29:
194:
183:
171:
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149:
105:
130:
117:
598:, in his novel Paradise in the Other Corner, also recreates this episode of the Civil War. He emphasized the ridiculousness of the situation, according to his European perspective, the confrontation between tiny armies poorly armed and dressed, under the command of uneducated officers, who were constantly changing sides. He does, however, make an exception: the highly enlightened officer Clemente Althaus, from Germany.
65:
491:, on January 3, 1834. There, he installed the seat of his government and began to relieve the Gamarristas of high command of the Army. In response to this action, the Lima garrison revolted the next day and proclaimed BermĂşdez Supreme Chief. Immediately afterwards, the Bermudist troops besieged the fortress of Callao.
644:
On his side, BermĂşdez, also with a small army but with disciplined veterans, undertook the withdrawal from the Jauja Valley in
Ayacucho's direction to join with General FrĂas, prefect of the department. He did not enjoy popular support, neither did his troops feel any attachment to him, since he did
511:
At dusk, the rest of the army that besieged Callao arrived, led by
Mariscala (Gamarra's wife), who was dressed as a man. The population stood firm, repelling the Bermudist attack. According to the historian Basadre, it was the first time in Peruvian history that the people in Lima successfully faced
507:
On
January 28, 1834, a part of the Bermudist forces that besieged Callao retreated to the mountains, due to the perceived unsuccessfulness of said site. Lima, fearing that Bermudists passing through the capital would indulge in looting, rose up to fight, arming themselves with stones and a few guns.
474:
Orbegoso assumed power on 21 December 1833, counting on the approval of the city. His ascension to power meant the end of
Gamarra’s government, which had been worn down because of his authoritarian beliefs. However, the supporters of Gamarra, who continued to control key positions of power, harassed
728:
convinced the rest of the
Bermudist officers to reach a peaceful agreement with Orbegoso, regardless of BermĂşdez's opinion. The officers were aware that they were fighting for a lost cause, as they had no popular support at all and were bereft of any resources to continue the fight. Therefore, they
437:
to stir up a rebellion against the new government. The rebellion began in
January 1834. The people divided themselves into two factions: the Bermudistas and the Orbegosistas. After several months of fighting on different fronts, the factions peacefully reconciled in what is called the Embrace of
567:
In
Arequipa, General Nieto, gathered the townspeople in the Plaza de Armas. There, sobbing, according to an eyewitness, he made the people known of the BermĂşdez coup and announced his desire to defend the constitutional order till the end. He assumed military command of the department, with the
697:
With the lack of the
Orbegoist Cavalry's intervention, FrĂas thought he could win them over, as he once had been their commander, and approached them with an officer and five soldiers. However, Loyola attacked them and FrĂas died by a spear. Loyola then gathered and reorganized the dispersed
578:
In a first meeting in
Miraflores, on April 2, Nieto defeated San Román. He was then forced to retreat to the heights of Cangallo. Nieto allowed himself to be drawn by San Román to a meeting, however, negotiations didn't come to fruition and they only served San Román to gain more time.
660:. As a result of the skirmish, Miller was forced to retreat to Huaylacucho (west of Huancavelica). Concurrently, Orbegoso arrived at Jauja, and knowing that Miller was preparing for an encounter with the enemy forces, he sent two battalions to his aid.
494:
At national level, BermĂşdez's authority was obeyed by some garrisons. However, his army began suffering desertions, even more so when news arrived from
Arequipa - the most important city in Peru after Lima - that they were in favor of Orbegoso.
503:
Lima was against the coup as well. Many daily activities were suspended as a result of it, public shows stopped working and numerous shops closed their doors. During the night, many citizens went to Callao to aid the besieged Real Felipe.
475:
the new administration with the intention of demolishing it and placing Bermúdez as the new president. They claimed that the presidency of Orbegoso was illegal because it was not the National Convention’s place to select the president.
582:
On April 5, Nieto attacked San Román in Cangallo, and while it seemed he was winning the fight, a counterattack from the Bermudistas changed the situation. Thus, Nieto's forces withdrew in disorder and San Román occupied Arequipa.
450:
ended. Because a successor had not been chosen due to failed elections months before, the National Convention (a congress of constituents) agreed to choose a provisional president. Gamarra and the conservatives supported candidate
515:
BermĂşdez and his supporters, seeing that there was nothing to be done in Lima, continued their march up into the mountains. On the morning of the following day, Orbegoso entered Lima triumphantly, cheered by the crowd.
889:. Tomo 3. Primera Independencia Nacional y Revolución Peruana. Con el auspicio del Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas. Impreso en Talleres Gráficos de Iberia S.A. Lima, agosto de 1973.
679:
On the dawn of April 17, a column of Bermudists under General FrĂas advanced towards the vanguard of Miller's right wing. In order to halt the attack, Miller sent Commander Solar and then the
649:, discloses in his memoirs that he agreed with FrĂas to depose BermĂşdez once they were finished with Orbegoso. Subsequent events would modify his initial plan, but not his original idea.
575:, prefect of the department, declared himself in favour of BermĂşdez and began marching towards Arequipa. The Arequipans, despite poorly armed, were enthusiastic and prepared to fight.
590:
was in Arequipa. She recounted the atmosphere that was lived in the city and how high society suddenly changed loyalty according to where victory seemed to be going in her book,
740:, where they found the Orbegoists in battle formation. After placing their weapons down, both armies advanced and clasped in a fraternal embrace. This unique episode in
899:
Perea, Natalia Sobrevilla. “Power of the Law or Power of the Sword: the Conflictive Relationship between the Executive and the Legislative in Nineteenth-Century Peru.”
227:
848:
399:
701:
The Orbegoists had suffered 50 dead and about 32 wounded, as well as 200 dispersed. BermĂşdez did not pursue the Orbegosists, who regrouped and retreated to
686:
Subjected to incessant fire, the Orbegoists chose to withdraw. In a disorderly manner, they crossed river and many drowned. Contemplating the disaster,
471:. The voting was carried out in the midst of the Convention, where Orbegoso received 47 votes, BermĂşdez received 37, and Nieto received only one.
606:
Meanwhile, in Lima, the National Convention resumed its work and gave Orbegoso power to end war. On March 20, 1834, Orbegoso left command to the
676:
battalion (under Salaverry's command) with the cavalry squadrons commanded by Loyola on the left. In total they numbered around 1,350 men.
220:
694:
battalion and managed to stop the Bermudists, facilitating the withdrawal of their own and thus saving them from complete destruction.
668:
The battle of Huaylacucho was in a disadvantageous terrain for the Orbegoists. But even so, Miller arranged his line, placing the
712:
Although there were tactical movements, cavalry charges and a few shots, this wasn't a battle in the full sense of the word, but
213:
756:
With the constitutional order restored, the country abided by the legitimate authority of Orbegoso, who then returned to
296:
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266:
237:
369:
875:. Serie “Peruanos Imprescindibles”, Libro 8. Impreso y publicado por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A., Lima, 2005.
880:
842:
634:
656:, BermĂşdez continued his march towards Ayacucho, closely followed by Miller. The vanguards of both forces met near
467:, the famous liberal clergyman who presided over the assembly, was like a son to Orbegoso. The other candidate was
464:
28:
347:
607:
358:
923:
343:
329:
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351:
928:
865:. La RepĂşblica (1833-1843). Octavo Tomo. Primera EdiciĂłn. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, PerĂş, 1971.
683:
battalion as support. However, the Bermudists were able to repel the attack and took over Huaylacucho.
286:
281:
271:
724:
The battle of Huaylacucho had little consequences. A final meeting was expected, but it was then when
687:
638:
540:
411:
410:. Although the revolutionaries surrendered, Obregoso was overthrown the next year by his subordinate
301:
175:
421:
The Peruvian Civil War of 1834, also known as the BermĂşdez Revolution, was a conflict that began in
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resulting in a victory for the revolutionaries. On April 24, 1834, there was another clash near
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8:
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903:, vol. 37, no. 2, 29 June 2017, pp. 220–234., doi:10.1080/02606755.2017.1334326.
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for the second time triumphantly (May 3, 1834). Gamarra and his wife, who were in
741:
438:
Maquinhuayo. This was the first civil war in the history of Peru as a republic.
544:
39:
855:. Tomos I. De San MartĂn a LeguĂa. Lima, AFA Editores Importadores S.A., 1985.
917:
830:
587:
533:
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and, at the head of a small army, marched to the central highlands, towards
706:
657:
403:
892:
Delaney, Robert W. “General Miller and the Confederación Perú-Boliviana.”
771:, resulting in her death at 32. On the other side, Gamarra took refuge in
645:
not care to encourage or satisfy their needs. One of his main officers,
837:, Tomo 2. Editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A. Lima, 2005.
729:
proceeded to depose BermĂşdez and sent emissaries to the Orbegoso camp.
822:
Delaney, “General Miller and the Confederación Perú-Boliviana”, 218.
558:
and his army. This campaign would decide the final result of the war.
205:
764:, were surprised by a popular riot, causing them to flee on May 18.
761:
653:
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Although Orbegoso had under his command competent officers such as
529:
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battalion on the right, the Lima battalion in the center and the
134:
488:
768:
737:
611:
543:, on Orbegoso's side, captured General Francisco de Vidal in
536:
tried to defend the constitutional order, ultimately failing.
429:
as the country’s provisional president. Former president and
407:
86:
Reconciliation of government forces and the Bermudist rebels.
767:
Disguised as a clergyman, La Mariscala secretly embarked to
757:
455:, while the liberals that dominated the assembly supported
422:
70:
908:
Latin America's Wars: the Age of the Caudillo, 1791-1899
483:
Fearing a coup, Orbegoso decided to take refuge in the
813:
Perea, “Power of the Law or Power of the Sword", 224.
748:
The Bermudists recognized the authority of Orbegoso.
398:. On April 17, 1834, the two sides clashed in the
519:
446:On December 20, 1833, the constitutional term of
915:
779:, with whom he would plot the invasion of Peru.
835:Historia de la RepĂşblica del PerĂş (1822 - 1933)
386:was a revolt by supporters of former president
896:, vol. 18, no. 3, Jan. 1962, pp. 213–242.
554:himself marched up the mountains in search of
394:as his successor to the presidency instead of
637:, Blas Cerdeña, Francisco de Paula Otero and
221:
608:Supreme Delegate Manuel Salazar y BaquĂjano
390:against the government. Gamarra had wanted
719:
641:; his forces were weak and heterogeneous.
601:
508:There were clashes in the city's streets.
228:
214:
478:
433:, unhappy with election results, incited
614:, in pursuit of BermĂşdez. In this area,
562:
524:This Civil War had three battle fronts:
901:Parliaments, Estates and Representation
916:
498:
235:
663:
209:
853:Historia de la RepĂşblica (1930-1985)
568:advice of the famous Dean Valdivia.
618:was already facing the Bermudists.
13:
586:At that time, the feminist writer
14:
940:
910:. Vol. 1, Brassey's, Inc., 2003.
887:Historia general de los peruanos
716:traditionally has called it so.
465:Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro
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181:
169:
158:
147:
128:
115:
103:
63:
27:
751:
816:
807:
795:
777:President Andrés de Santa Cruz
732:On April 24, they reached the
690:advanced to the left with the
635:Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
520:Battle Fronts of the civil war
1:
788:
647:General José Rufino Echenique
457:General Luis José de Orbegoso
427:General Luis José de Orbegoso
873:Peregrinaciones de una paria
7:
736:plain, 24 km north of
573:General Miguel de San Román
528:Southern front, located in
10:
945:
803:Latin America's Wars, 133.
785:was exiled to Costa Rica.
592:Pilgrimages of an Outcast.
448:President AugustĂn Gamarra
441:
384:Peruvian Civil War of 1834
863:Historia General del PerĂş
775:, requesting refuge from
639:Felipe Santiago Salaverry
541:Felipe Santiago Salaverry
412:Felipe Santiago Salaverry
247:
176:Felipe Santiago Salaverry
140:
96:
82:Revolutionaries defeated
45:
26:
21:
616:General Guillermo Miller
416:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
368:Huacanvelica and JunĂn (
22:First Peruvian Civil War
831:Basadre Grohmann, Jorge
746:Embrace of Maquinhuayo.
720:The Maquinhuayo embrace
602:Central Sierra Campaign
431:General AgustĂn Gamarra
849:Chirinos Soto, Enrique
623:José de la Riva Agüero
539:Northern front, where
479:Bermudez's coup-d'Ă©tat
453:General Pedro BermĂşdez
435:General Pedro BermĂşdez
425:after the election of
141:Commanders and leaders
563:The Arequipa Campaign
550:Central Front, where
534:General Domingo Nieto
469:General Domingo Nieto
400:Battle of Huaylacucho
396:Luis José de Orbegoso
199:José Rufino Echenique
154:Luis José de Orbegoso
34:Orbegoso enters Lima,
859:Vargas Ugarte, Rubén
783:Pedro Pablo BermĂşdez
485:Real Felipe Fortress
392:Pedro Pablo BermĂşdez
924:Wars involving Peru
906:Scheina, Robert L.
499:Lima's intervention
698:Orbegoist troops.
664:Huaylacucho Battle
596:Mario Vargas Llosa
594:Similarly, writer
239:Civil wars in Peru
110:Government of Peru
929:Conflicts in 1834
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16:Civil war in Peru
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885:Varios autores:
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744:is known as the
742:Peruvian history
714:Peruvian history
631:Guillermo Miller
627:Mariano Necochea
308:Other conflicts:
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752:Consequences
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707:Huancavelica
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658:Huancavelica
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97:Belligerents
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734:Maquinguayo
918:Categories
789:References
705:(north of
512:the Army.
801:Scheina,
726:Echenique
703:Izcuchaca
688:Salaverry
681:Pichincha
670:Pichincha
571:In Puno,
463:soldier.
459:, a less
363:1867–1868
348:1921–1922
323:1896–1897
315:1825–1828
297:1894–1895
292:1884–1885
277:1856–1858
272:1854–1855
267:1843–1844
262:1836–1839
257:1835–1836
762:Arequipa
654:Huancayo
556:BermĂşdez
552:Orbegoso
545:Trujillo
532:, where
530:Arequipa
342:Loreto (
335:Huaraz (
313:Huanta (
58:Location
773:Bolivia
442:Context
135:Bolivia
879:
841:
692:Zepita
674:Zepita
652:After
489:Callao
357:Puno (
328:Lima (
78:Result
68:
845:(V.2)
769:Chile
738:Jauja
612:Jauja
408:Jauja
402:, in
302:1980–
877:ISBN
839:ISBN
758:Lima
423:Peru
382:The
370:1965
359:1815
352:1932
344:1896
337:1885
330:1872
319:1839
287:1867
282:1865
252:1834
71:Peru
53:1834
50:Date
709:).
487:in
38:by
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871::
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339:)
332:)
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229:e
222:t
215:v
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