639:integrins
635:nesprin 3
631:cytoplasm
604:Amoebozoa
596:endoplasm
592:ectoplasm
586:Lobopodia
574:) and in
532:ectoplasm
526:Filopodia
508:filopodia
451:Functions
327:integrins
270:amoeboids
263:Formation
222:Filopodia
207:ingestion
187:cytoplasm
160:pseudopod
18:Pseudopod
2714:Axostyle
2709:Pyrenoid
2689:Fimbriae
2621:Dikaryon
2586:Mitosome
2515:Skeleton
2500:Frustule
2490:Mucilage
2462:tissular
2386:Colonial
2369:Amoeboid
2364:Monadoid
2292:Sorocarp
2207:Excavate
2174:Rhizaria
2104:Ciliates
2088:Dinocyst
2049:General:
2000:Frustule
1971:General:
1897:Hacrobia
1748:Sporozoa
1743:Ciliates
1732:Heliozoa
1712:Protozoa
1696:Protists
1618:27998990
1567:29551161
1508:16966425
1457:(2001).
1438:22547408
1384:46438967
1376:18396168
1339:20671957
1313:: 1–13.
1263:36202973
1254:10029748
1204:22265410
1147:16367236
1139:18096687
1061:15366706
1021:19384419
981:PLOS ONE
933:83272826
886:cite web
815:28390425
762:23083215
754:15180824
705:Heliozoa
703:" and "
690:Axopodia
683:Filoreta
612:Excavata
572:Rhizaria
556:Rhizaria
544:fimbrins
512:foreskin
232:are the
230:Axopodia
203:motility
2657:Zygotic
2654:Gametic
2596:Nucleus
2374:Coccoid
2339:General
2150:Rhoptry
2057:Alveoli
1990:Diatoms
1727:Testate
1636:eForams
1609:5223602
1499:2064340
1429:3341168
1330:2910478
1195:3308728
1092:Bibcode
1069:5687127
1012:2668753
989:Bibcode
806:5385055
731:Traffic
558:), in "
548:fascins
478:during
441:de novo
434:de novo
423:de novo
391:tension
211:amoebas
109:scholar
2660:Sporic
2638:Closed
2553:Cilium
2510:Lorica
2411:hyphal
2119:Cirrus
2114:Cilium
2021:Lamina
1703:Former
1616:
1606:
1565:
1506:
1496:
1436:
1426:
1382:
1374:
1337:
1327:
1269:
1261:
1251:
1243:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1145:
1137:
1067:
1059:
1019:
1009:
931:
921:
813:
803:
760:
752:
677:Gromia
627:dermis
623:matrix
600:Lobosa
562:", in
552:Filosa
325:(e.g.
111:
104:
97:
90:
82:
40:Proleg
2671:Other
2525:Theca
2495:Scale
2093:Theca
1755:Algae
1380:S2CID
1267:S2CID
1143:S2CID
1065:S2CID
929:S2CID
758:S2CID
655:blebs
116:JSTOR
102:books
2679:Cyst
2635:Open
2520:Test
2458:s.s.
2389:s.s.
1614:PMID
1563:PMID
1504:PMID
1434:PMID
1372:PMID
1335:PMID
1311:2010
1259:PMID
1241:ISSN
1200:PMID
1182:ISSN
1166:Cell
1135:PMID
1057:PMID
1017:PMID
919:ISBN
892:link
811:PMID
750:PMID
680:and
649:and
647:ROCK
643:RhoA
594:and
566:and
546:and
506:and
445:PLA2
355:PTEN
311:WASp
205:and
197:and
88:news
1819:":
1604:PMC
1594:doi
1590:216
1555:doi
1551:337
1494:PMC
1486:doi
1482:174
1424:PMC
1416:doi
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