940:
814:
887:
686:
1023:
909:
59:
31:
770:
357:). Skeletons of some species are composed of hollow bars, instead of solid rods as in Polycystinea. Others have ornate spicules scattered through the external cytoplasm in a variety of forms, including geodesic frameworks, spheres or polyhedra. Other species have porous
361:
that are either bivalved, resembling clams, or vase-like with ornamentations around the opening. Other species have highly branched antler-llike spines stemming from a central shell. Unlike
Polycystinea, the capsular wall surrounding the denser
1094:
clade, but the historical orders and families comprising it aren't. Instead, the clade consists of 11 subclades defined by morphological and phylogenetic values that do not correspond with the traditional orders and families:
2224:
Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E, Cavalier-Smith T (2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of
Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata".
2321:
Nakamura, Yasuhide; Suzuki, Noritoshi (2015). "Chapter 9. Phaeodaria: Diverse Marine
Cercozoans of World-Wide Distribution". In Ohtsuka, Susumu; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Horiguchi, Takeo; Suzuki, Noritoshi; Not, Fabrice (eds.).
580:, and it has been little updated until today. Because of the presence of an organic central capsule and "ray-like pseudopodia", Phaeodaria were historically regarded as
455:
547:
2125:
Polet S, Berney C, Fahrni J, Pawlowski J (2004). "Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of
Phaeodarea challenge the monophyly of Haeckel's Radiolaria".
1825:
1783:
3606:
3525:
248:. They are distinguished by the structure of their central capsule and by the presence of a phaeodium, an aggregate of waste particles within the cell.
3508:
3331:
1721:
1581:
1539:
386:
3611:
3520:
3514:
3321:
3092:
2967:
2809:
1886:
1736:
3595:
3060:
2861:
1957:
1907:
1859:
1844:
1553:
1502:
1356:
170:
322:" or lateral pores, from which thinner strands of cytoplasm protrude. External to the capsule there is a large, often darkly pigmented, mass of
3554:
3464:
3417:
3326:
2977:
2972:
2753:
2008:
2002:
1900:
1894:
1804:
1613:
1566:
1559:
463:
starts with the disappearance of the phaeodium, followed by the dissolution of the capsule and the creation of small plasmodial spheres in the
2495:"Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria"
1967:
1942:
1867:
1852:
1810:
1750:
1744:
1729:
1714:
2814:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1837:
1831:
1798:
1667:
1661:
1640:
1589:
2856:
2758:
1927:
1756:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1574:
1547:
3364:
3080:
3075:
1518:
The modern classification is the following, with the subclass containing a total of 2 orders, 7 suborders, 16 families and 39 genera.
1948:
1708:
596:, assigned to the phylum Actinopoda due to their elaborate siliceous skeletons surrounding the central capsule with pores from which
405:
The continuous, massive strand of cytoplasm in the astropyle of
Phaeodarea provides a pathway to carry digested prey matter into the
576:
researchers. The majority of taxonomic and ecological information regarding
Phaeodaria, studied by German scientists, ended after
2355:
Swanberg N, Bennett P, Lindsey JL, Anderson OR (1986). "The biology of a coelodendrid: a mesopelagic phaeodarian radiolarian".
2339:
2063:
2046:
Boltovskoy D, Anderson OR, Correa NM (2017). "Radiolaria and
Phaeodaria". In Archibald JM, Simpson AGB, Slamovits CH (eds.).
1489:, containing phaeodarea with a highly perforated, shell-like opaline silica skeleton. Contains the remaining five suborders:
3695:
813:
389:
are generally smaller than a few hundred μm. Some phaeodarians with spherical skeletons are similar to
Polycystinea and
2586:
2082:
Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, et al. (2012).
939:
393:(Radiolaria), although they are more porous and fragile. Some species of the family Challengeriidae resemble marine
2620:
2265:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, et al. (2019).
244:, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the
2615:
527:. They have not been reported from brackish and high-salinity environments, but they are present in all oceans.
2552:
2424:
2165:
Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, Bolivar I, Polet S, Mylnikov AP, Aleshin VV, Petrov NB, Pawlowski J (2004).
568:
group often broken by normal sampling methods and not very abundant in comparison with other organisms in the
2699:
2689:
2672:
449:
Sexual reproduction of
Phaeodaria has not been confirmed, but the release of motile swarmers that are likely
2545:
2447:
sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked
Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa".
58:
3685:
886:
464:
338:
2704:
604:
251:
The term "Radiozoa" has been used to refer to radiolaria when Phaeodarea is explicitly excluded.
2384:"Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists, Phaeodaria (Rhizaria, Cercozoa)"
274:. Unlike true radiolarians, there are no cross-bridges between them. They also lack symbiotic
2579:
323:
2557:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 981–994.
2167:"The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes"
685:
2667:
1655:
44:
1022:
397:, but can be correctly distinguished by the presence of a phaeodium and absence of grooves.
460:
8:
3680:
908:
283:
3690:
2684:
2662:
2650:
2625:
2521:
2494:
2291:
2266:
2110:
2083:
1473:
skeleton or with a skeleton made of simple radiating spicules. Contains two suborders:
616:
208:
53:
2201:
2166:
3658:
3035:
2931:
2694:
2657:
2645:
2635:
2572:
2526:
2472:
2464:
2405:
2368:
2335:
2296:
2242:
2206:
2188:
2142:
2100:
2059:
1529:
1474:
1377:
1017:
150:
3642:
3459:
3238:
2995:
2609:
2516:
2506:
2456:
2395:
2364:
2327:
2286:
2278:
2234:
2196:
2178:
2134:
2105:
2095:
2051:
1462:
maintains the original classification of suborders divided between two new orders:
500:
378:
623:, while the ecologically different "true" Radiolaria belong to the related phylum
3646:
3183:
2460:
2400:
2383:
2055:
410:
2331:
2238:
3601:
3412:
3316:
3045:
2921:
2781:
2737:
2640:
1994:
1694:
1647:
1490:
1459:
1342:
1062:
808:
656:
646:
539:
492:
394:
346:
185:
96:
83:
2511:
3674:
3502:
3474:
3290:
3087:
2987:
2801:
2786:
2468:
2192:
1984:
1775:
1632:
1506:
1349:
680:
666:
569:
520:
504:
468:
358:
262:
is divided by a cape with three openings, of which one gives rise to feeding
175:
131:
39:
2267:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
2183:
3625:
3543:
3482:
3454:
3435:
3424:
3406:
3397:
3387:
3223:
3188:
3175:
3165:
3070:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3022:
2908:
2898:
2833:
2776:
2768:
2530:
2476:
2409:
2300:
2246:
2210:
2146:
1876:
1817:
1790:
1765:
1684:
1622:
1498:
1494:
1478:
1370:
1363:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1091:
934:
848:
608:
585:
414:
382:
350:
196:
180:
165:
155:
116:
2564:
2138:
1090:
Through phylogenetic analyses it has been discovered that Phaeodarea is a
3497:
3492:
3359:
3354:
3341:
3233:
3193:
2791:
1702:
577:
531:
508:
488:
472:
422:
300:
279:
267:
2050:(2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 731–763.
330:" which contains undigested or partially digested food or debris. Their
3634:
3560:
3444:
3349:
3308:
3298:
3280:
3228:
3203:
3198:
3000:
2954:
2936:
2926:
1975:
1001:
903:
881:
860:
589:
581:
542:
426:
390:
374:
370:
354:
241:
30:
2282:
3487:
3449:
3152:
2962:
2879:
2223:
1047:
723:
636:
632:
535:
418:
406:
363:
315:
310:
containing two kinds of pores or openings: the large type, known as "
307:
263:
259:
70:
3654:
3650:
3548:
3160:
3135:
2871:
2726:
2679:
2595:
988:
745:
735:
628:
620:
597:
593:
573:
524:
496:
476:
434:
430:
303:
245:
237:
234:
106:
3638:
3264:
2382:
Nakamura Y, Imai I, Yamaguchi A, Tuji A, Not F, Suzuki N (2015).
835:
769:
624:
565:
512:
1470:
450:
342:
331:
271:
255:
2354:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
612:
516:
438:
2164:
2026:
275:
2124:
254:
Phaeodarea produce hollow skeletons composed of amorphous
2381:
2045:
592:. The marine Radiolaria were, along with the freshwater
2492:
2357:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
2081:
545:
are reported to infect species of Phaeodaria, such as
2416:
2488:
2486:
258:and organic material, which rarely fossilize. The
2442:
2375:
2160:
2158:
2156:
572:, Phaeodaria have attracted little attention from
433:prey. When introduced in the laboratory cultures,
2543:
2483:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
306:that grow a capsule with a thick, double-layered
3672:
2264:
2171:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2153:
607:, Actinopoda was rendered invalid due to being
471:amoebae that eventually form swarmers with two
314:" or oral pore, from which a massive strand of
2907:
2736:
2537:
2320:
2307:
2580:
639:of all groups of "Actinopoda" (highlighted).
530:Very little is known about their role in the
240:organisms. They are traditionally considered
3385:
2986:
2551:. In Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradbury P (eds.).
2438:
2436:
2429:. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, New York.
417:. Among the limited evidence of phaeodarian
349:. They may contain more organic matter than
3021:
2896:
2831:
2594:
2493:Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (2018).
2217:
2118:
467:; each of the spheres produces hundreds of
318:protrudes; and the smaller type, known as "
3278:
2587:
2573:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2084:"The revised classification of eukaryotes"
2077:
2075:
29:
2953:
2520:
2510:
2433:
2399:
2290:
2200:
2182:
2109:
2099:
2723:
1513:
369:Their cell size ranges from hundreds of
266:, and the others let through bundles of
3133:
2842:
2422:
2324:Marine Protists: Diversity and Dymanics
2253:
2072:
3673:
1458:Despite this, the current taxonomy by
1215:clade E
2568:
2227:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
615:. Phaeodaria are now classified as a
453:is widely documented. In the species
2326:. Springer Japan. pp. 223–249.
2443:Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2012). "
13:
2271:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2088:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
289:
14:
3707:
2554:Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa
2544:Takahashi K, Anderson OR (2000).
421:, it was reported in 1986 that a
294:
2101:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
1469:, containing phaeodarea with no
1021:
938:
907:
885:
812:
768:
684:
441:also were snared by phaeodaria.
57:
499:that play an important role in
444:
2348:
554:
425:phaeodarian had absorbed micro
1:
2019:
1528:Suborder Phaeogymnocellina (=
366:of Phaeodarea lacks fusules.
278:, generally living below the
2461:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005
2401:10.1016/j.protis.2015.05.004
2369:10.1016/0198-0149(86)90105-6
2056:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_19
1085:
400:
7:
3696:Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel
2426:The biology of the Protozoa
2332:10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_9
2239:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.001
487:Phaeodaria are exclusively
377:, roughly depending on the
10:
3712:
1938:Loeblich & Tappan 1961
631:supergroup. The following
559:
482:
381:. For example, species of
3620:
3585:
3534:
3473:
3434:
3396:
3381:
3340:
3307:
3289:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3216:
3174:
3151:
3144:
3129:
3017:
2949:
2917:
2892:
2870:
2849:
2827:
2800:
2767:
2746:
2719:
2603:
2512:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1
1683:Suborder Phaeosphaeria (=
1426:
1413:
1406:
1393:
1318:
1295:
1282:
1275:
1253:
1213:
1200:
1193:
1180:
1173:
1151:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1060:
1045:
1014:
999:
992:
931:
900:
878:
871:
864:
846:
839:
805:
783:
763:
756:
749:
739:
721:
699:
677:
670:
660:
650:
627:, both within the higher
456:Coelodendrum ramosissimum
282:, and do not produce any
214:
207:
202:
195:
144:
139:
54:Scientific classification
52:
37:
28:
23:
2048:Handbook of the Protists
1983:Suborder Phaeodendria (=
1956:Suborder Phaeoconchia (=
1621:Suborder Phaeocystina (=
1534:Cachon & Cachon 1985
2184:10.1073/pnas.0308602101
1875:Suborder Phaeogromia (=
1764:Suborder Phaeocalpia (=
605:molecular phylogenetics
511:) that chiefly live in
337:Most Phaeodaria have a
341:composed of amorphous
2139:10.1078/1434461000164
1514:Modern classification
637:phylogenetic position
548:Syndinium nucleophaga
332:mitochondrial cristae
45:Kunstformen der Natur
1677:Order Opaloconchida
701:other stramenopiles
409:, similarly to some
3633:organization type:
2423:Calkins GN (1926).
1679:Cavalier-Smith 2012
1585:Cachon-Enjumet 1961
1570:Cachon-Enjumet 1961
1543:Cachon-Enjumet 1961
1524:Cavalier-Smith 2012
385:exceed 3 mm, while
3267:
3263:
2546:"Class Phaeodaria"
339:siliceous skeleton
326:cytoplasm called "
284:strontium sulphate
38:"Phaeodaria" from
3668:
3667:
3651:heliozoan amoebae
3643:amoeboflagellates
3607:Labyrinthomyxidae
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3526:Globigerinitoidea
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3212:
3211:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3036:Phaeogymnocellida
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
2945:
2944:
2932:Paracercomonadida
2888:
2887:
2823:
2822:
2341:978-4-431-55130-0
2283:10.1111/jeu.12691
2177:(21): 8066–8071.
2065:978-3-319-28149-0
1530:Phaeogymnocellida
1475:Phaeogymnocellina
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1379:Phaeogymnocellida
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1264:
1263:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1162:
1161:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1034:
1033:
1018:Centroplasthelida
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
920:
919:
825:
824:
794:
793:
710:
709:
501:marine ecosystems
270:that support the
224:
223:
151:Phaeogymnocellida
135:
16:Class of protists
3703:
3686:Rhizaria classes
3460:Silicoloculinida
3394:
3393:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3239:Plasmodiophorida
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3019:
3018:
2996:Thaumatomonadida
2984:
2983:
2951:
2950:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2632:
2612:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2505:(5): 1517–1574.
2490:
2481:
2480:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2186:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2043:
1999:
1990:
1972:
1963:
1939:
1912:
1891:
1882:
1864:
1863:Reschetnjak 1966
1849:
1822:
1795:
1780:
1771:
1741:
1726:
1699:
1690:
1680:
1652:
1637:
1628:
1586:
1571:
1544:
1535:
1525:
1409:
1408:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1278:
1277:
1196:
1195:
1176:
1175:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1025:
995:
994:
942:
911:
889:
874:
873:
867:
866:
842:
841:
816:
772:
759:
758:
752:
751:
742:
741:
688:
673:
672:
663:
662:
653:
652:
643:
642:
534:and about their
219:
203:400-500 species
130:
62:
61:
33:
21:
20:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3647:testate amoebae
3616:
3565:
3530:
3509:Globotruncanida
3469:
3430:
3386:
3369:
3336:
3332:Symphyacanthida
3303:
3279:
3262:
3245:
3208:
3184:Claustrosporida
3170:
3134:
3097:
3005:
2982:
2941:
2897:
2884:
2866:
2832:
2819:
2796:
2763:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2630:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2491:
2484:
2445:Oxnerella micra
2441:
2434:
2421:
2417:
2380:
2376:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2319:
2308:
2263:
2254:
2222:
2218:
2163:
2154:
2123:
2119:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2044:
2027:
2022:
1997:
1988:
1970:
1961:
1937:
1910:
1889:
1880:
1862:
1847:
1820:
1793:
1778:
1769:
1739:
1724:
1722:Cannosphaeridae
1697:
1688:
1678:
1650:
1635:
1626:
1584:
1582:Atlanticellidae
1569:
1542:
1540:Phaeosphaeridae
1533:
1523:
1522:Order Eodarida
1516:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1265:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1163:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1035:
979:
970:
961:
952:
921:
826:
795:
711:
562:
557:
485:
447:
411:testate amoebae
403:
395:dinoflagellates
387:Challengeriidae
299:Phaeodarea are
297:
292:
290:Characteristics
217:
129:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3655:sporozoan-like
3631:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3612:Rhizoplasmidae
3609:
3604:
3602:Gymnosphaerida
3599:
3591:
3589:
3587:Incertae sedis
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3536:Incertae sedis
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3521:Guembelitriida
3517:
3515:Heterohelicida
3511:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3413:Xenophyophorea
3410:
3403:
3401:
3391:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Chaunocanthida
3319:
3317:Arthracanthida
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3269:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3093:Ventricleftida
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Phaeosphaerida
3043:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Spongomonadida
2965:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Glissomonadida
2918:
2912:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2810:Chlorarachnida
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Desmothoracida
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2738:Reticulofilosa
2731:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:Mesomycetozoea
2702:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2641:Diaphoretickes
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:classification
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2536:
2482:
2455:(4): 574–601.
2432:
2415:
2394:(3): 363–373.
2374:
2347:
2340:
2306:
2252:
2216:
2152:
2117:
2094:(5): 429–493.
2071:
2064:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1995:Coelodendridae
1981:
1980:
1979:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1931:
1904:
1887:Challengeridae
1873:
1872:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1814:
1787:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1737:Sagosphaeridae
1733:
1718:
1695:Aulosphaeridae
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1648:Astracanthidae
1644:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1578:
1563:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1483:
1482:
1460:Cavalier-Smith
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:Archaeplastida
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
998:
993:
991:
985:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
914:
913:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
857:
856:
853:
852:
845:
840:
838:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
809:Desmothoracida
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
787:
785:core Cercozoa
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
740:
738:
732:
731:
728:
727:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
676:
671:
669:
661:
659:
651:
649:
647:Diaphoretickes
641:
619:of the phylum
561:
558:
556:
553:
540:Dinoflagellate
493:holoplanktonic
484:
481:
469:multinucleated
446:
443:
402:
399:
347:organic matter
296:
295:Cell structure
293:
291:
288:
233:is a group of
222:
221:
212:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
186:Phaeosphaerida
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:Opaloconchida
160:
159:
158:
153:
142:
141:
137:
136:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
84:Diaphoretickes
81:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:Globigerinida
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3475:Globothalamea
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3291:Sticholonchea
3288:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Tectofilosida
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:Phaeoconchida
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:Silicofilosea
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2937:Cercomonadida
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2862:Metromonadida
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:Chlorarachnea
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Leucodictyida
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Stramenopiles
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:(major groups
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:(1): 255–66.
2232:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:Phaeodendrida
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:Phaeoconchida
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:Medusettiidae
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:Polypyramidae
1857:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:Porospathidae
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:Castanellidae
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:Aulacanthidae
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:Phaeodactylis
1550:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Phaeosphaeria
1488:
1487:Opaloconchida
1485:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1358:Phaeoconchida
1353:
1351:Phaeodendrida
1346:
1344:Phaeospherida
1339:
1332:
1325:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
956:
955:
947:
946:
943:
941:
937:
936:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
912:
910:
906:
905:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
888:
884:
883:
876:
875:
869:
868:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
844:
843:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
817:
815:
811:
810:
803:
802:
799:
798:
790:
789:
786:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
771:
767:
761:
760:
754:
753:
747:
744:
743:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
706:
705:
702:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
687:
683:
682:
681:Actinophryida
675:
674:
668:
667:Stramenopiles
665:
664:
658:
655:
654:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:natural group
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:, along with
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:euphotic zone
567:
552:
550:
549:
544:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:heterotrophic
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
334:are tubular.
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
249:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
220:
213:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Phaeodendrida
174:
172:
171:Phaeoconchida
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
145:
143:
138:
133:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
40:Ernst Haeckel
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3626:paraphyletic
3596:Lapot gusevi
3594:
3586:
3555:Heterogromia
3553:
3544:Involutinida
3535:
3483:Textulariida
3465:Ammodiscidae
3455:Spirillinida
3436:Tubothalamea
3425:Reticulomyxa
3423:
3418:Astrorhizida
3407:Allogromiida
3398:Monothalamea
3388:Foraminifera
3342:Polycystinea
3327:Holocanthida
3224:Vampyrellida
3189:Haplosporida
3176:Ascetosporea
3166:Reticulosida
3071:Cryomonadida
3056:Phaeogromida
3051:Phaeocalpida
3041:Phaeocystida
3030:
3023:Thecofilosea
2978:Variglissida
2973:Marimonadida
2909:Sarcomonadea
2899:Ventrifilosa
2850:Metromonadea
2834:Monadofilosa
2777:Cryptofilida
2769:Granofilosea
2754:Aquavolonida
2690:Opisthokonta
2553:
2539:
2502:
2498:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2425:
2418:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2363:(1): 15–25.
2360:
2356:
2350:
2323:
2277:(1): 4–119.
2274:
2270:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2174:
2170:
2133:(1): 53–63.
2130:
2126:
2120:
2091:
2087:
2047:
2009:Coelographis
2007:
2003:Coelodendrum
2001:
1998:Haeckel 1887
1989:Haeckel 1887
1974:
1971:Haeckel 1887
1962:Haeckel 1887
1947:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1911:Haeckel 1887
1901:Challengeron
1899:
1895:Challengeria
1893:
1881:Haeckel 1887
1877:Phaeogromida
1866:
1851:
1848:Borgert 1900
1836:
1830:
1824:
1821:Haeckel 1887
1818:Tuscaroridae
1809:
1805:Circospathis
1803:
1797:
1794:Haeckel 1887
1791:Circoporidae
1782:
1779:Haecker 1906
1770:Haeckel 1887
1766:Phaeocalpida
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:Haeckel 1887
1728:
1725:Haeckel 1887
1713:
1707:
1701:
1698:Haeckel 1887
1689:Haeckel 1887
1685:Phaeocystida
1666:
1660:
1654:
1651:Haeckel 1887
1639:
1636:Haeckel 1887
1627:Haeckel 1887
1623:Phaeocystida
1614:Planktonetta
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1573:
1567:Phaeodinidae
1560:Phaeosphaera
1558:
1552:
1546:
1517:
1507:Phaeodendria
1503:Phaeoconchia
1486:
1479:Phaeocystina
1466:
1457:
1427:
1414:
1394:
1372:Phaeocystida
1365:Phaeocystida
1337:Phaeocalpida
1330:Phaeogromida
1323:Phaeogromida
1296:
1283:
1254:
1214:
1201:
1181:
1152:
1139:
1092:monophyletic
1089:
1061:
1046:
1016:
1015:
1000:
935:Polycystinea
933:
932:
902:
901:
880:
879:
849:Foraminifera
847:
807:
806:
784:
765:
764:
722:
700:
679:
678:
609:polyphyletic
602:
586:Polycystinea
563:
546:
529:
495:unicellular
486:
454:
448:
445:Reproduction
415:foraminifera
404:
383:Tuscaroridae
368:
351:Polycystinea
336:
327:
319:
311:
298:
268:microtubules
253:
250:
242:radiolarians
230:
226:
225:
218:Hertwig 1879
215:
181:Phaeogromida
166:Phaeocalpida
156:Phaeocystida
126:
117:Thecofilosea
90:
77:
43:
18:
3659:fungus-like
3635:flagellates
3498:Carterinida
3493:Robertinida
3360:Spumellaria
3355:Nassellaria
3234:Phagomyxida
3217:Proteomyxia
3194:Mikrocytida
2792:Limnofilida
2747:Skiomonadea
2499:Protoplasma
1968:Concharidae
1943:Borgertella
1890:Murray 1886
1868:Polypyramis
1853:Porospathis
1811:Haeckeliana
1751:Sagenoscena
1745:Sagenoarium
1730:Coelocantha
1715:Aulotractus
1703:Aulosphaera
1656:Astracantha
1499:Phaeogromia
1495:Phaeocalpia
578:World War I
555:Systematics
543:necrotrophs
532:trophic web
519:, from the
509:zooplankton
503:. They are
473:undulipodia
423:mesopelagic
375:millimetres
371:micrometres
301:unicellular
280:photic zone
24:Phaeodarea
3681:Phaeodaria
3675:Categories
3561:Komokiacea
3445:Fusulinida
3350:Collodaria
3309:Acantharea
3299:Taxopodida
3281:Radiolaria
3229:Phytomyxea
3204:Paramyxida
3199:Paradinida
3031:Phaeodarea
3001:Euglyphida
2955:Imbricatea
2927:Katabiidae
2815:Minorisida
2020:References
1976:Conchidium
1935:Lirellidae
1922:Gazelletta
1916:Euphysetta
1838:Tuscaretta
1832:Tuscarilla
1799:Circoporus
1668:Castanissa
1662:Castanella
1641:Aulacantha
1590:Gymnocelia
1002:Haptophyta
904:Taxopodida
882:Acantharea
861:Radiolaria
766:Phaeodarea
635:shows the
590:Acantharea
582:Radiolaria
507:plankton (
427:flagellate
391:Acantharea
355:Radiolaria
345:joined by
312:astropylum
264:pseudopods
231:Phaeodaria
227:Phaeodarea
127:Phaeodaria
123:Subclass:
3691:Amoeboids
3488:Rotaliida
3450:Miliolida
3153:Gromiidea
3145:Marimyxia
3067:Eothecia
2963:Krakenida
2880:Helkesida
2857:Metopiida
2759:Tremulida
2685:Amoebozoa
2663:Alveolata
2651:Cryptista
2626:Eukaryota
2469:1434-4610
2193:0027-8424
1928:Medusetta
1826:Tuscarora
1757:Sagoscena
1608:Miracelia
1602:Lobocelia
1596:Halocelia
1575:Phaeodina
1548:Phaeopyla
1086:Phylogeny
1048:Cryptista
724:Alveolata
633:cladogram
536:predators
465:ectoplasm
461:dispersal
419:predation
407:endoplasm
401:Nutrition
373:to a few
364:endoplasm
328:phaeodium
320:parapylae
316:cytoplasm
260:endoplasm
238:cercozoan
216:Tripylea
197:Diversity
147:Eodarida
71:Eukaryota
3630:†extinct
3549:Lagenida
3365:Orodaria
3161:Gromiida
3136:Endomyxa
3081:Matazida
3076:Ebriacea
2872:Helkesea
2843:Eoglissa
2727:Cercozoa
2680:Amorphea
2658:Rhizaria
2646:Hacrobia
2636:Excavata
2621:Bacteria
2596:Rhizaria
2531:29666938
2477:22317961
2410:26083083
2301:30257078
2247:17174576
2211:15148395
2147:15144058
1784:Castanea
1467:Eodarida
1428:clade K
1415:clade J
1395:clade I
1297:clade H
1284:clade G
1255:clade F
1202:clade D
1182:clade C
1153:clade B
1140:clade A
989:Haptista
746:Cercozoa
736:Rhizaria
629:Rhizaria
621:Cercozoa
617:subclass
611:, not a
603:Through
600:emerge.
598:axopodia
594:Heliozoa
574:plankton
525:deep sea
497:protists
477:flagella
435:copepods
431:metazoan
324:granular
304:protists
246:Cercozoa
235:amoeboid
209:Synonyms
107:Cercozoa
103:Phylum:
67:Domain:
3639:amoebae
3265:Retaria
2695:Animals
2616:Archaea
2522:6133090
2449:Protist
2388:Protist
2292:6492006
2127:Protist
2111:3483872
1993:Family
1966:Family
1949:Lirella
1933:Family
1906:Family
1885:Family
1858:Family
1843:Family
1816:Family
1789:Family
1774:Family
1735:Family
1720:Family
1709:Aularia
1693:Family
1646:Family
1631:Family
1580:Family
1565:Family
1538:Family
836:Retaria
625:Retaria
566:protist
560:History
523:to the
521:surface
513:pelagic
483:Ecology
451:gametes
272:axopods
140:Orders
132:Haeckel
113:Class:
48:, 1904
2729:
2725:
2673:Plants
2610:Domain
2529:
2519:
2475:
2467:
2408:
2338:
2299:
2289:
2245:
2209:
2202:419558
2199:
2191:
2145:
2108:
2062:
1471:silica
517:oceans
489:marine
379:family
359:shells
343:silica
256:silica
2700:Fungi
2549:(PDF)
564:As a
515:open
439:salps
276:algae
91:Clade
78:Clade
2527:PMID
2473:PMID
2465:ISSN
2406:PMID
2336:ISBN
2297:PMID
2243:PMID
2207:PMID
2189:ISSN
2143:PMID
2060:ISBN
1505:and
1477:and
588:and
437:and
429:and
413:and
308:wall
134:1879
2517:PMC
2507:doi
2503:255
2457:doi
2453:163
2396:doi
2392:166
2365:doi
2328:doi
2287:PMC
2279:doi
2235:doi
2197:PMC
2179:doi
2175:101
2135:doi
2131:155
2106:PMC
2096:doi
2052:doi
657:SAR
479:).
229:or
97:SAR
42:'s
3677::
3657:;
3653:;
3649:;
3645:;
3641:;
3637:;
2525:.
2515:.
2501:.
2497:.
2485:^
2471:.
2463:.
2451:.
2435:^
2404:.
2390:.
2386:.
2361:33
2359:.
2334:.
2309:^
2295:.
2285:.
2275:66
2273:.
2269:.
2255:^
2241:.
2231:44
2229:.
2205:.
2195:.
2187:.
2173:.
2169:.
2155:^
2141:.
2129:.
2104:.
2092:59
2090:.
2086:.
2074:^
2058:.
2028:^
2006:,
2000:–
1987:)
1973:–
1960:)
1946:,
1940:–
1925:,
1919:,
1913:–
1898:,
1892:–
1879:)
1865:–
1850:–
1835:,
1829:,
1823:–
1808:,
1802:,
1796:–
1781:–
1768:)
1754:,
1748:,
1742:–
1727:–
1712:,
1706:,
1700:–
1687:)
1665:,
1659:,
1653:–
1638:–
1625:)
1611:,
1605:,
1599:,
1593:,
1587:–
1572:–
1557:,
1551:,
1545:–
1532:)
1501:,
1497:,
1493:,
551:.
538:.
491:,
459:,
286:.
93::
80::
3661:.
3624:*
3519:†
3513:†
3507:†
3443:†
3420:*
3409:*
3400:*
2911:*
2740:*
2707:)
2588:e
2581:t
2574:v
2533:.
2509::
2479:.
2459::
2412:.
2398::
2371:.
2367::
2344:.
2330::
2303:.
2281::
2249:.
2237::
2213:.
2181::
2149:.
2137::
2114:.
2098::
2068:.
2054::
1509:.
1481:.
475:(
353:(
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